XIII. ORTAÇAĞ VE TÜRK DÖNEMİ KAZILARI VE SANAT TARİHİ ARAŞTIRMALARI

SEMPOZYUMU BİLDİRİLERİ14-16 Ekim 2009

SPROCEEDINGS OF THE XIIIth SYMPOSIUM

OF MEDIEVAL AND TURKISH PERIOD EXCAVATIONS AND

ART HISTORICAL RESEARCHES14-16 October 2009

AYRIBASIM / OFFPRINT

yayına hazırlayanlar

Kadir PektaşSaim Cİrtİl

Selda Özgün CİrtİlGökçen Kurtuluş Öztaşkin

Hicran ÖzdemİrErbil Aktuğ

Ramazan Uykur

XIII. ORTAÇAĞ VE TÜRK DÖNEMİ KAZILARI VE SANAT TARİHİ ARAŞTIRMALARI

SEMPOZYUMU BİLDİRİLERİ14-16 Ekim 2009

S

PROCEEDINGS OF THE XIIIth SYMPOSIUM OF MEDIEVAL AND TURKISH PERIOD

EXCAVATIONS AND ART HISTORICAL RESEARCHES

14-16 October 2009

Yayına Hazırlayanlar / EditorsProf. Dr. Kadir Pektaş

Yrd. Doç. Dr. Saim CirtilDr. Selda Özgün Cirtil

Öğr. Gör. Gökçen Kurtuluş ÖztaşkinAraş. Gör. Hicran Özdemİr

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İÇİNDEKİLER

Prof. Dr. Kadir Pektaş’ın Konuşması ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ix

Prof. Dr. Celal Şimşek’in Konuşması ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ xi

Prof. Dr. Halil Kumsar’ın Konuşması ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... xiii

Göynük Meryem Kadın Çeşmesi ve Bekâr (Girçık=Çıkçık=Gusülhane) HamamıHakkı Acun ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1

Morava Okulu/Ekolü (14.-15. yy Sırbistan)Su Sultan Akülker ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 11

Eskişehir, Başara Köyü Kazılarında Bulunan Bizans Dönemi Kiliseleri A. Oğuz Alp .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 21

Kapadokya Bölgesi Soğanlıdere Vadisi’ndeki Karabaş, Canavar ve Geyikli Kilise Duvar Resimleri ve Skepides Ailesi

Feride İmrana Altun ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 31

Eski Ahlat Şehri Kazısı 2006-2007 Yıllarına Ait Sırsız Seramik TipolojisiGöknil Arda ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 41

Başur Höyük Kazısı Lüle BuluntularıGökben Ayhan .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 49

İstanbul’dan Musluklu Taş TeknelerH. Örcün Barışta .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 59

Öresun (Tepesi Delik) Hanı’nda Temizlik ve Restorasyon ÇalışmalarıAli Baş ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 69

Bitlis Kalesi Kazısı Sırlı Seramikleri Üzerine Bir DeğerlendirmeGülsen Baş ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 83

Denizli / Honaz’daki Tarihi Kalıntılar Üzerine Birkaç SözAhmet Ali Bayhan ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 93

İstanbul - Heybeliada’daki Mekteb-i Bahriye-i Şâhane Kışlası’nın İnşaat Aşamaları Üzerine Bazı GözlemlerZ. Kenan Bilici ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 105

Ahlat Underground Settlements Research Project 2007-2008-2009Roberto Bixio – Andrea De Pascale with the collaboration of Andrea Bixio – Elisa Leger – Alessandro Maifredi – Mauro Traverso – İrem Yalçın .................................................................................................................................................................... 123

Edirne’de Bulgar - Ortodoks KiliseleriYılmaz Büktel ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 131

Ayasuluk’ta Yeni Bulunan Kale Köşkü ve HamamıMustafa Büyükkolancı ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 143

iv

Türk Türbe Mimarisinde Ender Bir Örnek: “Milas Ortaköy’de İkiz Türbe”Ersel Çağlıtütüncigil ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 155

14. Yüzyıldan Üç Ahşap Minber / Birkaç Soru, Birkaç CevapNusret Çam ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 165

Gereme Panagia Kilisesi (2005 Yılı Kazı Sonuçları)Nilay Çorağan Karakaya ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 175

2008 Dönemi Ani Kazılarında Ortaya Çıkarılan İnsan ve Hayvan Figürlü Keramik Kaplar Üzerine Değerlendirmeler

Yaşar Çoruhlu .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 185

Alaşehir Kurşunlu Han Kazı ve Temizlik ÇalışmalarıErtan Daş ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 197

Balat İlyas Bey Külliyesi 2008 Yılı Kazı ve Temizlik ÇalışmalarıYekta Demiralp - Şakir Çakmak ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 213

Teke Yöresi SarnıçlarıA. Şevki Duymaz ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 225

Yeşilbağcılar (Gibye) EvleriMustafa Ekmekçi - Sertan Atasoy .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 235

2008 Alara KazısıOsman Eravşar ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 245

Urfa Türk İslam Mimarisinde Ejder Figürünün Kullanımı Üzerine Bir DeğerlendirmeSüreyya Eroğlu ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 253

Bilecik-Osmaneli’de Bir Osmanlı Dönemi Rum Kilisesi: Hagios GeorgiosSeçkin Evcim ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 259

Seyitgazi - Doğançayır Beldesinde Bulunan Melekgazi ZaviyesiAli Gerengi ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 269

Tamarra de Lempicka ve Hale Asaf / Art-Deco’nun Işığı ve ÖzüKıymet Giray .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 281

Balat İlyas Bey Külliyesi Kazısında Ortaya Çıkarılan Seramiklerin Değerlendirilmesi (2007-2008)Sevinç Gök Gürhan ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 291

Hierapolis Martyriumu / Arkeolojik ve Mimari AnalizGüven Gümgüm ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 307

Kemah Çevresinden Birkaç Urartu Kalıntısı Hamza Gündoğdu .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 317

Kitabelere Taşınan İmgeler: Anadolu Selçuklu ve Osmanlı Beyliği ÖrnekleriSema Gündüz ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 325

Yumuktepe Pişmiş Toprak KandilleriEda Güngör - Gülgün Köroğlu - Ergün Laflı ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 333

Bulgaristan’da Az Bilinen Bir Osmanlı Eseri: Hasköy HamamıBahriye Güray .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 343

Bandırma Eski İskele / Belediye Eski Binasının Mimari ve Fonksiyonel ÖzellikleriŞennur Kaya – Akın Tuncer .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 351

v

Ankara Saraç Sinan Camisi 2008 Yılı RestorasyonuAli Kılcı .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 359

Orta Asya Türk Zaman/Mekan Algısının Zara Halılarına Uzanan YansımalarıSibel Kılıç ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 371

The Külliye of Gazi Turhan Bey in the Village of Kırkkavak, District of Uzunköprü Research and Resurrection of a Disappeared Early-Ottoman Building Complex

Machiel Kiel .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 381

Amorium’da Bulunan Yeni Veriler Işığında Bizans Dünyası’nda Şarap ÜretimiOğuz Koçyiğit ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 393

Bitlis Kalesi Yapıtaşlarının Jeolojik Özellikleri ve Mühendislik Problemleri Tamer Koralay – Mehmet Özkul – Halil Kumsar – Kadir Pektaş .................................................................................................................................. 403

Yumuktepe Höyüğü Kazılarından Ortaçağ TakılarıGülgün Köroğlu .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 417

Hadrianoupolis ve Çevresinden Geç Ortaçağ Sırlı Seramik ÖrnekleriErgün Laflı – Gülseren Kan Şahin .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 427

Kuşadası - Kadıkalesi / Anaia Kazısı 2009 Yılı ÇalışmalarıZeynep Mercangöz – Filiz İnanan ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 433

Panaztepe Bizans Dönemi Sırsız SeramikleriSinan Mimaroğlu .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 443

Amasya-Harşena Kalesi ve Kızlar Sarayı Kazısı 2009 Yılı İlk SonuçlarıE. Emine Naza-Dönmez ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 453

Kastamonu-Kasaba Köyü Mahmud Bey Camii Kalem İşi Bezemeleri ve Osmanlı Bezeme Sanatına EtkileriCandan Nemlioğlu ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 463

Tatlarin Yeraltı ŞehriDemet Okuyucu ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 473

Akdenizle Kucaklaşan Osmanlı Seramikleri ve Günümüze Ulaşan YansımalarıGönül Öney ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 479

Eyüp’te Bir Grup Çarduvar (Açık) Türbe Hakkında NotlarHakkı Önkal .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 481

Denizli Arkeoloji Müzesi’nde Yer Alan Bizans Dönemi Maden Haçlarından Bir Grup Hicran Özdemir – Gökçen K. Öztaşkın .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 489

Marmaray-Metro İnşaatı Sirkeci Kurtarma Kazılarında Bulunan Osmanlı CamlarıÜzlifat Özgümüş ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 501

Yüzyılın Tanığı Afyonkarahisar LisesiSelda Özgün Cirtil .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 507

Niğde-Çamardı İlçesi’ndeki Türk Mimarî EserleriMehmet Özkarcı ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 517

Eskişehir Karacahisar Kalesi Ortaçağ Seramiklerinden Bir Grup: Yeşil ve Erguvan Lekeli SeramiklerMuradiye Öztaşkın ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 525

Denizli Beyliği ve Sikkeleri Hakkında Bir AraştırmaGündegül Parlar ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 537

vi

Denizli - İlbadı Mezarlığı’ndaki Selçuklu ve Beylikler Dönemi Mezar Taşları ÜzerineKadir Pektaş .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 545

Denizli ve İlçelerinin (Buldan, Bekilli, Çal, Tavas Yatağan, Serinhisar, Acıpayam) Kapı Tokmak ve Kapı Halkaları

Betül Savcı ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 553

Bakü - Şirvanşahlar Sarayı’ndaki ‘Divanhane’ Yapısı HakkındaYüksel Sayan ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 561

Anadolu’da Selçuklu Döneminde Niğde ve Kayseri Çevresinde Bulunan Taçkapılar Üzerine Bazı Düşünceler-IMustafa Kemal Şahin ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 569

Sepet Tipi Küpelere Bizans Anadolusu’ndan Yeni Bir Yorum: Amorium Sepet Tipi KüpeleriMurat Şen ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 583

Laodikeia Kuzey Bazilikası (Kilisesi)Celal Şimşek – Bahadır Duman ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 593

Türk İslam Sanatında Şadırvan Mimarisinin Ortaya Çıkışı ÜzerineŞerife Tali ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 603

Sivas Kangalağası Konağı’nın 19. Yüzyıl Türk Resim Sanatı Tarihi İçindeki Yeri ve ÖnemiGülsen Tezcan .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 613

Hoşap Kalesi Kazısı - 2008Mehmet Top .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 621

Heyet-i Edebiyye’de İki Ressam: Nazmi Ziya ve Çallı İbrahimElvan Topallı ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................631

Osmaniye Ortaçağ Seramikleri Ön DeğerlendirmesiFüsun Tülek ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 639

Artuklu Meliki İmâdeddîn Ebu Bekr’in Sikkesinde Ejder/Evren İle Mücadele İkonografisiRamazan Uykur ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 647

Gelibolu Yarımadası’nda Bir Osmanlı Yerleşimi: Yenişehir (Burhan)Ali Osman Uysal ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 653

16.-18. Yüzyıllarda Osmanlı Saray Terzileri TeşkilatıBahattin Yaman ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 663

Bozcaada Köprülü Mehmet Paşa ve Alaybey CamileriAlptekin Yavaş ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 671

1855 Depreminden Sonra Bursa’da Osman ve Orhan Gazi Türbelerinin Yeniden İnşasıDoğan Yavaş ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 681

Hermann Jansen’in Bazı Anadolu Kentleri İçin Yaptığı Konut Tasarımları ve Denizli ÖrneğiMehmet Yavuz ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 693

Tebrîk-Nâme-i Millî’ye Göre II. Abdülhamid’in İstanbul’daki İmar Faaliyetleri II: TekkelerNurcan Yazıcı ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 707

Edirne Dilaverbey Mahallesi Kurtarma Kazılarında Bulunan Erken Osmanlı SeramikleriGülgün Yılmaz ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 721

AHLAT UNDERGROUND SETTLEMENTS RESEARCH PROJECT 2007-2008-2009

Roberto BIXIO* – Andrea DE PASCALE*-**

with the collaboration of Andrea BIXIO* – Elisa LEGER* – Alessandro MAIFREDI* – Mauro TRAVERSO* – İrem YALÇIN***

AbstractIn short we present the main results of three years of surveys developed on the rocky settlements in territory of Ahlat (Van Gölü, south-eastern Turkey). We have determined 16 rocky areas where we have documented worship structures excavated in volcanic rocks, mainly Christian, but also Islamic and Buddhist. We describe underground dwellings, warehouses and pigeon-lofts, too. Very important is the study on the ancient rocky water-works system and on the relating excavation techniques. At last we refer about the discovery of a third volcanic apparatus responsible of the geologic situation of Ahlat territory where the rocky settlements have been dug.

Keywords: Ahlat, caves, rocky-settlements, tunnels, underground

ÖzetAhlat Yeraltı Yerleşimleri Araştırma Projesi 2007-2008-2009

Kısaca, Ahlat Bölgesi’ndeki (Van Gölü, Türkiye’nin Güneydoğusu) kaya yerleşimlerinde gerçekleştirilen 3 yıllık incelemenin ana sonuçlarını sunmaktayız. Burada, belgelediğimiz volkanik kayalara oyulmuş özellikle Hıristiyan, aynı zamanda Müslüman ve Budist ibadet yapılarının bulunduğu 16 kaya yerleşimi tespit ettik. Aynı zamanda yeraltı yerleşimleri, ambarlar ve güvercinlikler olduğunu da belirledik. Kayalara oyulmuş eski su tesisat sistemi ve kazı tekniklerini konu alan çalışmalar büyük önem taşımaktadır. Son olarak, kaya yerleşimlerinin bulunduğu Ahlat Bölgesi’nin jeolojik durumunu belirleyen üçüncü volkanik sisteme değinmekteyiz.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Ahlat, mağaralar, kaya yerleşimleri, tüneller, yeraltı

By means of this work we present the development of the KA.Y.A. project (‘Kaya Yerleşimleri Ahlat project’ – ‘Ahlat Underground Settlements Research Project’) of the Centro Studi Sotterranei of Genoa (Italy). The rese-arches are part of the main ‘Eski Ahlat Şehri Kazısı’ project directed by professor Nakış Karamağaralı of the Gazi Üniversitesi of Ankara (see Karamağaralı N. in this volume).

* Centro Studi Sotterranei - Genova (Italy). ** Museo Archeologico del Finale, Istituto Internazionale di Studi Liguri sez. Finalese - Finale Ligure (Italy).*** Hacettepe Üniversitesi - Ankara (Turkey).

contacts: roberto_bixio@yahoo.it

Roberto Bixio – Andrea De Pascale124

The KA.Y.A project aims to:- reconnaissance in the area, to broaden and deepen knowledge of the distribution of rock dwellings and to make

a ‘Chart of Rock Settlements of Ahlat’;- geomorphological surveys, to determine the nature and origin of rock formations in which there are man-made

cavities;- exploration of underground structures identified during surveys;- excavations for the opening of tunnels / underground passages identified;- topographic surveys of the areas and of the rock dwellings; - video-photographic documentation.

We want to show, shortly, the results of the missions in 2007 and 2008, with some reference to the mission of sum-mer 2009.

Before the beginning of our explorations there were six areas where underground structures were known thanks to information gathered by Haluk Karamağaralı and Beyhan Karamağaralı. During the first expedition, in 2007, the six areas have been documented and in the course of surveys were discovered two new zones, not very far from the others. In 2008, the research developed into a larger portion of territory, discovering new areas that became eleven. Today, at the end of the third expedition, the knowledge of the areas has increased by 200% compared to the situation pre-2007. Now we know sixteen zones (Dwg. 1). Those areas are mainly distributed in two river basins: the Ulu dere, and Keş deresi, with its two tributaries, the Arkınlı deresi and Gıcat deresi.

The most significant discoveries concern the underground worship works. Before 2007 there was only one report on the Madavans site: a Christian monastery still in use at the end of nineteenth century, mentioned by Lynch1, studied by Thierry2 and Cuneo3. Today the monasteries identified by us have increased considerably. Four con-firmed and one probable, for a total of five (Dwg. 2).

To these underground Christian worship works, we must add rock structures related to other religions and cultures. The most impressive structure is the Buddhist temple discovered by Professor Nakış Karamağaralı in the hill of Eski Kale, in the middle of the archaeological remains of the ancient city of Ahlat (see Karamağaralı N. in this volume). Also the Muslim religion has its underground place of prayer, still in use today. Oral sources report that this site originally was a hospital at the time of the Battle of Malazgirt (1071 AD), when the Seljuk, led by Alp Arslan, conquered this region.

As mentioned, the most numerous underground worship are Christian (Dwg. 3). Interesting is Madavans or Matra Vank, the ‘Monastery of the finger’, which underground churches remain, though partially collapsed.

In the pictures of the ‘70 and ’80 of last century, shot by Thierry and Cuneo, some parts of the external masonry called zhamatun were still visible. By the comparison with actual situation we can see how fast are the morpho-logical changes of rock sites in this region.

Among the most significant rock traces of Christianity in these places there are the khatchk’ar, literally “stone crosses”, engraved on the cliffs and on gravestones. Sometimes are visible inscriptions in Armenian language. Unfortunately are also evident the tracks, very recent, of clandestine excavations. There are many cemeteries with khatchk’ar and in the case of Madavans the graves are dug in the rock. Currently we don’t know if also the small rooms carved in the cliffs are tombs. Another type of rock tombs could be represented by chambers dug under the ground level with vertical wells of entrance.

1 Lynch H.F.B., 1901, Armenia. Travels and Studies, Longmans, Green and Co., London.2 Thierry J.M., 1977, Monastères arméniens du Vaspurakan, in ‘Revue des Études Armeniénnes’, tome XII, Librairie C. Klincksieck, Paris.3 Cuneo P., 1988, Architettura armena, tomo I e II, Roma.

Ahlat Underground Settlements Research Project 2007-2008-2009 125

Obviously, if the underground worship are particularly noteworthy, underground civil settlements are certainly the most common. There are numerous underground dwellings, single or grouped in villages. Often the collapse of entrances has made them similar to natural caves.

The houses were made of no more than one or two rooms. But we have also identified more articulated structures, with remains that testify productive activities. In the case of Mağaralar Bezirhane (Dwg. 4) we see a large room used for stables. The same structure shows some remains of mills devices to produce oil (Fig. 1). Considering the geographical and climatic conditions, even those arising from past studies conducted by Landmann, Wick and Litt on various drilling on laminated sediments of Lake Van4, it is possible to exclude that olive trees could be present locally: ‘Olea and Castanea were not cultivated at Lake Van; pollen of these taxa may originate from the eastern Mediterranean and Black Sea regions’5. We exclude, therefore, the possibility that the product was olive oil, in consideration, too, of the meaning of the term bezirhane, that specify a mill for ‘certain types of herbs’, while for the olive oil mill usually it is used the term yaghane. We believe that in this complex were likely treated seeds of flax (Linum sp.), or sesame (Sesamum indicum L.), or ‘false flax’ (Camelina sp.).

Other underground structures are great rooms used as warehouses for the storage of grain or forage (Fig. 2). They are located along the river Arkınlı, downstream of the village of Kulaksız. Domestic silos, carved into cave dwell-ings, used for storage of foodstuffs, are common. In Ahlat there are various types. Many are carved above the ground level, with the taking hole located at the base.

Another type of rock works are various types of pigeon-lofts (dovecotes). In the village of Otluyazi, north to Ahlat, some pigeon-lofts, carved in an underground chamber, are still in use today.

We are also studying roads carved into the rock, even very deeply. Many of them are characterized by little chan-nels engraved on the floor level that we have interpreted as drainage channels that allow to walk on a sort of ‘plat-form’ in dry condition during raining period and in the spring, when the snow melts.

Talking about water, a very important role is covered by rocky and underground water systems6. The remains of various types (underground tunnels, wells) have been identified in different valleys around Ahlat. Especially we have located at least four water systems used to supply water to Eski Ahlat, the historic town that is now dug by the team of professor Nakış Karamağaralı (Dwg. 5).

The Büyük Hamam is one of the most important buildings connected to the ancient water systems. However, the remains of these aqueducts are now reduced to a few ruins. We are still try to understand the temporal and topo-graphic evolution of these underground and rocky water systems.

Not all tunnels that we have found and studied were aqueducts. Some of them are passage from a cave to another. Some other are still unknown in their use. For example we are emptying a little tunnel by the soil that occluded it completely (Fig. 3). It is particularly interesting because this underground structure allow us to introduce another subject: some of the excavation techniques used in Ahlat to build the underground structures.

4 Landmann G., Reimer A., Lemcke G., Kempe S., 1996, Dating Late Glacial abrupt climate changes in the 14,570 yr long continuous varve record of Lake Van, Turkey, in Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 122, pp. 107-118; Wick L., Lemcke, G., Sturm M., 2003, Evidence of Late-Glacial and Holocene climatic change and human impact in eastern Anatolia: high-resolution pollen, charcoal, isotopic and geo chemical records from the laminated sediments of Lake Van, Turkey, in The Holocene, 13 (5), pp. 665-675; Litt T., Krastel S., Örçen S., Karabiyikoglu M., 2007, Lake Van Drilling Project: a long continental record in Eastern Turkey, in Scientific Drilling, 4, March 2007, pp. 40-41.

5 Wick et al.; 2007, p. 671.6 Bixio R., De Pascale A., Maifredi A., Traverso M., 2008, Ahlat (Turchia): prime osservazioni sui sistemi idrici rupestri, in Opera Ipogea,

1/2 (2008), pp. 11-20; Bixio R., De Pascale A., Bixio A., Maifredi A., Traverso M., 2009, Ahlat terra di vulcani e di monasteri rupestri, in Opera Ipogea, 2 (2009), pp. 19-34.

Roberto Bixio – Andrea De Pascale126

Observing the excavation signs left on the walls of that small tunnel, we can find that the technique used was the so called ‘of opposing sides’, made by two teams, one working in direction of the other, likely simultaneously. This means that the tunnel had a second entrance, yet to be discovered.

Another type of technique in the excavation of a tunnel it is documented in one case in the site of Madavans. It is the technique called ‘in open trenches’. By the analysis of excavation forms outside and inside the tunnel we have reconstructed the various phases. The excavation signs also suggests the type of tools used, like long-handled pickaxe, to dig the rock above the level of the trench, and short-handled hammer for digging the trench. When the trench was finished it was covered with stone-slabs to make the tunnel and, at the end, the upper part of the trench was hided with soil.

We end this short work with the most significant result of the geological surveys. Our researches undertaken in this area have focused attention on various aspects of the geology of this territory, to understand the complex phe-nomena that have made the existing features7.

According to different evidences, including the flow direction and geographic position of the volcanic deposits, we suggest that in this area there was a third volcanic apparatus, bigger and more ancient than the Süphan and Nemrut, the two volcanoes that now dominates the Ahlat area. It is probably a caldera or, in any case, a group of volcanic buildings, more than 25 km in diameter, standing in the area now partially occupied by lake Nazik (Dwg. 6).

This third volcanic area, and not the Nemrut or the Süphan, is mainly responsible for the stratification and mor-phology of the valleys of Ahlat in which rocks the underground structures, that we have here documented, have been excavated. Of course the situation is much more complex than this short work shown. For example, in the Uludere canyon it seems that an ignimbritic flow, coming from Süphan, covered the bottom of the valley. The program of the next investigations will be seeking to bring more knowledge about this important area of Turkey.

7 Demirtaşli E., Pisoni C., 1965, The geology of Ahlat-Adilcevaz area (north of Lake Van), in Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration, Institute of Turkey, vol. 64, pp. 24-39; Degens E. T., Kurtman F., 1978, eds., The Geology of Lake Van, General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration (MTA), 169, Ankara; Şaroğlu F., Yilmaz Y., 1986, Geological evolution and basin models during neotectonic episode in the East-ern Anatolia, in Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration, Institute of Turkey, vol. 107, pp. 61-83; Akay E., 1989, Evolution of the post-collisional cratonic basins in eastern Taurus, in Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration, Institute of Turkey, vol. 109, pp. 53-64.

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Dwg. 1 The sixteen rocky zones till 2009 located in the Ahlat province: - AH1 Harabeşehir - AH2 İkikubbe – AH3 Taht-ı Süleyman – AH4 Sultan Seyyid – AH5 Kulaksız – AH6 Arkınlı – AH7 Madavans – AH8 GICAT Çatalağzı – AH9 GICAT Kırklar – AH10 Bağdedik – AH11 ULUDERE Karakum – AH12 ULUDERE Köyderesi –

AH13 ULUDERE Malyemez – AH14 Şehit Mezdan – AH15 Kanlıbulak – AH16 Çaçavank (Kocavank)

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Dwg. 2 Map of rocky worship structures.

Dwg. 3 Plan of the underground church of S. Anania of Tkes, Bağdedik zone (1:100).

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Dwg. 4 Plan of Mağaralar Bezirhane.

Dwg. 5Scheme of rocky water-works systems near the ancient town of Ahlat.

Dwg. 6 Scheme of the volcanic apparatus around Ahlat.

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Fig. 1 Mangers and mill device in Mağaralar Bezirhane.(photo A. Maifredi)

Fig. 3 Entrance of a small rectangular tunnel excavated straight in the

cliff (photo A. Bixio).

Fig. 4 Inside a large underground dwelling in Kolaların yeri

(photo A. Bixio).

Fig. 2 Large underground warehouse near Kulaksız (photo A. Maifredi).