B 3.1 B 3.1 PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesisTSWBAT Summarize the overall process TSWBAT Summarize the overall process by which photosynthesis converts solar by which photosynthesis converts solar energy into chemical energy and interpret energy into chemical energy and interpret the chemical equation for the processthe chemical equation for the process

Where does photosyhthesis Where does photosyhthesis take place?take place? ChloroplastChloroplast::

ThylakoidThylakoid-contain -contain chlorophyllchlorophyll, a , a chemical that captures chemical that captures the sun’s energy and the sun’s energy and gives plants their gives plants their green colorgreen color

Found in the cells in Found in the cells in plant leavesplant leaves

PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis Photo = “light”Photo = “light” Synthesis = “to put together”Synthesis = “to put together”

Using light energy to put molecules Using light energy to put molecules togethertogether Convert Convert inorganicinorganic molecules to molecules to organicorganic

moleculesmolecules

6CO6CO22 + 6H + 6H22O O → C→ C66HH1212OO66 + 6O + 6O22

2 phases2 phases

Phase 1: Light-Phase 1: Light-Dependent ReactionsDependent Reactions

Step 1) Absorb lightStep 1) Absorb light Where: ThylakoidWhere: Thylakoid

ChlorophyllChlorophyll, , found in the thylakoid found in the thylakoid membrane, captures sunlightmembrane, captures sunlight

Step 2) Sunlight energy is used to Step 2) Sunlight energy is used to split water into split water into oxygenoxygen & & hydrogenhydrogen The The hydrogenhydrogen atoms are forced inside the atoms are forced inside the

thylakoidthylakoid

h20 2h+

+ ½O

2

h+

h+h+

h+

h+

h+

h+

h+

h+

h+

h+

h+h+h+

h+

h+

h+

h+h+

h+

ADPP +ATPNADP

H

sunlight

2

thylakoid

granumThylakoid

membrane

Thylakoid space

h+

h+

h+

atp synthase

h+

h+

1

h+h+

h+

h+

h+

h+

h+h+

h+h+

h+ h+h+h+

h+h+

h+

h+ h+h+

Step 3) Make ATP and NADPHStep 3) Make ATP and NADPH Hydrogen atoms Hydrogen atoms diffusediffuse thru the thylakoid thru the thylakoid

membrane and make an membrane and make an ATPATP molecule molecule

Left over light energy makes Left over light energy makes NADPHNADPH

Phase 2: Dark ReactionsPhase 2: Dark Reactions

Where: Where: stromastroma inside chloroplast inside chloroplast Jelly-like fluidJelly-like fluid

Step 1) Carbon FixationStep 1) Carbon Fixation Calvin CycleCalvin Cycle Carbon dioxide is added to different Carbon dioxide is added to different

organic moleculesorganic molecules

Phase 2: Dark Reactions Phase 2: Dark Reactions cont’dcont’d

Step 2) Energy transferStep 2) Energy transfer The The ATPATP and and NADPH NADPH made in the light made in the light

reactions give their energy away to the reactions give their energy away to the Calvin CycleCalvin Cycle Used to formUsed to form G3P moleculesG3P molecules

CO2

Calvin Cycle

ATP

ADP

NADPH

NADP+

ATP

ADP

g3p glucoseTo cytoplasm

Phase 2: Dark Reactions Phase 2: Dark Reactions cont’dcont’d

Step 3) Make Step 3) Make GlucoseGlucose G3P leaves the G3P leaves the

chloroplast and is chloroplast and is used to makeused to make glucoseglucose

G3P

Alternative PathwaysAlternative Pathways

C4 Plants: plants in hot climatesC4 Plants: plants in hot climates Absorb COAbsorb CO22 differently differently

Corn, sugar caneCorn, sugar cane

CAM Plants: plants in dry climatesCAM Plants: plants in dry climates Absorb COAbsorb CO22 at night at night

Pineapple, orchids, cactusPineapple, orchids, cactus

B 3.2 Cellular B 3.2 Cellular RespirationRespirationTSWBAT Summarize the basic aerobic TSWBAT Summarize the basic aerobic and anaerobic processes of cellular and anaerobic processes of cellular respiration and interpret the chemical respiration and interpret the chemical equation for cellular respirationequation for cellular respiration

Step 1: GlycolysisStep 1: Glycolysis

Where: CytoplasmWhere: Cytoplasm Plant & Animal cellsPlant & Animal cells

A 6-carbon glucose molecule is broken A 6-carbon glucose molecule is broken into two, 3-carbon pyruvate moleculesinto two, 3-carbon pyruvate molecules 2 ATP are USED2 ATP are USED 2 NADH and 4 ATP are PRODUCED2 NADH and 4 ATP are PRODUCED

Net gain of 2 ATP and 2 NADHNet gain of 2 ATP and 2 NADH

Step 2: Pyruvate Step 2: Pyruvate ConversionConversion

Where: Where: MatrixMatrix of of the Mitochondriathe Mitochondria

The two, The two, pyruvate pyruvate moleculesmolecules are are turned into two, turned into two, Acetyl CoAAcetyl CoA moleculesmolecules 1 NADH is made1 NADH is made

Step 3: Aerobic RespirationStep 3: Aerobic Respiration Where: Where: MatrixMatrix of the of the

MitochondriaMitochondria Both Acetyl CoA Both Acetyl CoA

molecules enter a molecules enter a series of reactions series of reactions called thecalled the Krebs CycleKrebs Cycle

Producing: Producing: 2 ATP2 ATP 6 NADH6 NADH 2 FADH2 FADH22

2 CO2 CO22

Acetyl CoA

Krebs Cycle

NADH

NAD+

ATP

ADP +

P

NAD+

NADHNAD

+

NADH

fADH2 fAD

co2

co2

Step 4: Electron Step 4: Electron TransportTransport

Where: Where: CristaeCristae of of the Mitochondriathe Mitochondria Folded inner Folded inner

membranemembrane

The The NADHNADH and and FADHFADH22 from the from the

Krebs CycleKrebs Cycle give give energy to proteins energy to proteins found in thefound in the cristaecristae..

The energy is The energy is used to used to forceforce hydrogen atomshydrogen atoms out of the matrixout of the matrix and and into the inner into the inner membrane spacemembrane space h+

h+h+

h+h+

h+h+

h+

h+

h+

h+

h+

h+

h+

Matrix

Inner Membrane Space

Step 5: ChemiosmosisStep 5: Chemiosmosis

Hydrogen atoms diffuse thru the cristae Hydrogen atoms diffuse thru the cristae back into the matrix and form ATPback into the matrix and form ATP 1 NADH = 2 ATP1 NADH = 2 ATP 1 FADH1 FADH22 = 3 ATP = 3 ATP

Oxygen picks up left over hydrogen to Oxygen picks up left over hydrogen to form water.form water.

matrix

Inner membrane spaceh+ h+h+

h+

h+h+ h+ h+

h+ h+

h+

h+

h+ h+h+h+

h+

h+

h+ h+

h+

h+

h+

2h+ + o

ADPP +NADh + FADH2

NAD+ + FAD

h+

h+ h+

ATPh2o

Anaeroebic RespirationAnaeroebic Respiration

If Oxygen is not available:If Oxygen is not available: Lactic Acid FermentationLactic Acid Fermentation::

Glucose Glucose → → Pyruvate Pyruvate →→ Lactic Acid Lactic Acid Muscles after exercisingMuscles after exercising

Alcohol FermentationAlcohol Fermentation:: Glucose Glucose → → Pyruvate Pyruvate →→ Ethanol + CO Ethanol + CO22

yeast in bread productionyeast in bread production

Produce less ATPProduce less ATP