Ch. 23 Guided Notes

Functional Groups

Functional Groups:

An atom, group of atoms or type of bond in an organic molecule that react in a predictable manner

Symbol ______________is used to represent the hydrocarbon fragment of the organic molecule

Alkyl Halides

Organic compounds containing ________________________

X = F, Cl, I or Br

Prefixes are:

F=

Cl=

Br=

I=

Halocarbons in which a halogen is attached to a carbon of an arene ring are called aryl halides.

Naming Alkyl Halides

1.

2.

3.

4.

Alcohols

Organic compounds containing a ___________________________________________________

Naming Alcohols

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Alcohols can have more than one hydroxyl group

Primary Alcohols: hydroxyl group is attached to an _____________________

Secondary Alcohol: Hydroxyl group is attached to a carbon atom that is attached to __________

Tertiary alcohol: hydroxyl is attached to a carbon that is attached to ______________________

Fermentation

Fermentation is the production of ______________________________ from sugars by the action of ________________________ or ______________________________. A second reaction product, carbon dioxide, causes bread to rise.

Reactions with Alcohols

Addition reactions of alkenes are an important method of introducing new functional groups into organic molecules.

In an addition reaction, a substance is added at ___________________ or __________________ bond of an alkene or alkyne.

Double and triple bonds between carbon atoms are much more _______________________ than single bonds between carbon atoms.

The addition of water to an alkene is a _____________________________________________.

Ethers

An ether is a compound in which ____________________ is bonded to two __________ groups

Ether oxygens are NOT generally part of the _____________________________ in linear ethers.

Naming Ethers (Common)

The alkyl groups attached to the ether linkage are named in _____________________________ and are followed by the word ____________________.

IUPAC Naming Ethers

The_______________________________ of the two alkyl groups attached to the oxygen is considered to be the parent compound

The smaller ______________________ group and the ________________________________ are considered to be a substituent group on the parent compound with _______________ suffix

Cyclic ethers are named as ______________________________________________ with the oxygen being at position ________of the chain.

Carbonyl Groups

A functional group with the general structure ________________________

The CO functional group is present in aldehydes and ketones.

Aldehydes

An aldehyde is an organic compound containing an _____________________________ at the END of a parent chain and __________________________________________ to a carbon that is attached to at least one ________________________________.

Naming Aldehydes:

1.

2.

3.

Ketones

A ketone is an organic compound in which the carbon of the carbonyl group is joined to _____________________________________________(found in the ___________________ of a parent chain).

Naming Ketones:

1.

2.

3.

Carboxyl Groups

Carboxyl groups consist of a _______________________________________(CO) attached to a _________________________________________ (-OH)

Carboxylic Acids

A carboxylic acid is a compound with a carboxyl group

The general formula for a carboxylic acid is _____________________________

Contains a carbonyl (C=O) and a hydroxyl (-OH)

Carboxylic acids give a variety of foods a distinctive ____________________________________

Naming Carboxylic Acids

1. The longest continuous chain containing the carboxyl group is considered to be the parent compound.

2. The carboxyl carbon is part of the parent chain and is always considered to be in the #1 position.

3. The suffix __________________ is added to the name of the parent compound, and the word __________________ is added to the name.

Properties of Carboxylic Acids

_________________________________, but odor ________________ as number of C-atoms increases

Carboxyl group is often found in _____________________________________, that are natural occurring in fats and oils

Esters

Esters contain a _____________________ group and an ____________________ link to the carbonyl carbon

General formula for a ester is ______________________________

Derivatives of carboxylic acids in which the _________________ of the carboxyl group has been replaced by an __________ from an alcohol

Naming Esters

1. Determine the name of the _____________ group (alcohol).

2. Place the name of the R group in front of the name of the parent acid, forming two words. Change the ending to _____________

3. Determine the name of the parent acid, and change its suffix from ___________ to ___________ Drop the word acid.

Preparation of Esters

Esters may be prepared from a carboxylic acid and an alcohol.

Properties of Esters

Amines

Organic compounds related to ____________________________________

Three kinds:

Primary

Secondary

Tertiary

Naming Amines:

1. Primary Amines

Primary amines are named by treating the NH2(amino) group as a __________________________ on the longest (parent) chain

Number the chain so you have the _______________________________

Indicate the number the amino group is on

2. Secondary & Tertiary Amines

Secondary and tertiary amines are named according to a common naming system

When naming secondary and tertiary amines, _____________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Amides

A carboxyl group that has _____________ replacing the ___________________

Naming Amides:

Identify the carboxylic acid from which the amide was derived and change the suffix from ___________ to _________________ and drop the word acid

Add the names of any branch chains