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This article was downloaded by: [North Dakota State University]On: 05 November 2014, At: 11:38Publisher: RoutledgeInforma Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK
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Autogenic Training Alters CerebralActivation Patterns in fMRIMarc Schlamann a , Ryan Naglatzki a , Armin de Greiff a ,Michael Forsting a & Elke R. Gizewski aa University Hospital Essen and University Duisburg-Essen , GermanyPublished online: 25 Aug 2010.
To cite this article: Marc Schlamann , Ryan Naglatzki , Armin de Greiff , Michael Forsting& Elke R. Gizewski (2010) Autogenic Training Alters Cerebral Activation Patterns infMRI, International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 58:4, 444-456, DOI:10.1080/00207144.2010.499347
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Intl. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 58(4): 444–456, 2010Copyright © International Journal of Clinical and Experimental HypnosisISSN: 0020-7144 print / 1744-5183 onlineDOI: 10.1080/00207144.2010.499347
AUTOGENIC TRAINING ALTERS CEREBRALACTIVATION PATTERNS IN fMRI
Marc Schlamann, Ryan Naglatzki, Armin de Greiff,Michael Forsting, and Elke R. Gizewski1
University Hospital Essen and University Duisburg-Essen, Germany
Abstract: Cerebral activation patterns during the first three auto-suggestive phases of autogenic training (AT) were investigated in rela-tion to perceived experiences. Nineteen volunteers trained in AT and19 controls were studied with fMRI during the first steps of autogenictraining. FMRI revealed activation of the left postcentral areas dur-ing AT in those with experience in AT, which also correlated with thelevel of AT experience. Activation of prefrontal and insular cortex wassignificantly higher in the group with experience in AT while insu-lar activation was correlated with number years of simple relaxationexercises. Specific activation in subjects experienced in AT may repre-sent a training effect. Furthermore, the correlation of insular activationsuggests that these subjects are different from untrained subjects inemotional processing or self-awareness.
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies are increas-ingly used to assess conscious states. Autogenic training (AT) is acommon and clinically used relaxation and auto-hypnotic techniqueessentially based on auto-suggestion (Ernst & Kanji, 2000; Kanji, White,& Ernst, 2006b; Stetter & Kupper, 2002). It is a psychophysiologicalform of psychotherapy, which can be performed by an individualthrough passive concentration augmented with certain combinationsof psychophysiologically adapted stimuli. However, it is a therapythat is specifically aimed at stress prevention/reduction and has theadvantage that once learned an individual can use it without furtherintervention from a therapist.
The AT technique, developed by Johannes Schultz in 1932, consistsof two stages of exercises (Schultz, 1973). The first stage of the auto-genic process is focused on relaxation and comprises a series of sixexercises:
Manuscript submitted June 1, 2009; final revision accepted October 29, 2009.Elke R. Gizewski is now at Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Germany.1Address correspondence to Elke R. Gizewski, Department of Neuroradiology,
UKGM, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Klinikstr. 29, 39385 Giessen, Germany. E-mail:[email protected]
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CEREBRAL ACTIVATION DURING AUTOGENIC TRAINING 445
1. Tranquility exercise: Should create a state of silence and concentration.Typical imagination: “I am calm. Nothing can disturb me.”
2. Heaviness exercise: Should create a sense of heaviness in the limbs.Typical imagination: “My arms and legs are heavy.”
3. Warmth exercise: Sense of heat in the limbs. Typical imagination: “Myarms and legs are warm.”
4. Breath exercise: Concentrated breathing. Typical imagination: “Mybreath is calm and regular.”
5. Heart exercise: Should cause further sedation. Typical imagination: “Myheart beats calmly and regularly.”
6. Solar plexus exercise: Concentration on the celiac plexus should deepenthe relaxation. Typical imagination: “The center is warm.”
The second stage of autogenic training is more abstract. It works onself-awareness and development of the character. It again comprisessix exercises: experience of color; perception of objects; perception ofmorals (e.g., hope, love, and courage); development of the character,“Who am I?” “What should I do?”; journey to the ocean floor; and atrip to a mountaintop.
There are interesting psychological changes ascribed to AT. Onestudy reported greater improvement in trait anxiety but not stateanxiety, compared with untreated controls. Further, the AT groupshowed a statistically significant greater reduction immediately aftertreatment in systolic and diastolic blood pressure and pulse rate com-pared to the control group (Atkinson, Thomas, & Cleeremans, 2000).A meta-analysis revealed consistent and significant efficacy of relax-ation training in reducing anxiety (Manzoni, Pagnini, Castelnuovo,& Molinari, 2008). In addition, psychoimmunobiological influencesseemed to be demonstrated in a study with early stage cancer patientswhere the women receiving AT showed a strong statistical differ-ence for improvement in their Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale(HADS) scores. Those women observed in a meditative AT state asopposed to a relaxed state were found to have an increase in theirimmune responses (Hidderley & Holt, 2004). In summary, AT hasbeen shown to restore the balance between activity of the sympa-thetic and parasympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous systemwith important health benefits, as parasympathetic activity promotesdigestion and bowel movements, lowers the blood pressure, slowsthe heart rate and promotes the functions of the immune system.Using this auto-suggestive method can provide a clue to what influ-ences the vegetative nervous system, which can be modulated toa more relaxed state. For example, suggesting a warm arm leadsto a dilation of blood vessels, which are associated with a relaxedstate, as opposed to a stressful situation where blood vessels areconstricted.
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Therefore, treatment of such disorders as hypertonia, chronic fear,migraine, chronic pain, Raynaud’s disease, and chronic diarrhea shouldhave positive effects with AT.
The purpose of our study was to investigate cerebral activationpatterns due to the first three parts of AT in relation to the degreeof experience with this method. Given that Del Gratta et al. ( 2000)demonstrated that sensory imagination leads to activation of cerebralareas known to be involved in sensory processing and given that it isknown, for example, that motor training can lead to altered or, in thiscase, reduced activation in primary motor brain areas (Krings et al.,2000), our first hypothesis was that all volunteers would be able to acti-vate the somatosensory and motor brain areas while imaging a warmtemperature and arm movement.
Our second hypothesis was that AT training should alter the corticalactivation patterns. Given that AT training is only mental and does notinvolve real movements, an extended activation could be more likelythan a reduction in activation.
Method
SubjectsSeven female and 12 male healthy, right-handed volunteers (M =
36 years; range = 22–48) familiar with AT and 11 male and 8 femaleright-handed volunteers (M = 37 years; range = 19–62) with no ATexperience served as subjects. None showed any brain tissue abnormal-ity on a structural MRI nor had a history of neurological disease. In theAT group, only subjects with more than 3 years of regular (more thantwice a week) AT practice were included. The experienced volunteershad a mean time of practice of 12 years and a range of 5 to 21. Thirteenof the 19 subjects with AT experience were AT course instructors.
All subjects filled out a short questionnaire concerning handedness,relaxation level while in the scanner, subjective feelings during AT, anddegree of relaxation during AT, as well as a motor imagination taskusing visual analog scales from 0 to 10 with 10 the highest conformityto the question.
Experimental DesignAllMRimageswereacquiredusinga1.5Tesla (T)MagneticResonance
(MR) system (Sonata, Siemens Medical Systems, Erlangen, Germany)with a standard head coil. A three-dimensional longitundinal relax-ation time (T1)-weighted FLASH sequence (relaxation time [TR] 10 ms,echo time [TE] 4.5 ms, flip angle 30◦, field of view [FOV] 240 mm, matrix512, slice thickness 1.5 mm) was acquired for individual coregistration
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of functional images. BOLD contrast images were acquired using anecho-planar technique (TR 3100 ms, TE 50 ms, flip angle 90◦, FOV 240mm, matrix 64) with 34 transverse slices with a thickness of 3 mm and0.3 mm slice gap covering the whole brain. Three “dummy” scans wereeliminated prior to data analysis to account for T1 relaxation effects.
Each subject underwent two functional sessions in a typical blockdesign. The first session consisted of AT (calmness, arm heavy andwarm) imagination alternating with a resting period without instruc-tions for imagination every 31 seconds. The second session was motorimagination (bending the right arm) alternating with the resting periodevery 31 seconds. Each run was divided into seven epochs starting withthe resting condition. During the scanning, subjects were asked to lierelaxed with eyes closed inside the scanner.
Data AnalysisFor fMRI data analysis, statistical parametric mapping (SPM) 02 soft-
ware (Wellcome Department of Cognitive Neurology, London, UK) wasused. Prior to statistical analysis, images were realigned utilizing sincinterpolation and normalized to the standard stereotactic space cor-responding to the template from the Montreal Neurological Institute.Bilinear interpolation was applied for normalization. The images weresmoothed with an isotropic Gaussian kernel of 8 mm. A voxel-by-voxelcomparison according to the general linear model was used to calcu-late differences in activation between active and resting conditions.The model consisted of a box-car convolved with the hemodynamicresponse function (hrf) and the corresponding temporal derivative.High-pass filtering with a cutoff frequency of 128 s and low-passfiltering with the hrf were applied.
For group analysis, single-subject contrast images were entered intoa random effects model. Significant signal changes for each contrastwere assessed by means of t statistics on a voxel-by-voxel basis (Fristonet al., 1995). The resulting set of voxel values for each contrast consti-tuted a statistical parametric map (SPM) of the t statistic. The thresholdwas set to p < .001 (corrected for multiple comparisons). Second-levelanalyses for group differences were performed with a two-sample ttest. A random effects analysis was performed using the years of ATexperience as a confounding variable. The threshold for sensory-motorareas was then set to p < .001 (uncorrected for multiple comparisons).
Results
The results of the first items of the questionnaire revealed no signif-icant t test differences (p > .05) between the two groups; the subjective
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Table 1Subjective Ratings of Task Performance, Concentration and Relaxation
Control Group AT
Concentration during AT 7.7 8.0Concentration during neutral task 6.3 6.8Concentration during motor task 7.7 7.4Subjective success AT 6.2 7.1Subjective success motor task 6.9 8.0Relaxation during AT 7.6 8.1a
Relaxation during neutral task 7.1 6.8a
Note. The mean values for each group and condition are given as rated using a visualanalogue scale from 0 to 10. The questionnaire was completed immediately afterthe scanning session.
aThe comparison of these items was significant with p < .002. The other comparisonswere not significant at p < .01.
influence of the setting within the MR scanner and claustrophobicfeelings were rated similar in both groups. All subjects were right-handed. The specific ratings for each session are summarized in Table 1.Significant differences were found (p < .01) in subjective relaxationduring AT and neutral task in the group with experience in AT. Thesubjective success of the AT and motor task showed a trend to higherratings in the AT group.
Group analysis in a one sample t test revealed activation of the leftpre- and postcentral cortex during the first two steps of AT in contrastto resting state in the group of volunteers experienced in AT (Figure 1a).Group analysis in a one-sample t test revealed activation of the leftparietal cortex during the first two steps of AT in contrast to restingstate in the group of volunteers without experience in AT (Figure 1b).In addition, activation of prefrontal and insular cortex was found inboth groups but with a slightly higher degree in the group of subjectswith experience in AT. In the control task with imagination of move-ment of the right arm, activations in the corresponding sensory-motorareas in both groups was revealed (see Table 2). Again, the group ofvolunteers with AT experience revealed a higher degree of activationand additional postcentral activation at the same uncorrected p < .001that was used for the control group.
The activation of the left insular cortex correlated with the years ofexperience in the group of volunteers exercising AT (coordinates: –40,–6, 14; t = 4.55).
Comparison analysis of the AT group and the control group revealedactivation in the prefrontal cortex and the postcentral cortex on the leftside and in the postcentral cortex on the right side in the group with
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Figure 1. Statistical parametric maps of activation within the groups of volunteers duringAT overlaid on a 2D standard brain. Group analysis in a one sample t test revealedactivation of the left postcentral, prefrontal, parietal, and insular cortex duringthe first two steps of AT in contrast to resting state in the group of volunteersexperienced in AT (A). The group of non-AT-trained subjects did only reveal acti-vation in prefrontal, parietal, and insular cortex during the first two steps of AT incontrast to resting state (B). The statistically corrected threshold is p < .05 in bothgroups. The two-sample t test revealed activation in prefrontal and postcentralon the left side and postcentral on the right side in the group with AT experi-ence compared to the control group (C). The statistically uncorrected thresholdis p < .001.
AT experience (Figure 1c). During the motor task, additional activationwas revealed in the precentral and prefrontal cortex in the group withAT experience compared to the control group (Table 3). Comparingthe control group with the AT group, no significant activation couldbe detected in either task. The activity strength was also greater in theAT-experienced group in contrast to the control group.
Discussion
Some studies attempted to evaluate controlled trials of AT as ameans of reducing stress and anxiety levels in human subjects, butno firm conclusions could be drawn even from systematic reviews(Ernst & Kanji, 2000). A later study on the effectiveness of AT in
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Table 2Cerebral Activation During First Steps of AT and Motor Imagination
Tasks Group TalairachCoordinates
(mm)
Region (Cortex) Side t value
First parts AT AT −8; −62; 60 Postcentral BA 7 L 6.53−26; −44; 60 Postcentral BA 5 L 7.21−38; 24; 50 Sup. frontal BA 8 L 6.98−2; −18; 58 Med. frontal BA 6 L 4.21
48; 8; 10 Insular R 5.32−34; −10; 2 Insular L 5.40−50; −62; 20 Med. temporal (BA 39) L 5.11
Non-AT −12; −8; 62 Med. frontal (BA 6) L 3.84−6; −14; 58 Med. frontal (BA 6) L 3.45−56; −26; 28 Inf. parietal (BA 40) L 5.11−32; −14; 6 Insular L 3.86
Motor AT −8; −58; 62 Postcentral BA 7 L 5.95imagination −22; −44; 58 Postcentral BA 5 L 9.33
−24; −8; 66 Sup. frontal BA 6 L 11.75−60; −32; 26 Inf. parietal (BA 40) L 5.70
Non-AT −36; −44; 70 Postcentral BA 5 L 4.76−14; −4; 64 Sup. frontal BA 6 L 6.45−50; −44; 58 Inf. parietal (BA 40) L 8.63−54; −32; 34 Inf. parietal (BA 40) L 8.23
Note. Activated areas in a one-sample t test for the group of AT practitioners (AT) and forthe control group (non-AT) are given. Only p < .001 (corrected) is reported inTalairach coordinates and cortex regions. To report the strength of activationthe t value is added for each region.
reducing anxiety in nursing students revealed a short-term effect inalleviating stress (Kanji, White, & Ernst, 2006a). Especially for AT,there are only rare studies analyzing its effects on pain reduction(Kwekkeboom & Gretarsdottir, 2006). Due to these apparently contra-dictory results, fMRI studies were needed to shed further light on thepotential effectiveness and the mechanisms of AT.
Our results indicate significant effects are wrought by AT concern-ing the hypnotic auto-suggestive imagination of a heavy and warmright arm on the cerebral activation patterns. In this study, we demon-strated that sensory imagination in hypnosis can be used to activatecerebral areas known to be involved in sensory processing (Del Grattaet al., 2000). Subjects with AT experience revealed a greater activationin sensory and prefrontal areas compared to the control group with noexperience in AT. Interestingly, both groups did not differ significantly
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CEREBRAL ACTIVATION DURING AUTOGENIC TRAINING 451
Table 3Group Comparisons AT Practitioners Versus Control Group
Tasks Group TalairachCoordinates
(mm)
Region (Cortex) Side t value
First parts AT AT versus −14; −58; 66 Postcentral BA 7 L 3.65Non-AT −50; −24; 52 Postcentral BA 1 L 4.06
−26; −14; 68 Postcentral BA 3 L 4.6432; −62; 62 Postcentral BA 7 R 4.00
Non-ATversus AT
– – – –
Motor AT versus −10; −66; 66 Postcentral BA 7 L 4.64imagination non-AT −18; 2; 70 Sup. frontal BA 6 L 3.56
Non-ATversus AT
– – – –
Note. Activated areas in a two-sample t test for the group of AT practitioners (AT) compared to the control group (non-AT) during the first parts of AT and the motortask each compared to resting condition are given. Only p < .001 (uncorrected) isshown.
in reported subjective relaxation during the AT task, but the differencebetween the neutral task and AT was significantly higher in the ATgroup than in the control group. This might be related to the signif-icant activation revealed by the two-sample t test comparing the ATgroup with the control group. The cerebral increase in activation in theAT group could be interpreted as an up-regulation of cerebral activitydue to altered sensory information during the imagination process. Insome respects, this finding could be interpreted as a plasticity of thecerebral cortex as it was described in other tasks such as piano play-ing (Krings et al., 2000). But, contradictory to the reduced activation inprofessional piano players, the AT trained subjects revealed a strongeractivation in sensory areas compared to the control group. In contrastto such studies, the training in AT is not a “peripheral” training butmore a “mental” training. Therefore, the training effect of AT mightbe more comparable to differences in brain activity between musi-cians and nonmusicians. Despite behaviorally matched performance,the two groups showed significant differences in functional brain activ-ity during improvisation. In this study, musicians even deactivatedthe right temporoparietal junction (rTPJ), while nonmusicians showedno change in activity in this region. This suggests that the musicians’deactivation of the rTPJ during melodic improvisation may representa training-induced shift toward inhibition of stimulus-driven atten-tion, allowing for a more goal-directed performance state that aids in
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creative thought (Berkowitz & Ansari, 2010). A further study address-ing imagination of skills and training was published in 2009 by Weiand Luo. Sport experts in this study showed significant activationin the parahippocampus while imagining skills that they performedprofessionally, as opposed to the novices, which might reflect the rep-resentation adapted to experience-related motor tasks. No significantdifference was found between experts and novices when they imaginedsimple motor skills. A further study might be of importance to a studyby Lutz, Greischar, Perlman, and Davidson (2009), who showed anexpertise-related increase of activation of post- and precentral regionsduring meditation.
Brodman area (BA) 7 was activated only in the group trained in AT.Interestingly, this occurred bilaterally. In addition to BA 6, the BA 7was shown to modulate the extraction of sensory-relevant information(Meehan & Staines, 2007). Therefore, our results indicate an alteredprocessing, possibly due to the directed attention in the AT-trainedsubjects.
Further, this enhanced activation of the prefrontal areas was alsopresent in the AT group during the motor imagination. This sug-gests a generalized training effect on cerebral activation of AT training.Those subjects used to performing imagination of sensory processesalso seem to perform a similar imagination task (the motor imagina-tion) more successfully than the subjects without AT experience. Thismay explain the general relaxation process of AT during regular prac-tice. Both groups could activate the areas involved in motor processing(Castelli, Happe, Frith, & Frith, 2000; Wiese, Stude, Nebel, Forsting, &de Greiff, 2005). However, an interesting finding was that there wasa stronger and more extended activation of BA 40 in the group of sub-jects not trained in AT. This area is known to be involved in sensory andmotor processing and in associative and integrative processes (Casperset al., 2006; Naito, Roland, & Ehrsson, 2002). It appears that prepara-tory attention modulations occur in higher order motion-processingregions like BA 40 (Luks & Simpson, 2004). BA 40 was also activatedin this group during the AT task but not in the group of AT practition-ers. Therefore, the extended activation in the nontrained group mayrepresent enhanced cerebral network processing to perform both tasksand a generalization of training effect in the AT group even in tasks notdirectly trained during AT practice. These theories are of special inter-est as the subjective rating of success in motor imagination that wassimilar in both groups as assessed by the questionnaire.
A significant finding was the correlation of the insular activationwith the number of years of AT training. The insular was also activatedin the subjects without experience in AT, which might represent the nor-mally associated positive feeling during AT (O’Doherty, Rolls, Francis,
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Bowtell, & McGlone, 2001). But the dependence on the years of AT prac-tice might represent the increase in emotional connection to the sensoryinformation. Additionally, the enhanced prefrontal activation in the ATgroup compared to the volunteers without experience could be a rep-resentation of altered emotional processes even when starting the ATcommands. However, studies addressing other forms of meditationlike mindfulness meditation might also reveal significant insular acti-vation in the trained group (Farb et al., 2007). Furthermore, this groupdemonstrated an uncoupled connectivity of insular and prefrontal acti-vation in trained subjects and concluded that these results suggest aneural dissociation between distinct forms of self-awareness. The insu-lar cortex is described to be of primary importance for the integrationof sensory information with the emotional context. Via connections tothe amygdala and brain stem, the anterior cingulate and insular cortexcan elicit and coordinate affective and autonomic reactions (Derbyshire,2003; Neafsey, 1990). The left insular cortex especially was described asrepresenting a strong neurovisceral coupling (Lutz et al., 2009). Thesetheories could explain the insular activation even during the first stepsof AT where a complete relaxation should not be present.
A limitation of this study is that only the first three steps of AT wereused. This was due to the blocked design paradigm at fMRI studies.Therefore, no clear conclusion can be drawn concerning the influenceof the full relaxation during AT. Nonetheless, the study demonstratedan influence on cerebral activation even in the first three steps of AT.Furthermore, the MR scanner with its loud noise and narrow gantrymight have influenced our findings dealing with relaxation methods.Nonetheless, at least one study clearly demonstrated that hypnosis canbe employed and investigated using fMRI (Oakley, Deeley, & Halligan,2007).
In conclusion, activation of sensory areas can be affected due to AT,which may be a training effect due to imagination of special sensoryqualities. Furthermore, the correlation of insular activation with theyears of practice could represent a different emotional processing afteryears of training.
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Wiese, H., Stude, P., Nebel, K., Forsting, M., & de Greiff, A. (2005). Prefrontal cortexactivity in self-initiated movements is condition-specific, but not movement-related.Neuroimage, 28, 691–697.
Autogenes Training verändert zerebrale Aktivitätsmuster im fMRI
Marc Schlamann, Ryan Naglatzki, Armin de Greiff, Michael Forsting undElke R. Gizewski
Abstract: Zerebrale Aktivierungsmuster wurden während der ersten dreiautosuggestiven Phasen beim autogenen Training (ATs) in Bezug aufdie wahrgenommenen Erfahrungen untersucht. Neunzehn Freiwillige inAT trainierte Personen sowie neunzehn Personen einer Kontrollgruppewurden während der ersten Schritte des autogenen Trainings im fMRIuntersucht. Das fMRI zeigte eine Aktivierung des linken postzentalenKortex Bereiche während des ATs bei denjenigen mit Erfahrung im AT, wasaußerdem mit dem Grad der AT Erfahrung korrelierte. Die Aktivierungdes präfrontalen und insularen Kortex war signifikant höher in derErfahrenen-Gruppe während außerdem die insulare Aktivierung mitErfahrung in einfachen Relaxationstechniken korrelierte. Die spezifischeAktivierung bei den Probanden, welche in AT trainiert waren, könnteeinen Trainingseffekt repräsentieren. Außerdem legt die Korrelation derinsularen Aktivierung nahe, dass diese Probanden sich bezüglich ihrer emo-tionalen Verarbeitung oder der Selbstwahrnehmung von den untrainiertenProbanden unterscheiden.
Jan MikulicaUniversity of Konstanz, Germany
L’entraînement autogène modifie les modes de recrutement cérébraux dansl’imagerie par résonance magnétique fonctionnelle (IRMF)
Marc Schlamann, Ryan Naglatzki, Armin de Greiff, Michael Forsting etElke R. Gizewski
Résumé: Les modes de recrutement cérébraux présents au cours des troispremières phases d’autosuggestion de l’entraînement autogène (EA) ont étéexaminés en relation avec des expériences perçues. Dix-neuf volontaires for-més à l’entraînement autogène (EA) et 19 témoins ont été suivis par IRMFdurant les premières étapes d’un entraînement autogène. L’IRMF a révéléune activation des zones postcentrales gauches durant l’EA chez les sujetsayant de l’expérience en EA, indiquant également une corrélation de cetteactivation avec leur degré d’expérience en EA. L’activation des cortex insu-laire et préfrontal était significativement plus élevée chez les sujets dugroupe possédant de l’expérience en EA, alors que l’activation insulaire indi-quait une corrélation avec l’expérience des sujets dans de simples exercicesde relaxation. Il se peut que l’observation d’une activation particulière chezdes sujets possédant de l’expérience en EA indique la présence d’un effet del’entraînement. De plus, la corrélation de l’activation insulaire indique que
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456 MARC SCHLAMANN ET AL.
ces sujets sont différents des participants non entraînés aux chapitres de lamaturation affective ou de la conscience de soi.
Johanne ReynaultC. Tr. (STIBC)
El entrenamiento autógeno altera la activación cerebral en patrones deactivación de la resonancia magnética funcional (fMRI)
Marc Schlamann, Ryan Naglatzki, Armin De Greiff, Michael Forsting, yElke R. Gizewski
Resumen: Investigamos los patrones de activación cerebral durante las tresprimeras fases sugestivas de auto-entrenamiento autógeno (EA) en relacióncon las experiencias percibidas. Estudiamos con activación de la resonanciamagnética funcional (fMRI) a 19 voluntarios entrenados en EA y 19 controlesdurante las primeras fases del entrenamiento autógeno. El FMRI reveló unaactivación de las áreas poscentrales izquierdas durante EA en aquellos conexperiencia en EA, que también se correlacionó con el nivel de experienciacon EA. La activación de la corteza prefrontal e insular fue significativamentemayor en el grupo con experiencia en EA, mientras que la activación insu-lar se correlacionó con experiencia en ejercicios simples de relajación. Laactivación específica en los participantes con experiencia en EA puede rep-resentar un efecto del entrenamiento. Además, la correlación de la activacióninsular sugiere que estos participantes difirieron de los principiantes en elprocesamiento emocional o conciencia de sí mismos.
Etzel CardeñaLund University, Sweden
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