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8/10/2019 AVAAMUN 2014 Study Guide.pdf
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ARMED GROUPS AS DISRUPTORS OF SOCIAL STABILITY
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CONTENTS
A word from your Dais.................................................................................................. 3
DISEC and the United Nations System ............................................................................ 4
Armed Groups Around the World ................................................................................... 5
Draft Resolution of the Committee ................................................................................ 9
Guidelines and Recommendation ................................................................................. 12
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A WORD FROM YOUR DAIS
ello Delegates, my name is Miguel Patio Nez and I will be your Committees
President this year. I am a senior student of International Studies at
Universidad Central de Venezuela; I am 24 years old and currently working at
the International Relations Direction of Fundacin Musical Simn Bolvar which serves as
the administrative branch of El Sistema Nacional de Orquestas y Coros Juveniles e
Infantiles de Venezuela.
I have had some experience with Model United Nations in the past, as well as other
models like the Organization of American States, to name a few: I have participated
twice in EIMUN-UCV where I got recognition as Best Delegate and Outstanding
Delegate, I also participated in MOVENUs 2013 Crisis Committee: Council of The King, a
Game of Thrones oriented committee; As for my other Models experience, I was a
Delegate in the Washington Model Organization of American States (WMOAS) First
Committee: Juridical and Political Affairs. I also have some experience as a MUN
authority: I was Vice-President in the English Committee of AVAAMUN 2013; I am
currently Head Delegate of the UCV Delegation to the 2015 Edition of WMOAS as well
as President of the First Committee for the 2015 edition in Washington DC, USA.
For this years AVAAMUN we picked a topic that would reach us all in a personal level,Armed Groups are a reality in many parts of the world and more specifically something
that we are currently living in Venezuela, the objective of a MUN, as you will see, is not
only to develop our negotiation, oratory and written skills, one of the main aspects of a
MUN is to gather students and provide them with the guidelines and friendly
environment for them to find new, fresh and creative solutions to problems that
sometimes our current world leaders cannot find. Because, that is who we are, the future
leaders of our world, and it comes to us to try to solve these issues that affect us all. It is
a great responsibility but I am confident that, if we put our best effort into it, we canmake a difference in this world that needs so much from us.
Miguel E. Patio Nez
H
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DISEC AND THE
UNITED NATIONS
SYSTEM
he United Nations (UN) is an
International Multilateral
Organization that dates back to
the end of World War II (WWII), it is the
result of a political process in which thewinning nations of said war (United
States of America, United Kingdom,
France, Soviet Union and China) made a
commitment to resolve their differences
peacefully through dialogue and mutual
understanding instead of using violent
ways, it was created as a space for
diplomacy and cooperation where
decisions could be made to create a
better world. Subsequently, the UN
grew, it began to tackle different areas
of interests and branches began to
sprout, agencies, commissions,
committees, up to the very intricate and
complex System that we have nowadays,
the UN System covers virtually every
topic that could be of interest to the
International Community, all of this
sustained by the principles of the
Organization consecrated in the UNs
Charter. This System depends on two
main bodies, the General Assembly,
where every nation part of the UN has a
saying and most importantly a vote, and
the Security Council, where there are
only 15 nations at a time, 5 of which are
permanent members and the other 10
rotate periodically to guarantee equal
participation of all Member States.
The Disarmament and International
Security Committee(DISEC) is the First
Committee of the General Assembly of
United Nations and its functions are
guided by the UNs Charter following
the principles of cooperation in the
maintenance of peace, collective
security, disarmament, and armsregulations. It aims to achieve stability
by lowering the armaments around the
world through cooperative
arrangements among nations.
According to the Official UN website1
the DISEC Committee works in close
cooperation with other UN agencies
such as: The United Nations
Disarmament Commission and the
1 General Assembly First Committee: Disarmament
and International Security. Available at:
http://www.un.org/en/ga/first/index.shtml
T
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Conference on Disarmament held in
Geneva, Switzerland.
We are currently on the 69th session of
the General Assembly and the Bureau is
constituted by Chairperson His
Excellency Mr. Courtenay Rattray
(Jamaica) and Vice-Chairpersons: Mr.
Saad Abdullah N. Al Saad (Saudi Arabia),
Ms. Mara Victoria Gonzlez Romn
(Spain) and Ms. Narcisa Daciana
Vladulescu (Romania).
H.E. Mr. Courtenay Rattray.
The DISEC Committee has
representation from all 193 UN Member
States and it is structured as follows:First, a General Debate in which all
Member States bring topics into the
table where they are sorted for a more
specific debate, second, a Thematic
Discussion where Member States focus
on one or two topics at a time and try to
find adequate, feasible and effective
solutions to them and, lastly, Action of
Draft, this is where all the discussions
actually take shape, where the
Committee finds consensus and resolves
to take action to solve a topic or a
problem that is affecting the
International Community.
For our debate we already have a
specific topic in which our Member
States will focus on Armed Groups as
Disruptors of Social Stability so, for
practical matters we will begin our
simulation on phase two of the normal
DISEC dynamic.
ARMED GROUPS
AROUND THE
WORLD
o begin our discussion of the
topic we would have to start by
saying some basic definitions on
what Armed Groups are, their
categories, where they are and how they
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impact Nations and the International
Community.
Armed Groups are also known as Violent
Non-State Actors (VNSA)2 and they can
be defined as [an] organization that
uses illegal violence to reach its
goals.3 They are a common actor in
todays definition of warfare, 4th
generation warfare, which, as William
Lind said in 1989, is the kind of warfare
where political lines are blurred, where
civilians and combatants are not clearly
defined. The 4th generation warfare is
characterized by the absence of a set up
war scenario, where the force-monopoly
is not clear and the battle takes pre-
medieval strategies.
VNSA take advantage of these new set
of strategies, the absence of clear lines
and the mixture of combatants and
civilians to balance the war-scale against
well organized, well financed National
Armies and International Agencies.
Armed Groups can be separated into
several types: Warlords, Militias,
Paramilitary Forces, Insurgencies,
2Violent Non-State Actor (VNSA). Available at:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violent_non-
state_actor3Ibid.
Terrorist Organizations, Criminal
Organizations, Gangs and Cartels.
Warlords are essentially individuals that
possess both military and civil control
over a sub-region of a country through
military forces that are loyal to the
person over the central government of
that country. We can find some
examples of Warlords in regions like the
Kurds Tribe in Iraq, some local tribes in
Afghanistan, the Gorno-Badakshan in
Tajikistan, some countries in Africa like
Sudan, Libya, Somalia, Sierra Leone,
Mali, Democratic Republic of Congo,
and even some Drug-lords in Colombia.
Sub-region of Kurdistan in northwestern Iraq.
Militias are originally part-time forces of
a National Army, in the 18th and 19th
century they were citizen-armies with no
professional training, however, by the
20th century National Governments
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began the professionalization process of
these forces to the point where, today,
most countries have a Militia component
and that the only difference with the
National Armies is their part-time aspect
and the responsibilities they have. Some
militias however, have deviated from
their original course or have been
created to serve different purposes, for
instance Militias considered Private
Armies that serve the interests of
particulars, being these persons or even
companies around the world.
Paramilitary Forces can be subdivided
into several categories ranging from
professional aid to the National Security
Forces in a State, such as Special
Weapons and Tactics (SWAT) in theUnited States of America, to more
radical and disruptors of social stability
such as the Revolutionary Armed Forces
of Colombia (FARC), Red Brigades in
Italy, Liberians United for Reconciliation
and Democracy (LURD) in Liberia,
Taliban in Afghanistan and many morearound the world4, we are going to
focus on the latter group as they
4List of Guerilla Movements. Available at:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_guerrilla_move
ments
represent a threat to International
Security.
FARC Leaders in the Colombo-Venezuelan
Border.
Insurgencies are defined as armed
rebellions against a constituted
authority by the Department of
Defense of the United States of
America5. These rebellions have a very
special characteristic, they are extremely
hard to fight against in a typical warfare
because the insurgents often use
civilians as decoys and hide among
them utilizing guerrilla-type strategies
to achieve their goals. The United States
of America has implemented Counter-
Insurgency Tactics (COIN) to fight
against some of these insurgencies in
Iraq and Afghanistan in the past decade
with mixed results6. COIN proves to be
5Insurgency. Available at:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurgency6NASR, V. The Indispensable Nation: American
Foreign Policy in Retreat. (2013). Chapters 2 to 5.
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an effective measure against
insurgencies but also proves to be
expensive and requires a lot of time,
situation that would explain the reason
for the conflicts in Afghanistan and Iraq
to persist after a decade of the
intervention of the USA back in 2002
and 2003.
Terrorist Organizations are a very
polemic topic since there is no formal
definition of what a terrorist is, however,
some Criminal Organizations have been
labeled as Terrorist Organizations by the
United States, European Union and the
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
(NATO). This list includes Al-Qaeda in all
their regional branches in Africa, Middle
East and Southern Asia, Boko Haram inWestern Africa (Nigeria, Cameroon,
Chad and Niger), The Caucasus Emirate
in Southern Russia, ETA in Spain, Hamas
in Palestine and Qatar, Hezbollah in
Lebanon and all its branches around the
Middle East, some branches of the
Muslim Brotherhood, the Army of thePure (Lashkar-e-Taiba) in Afghanistan,
India, Pakistan and Bangladesh and
several more, a complete list of these
organizations can be viewed online7.
The United Nations lacks of a General
List for these organizations, instead it
has several lists based on context and
goals it wants to achieve, for instance,
UN Regime List 12678has all the names
and sanctions to Al-Qaeda members
around the world.
Somali al-Shebab, Regional Branch of Al-Qaeda
in Somalia.
Criminal Organizations are very complex
because they change from country to
country, some of these organizations
even have transcended borders and are
now working on an international scale,
the crimes vary from violence, drugs,
arms trafficking, financial crimes, human
trafficking and even cybercrimes such as
7List of Terrorist Organizations. Available at:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_designated_ter
rorist_organizations8UN Regime List 1267. Available at:
http://www.un.org/sc/committees/1267/AQList.htm
#alqaedaent
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identity theft, internet frauds, copyright
infringement; and therefore the strategy
that must be taken is very different,
international cooperation is important
because Criminal Organizations are
constantly mutating. A very useful and
easy to learn definition of how these
organizations work is available online9.
Some examples of famous Criminal
Organizations are: The Yakuza in Japan,
The Sicilian Mafia Cosa Nostra in Italy,
the Pashtun in Pakistan, the Triads in
China, Le Milieu (Underworld) in France,
to name a few.
Yakuza Organization in Japan.
Gangs and Cartels represent a very
specific type of criminal organizations,
the first is focused on street violence
and urban conflicts, as for the second it
is most often associated with drug
9Organized Crime. Available at:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organized_crime
trafficking, both represent a challenge
for the International Community and the
United Nations DISEC.
Now that we have briefly described the
types, characteristics and examples of
different Armed Groups, or Violent Non-
State Actors, the Dais will move onto
setting some guidelines for the
development of the debate through
AVAAMUN. These guidelines are for you
to follow but are not mandatory or in
any case binding, creativity is a powerful
tool that can inspire others to greatness
if used appropriately.
DRAFT
RESOLUTION OFTHE COMMITTEE
he Resolution is the ultimate
instrument of the committee, it is
our goal, what we should aim to
achieve. It represents the committees
consensus on the measures that will be
taken in order to solve a specific topic,
in our case, The Armed Groups as
Disruptors of Social Stability.
T
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There is no perfect guideline for a
perfect resolution, the idea is to present
creative ideas to solve a topic, we want
you to experiment with your creativity
so we do not want to restrain your
possibilities, however, you should take
into consideration the attributions of
our committee before you present an
idea that might be out of topic or that
represents the attribution of another
committee.
Furthermore, a good Draft Resolution
for this specific topic should take into
consideration the following tips:
Do not try to create a new
Agency, instead try to look for
previous efforts made by the UN
or any other International
Organization, chances are that
the Agency you are trying to
create already exists and has
already done some work that you
can look into for research
purposes.
Always ask yourself the basic
questions about your Operative
Clauses: What are you trying to
do? How are you going to do it?
Who is going to be involved?
Where is it going to take place?
When is it going to start and
finish? Who is going to be in
charge of overseeing your idea?
Try not to cover too many ideas
at once; the Draft Resolutions
should be very specific but also
very general at the same time.
This means that it should be
specific enough to not leave gaps
and questions unanswered, but
also general enough to be
applicable in any region of the
world.
Remember that our topic affects
every country in a different way,
be open-minded enough to let
other countries share their
experiences with you and try to
work together to find solutions
that adequate to all of you.
Dont be afraid to ask for help to
other Committees, Agencies or
Commissions both inside and
outside the UN System.
Positive actions tackle negative
actions every time. Remember
that the principles of the UN
establish cooperation as one of
its pillars, leave sanctions,
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blockages, and blacklists as your
last resource to solve an issue.
If your idea is too ambitious and
tries to solve too many things at
once, break it into several parts
so you can choose the most
important ones if you have to
compromise in a difficult
negotiation.
If your idea is not being
considered by some countries,
propose a Pilot Program, a test-
drive seems less aggressive and
some countries respond
positively to changes at a slower
pace.
When trying to create programs,
educational campaigns, training
workshops, capacitation centers,
etc. always take into
consideration the funding, who is
going to pay for that? How is it
going to be paid for? If you are
asking Member States for funds,
take into consideration smaller
economies that may not have the
resources to pay for something
too expensive. Be creative with
the funding methods, and if you
are going to use public funding
be very specific about how your
program is going to be covered.
Our topic has very different types
of Armed Groups, you should try
to focus on the ones that pose
the bigger threat to stability
according to your experience and
the debate that we have. One
resolution cannot solve every
problem in the world. Instead, it
tackles specific problems through
well-organized plans of action.
Nuclear weapons represent a
huge threat to International
Security and this represents,
indeed, a topic of discussion for
DISEC, however, we would like
you to focus on other kinds of
threats such as violence,
insecurity, social inequity, Human
Rights violation, and massive
migrations due to social
instability, genocides, drugs,urban violence, and rural
guerrillas. The reason is that
Nuclear Weapons only touch our
topic in a very tangential way
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being Latin America a Nuclear
Weapon Free Zone, only a few
countries actually possessing
Nuclear Warheads nowadays and
all the regulation that already
exists for this topic, hence, do not
focus on this specific kind of
threat.
GUIDELINES AND
RECOMMENDATION
n order for you to successfully
present your ideas to the committee,
we recommend some basic websites
that you should visit:
United Nations Official Website,
as this will be your first hand
informer on the current events in
the organization as well as an
insight on the DISEC committee.
Your countrys Ministry of Foreign
Affairs website, this will help you
understand the official position of
your country, as well as serve as a
database for documents you
might want to read.
Global news networks such, but
not limited to, BBC International,
EuroNews, CNN, Al Jazeera
English, El Pais (Spain), New York
Times, Washington Post, Foreign
Affairs website, etc.
Google news about a certain
Armed Group and its relation to
your country, this will help you
form an idea on previous efforts
your country has made regarding
a specific topic.
NGOs websites such as Amnesty
International, Reporters Without
Borders, etc.
Previous resolutions approved by
DISEC in order for you to
understand the scope and
approach that the committee has,
to fully grasp the real attributions
of it without stepping onto other
committees area of expertise.
Any other official and trustworthy
source of information that you
feel will help you present your
ideas into the committee, do not
be afraid to bring statistics,
graphics, charts, pictures, and any
other support material.
Remember to carefully read and
understand the Rules of
Procedure as this will prove most
I
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helpful during the debate, a
delegate that is confident with
introducing motions and points
at the right time will always be
accurate in the debate.
The motions and points are your
tools; utilize them to influence
the flow of debate towards your
interests as a country.
Remember to maintain a
diplomatic posture at all times,
you are the representative of an
entire country and should behave
as it.
Charisma is a powerful tool in a
debate, your attitude can move
mountains if you know how to
use it, it can help you with a
difficult negotiation, or it can be
that extra spark you need for
your speeches. A truthful smile
goes a long way.
Your speeches have two main
aspects, What you say and
How you say it, the first is the
result of all your research, the
more you know about a topic, the
more confident you look when
you are explaining that topic; the
second is your body language,
your gestures, eyes, hands, the
way you stand. Dominate them
both and you will be an excellent
delegate.
Be creative with your Working
Papers, they do not have a
specific format, this is your
opportunity to shine.
Some delegates are the best at
giving speeches, some delegates
are the best negotiating, and
some delegates have the
brightest and most creative ideas,
identify your strengths and utilize
them, at the same time identify
your weaknesses and work on
them.
A well timed speech has a
structure, it presents one or two
ideas at time, do not try to cover
too many ideas in one speech,
instead, use several speeches to
present your ideas.
There is no guidebook for the
perfect speech, practice goes a
long way in this matter, learn to
understand the dynamic of the
committee, when to discuss the
problems, when to propose
solutions, when to shift directions
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if the committee seems to hit an
impasse.
Dont be afraid to practice in
front of a mirror, you will see how
you speak in public and polish
your posture, as well as timing
your speeches to last one, two or
three minutes.
Do not be afraid when the Dais
taps the table, it is just a
reminder that your time is
running out and you need to start
closing your speech, thank the
audience or utilize a strong catch
phrase.
The Dais is there to help you,
dont hesitate to approach us
should you have any doubt
during the committee or even
during your preparation,
remember we are all students
and we are there to help each
other.