60
Briefing on Pairwise Approach to Climate Data 1 NOAA’s National Climatic Data Center Automated Homogenization of Monthly Temperature Series via Pairwise Comparisons Matthew Menne and Claude Williams NOAA/National Climatic Data Center Asheville, North Carolina USA

Automated Homogenization of Monthly Temperature Series via Pairwise Comparisons

  • Upload
    vance

  • View
    47

  • Download
    0

Embed Size (px)

DESCRIPTION

Automated Homogenization of Monthly Temperature Series via Pairwise Comparisons. Matthew Menne and Claude Williams NOAA/National Climatic Data Center Asheville, North Carolina USA. Outline. Motivation: The United States Historical Climatology Network (U.S. HCN) - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Citation preview

Page 1: Automated Homogenization of Monthly Temperature Series via Pairwise Comparisons

Briefing on Pairwise Approach toClimate Data Homogenization

1 NOAA’s National Climatic Data Center

Automated Homogenization of Monthly Temperature Series via Pairwise Comparisons

Matthew Menne and

Claude WilliamsNOAA/National Climatic Data Center

Asheville, North Carolina USA

Page 2: Automated Homogenization of Monthly Temperature Series via Pairwise Comparisons

Briefing on Pairwise Approach toClimate Data Homogenization

2 NOAA’s National Climatic Data Center

Outline

1. Motivation: The United States Historical Climatology Network (U.S. HCN)

2. Overview of the “pairwise” homogenization algorithm

3. Some examples4. Impact of inhomogeneities on U.S.

temperature trends5. A word about GHCN-Daily

Page 3: Automated Homogenization of Monthly Temperature Series via Pairwise Comparisons

Briefing on Pairwise Approach toClimate Data Homogenization

3 NOAA’s National Climatic Data Center

U.S. Climate Network

Historical Climatology Network

Cooperative Observer

Page 4: Automated Homogenization of Monthly Temperature Series via Pairwise Comparisons

Briefing on Pairwise Approach toClimate Data Homogenization

4 NOAA’s National Climatic Data Center

U.S. HCN -- Version 1Monthly Data

• 1221 stations selected to comprise the HCN in mid-1980s

• Monthly dataset originally released in 1987 • Addressed the following:

– Time of observation bias (Karl et al. 1986; Vose et al. 2003)– Station History Changes (Karl and Williams 1987)

• Optimized reference series based on station history archives

– Urbanization (Karl et al. 1988) – LiG to MMTS instrument change (Quayle et al. 1991)

Page 5: Automated Homogenization of Monthly Temperature Series via Pairwise Comparisons

Briefing on Pairwise Approach toClimate Data Homogenization

5 NOAA’s National Climatic Data Center

U.S. HCN -- Version 2Monthly Data

• 1218 stations in a re-defined network• Addresses

– Time of observation bias (Karl et al. 1986; Vose et al. 2003)

– Station history (documented) and undocumented changes (Menne and Williams, Journal of Climate, in review)

• Automated pairwise comparison of series

Page 6: Automated Homogenization of Monthly Temperature Series via Pairwise Comparisons

Briefing on Pairwise Approach toClimate Data Homogenization

6 NOAA’s National Climatic Data Center

Station Siting Example of ratings assigned by Watts based upon NOAA/NCDC criteria

Class 1 - Flat & horizontal ground. Sensors located at least 100 meters from artificial heating

Class 2 - Same as Class 1, except no artificial heating sources within 30 meters.

Class 3 - Same as Class 2, except no artificial heating sources within 10 meters.

Class 4 - Artificial heating sources <10 meters.

Class 5 - Temperature sensor located next to/above an artificial heating source

Siting Classification based upon standards

for NOAA’s U.S. Climate Reference

Networkftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/uscrn/

documentation/program/X030FullDocumentD0.pdf

www.surfacestations.org

Page 7: Automated Homogenization of Monthly Temperature Series via Pairwise Comparisons

Briefing on Pairwise Approach toClimate Data Homogenization

7 NOAA’s National Climatic Data Center

Station Siting Example of ratings assigned by Watts based upon NOAA/NCDC criteria

Class 4 - Artificial heating sources <10 meters.

Class 5 - Temperature sensor located next to/above an artificial heating source

Siting Classification based upon standards for NOAA’s U.S. Climate Reference Network

ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/uscrn/documentation/program/X030FullDocumentD0.pdf

Page 8: Automated Homogenization of Monthly Temperature Series via Pairwise Comparisons

Briefing on Pairwise Approach toClimate Data Homogenization

8 NOAA’s National Climatic Data Center

Why Pairwise?

• Avoid problems associated with reference series, e.g.,– Difficulties in ensuring homogeneity– Mix of record lengths in climate series

• All temperature series can be evaluated

Page 9: Automated Homogenization of Monthly Temperature Series via Pairwise Comparisons

Briefing on Pairwise Approach toClimate Data Homogenization

9 NOAA’s National Climatic Data Center

Pairwise Comparison of Series

• Jones et al. (1986) – Informal examination of paired temperature

series• Cassinus and Mestre (2004)

– Optimal segmentation of paired difference series

– Series causing the change point can be traced more directly

Page 10: Automated Homogenization of Monthly Temperature Series via Pairwise Comparisons

Briefing on Pairwise Approach toClimate Data Homogenization

10 NOAA’s National Climatic Data Center

Basic Steps1. Form combinations of pairwise difference series 2. Apply undocumented changepoint tests to the

difference series3. “Unconfound” the identified changepoints4. Conflate changepoint dates

– Undocumented changepoints attributed to date of metadata event, or

– To most common changepoint date

5. Calculate multiple pairwise estimates of step change amplitude for each target changepoint

Page 11: Automated Homogenization of Monthly Temperature Series via Pairwise Comparisons

Briefing on Pairwise Approach toClimate Data Homogenization

11 NOAA’s National Climatic Data Center

Step 1: Formation of difference series

• All series are paired the with most highly correlated neighboring series

• First difference correlation used to minimize impact of step changes and trends on correlation

nTnTnT YXD

number) cycle (theyear the and

index,monthly theis 1,...,12 cycle, annual theas 12 where

n

T

Page 12: Automated Homogenization of Monthly Temperature Series via Pairwise Comparisons

Briefing on Pairwise Approach toClimate Data Homogenization

12 NOAA’s National Climatic Data Center

Simulations

• Simulated 1000 groups of 21 correlated red noise series (n=1200)

• Imposed between 0 and 10 changepoints at random locations and of random magnitude (average = 5)

Page 13: Automated Homogenization of Monthly Temperature Series via Pairwise Comparisons

Briefing on Pairwise Approach toClimate Data Homogenization

13 NOAA’s National Climatic Data Center

σ (°C)

Simulated temperature series with random shifts caused by station moves/site changes

•Series in red treated as the target in subsequent figures

•All shifts are considered to be undocumented

•True “climate” trend in all simulated series is zero

(Annual Averages)

Page 14: Automated Homogenization of Monthly Temperature Series via Pairwise Comparisons

Briefing on Pairwise Approach toClimate Data Homogenization

14 NOAA’s National Climatic Data Center

Case 7 unadjustedTarget series (lower panel) and differences with neighbors

Page 15: Automated Homogenization of Monthly Temperature Series via Pairwise Comparisons

Briefing on Pairwise Approach toClimate Data Homogenization

15 NOAA’s National Climatic Data Center

Step 2: Breakpoint Testing

Change in mean with no trend

Change in mean within constant trend

Change in mean and/or change in trend

SNHT (Alexandersson,1986) –- “TPR-0”

“TPR-2” (Lund and Reeves 2002)

“TPR-1” (Wang 2003)

Multiple breaks resolved via a semi-hierarchical splitting algorithm (Hawkins, 1976; Menne and Williams 2005)

Page 16: Automated Homogenization of Monthly Temperature Series via Pairwise Comparisons

Briefing on Pairwise Approach toClimate Data Homogenization

16 NOAA’s National Climatic Data Center

Step 2: Breakpoint Testing

• Use SNHT (TPR-0) with Bayesian Information Criterion (S(q)) verification of changepoint

Page 17: Automated Homogenization of Monthly Temperature Series via Pairwise Comparisons

Briefing on Pairwise Approach toClimate Data Homogenization

17 NOAA’s National Climatic Data Center

n

ttt nqDD

nnqS

1

2 )log(])ˆ(1log[)(

q = 1

q = 2

q = 4

q = 4 q = 3

q = 4

q = 5

Step 2: Changepoint model identification

q = 4

Page 18: Automated Homogenization of Monthly Temperature Series via Pairwise Comparisons

Briefing on Pairwise Approach toClimate Data Homogenization

18 NOAA’s National Climatic Data Center

Why worry about local trends?

• Determine impact of land use changes (e.g., urbanization)

• Trend changes get confounded with step changes (especially at annual resolutions)

Page 19: Automated Homogenization of Monthly Temperature Series via Pairwise Comparisons

Briefing on Pairwise Approach toClimate Data Homogenization

19 NOAA’s National Climatic Data Center

|010|011|012|013|014|015|016|017|018|019|01a|01b|01c|01d|01e|01f|01g|01h|01i|01j|01k|1940 4 472 | 1|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 1|---|---|---|---|1940 5 473 |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 1|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 1|1940 6 474 |---| 1|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 1|---| 1|---| 4|---| 1|---|---|1940 7 475 |---|---| 1|---|---| 1| 1|---|---| 1| 1|---|---|---|---| 1| 2|---|---|---|---|1940 8 476 |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 1|---|---|---| 1|---|---| 3| 1|---|---|---|1940 9 477 |---| 3|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 1| 1| 1| 1|---|---|---| 1|---|---|1940 10 478 |---|---| 1|---|---| 1|---|---|---| 1|---|---|---|---|---|---| 1|---|---|---|---|1940 11 479 |---| 2|---|---| 1| 6|---|---| 1|---|---|---|---| 1|---|---|---| 1| 1|---| 1|1941 1 481 |---| 4|---| 1|---|---| 1|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 1|---|---|---|---| 1|1941 2 482 |---| 1|---| 1|---|---| 1| 1|---| 1| 1|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 2|---|---|1941 3 483 |---|---| 1| 2|---|---| 1|---|---|---|---| 1|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 1|1941 4 484 | 1|---|---| 2|---|---|---| 2|---|---|---|---|---|---| 1|---|---|---|---|---| 2|1941 5 485 |---| 1| 1| 1|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 1|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|1941 6 486 |---|---| 3| 3|---|---| 1|---| 1| 1|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 1| 1|---| 1|1941 8 488 | 1|---| 1|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|1941 11 491 |---|---|---|---|---|---| 1| 1| 4| 1|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 1|---|1941 12 492 | 1|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 2|---|---|---|---| 1|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|1942 1 493 |---|---|---|---| 1|---|---|---| 1|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|1942 2 494 |---|---| 1|---|---|---|---|---| 3|---| 1|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 1|---|---|1942 4 496 |---|---| 4|---| 1|---|---|---|---| 1|---|---|---|---|---| 1|---|---|---| 1|---|1942 7 499 | 1|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 1| 1|---|---| 5|---|---| 1|---|---|---| 1|---|1943 10 514 |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 1|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 1|---|---|1943 11 515 |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 2| 1|---|---|---| 1|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|1944 2 518 |---| 1| 1|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 5|---| 1| 1| 1|---|---|---|---|1944 3 519 |---|---|---|---|---|---| 2|---|---| 1|---|---| 3|---| 1| 1|---| 1|---| 1|---|1944 4 520 | 1|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 1|---|---|---| 2|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|1944 5 521 |---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 1|---|---|---|---|---| 1|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|1944 12 528 | 1|---| 1|---| 1|---| 5| 6| 1| 2| 1|---|---|---| 1|---|---|---| 1|---|---|1945 1 529 |---|---|---|---|---|---| 1| 2|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 1|---|---| 2|1945 2 530 |---|---|---|---|---|---| 1|---|---|---|---| 1|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|1945 4 532 |---|---| 2|---|---| 1|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 1|---|---|---|1945 11 539 | 1|---|---|---|---| 1|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 2|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|1946 1 541 |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 1| 1|---|---|---|---|---|---|1946 2 542 |---|---|---| 1|---|---|---|---| 1|---|---| 1|---| 3|---|---| 1|---| 1|---|---|1946 3 543 |---| 1|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 1|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|1946 5 545 |---|---|---| 1|---|---|---|---|---| 1|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|1946 8 548 |---|---|---| 1|---|---| 1|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 2|---|---|---|1946 10 550 |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 1|---|---|---| 1|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|1947 2 554 |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 1|---|---|---| 1|---|---|---|1948 3 567 |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 1|---|---| 1|1948 7 571 |---|---|---|---| 1|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 1|---|---| 2|---|---|---|1948 8 572 |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 1|---|---| 1|---|---|---|---| 2|---|---|---|1948 12 576 |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 1|---|---|---| 1|---|---|---|---|1949 6 582 | 1| 1| 1|---|---|---| 1|---|---| 1|---|---|---|---| 1| 1| 9| 1| 1|---|---|1950 5 593 |---| 1|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 1|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|

Page 20: Automated Homogenization of Monthly Temperature Series via Pairwise Comparisons

Briefing on Pairwise Approach toClimate Data Homogenization

20 NOAA’s National Climatic Data Center

Step 3: Attribute Cause of Shifts

• Date by date find station whose target-neighbor difference series has failed Ho the most

• Subtract one from tally of total number of shifts on corresponding date from each neighbor-target difference series

• Iterate for all dates and difference series

Page 21: Automated Homogenization of Monthly Temperature Series via Pairwise Comparisons

Briefing on Pairwise Approach toClimate Data Homogenization

21 NOAA’s National Climatic Data Center

|010|011|012|013|014|015|016|017|018|019|01a|01b|01c|01d|01e|01f|01g|01h|01i|01j|01k|1940 4 472 | 1|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 1|---|---|---|---|1940 5 473 |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 1|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 1|1940 6 474 |---| 1|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 1|---| 1|---| 4|---| 1|---|---|1940 7 475 |---|---| 1|---|---| 1| 1|---|---| 1| 1|---|---|---|---| 1| 2|---|---|---|---|1940 8 476 |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 1|---|---|---| 1|---|---| 3| 1|---|---|---|1940 9 477 |---| 3|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 1| 1| 1| 1|---|---|---| 1|---|---|1940 10 478 |---|---| 1|---|---| 1|---|---|---| 1|---|---|---|---|---|---| 1|---|---|---|---|1940 11 479 |---| 2|---|---| 1| 6|---|---| 1|---|---|---|---| 1|---|---|---| 1| 1|---| 1|1941 1 481 |---| 4|---| 1|---|---| 1|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 1|---|---|---|---| 1|1941 2 482 |---| 1|---| 1|---|---| 1| 1|---| 1| 1|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 2|---|---|1941 3 483 |---|---| 1| 2|---|---| 1|---|---|---|---| 1|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 1|1941 4 484 | 1|---|---| 2|---|---|---| 2|---|---|---|---|---|---| 1|---|---|---|---|---| 2|1941 5 485 |---| 1| 1| 1|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 1|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|1941 6 486 |---|---| 3| 3|---|---| 1|---| 1| 1|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 1| 1|---| 1|1941 8 488 | 1|---| 1|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|1941 11 491 |---|---|---|---|---|---| 1| 1| 4| 1|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 1|---|1941 12 492 | 1|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 2|---|---|---|---| 1|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|1942 1 493 |---|---|---|---| 1|---|---|---| 1|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|1942 2 494 |---|---| 1|---|---|---|---|---| 3|---| 1|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 1|---|---|1942 4 496 |---|---| 4|---| 1|---|---|---|---| 1|---|---|---|---|---| 1|---|---|---| 1|---|1942 7 499 | 1|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 1| 1|---|---| 5|---|---| 1|---|---|---| 1|---|1943 10 514 |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 1|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 1|---|---|1943 11 515 |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 2| 1|---|---|---| 1|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|1944 2 518 |---| 1| 1|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 5|---| 1| 1| 1|---|---|---|---|1944 3 519 |---|---|---|---|---|---| 2|---|---| 1|---|---| 3|---| 1| 1|---| 1|---| 1|---|1944 4 520 | 1|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 1|---|---|---| 2|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|1944 5 521 |---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 1|---|---|---|---|---| 1|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|1944 12 528 | 1|---| 1|---| 1|---| 5| 6| 1| 2| 1|---|---|---| 1|---|---|---| 1|---|---|1945 1 529 |---|---|---|---|---|---| 1| 2|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 1|---|---| 2|1945 2 530 |---|---|---|---|---|---| 1|---|---|---|---| 1|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|1945 4 532 |---|---| 2|---|---| 1|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 1|---|---|---|1945 11 539 | 1|---|---|---|---| 1|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 2|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|1946 1 541 |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 1| 1|---|---|---|---|---|---|1946 2 542 |---|---|---| 1|---|---|---|---| 1|---|---| 1|---| 3|---|---| 1|---| 1|---|---|1946 3 543 |---| 1|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 1|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|1946 5 545 |---|---|---| 1|---|---|---|---|---| 1|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|1946 8 548 |---|---|---| 1|---|---| 1|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 2|---|---|---|1946 10 550 |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 1|---|---|---| 1|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|1947 2 554 |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 1|---|---|---| 1|---|---|---|1948 3 567 |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 1|---|---| 1|1948 7 571 |---|---|---|---| 1|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 1|---|---| 2|---|---|---|1948 8 572 |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 1|---|---| 1|---|---|---|---| 2|---|---|---|1948 12 576 |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 1|---|---|---| 1|---|---|---|---|1949 6 582 | 1| 1| 1|---|---|---| 1|---|---| 1|---|---|---|---| 1| 1| 9| 1| 1|---|---|1950 5 593 |---| 1|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 1|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|

Page 22: Automated Homogenization of Monthly Temperature Series via Pairwise Comparisons

Briefing on Pairwise Approach toClimate Data Homogenization

22 NOAA’s National Climatic Data Center

|010|011|012|013|014|015|016|017|018|019|01a|01b|01c|01d|01e|01f|01g|01h|01i|01j|01k|1940 6 474 |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 4|---|---|---|---|1940 7 475 |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 2|---|---|---|---|1940 8 476 |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 3|---|---|---|---|1940 9 477 |---| 3|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|1940 11 479 |---|---|---|---|---| 6|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|1941 1 481 |---| 4|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|1941 2 482 |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 2|---|---|1941 3 483 |---|---|---| 2|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|1941 4 484 |---|---|---| 2|---|---|---| 2|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|1941 6 486 |---|---| 3| 3|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|1941 11 491 |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 4|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|1941 12 492 |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 2|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|1942 2 494 |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 3|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|1942 4 496 |---|---| 4|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|1942 7 499 |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 5|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|1943 11 515 |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 2|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|1944 2 518 |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 5|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|1944 3 519 |---|---|---|---|---|---| 2|---|---|---|---|---| 3|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|1944 4 520 |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 2|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|1944 12 528 |---|---|---|---|---|---| 4| 5|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|1945 1 529 |---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 2|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|1945 4 532 |---|---| 2|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|1945 11 539 |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 2|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|1946 2 542 |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 3|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|1946 8 548 |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 2|---|---|---|1948 7 571 |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 2|---|---|---|1948 8 572 |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 2|---|---|---|1949 6 582 |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 9|---|---|---|---|

Page 23: Automated Homogenization of Monthly Temperature Series via Pairwise Comparisons

Briefing on Pairwise Approach toClimate Data Homogenization

23 NOAA’s National Climatic Data Center

Step 4: Conflation of Changepoint Dates

Page 24: Automated Homogenization of Monthly Temperature Series via Pairwise Comparisons

Briefing on Pairwise Approach toClimate Data Homogenization

24 NOAA’s National Climatic Data Center

Step 4: Conflation of Changepoint Dates

• Estimate magnitude of changepoint• Assign cluster of changepoint dates within

“uncertainty window” – to a single event in the target station’s history or,– to most common changepoint date if undocumented

Page 25: Automated Homogenization of Monthly Temperature Series via Pairwise Comparisons

Briefing on Pairwise Approach toClimate Data Homogenization

25 NOAA’s National Climatic Data Center

|010|011|012|013|014|015|016|017|018|019|01a|01b|01c|01d|01e|01f|01g|01h|01i|01j|01k| 1940 6 474 |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 4|---|---|---|---| 1940 7 475 |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 2|---|---|---|---| 1940 8 476 |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 3|---|---|---|---| 1940 9 477 |---| 3|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 1940 11 479 |---|---|---|---|---| 6|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 1941 1 481 |---| 4|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 1941 2 482 |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 2|---|---| 1941 3 483 |---|---|---| 2|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 1941 4 484 |---|---|---| 2|---|---|---| 2|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 1941 6 486 |---|---| 3| 3|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 1941 11 491 |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 4|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 1941 12 492 |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 2|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 1942 2 494 |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 3|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 1942 4 496 |---|---| 4|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 1942 7 499 |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 5|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 1943 11 515 |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 2|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 1944 2 518 |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 5|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 1944 3 519 |---|---|---|---|---|---| 2|---|---|---|---|---| 3|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 1944 4 520 |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 2|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 1944 12 528 |---|---|---|---|---|---| 4| 5|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 1945 1 529 |---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 2|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 1945 4 532 |---|---| 2|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 1945 11 539 |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 2|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 1946 2 542 |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 3|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 1946 8 548 |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 2|---|---|---| 1948 7 571 |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 2|---|---|---| 1948 8 572 |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 2|---|---|---| 1949 6 582 |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 9|---|---|---|---|

Page 26: Automated Homogenization of Monthly Temperature Series via Pairwise Comparisons

Briefing on Pairwise Approach toClimate Data Homogenization

26 NOAA’s National Climatic Data Center

|010|011|012|013|014|015|016|017|018|019|01a|01b|01c|01d|01e|01f|01g|01h|01i|01j|01k| 1940 6 474 |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 9|---|---|---|---| 1940 11 479 |---|---|---|---|---| 6|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 1941 1 481 |---| 7|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 1941 2 482 |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 2|---|---| 1941 4 484 |---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 2|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 1941 6 486 |---|---| 3| 7|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 1941 11 491 |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 9|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 1942 4 496 |---|---| 4|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 1942 7 499 |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 5|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 1943 11 515 |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 2|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 1944 2 518 |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 10|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 1944 12 528 |---|---|---|---|---|---| 7| 8|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 1945 4 532 |---|---| 2|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 1946 2 542 |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 5|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 1946 8 548 |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 2|---|---|---| 1948 7 571 |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 4|---|---|---| 1949 6 582 |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| 9|---|---|---|---|

Page 27: Automated Homogenization of Monthly Temperature Series via Pairwise Comparisons

Briefing on Pairwise Approach toClimate Data Homogenization

27 NOAA’s National Climatic Data Center

Step 5: Estimation of Step Change

• Use remaining metadata• Step-change magnitude calculated

according to model appropriate for each target-neighbor changepoint or as a simple difference in means

• Median of step estimates is used as adjustment; significance evaluated by estimating the 5th (median > 0) or 95th (median < 0) of pairwise estimates.

Page 28: Automated Homogenization of Monthly Temperature Series via Pairwise Comparisons

Briefing on Pairwise Approach toClimate Data Homogenization

28 NOAA’s National Climatic Data Center

σ (°C)

Simulated temperature series with random shifts caused by station moves/site changes

•Series in red treated as the target in subsequent figures

•All shifts are considered to be undocumented

•True “climate” trend in all simulated series is zero

(Annual Averages)

Page 29: Automated Homogenization of Monthly Temperature Series via Pairwise Comparisons

Briefing on Pairwise Approach toClimate Data Homogenization

29 NOAA’s National Climatic Data Center

Case 7 unadjustedTarget series and differences with neighbors before adjustment for undocumented shifts

Page 30: Automated Homogenization of Monthly Temperature Series via Pairwise Comparisons

Briefing on Pairwise Approach toClimate Data Homogenization

30 NOAA’s National Climatic Data Center

Target series and differences with neighbors after adjustment for undocumented shifts

Page 31: Automated Homogenization of Monthly Temperature Series via Pairwise Comparisons

Briefing on Pairwise Approach toClimate Data Homogenization

31 NOAA’s National Climatic Data Center

σ (°C)

Simulated temperature series following adjustment by pairwise algorithm

•Original Target Series in Red

•Adjusted Target Series in Green

•Adjusted Neighbor Series in Black

(Annual Averages)

Page 32: Automated Homogenization of Monthly Temperature Series via Pairwise Comparisons

Briefing on Pairwise Approach toClimate Data Homogenization

32 NOAA’s National Climatic Data Center

Diagnostic

• For the target example and its nine neighbors, 34 of 43 changepoints were detected and attributed to the correct series.

• Of the 9 changepoints not accounted for – 6 are under ±0.3σ– 2 are under ±0.5 σ– 1 was equal to 0.696σ (but was preceded by an

unidentified shift of -0.451 10 months earlier)

Page 33: Automated Homogenization of Monthly Temperature Series via Pairwise Comparisons

Briefing on Pairwise Approach toClimate Data Homogenization

33 NOAA’s National Climatic Data Center

Simulations

• Simulated 1000 groups of 21 correlated red noise series (n=1200)

• “Monthly Case 1”: Imposed between 0 and 10 changepoints at random locations and of random magnitude (average = 5)

• “Monthly Case 2”: As in case 1, except with random unrepresentative (“local”) trends (from 0.001σ/month up to about 0.18σ/month)

Page 34: Automated Homogenization of Monthly Temperature Series via Pairwise Comparisons

Briefing on Pairwise Approach toClimate Data Homogenization

34 NOAA’s National Climatic Data Center

Algorithm Results for “Step Change Only” Case

Page 35: Automated Homogenization of Monthly Temperature Series via Pairwise Comparisons

Briefing on Pairwise Approach toClimate Data Homogenization

35 NOAA’s National Climatic Data Center

Algorithm Results for “Steps and Local Trends” Case

Page 36: Automated Homogenization of Monthly Temperature Series via Pairwise Comparisons

Briefing on Pairwise Approach toClimate Data Homogenization

36 NOAA’s National Climatic Data Center

Page 37: Automated Homogenization of Monthly Temperature Series via Pairwise Comparisons

Briefing on Pairwise Approach toClimate Data Homogenization

37 NOAA’s National Climatic Data Center

Page 38: Automated Homogenization of Monthly Temperature Series via Pairwise Comparisons

Briefing on Pairwise Approach toClimate Data Homogenization

38 NOAA’s National Climatic Data Center

Page 39: Automated Homogenization of Monthly Temperature Series via Pairwise Comparisons

Briefing on Pairwise Approach toClimate Data Homogenization

39 NOAA’s National Climatic Data Center

Page 40: Automated Homogenization of Monthly Temperature Series via Pairwise Comparisons

Briefing on Pairwise Approach toClimate Data Homogenization

40 NOAA’s National Climatic Data Center

Page 41: Automated Homogenization of Monthly Temperature Series via Pairwise Comparisons

Briefing on Pairwise Approach toClimate Data Homogenization

41 NOAA’s National Climatic Data Center

Impact of Adjustments on Trends

U.S. annual and seasonal temperature trends (°C dec-1) 1895 to 2006

0.0280.046-.0140.014S-O-N

0.0620.0640.0080.036J-J-A

0.0460.0590.0300.069M-A-M

0.0660.1010.0470.094D-J-F

0.0520.0700.0170.056Annual

UnadjustedAdjustedUnadjustedAdjusted

Minimum TemperatureMaximum TemperatureSeason

0.0280.046-.0140.014S-O-N

0.0620.0640.0080.036J-J-A

0.0460.0590.0300.069M-A-M

0.0660.1010.0470.094D-J-F

0.0520.0700.0170.056Annual

UnadjustedAdjustedUnadjustedAdjusted

Minimum TemperatureMaximum TemperatureSeason

Page 42: Automated Homogenization of Monthly Temperature Series via Pairwise Comparisons

Briefing on Pairwise Approach toClimate Data Homogenization

42 NOAA’s National Climatic Data Center

Page 43: Automated Homogenization of Monthly Temperature Series via Pairwise Comparisons

Briefing on Pairwise Approach toClimate Data Homogenization

43 NOAA’s National Climatic Data Center

Page 44: Automated Homogenization of Monthly Temperature Series via Pairwise Comparisons

Briefing on Pairwise Approach toClimate Data Homogenization

44 NOAA’s National Climatic Data Center

Page 45: Automated Homogenization of Monthly Temperature Series via Pairwise Comparisons

Briefing on Pairwise Approach toClimate Data Homogenization

45 NOAA’s National Climatic Data Center

Page 46: Automated Homogenization of Monthly Temperature Series via Pairwise Comparisons

Briefing on Pairwise Approach toClimate Data Homogenization

46 NOAA’s National Climatic Data Center

Page 47: Automated Homogenization of Monthly Temperature Series via Pairwise Comparisons

Briefing on Pairwise Approach toClimate Data Homogenization

47 NOAA’s National Climatic Data Center

Page 48: Automated Homogenization of Monthly Temperature Series via Pairwise Comparisons

Briefing on Pairwise Approach toClimate Data Homogenization

48 NOAA’s National Climatic Data Center

Page 49: Automated Homogenization of Monthly Temperature Series via Pairwise Comparisons

Briefing on Pairwise Approach toClimate Data Homogenization

49 NOAA’s National Climatic Data Center

Page 50: Automated Homogenization of Monthly Temperature Series via Pairwise Comparisons

Briefing on Pairwise Approach toClimate Data Homogenization

50 NOAA’s National Climatic Data Center

How to conceive of the difference series?

function. step a is then , and in constant is if

)())(()(

vnT

YXYv

Xv

YvnT

XvnT

YvnT

XvnT

YXYv

XvvnT

D

nTD

Page 52: Automated Homogenization of Monthly Temperature Series via Pairwise Comparisons

Briefing on Pairwise Approach toClimate Data Homogenization

52 NOAA’s National Climatic Data Center

Reno, Nevada – Average Minimum Temperature

Page 53: Automated Homogenization of Monthly Temperature Series via Pairwise Comparisons

Briefing on Pairwise Approach toClimate Data Homogenization

53 NOAA’s National Climatic Data Center

Reno, Nevada – Average Minimum Temperature

Page 54: Automated Homogenization of Monthly Temperature Series via Pairwise Comparisons

Briefing on Pairwise Approach toClimate Data Homogenization

54 NOAA’s National Climatic Data Center

Reno, Nevada – Average Minimum Temperature

Page 55: Automated Homogenization of Monthly Temperature Series via Pairwise Comparisons

Briefing on Pairwise Approach toClimate Data Homogenization

55 NOAA’s National Climatic Data Center

Reno, Nevada – Average Minimum Temperature

Page 56: Automated Homogenization of Monthly Temperature Series via Pairwise Comparisons

Briefing on Pairwise Approach toClimate Data Homogenization

56 NOAA’s National Climatic Data Center

Reno, Nevada – Average Minimum Temperature

Page 57: Automated Homogenization of Monthly Temperature Series via Pairwise Comparisons

Briefing on Pairwise Approach toClimate Data Homogenization

57 NOAA’s National Climatic Data Center

Reno, Nevada

(a) Mean annual TOB and fully adjusted (TOB+Pairwise) minimum temperatures at Reno, Nevada(b) Difference between minimum temperatures at Reno and the mean from its 10 nearest neighbors.

Move toAirport

Likely urbanwarming

ASOS Equip.Moves

Page 58: Automated Homogenization of Monthly Temperature Series via Pairwise Comparisons

Briefing on Pairwise Approach toClimate Data Homogenization

58 NOAA’s National Climatic Data Center

Conclusions

• Pairwise comparison is the most direct way to detect undocumented changepoints

• Changepoint modeling is necessary in changepoint testing in order to identify unrepresentative trends

• No way to “safely” pass local (unrepresentative) trends through homogenization process

• Aliasing of trend inhomogeneities leds to a confused discussion about magnitude of UHI

Page 59: Automated Homogenization of Monthly Temperature Series via Pairwise Comparisons

Briefing on Pairwise Approach toClimate Data Homogenization

59 NOAA’s National Climatic Data Center

Future

• Adjust trend inhomogeneities as trends• Homogenize monthly data from Global

Historical Climatology Network• Derive daily adjustments for U.S. and

GSN/GHCN-Daily

Page 60: Automated Homogenization of Monthly Temperature Series via Pairwise Comparisons

Briefing on Pairwise Approach toClimate Data Homogenization

60 NOAA’s National Climatic Data Center

THANK YOU!