Aviation Physiology & Health Maintenance

8/2/2019 Aviation Physiology & Health Maintenance

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Mel Futrell PSY656A.Berson Fall 2004

Cultural Considerations InGeneral Aviation

A Broader Definition of Human in Human Factors


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Hot Topic Candidacy Automation Human Error Modeling

Team Performance

Situation Awareness

Crew (Cockpit) Resource Management

Ecological Interface Design

Collaborative Decision Making (ADM)


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Background / History Human Factors Research

Aviation psychology - specialized

Western cultural bias

Cross-Cultural Research

Intergroup Relations

Inter- & intra-cultural prejudices & discrimination

Socialization theory

Military and airline transport


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Existing Research Aviate

Direct interaction between human andtechnology

Navigate

Collective gathering and employment ofresources

Communicate

Most likely immediately cross-cultural, but nomore prone to cultural bias


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Controversies & Challenges Availability of existing research Funding

Misinterpretation of relevant cultural factors

Unrecognized correlations

Extensive & complex existing systems

Difficult to revise

Training, navigation, design & operation

Deeply ingrained and inherent biases


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Current Status


7/21Mel Futrell PSY656A.Berson Fall 2004

Major Issues Aviation physiology & health maintenance Stress, fatigue & management

Basic aviation psychology

Cognition Attitude Behavior

Flight deck demographics Ergonomics

Crew / cockpit resource management

Intergroup relations

Safety, performance & proficiency



Aviation Physiology & Health Maintenance Anatomy & physiology

Visual, aural, vestibular, circulatory &

respiratory systems

Atmospheric & pressure responses

(hyperventilation, hypoxia, CO2, G-force, motionsickness)

Cultural health conditions

Aging, metabolism, substance use/abuse,

toxicities & flight-based health risks



Stress, Fatigue & Management Environmental stressors (heat, light, noise, humidity) Biological rhythms

Circadian rhythms Sleep stages, fatigue, time-zones

Symptomatic nervous system

Dysrhythmia & resynchronization, fight-flightresponse

Common stressors Domestic / financial / work-related

Community & family support systems Processing & coping strategies

Time-management



Aviation HF Psychology Information processing & cognition

Sensation, perception & attention

Mental modeling

Feedback management

Mathematical processing & visualization

Aeronautical decision making (ADM)

Premise-to-conclusion problem solving

Mental workload & memory organization



Situation Awareness - Locus of Control

Mental modeling 2-D vs. 3-D environments

Simulated environments (training & IMC)

Information processing

Skill/rule/knowledge based decisions Automation

Familiarity/function of human in the loop

Question of authority in technology



Culture in the Flight Environment Individualistic

Proficient & self-sufficient

Model-user

Less responsive to accurate feedback

Collectivistic

Collaborative and alternatively resourceful

More prone to resignation



Flight Deck: Cultural Demographics Ergonomics & varied human standards Cultural domains & CRM influence

Hoefstede dimensions:

Power-Distance

Masculinity

Uncertainty-Avoidance

Individualism-Collectivism


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CRM & Aviation Attitudes CRM performance roles

Captains authority

Crew roles & responsibilities

Training & development

Inquiry, advocacy, & conflict Problem definition & critique

Trouble-prone attitudes

Anti-authority, spontaneity, macho, invulnerability

Resignation


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Trends, Implementation & Future


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Additional Research Considerations Cognitive bias to native English-speakers Influences on pilot's scan

Controls & positioning/interpretation errors

Gauges & dials versus digital information

Regression & learning


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ReferencesBatteau, Allen W., (2002).

Anthropological approaches toculture, aviation, and flight safety. Human Factors and

Aerospace Safety, 2(2), 147-171.

Beaty, David. (1995) The Naked Pilot: The human factor inaircraft accidents. Shrewsbury, England: Airlife Publishing.

Jing, Hung-Sying; Lu, C. Joseph & Peng, Shang-Jee (2001).Culture, authoritarianism and commercial aircraft accidents.Human Factors and Aerospace Safety, 1(4), 341-359.

Helmreich, Robert L.; Wiener, Earl L.; & Kanki, Barbara G.(1993) The future of crew resource management in thecockpit and elsewhere. In Cockpit Resource Management,(pp. 479-499) US: Academic Press, Inc.


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References (cont)Hoermann, Hans Juergen. (2001). Cultural variation ofperceptions of crew behaviour in multi-pilot aircraft. Travail

Humain, 64(3), 247-268

Johnston, Neil. (1993) CRM: Cross-cultural perspectives. In E.L. Wiener, B. G. Kanki & R. L. Helmreich (Eds.), CockpitResource Management, (pp. 367-393) US: Academic Press,Inc.

Matsumoto, D. (2000). Culture and psychology: People aroundthe world. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

Marcus, Aaron. (2001). International and intercultural userinterfaces. In C. Stephanidis (Ed.), User interfaces for all:Concepts, methods, and tools. Human factors and

ergonomics. (pp. 47-63). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence ErlbaumAssociates.


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References (cont)Merritt, Ashleigh. (2000, May). Culture in the cockpit: Do

Hofestedes dimensions replicate? Journal of Cross-CulturalPsychology, 31(3), 283-301.

Meshkati, Najmedin (2002).Macroergonomics and aviation safety:The importance of cultural factors in technology transfer. In H. W.Hendrick & B. M. Kleiner, Brian M. (Eds.), Macroergonomics:Theory, methods, and applications. Human factors andergonomics. (pp. 323-330). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence ErlbaumAssociates.

Morgan, Konrad. (2000). Cross-cultural considerations forsimulation-based learning environments. Simulation and Gaming,31(4), 491-508.

Nisbett, Richard E.; Peng, Kaiping; Choi, Incheol; Norenzayan, Ara.

(2002). Culture and systems of thought: Holistic versus analyticcognition. CBS Conference presented for publication.


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Mel Futrell PSY656A Berson Fall 2004

References (cont)Soeters, Joseph L & Boer, Peter C. (2000). Culture andflight safety in military aviation. International Journal of

Aviation Psychology, 10(2), 111-133.

Stone-Romero, Eugene F & Stone, Dianna L. (2002) Cross-cultural differences in responses to feedback:Implications for individual, group, and organizationaleffectiveness. In G. R. Ferris & J. J. Martocchio (Eds.),Research in personnel and human resourcesmanagement, 21, (pp. 275-331). US: ElsevierScience/JAI Press.

Yamamori, Hisaaki & Mito, Takao. (1993). Keeping CRM iskeeping the flight safe. In E.L. Wiener, B.G. Kanki & R.L.Helmreich (Eds.), Cockpit Resource Management, (pp.399-420) US: Academic Press.

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Aviation Physiology & Health Maintenance