B. A. Part-I Political Science Title 2019/B...FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF1 KQ>H$ - 1 amÁ`emñÌ n[aM` ( Introduction to Political Science

{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

Xya{ejU H|$Ð

amÁèmñÌ(e¡j{UH$ df© 2019-20 nmgyZ)

EopÀN>H$ nona 1 d 2

~r. E. ^mJ-1

go{_ñQ>a 1 d 2 H$[aVm

H I

K J

FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF1

KQ>H$ - 1

amÁèmñÌ n[aM`( Introduction to Political Science )

1.0 C{ÔîQ>o

1.1 àmñVm{dH$

1.2 {df` {ddoMZ

1.2.1 amÁèmñÌmMm AW©

1.2.2 amÁèmñÌmMo ñdê$n

1.2.3 amÁèmñÌmMr ì`mßVr

1.2.4 amÁèmñÌmÀ`m Aä`mgmMo _hÎd

1.3 gmam§e

1.4 ñd § AÜ``Z àíZ Am{U CÎmao

1.5 gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m`

1.6 g§X © J«§W / nwñVHo$

1.7 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX

1.0 C{ÔîQ>o

`m àH$aUmÀ`m Aä`mgmZ§Va AmnUmg nwT>rc _m{hVr {_ioc.

1. amÁèmñÌ åhUOo H$m` Vo g_OyZ KoVm oB©c.

2. amÁèmñÌmMo nma§n[aH$ d AmYw{ZH$ ñdê$n ñnîQ> H$aVm oB©c.

3. amÁèmñÌmMr ì`mßVr {H$Vr _moR>r Amho ho cjmV oB©c.

4. amÁèmñÌ Am{U amOH$maU `m _Yrc \$aH$ ñnîQ> H$aVm oB©c.

5. amÁèmñÌmÀ`m Aä`mgmMo _hÎd ñnîQ> H$aVm oB©c.


1.1 àñVmdZm

amÁèmñÌ ho BVa gmm_m{OH$ emñÌmà_mUo gm_m{OH$ emñÌ Amho. hÎmrÀ`m nmdcmV Ogo gd©

njm§Mr nmdco gm_mdcr OmVmV Vgo gd© gm_m{OH$ emñÌmMm g_mdoe amÁèmñÌmV hmoVmo. nwT>o _mZdr

OrdZm§À`m AZH$ JaOm dmT>ë`m. `m JaOm§Mr nyV©Vm H$aÊ`mgmR>r {d{dY Aä`mg emIm§Mm {dH$mg d

CX` Pmcm. amÁèmñÌmnmgyZ AW©emñÌ, g_mOemñÌ, _mZdd§eemñÌ, VËdkmZ BË`mXr {df`mMo AÜ``Z

hmoD$ cmJco. amÁèmñÌmMm emñÌr` Ñ{îQ>H$moZmVyZ Aä`mg ßcoQ>mo, A°[añQ>m°Q>c B. J«rH$-{dMmad§VmZr

Ho$cm Va ^maVm_Ü o H$m¡{Q>ë`mZo Amncm AW©emñÌ J«§W {chÿZ amÁèmñÌ{df`H$ {dMma _m§S>co AmhoV.

_hm^maVmÀ`m em§Vrndm©_Ü o amÁ`g§ñWo~m~V {dMma _m§S>co AmhoV. `mMmM AW© Agm Amho H$s,

amÁèmñÌmMm CX` hOmamo dfmªnydu Pmcm Amho.

g_mOmV am{hë`m_wio _mZdmMm gdmªJrU {dH$mg hmoV Amho. g_mOOrdZ OJVmZmM _Zwî`

gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$, gm§ñH¥${VH$, amOH$s` BË`mXr AZoH$ àH$maÀ`m H¥$Vr H$aVmo. A°[añQ>m°Q>cZo _mZd

hm g_mOerc àmUr Amho Ago Ë`m§À`m ""X nm°{c{Q>Šg'' `m J«§WmV åhQ>co Amho. A°[añQ>m°Q>cZo amÁèmñÌmcm

emñÌmMm XOm© àmßV H$ê$Z {Xcm åhUyZ Ë`m§Zm amÁèmñÌmMo OZH$ Ago åhUVmV.

^maVmV amÁèmñÌ {df` {dÚmnrR>mVyZ d _hm{dÚmc`mVyZ {eH$dÊ`mMr gwédmV 1938 gmcmnmgyZ

Pmcr.

1.2 {df` {ddoMZ

`m àH$aUm_Ü o nwT>rc KQ>H$m§Mm {dMma AmnU H$aUma AmhmoV amÁèmñÌmÀ`m ì`m»`m, amÁèmñÌmMo

nma§nm[aH$ d AmYw{ZH$ ñdê$n, amÁèmñÌmMr ì`mßVr, amÁèmñÌ Am{U amOH$maU `mVrc \$aH$

amÁèmñÌmÀ`m Aä`mgmMo _hÎd BË`mXr ~m~V {ddoMZ H$aUma AmhmoV.

1.2.1 amÁèmñÌmMm AW©

nwT>rc {dMmad§VmZr amÁèmñÌmÀ`m ì`m»`m Ho$coë`m AmhoV.

1. J«o[ag … ""amÁ`mMr eŠVr, amÁ`mMo g§~§Y, amÁ`mMr CËnÎmr, amÁ`mMo ñdê$n, amÁ`m§Mm CÔoe,

amÁ`mMo Z¡{VH$ _hÎd , amÁ`mÀ`m Am{W©H$ g_ñ`m Am{U amÁ`mMo ApñVËd BË`mXtMm {dMma H$aUmao emñÌ

åhUOo amÁèmñÌ hmo .''

2. JmZ©a … ""Á`m emñÌmV amÁ`mMm àma§ d eodQ> amÁ`mÀ`m Aä`mgmVM hmoVmo Ë`mg amÁèmñÌ Ago

åhUVmV.''

3. Ama. Or. JoQ>oc … ""Á`m emñÌmÛmao yVH$mcrZ amÁ` H$go hmoVo, dV©_mZH$mcrZ amÁ` H$go Amho

d ^{dî`H$mcrZ amÁ` H$go Agmdo BË`mXtMr AmnUmg _m{hVr {_iVo Ë`mg amÁèmñÌ Ago åhUVmV.''


4. grcr … ""Á`mà_mUo AW©emñÌmV g§nÎmrMm, àmUremñÌm_Ü o Or{dVmMm, ~rOJ{UVmV A§H$mMm d

y{_Vr_Ü o ñWc d C§MrMm {dMma H$aVmV Ë`mMà_mUo Á`m emñÌm_Ü o emgZmÀ`m VÎdm§Mo g§emoYZ Ho$co OmVo

Ë`mg amÁèmñÌ Ago åhUVmV.''

5. noZm°H$ Am{U pñ_W … ""emgZg§ñWm Am{U amOH$s` à{H«$`m `m§Mo ñdê$n H$m` Amho Vo H$go Agmdo

Am{U Ë`m§À`mV EH$ê$nVm H$er gmYVm oB©c `m CÔoemZo gwì`dpñWVnUo Ho$cocm Aä`mg åhUOo amÁèmñÌ

hmo .

6. nm°c OoZoQ> … ""amÁèmñÌ ho g_mOemñÌmMo Ago A§J Amho H$s Á`m_Ü o amÁ`mMo A{YîR>mZ d

emgZg§ñWoMr _ycVÎdo `m§Mm {dMma hmoVmo.''

7. am°~Q>© S>mc … ""amÁ`mg~§Yr, amOH$s` ì`dñWm Am{U _mZdr g§~§YmMm AmH¥${V~§Y H$s Á`m_Ü o

gÎmm, A{YH$ma Am{U à^md `m~m~V {dMma _m§S>Umao emñÌ åhUOo amÁèmñÌ hmo .''

1.2.2 amÁèmñÌmMo ñdê$n

amÁèmñÌmMo ñdê$n {dMma H$aVmZm amOH$s` VÎdkmZ, amOH$maU Am{U `m amÁèmñÌ `m g§H$ënZm§Mm

Aä`mg H$aUo _hÎdmMo R>aVo. amOH$s` VÎdkmZm_Ü o amOH$s` {dMma, amOH$s` AZw d, J¥hrV à_mU,

_Vo _m{hVr d gm_mOrH$aU `m§Mm EH${ÌV {dMma Ho$cm OmVmo. àmo. S>qZJZo amOH$s` VÎdkmZ

(Political Philosophy) hm eãX History of Political Theories `m J«§WmV dmnacm Amho. `m{edm`

go~mB©Z d _°Ýgr Am{U H$moH$a `m§Zr VÎdkmZ hm eãX dmnacm Amho. amOH$s` VÎdkmZ, amOH$s` {dMma,

VmpÎdH$ Am{U d¡Mm[aH$ nÕVrZo _m§S>co OmVmV. ßcoQ>mo, A°[añQ>m°Q>c, {ggmoamo, ì`mg, H$m¡{Q>ë` `m {dMmad§VmZr

Oo {dMma _m§S>co Ë`mg amOH$s` VÎdkmZ Ago åhUVmV. amÁ` åhUOo H$m`, Ë`mMr Amkm H$m nmimdr, emgZ

åhUOo H$m`, ì`ŠVr Am{U amÁ` `m§Mo g§~§Y H$go AgmdoV BË`mXr~m~V {dMma darc {dMmad§VmZr VmpÎdH$

Ñ{îQ>H$moZmVyZ Ho$cm. amÁ`mÀ`m _wc yV àíZmg§~§Yr Ë`m§Mr CÎmao A§{V_ qH$dm n[anyU© Zgcr Var Ë`mVyZ

amOH$s` VÎdkmZ CX`mg Amco. amOH$s` {gÕm§V Am{U amOH$s` VÎdkmZ `m_Ü o \$aH$ H$aUo H$R>rU Amho.

nm°{c{Q>Šg (Politics) hm eãX gd©àW_ J«rH$ {dMmad§V A°[añQ>m°Q>c `m§Zr dmnacm. Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m

J«§WmMo ZmdM nm°{c{Q>Šg Ago R>odco. Politics hm eãX J«rH$ eãX 'Polis' åhUOo "ZJa amÁ`' `m eãXmnmgyZ

V`ma Pmcm Amho. amOH$maU åhUOo amÁ`{df`H$ {ddoMZ H$aUmao emñÌ hmo . Amnë`m XoemVrc nm°{c{Q>Šg

H$go H$m` Amho ? Agm àíZ gm_mÝ`nUo {dMmacm OmVmo. oWo nm°{c{Q>Šg `mMm AW© àM{cV amOH$maU

Agm AgVmo.

AmYw{ZH$ amÁèmñÌkmZr amOH$maU `m eãXmEodOr amÁèmñÌ hm eãX dmnacm Amho. \o«$S>[aH$ nmocm°H$

`mZo g¡Õm§{VH$ amÁèmñÌ Am{U ì`mdhm[aH$ amÁèmñÌ Ago XmoZ ^mJ nmS>coco AmhoV. Ë`m§À`m _Vo, g¡Õm§{VH$

amÁèmñÌm_Ü o amÁ`mMr CËnÎmr, emgZg§ñWoMo {gÕm§V, cmoH$emhr, ñdmV§Í`, gÎmoMo {d^mOZ, Am§VaamîQ´>r`

g§H$ën BË`mXtMm Aä`mg Ho$cm OmVmo. ì`mdhm[aH$ amÁèmñÌm_Ü o amÁ` d emgZmMo AmYw{ZH$ ñdê$n,


Ë`m§Mr àË`j H$m }, amîQ´>m-amîQ´>m§Vrc g§~§Y H$amaZm_o, Hy$Q>{ZVr Am{U amOH$maU `m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo.

amÁèmñÌmMo ñdê$n g_OyZ KoVmZm nwT>rc VrZ H$mcI§S>m§Mm {dMma H$amdm cmJVmo.

1. B.g. 1850 nyduMo nma§n[aH$ amÁèmñÌ

2. B.g. 1850 Vo 1950 - g§H«$_U H$mimVrc amÁèmñÌ

3. B.g. 1950 Z§Va AmYw{ZH$ amÁèmñÌ

1.2.2.1 amÁèmñÌmMo nma§nm[aH$ ñdê$n

amÁèmñÌmÀ`m Aä`mgmcm B.g.ny. Mm¡Ï`m eVH$mnmgyZ gwédmV Pmcr. amÁèmñÌ hm eãX Mma AWmªZr

dmnacm OmVmo.

(A) amÁ`m{df`rMo emñÌ åhUOo amÁèmñÌ hmo . J«rH$ {dMmad§V ßcoQ>mo, A°[añQ>m°Q>c `m§Zr

Amnë`m "X [anpãcH$ Am{U nm°{c{Q>Šg' `m J«§WmV amÁ`{df`H$ {dMma _m§Sy>Z amÁèmñÌmcm à{VîR>m

àmßV H$ê$Z {Xcr. àmo. JmZ©a `m§Zr Amnë`m J«§Wmcm Political Science and Government ho Zmd

darc AWm©Zo {Xco Amho.

(~) amÁèmñÌmMm Xwgam AW© amÁ` Am{U emgZg§ñWm `mg§~§Yr {dMma H$aUmao emñÌ Agm hmoVmo.

amÁèmñÌmMr Vm|S>AmoiI (Introduction to Political Science) `m J«§WmV amÁ` Am{U emgZg§ñWm§Mm

{dMma H$aUmao emñÌ `m AWm©Zo amÁèmñÌ hm eãXà`moJ Ho$cm Amho.

(H$) amÁèmñÌ gm_m{OH$emñÌ Amho. amÁèmñÌmV amÁèmñÌ Am{U amOZr{VemñÌ, gaH$ma Am{U

cmoH$àemgZ, Am§VaamîQ´>r` H$m`Xm, Am§VaamîQ´>r` amOH$maU Am{U Am§VaamîQ´>r` g§KQ>Z `m§Mm Aä`mg Ho$cm

OmVmo.

(S>) gm_m{OH$ OrdZm_Ü o KS>Umè`m {d{dY KQ>Zm§Mm AW© cmdUmao emñÌ åhUOo amÁèmñÌ hmo .

CXm. amOH$s` ì`dñWm Am{U amOH$s` nÕV, gÎmm BË`mXr.

amÁèmñÌmMo ñdê$n

amÁèmñÌmMo ñdê$n nwT>rcà_mUo …

1. Z¡{VH$ _yë`m§Mm à^md … nma§nm[aH$ amÁèmñÌmV Z¡{VH$ _yë o, {dMma d g§ñH$ma d _mZdVmdmXr

Y_©J«§Wm§Mm à^md {XgyZ oVmo. gË`-AgË`, nmn-nwÊ`, Zr{V-A{ZVr, Mm§Jco-dmB©Q> BË`mXr ~m~rda A{YH$

â XoD$Z Mm§Jë`m ~m~tMm ñdrH$ma ho nma§nm[aH$ amÁèmñÌmV {XgyZ oVo.

2. AmXe©dmX … nma§nm[aH$ amÁèmñÌmV AmXe© _yë`m§Zm _hÎd {Xë`m_wio AZoH$ {ZîH$f© Anwao AmhoV.

emñÌr` nÕVrcm _hÎd Z XoVm _m§S>coco {gÕm§V nwT>o {Zén`moJr R>aco AmhoV.


3. dU©ZmË_H$ nÕVrMm dmna … nma§nm[aH$ amÁèmñÌmV dU©ZmË_H$ nÕVrMm dmna A{YH$ à_mUmV

Ho$cm Amho. emñÌr` {M{H$Ëgm, {dícofU H$aÊ`mEodOr H$mën{ZH$Vm, Ac§H$m[aH$ ^mfm `m§Zm _hÎd {Xco

Amho.

4. emñÌr` nÕVrMm Adc§~ … nma§nm[aH$ amÁèmñÌmV emñÌr` nÕVrMm dmna Z H$aVm {dícofU

Ho$co OmV hmoVo. V§ÌkmZmMm AmYma, dñVw{ZîR>Vm, J{UVmMm dmna Z H$aVm {gÕm§V _m§S>co OmVmV.

5. _`m©Xm … nma§nm[aH$ amÁèmñÌmMm Aä`mg, amÁ`mMm CX`, amÁ`mMr H$m }, amÁ`mMr H$m_o,

emgZnÕVr, amOH$s` nj, cmoH$_V BË`mXr~m~V Ho$cm OmVmo.

6. VH©$emñÌmcm _hÎd … nma§nm[aH$ amÁèmñÌmZo VH$m©À`m AmYmamda amOH$s` {H«$`m-à{H«$`mMo

{dícofU Ho$co Amho. dmñVdmcm d {ZarjUmcm \$magm dmd {Xcm Zmhr.

1.2.2.2 AmYw{ZH$ amÁèmñÌ

gZ 1850 Vo 1950 hm amÁèmñÌmMm g§H«$_U H$mcI§S> _mZcm OmVmo. `m H$mimV AZoH$

{dMmad§VmZr Amnco {dMma _m§S>co. amÁèmñÌmMm Aä`mg BVa gm_m{OH$ emñÌmÀ`m Ñ{îQ>H$moUmVyZ H$aÊ`mV

oD$ cmJcm. Am°JñV H$m°åV `m§Zr gm_m{OH$ Am{U amOH$s` ì`dhmamVyZ amÁèmñÌmMm Aä`mg Ho$cm d

{gÕm§V _m§S>co. H$mc© _mŠg©, cmñH$s, Q>m°cH$m°Q> nmg©Ýg, ñnoÝga BË`mXr {dMmad§VmZr amÁèmñÌmÀ`m {gÕm§VmV

â KmVcr.

1950 Z§Va amÁèmñÌmcm d¡km{ZH$ d AmYw{ZH$ ñdê$n àmßV Pmco. am°~Q>© S>mc, S>oìhrS> B©ñQ>Z, J«°{~`c

Amë_§S>, S>oìhrS> A°na, ë w{g`Z nm` BË`mXr {dMmad§VmZr amÁèmñÌmMm Aä`mg AmYw{ZH$ nÕVrZo gwê$

Ho$cm. g§emoYZmÀ`m nÕVrMm dmna H$ê$Z dmñVddmXr d AZw dOÝ` {ZîH$f© amÁèmñÌmV _m§S>co OmD$

cmJco. AmYw{ZH$ amÁèmñÌmMm CX` nwT>rc H$maUm_wio Pmcm.

1. amÁèmñÌmÀ`m ì`m»`m - ñdê$nm~m~V _V_Vm§Vao … amÁèmñÌkm_Ü o amÁèmñÌmMr

ì`m»`m, ñdê$n d ì`mßVr~m~V _V_Vm§Vao AmhoV. CXm. cmoH$emhr, amîQ´>dmX, amOH$s` VÎdkmZ, gd©Ì

gma»`mM à_mUmV _mÝ` Pmcocr Zmhr.

2. {dMmagaUrcm _hÎd … 20 ì`m eVH$mV a{e`m, nmoc§S>, MrZ, BË`mXr XoemV H$mc© _mŠg©À`m

{dMmam§Mm à^md nS>cocm {XgVmo. VoWo gmå`dmXr emgZnÕVrMm CX` Pmcm. cmoH$emhr amOH$s` ì`dñWm

Am{U gmå`dmXr emgZì`dñWm Aä`mgm_wio {dMmagaUrcm _hÎd àmßV Pmco.

3. Am§VaamîQ´>r` amOH$maU … Am§VaamîQ´>r` amOH$maUmV gÎmm ñnYm© d eñÌmñÌ ñnYm©, JQ>~mOr,

{d{dY g§KQ>Zm§Mo amOH$maU, erV wÕ, Am{W©H$ KQ>H$ BË`mXr {df`mMm Aä`mg amÁèmñÌmV H$aÊ`mV

Amcm. wamon_Yrc amîQ>o, A_o[aH$m, MrZ `m§À`m naamîQ> g§~§YmMm Iyn _moR>m n[aUm_ amÁèmÌmÀ`m Aä`mgmda

Pmcm.


4. amOH$s` ì`dñWmMm Aä`mg … AmYw{ZH$ amÁèmñÌmV amOH$s` ì`dñWmda, aMZmË_H$

H$m`m©da, dV©ZdmXmda, CÎma dV©ZdmXmda, amOH$s` g§ñH¥$Vr d g§gyMZ amOH$s` g_mOrH$aU, amÁ`KQ>Zm§Mr

_m{hVr BË`mMr Aä`mg Ho$cm OmV Amho. {dícofUmÀ`m emñÌr` nÕVrMm ñdrH$ma H$aÊ`mV Amcm Amho.

1.2.3 amÁèmñÌmMr ì`mßVr

gZ 1948 gmcr wZoñH$moZo amÁèmñÌmÀ`m Aä`mgmg§~§Yr EH$ n[ag§dmX Am`mo{OV Ho$cm hmoVm. `m

n[ag§dmXmV AZoH$ {dMmad§VmZr amÁèmñÌmÀ`m Aä`mgmÀ`m ì`mßVr~m~V {dMma _m§S>co Vo nwT>rcà_mUo …

1. _mZdmMo AÜ``Z … _mZdr OrdZ gwIr H$aÊ`mgmR>r amÁ`mMr {Z{_©Vr Pmcr. amÁ`mÀ`m

{Z{_©Vr_Yrc EH$ Amdí`H$ KQ>H$ åhUOo _mZd Amho. Voìhm _mZdr g§~§YmMm Aä`mg amOH$s` {H«$`m g§koÛmao

Ho$cm OmD$ cmJcm. OZVoMo A{YH$ma d H$V©ì o, amÁ`mMo A{YH$ma BË`mXr Ñ{îQ>H$moZmVyZ _mZdr g§~§YmMo

AÜ``Z Ho$co OmV Amho.

2. amÁ`mMm Aä`mg … amÁ`mMo emñÌ amÁèmñÌ yVH$mimV amÁ o H$er hmoVr. dV©_mZH$mimV amÁ o

H$er AmhoV d ^{dî`H$mimV amÁ o H$er AgmdrV `m~m~VMm Aä`mg amÁèmñÌmV Ho$cm OmVmo. amÁ`mÀ`m

CX`mMo X¡dr {gÕm§V, gm_m{OH$ H$ama {gÕm§V, Eo{Vhm{gH$ {gÕm§V amÁ`mMo gmd© m¡_Ëd BË`mXtMm Aä`mg

amÁèmñÌmÀ`m ì`mßVr_Ü o Ho$cm OmVmo.

3. amOH$s` {dMmaàUmcrMm Aä`mg … amÁèmñÌmV cmoH$emhr g_mOdmX, gmå`dmX, ZmPrdmX,

\°${gP_, AamÁ`dmX, XheV, ZjcdmX, n`m©daUmMm Ag_Vmoc d emídV {dH$mg BË`mXr {dMmaàUmcrMm

Aä`mg Ho$cm OmVmo Amho. amOH$maUmVrc KS>m_moS>r, VÎdo, {gÕm§Vm~m~V {dMma Ho$cm OmV Amho.

4. emgZg§ñWm§Mm Aä`mg … OJâmVrc {d{dY XoemVrc emgZì`dñWmMm Aä`mg H$aVmZm

emgZg§ñWoMo ñdê$n, H$m`Xo_§S>i, H$m ©H$mar _§S>i, Ý`m`_§S>i `m§À`m ñdê$nmMm d H$m ©nÕVrMm {dMma

Ho$cm OmVmo. g§gXr`, AÜ`jr`, amOoemhr, _hmOZemhr, hwHy$_emhr d gmå`dmXr emgZnÕVrMo JwU-Xmof,

Ë`m§À`m H$m ©nÕVrMm Aä`mg Ho$cm OmVmo.

5. {d{dY g§ñWm§Mm Aä`mg … amÁèmñÌmÀ`m H$joV ñWm{ZH$ ñdamÁ`g§ñWm, amÁ`{Z §{ÌV _m§S>Uo,

{ZdS>UyH$ Am`moJ, cmoH$godm Am`moJ, cmoH$àemgZ, {d{^ÝZ àemgZ BË`mXr g§ñWm§Mm Aä`mg H$aÊ`mV

Amcm Amho. Ë`m g§ñWoMr H$m }, emgZg§ñWoer AgUmam Ë`m§Mm g§~§Y BË`mXrMm Aä`mg Ho$cm OmVmo.

6. amÁ`mamÁ`m§Mo g§~§YmMm Aä`mg … amÁ`mamÁ`m§Mo g§~§Y gwì`dñWoV Agë`m{edm` em§VVm d

ñdmV§Í` Agy eH$V Zmhr. Voìhm amÁ`mamÁ`mMo g§~§Y H$go AmhoV, H$go AgmdoV Vo g§~§Y {Z §{ÌV H$aÊ`mH$[aVm

{Z_m©U Pmcoë`m Am§VaamîQ´>r` g§ñWm§Mr {Z{_©Vr, A{YH$ma d H$m }, Am§VaamîQ´>r` {Z`_ d H$m`Xo BË`mXtMm

g_mdoe amÁèmñÌmMm ì`mßVrV Ho$cm OmVmo.


1.2.4 amOH$maU Am{U amÁèmñÌ \$aH$

amÁèmñÌ Am{U amOH$maU `mVrc \$aH$ nwT>rcà_mUo …

1. amÁèmñÌmV amOH$s` ì`dñWoMm Aä`mg Ho$cm OmVmo Va amOH$maUmV amOH$s` gÎmm àmßV

H$aÊ`mMm Aä`mg Ho$cm OmVmo.

2. amÁèmñÌmcm {gÕm§VmMm AmH$ma AgVmo Va amOH$maUmV {gÕm§Vmnojm gÎmm àmßVrcm _hÎd AgVo.

3. amÁèmñÌ BVa Am§Va{dÚmemIoer g§~§YrV VÎdkmZ _m§S>Vo Va amOH$maUmV amOH$s` nj d

H$m ©nÕVrVrc {dMma _m§S>co OmVmV.

4. amÁèmñÌmV _mZdr dV©ZmMm Aä`mg Ho$cm OmVmo. amOH$maUmV _mZdr dV©ZmÀ`m n[aUm_mMm

Aä`mg _hÎdmMm AgVmo.

1.2.5 amÁèmñÌmMo _hÎd

amÁèmñÌmMo _hÎd AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV IynM dmT>coco Amho. àË oH$ ì`ŠVrMm OÝ_ hm H$moUË`m Zm

H$moUË`m Hw$Qw>§~m_Ü o hmoVmo. Ë`mMdoir Ë`mMr nmcZnmofUmMr O~m~Xmar AmB©dS>rc nma nmS>V AgVmV Va

~mø g§ajUmMr O~m~Xmar amÁ`mZo ñdrH$macocr AgVo. Om°O© ~Zm©S>© em° `m§À`m _Vo, ""_mZdr g§ñH¥$VrMo ajU

\$ŠV amÁèmñÌmVM H$ê$ eH$Vmo.'' `mdê$Z amÁèmñÌmÀ`m Aä`mgmMo _hÎd cjmV oÊ`mg _XV hmoVo.

amÁèmñÌmÀ`m Aä`mgmMo _hÎd nwT>rcà_mUo …

1. {d{dY XoemÀ`m amÁ`KQ>ZoMr _m{hVr … amÁèmñÌmV OJmVrc AZoH$ XoemÀ`m amÁ`KQ>ZoMr

_m{hVr {Xcr OmVo. amÁ`KQ>Zm åhUOo XoemMm amÁ`H$ma^ma Mmc{dÊ`mgmR>rMo {c{IV {Z`_ hmo . AmYw{ZH$

amÁèmñÌmV amÁ`KQ>ZoMm Vm¡c{ZH$ Aä`mg H$ê$Z H$moUVr amÁ`KQ>Zm `mo½`, H$moUVr A`mo½` `mMr _m{hVr

amÁèmñÌmVyZM {_iVo.

2. amOH$r` g§H$ënZm … amÁèmñÌmVrc {d{dY g§H$ënZm§Mm AW© amÁèmñÌmÀ`m Aä`mgmVyZM

ñnîQ> hmoVmo. amOH$s` KQ>Zm, amOH$s` hmcMmcr Am{U Am§XmocZo `mVyZ amOH$maUmMr {Xem g_OVo. gmo rMo

hmoVo. {gÕm§V _m§S>Ur_wio amOH$r` OrdZmVrc g_ñ`m gmoS>{dUo eŠ` Pmco H$maU {gÕm§V ho A_yV© VgoM

g§{X½Y ZgVmV.

3. amÁèmñÌmMo ~hþg§»` XoemV AÜ``Z … amÁèmñÌ hm {df` ~hþg§»` XoemVrc {dÚmnrR>o,

_hm{dÚmc`mVyZ {eH${dcm OmVmo. Ë`mMà_mUo A{YH$ g§emoYZmË_H$ nÕVrZo g§emoYZhr Ho$co OmV Amho.

B§½c§S>_Ü o nmo{c{Q>H$c ñQ>S>rO Agmo{gEeZ Am°\$ X wZm`Q>oS> qH$JS>_, c§S>Z ñHy$c Am°\$ BH$m°Zm°{_Šg A±S>

nmo{c{Q>H$c gm`Ýg, A_o[aHo$V A°H°$S>_r Am°\$ nm°{c{Q>H$c gm`Ýg, ^maVmV JmoIco AW©emñÌ d amÁèmñÌ

g§ñWm, nwUo, OnmZ, MrZ, H°$ZS>m, a{e`m, \«$mÝg, O_©Zr BË`mXr AZoH$ XoemV amÁèmñÌ {df`mMo g§emoYZ,

AÜ``Z d AÜ`mnZ Ho$co OmVo.


4. Am§VaamîQ´>r` amOH$maU … Am§VaamîQ´>r` g§~§Y àñWm{nV H$ê$Z àË oH$ amîQ´>mZo em§VVm d gwì`dñWm

{Z_m©U Ho$cr nm{hOo. _¡Ìr, _mZdVmdmXr ~§YwVm d em§VVm `mMo _hÎd OJmcm H$imco Amho. wÕm_wio _mZdr

g§ñH¥$VrMm Zme hmoVmo. Xoem-XoemVrc g§Kf© H$_r H$aÊ`mgmR>r Am§VaamîQ´>r` g§KQ>ZmMr JaO {Z_m©U Pmcr d

Ë`mVyZM wZmoMm CX` Pmcm. amîQ>m§Zm Amnco àíZ _m§S>Ê`mMo d Ë`mdarc Cnm` emoYÊ`mMo gmYZ åhUyZ g§ wŠV

amîQ´> g§KQ>ZoH$S>o nm{hco OmVo. `m gdmªMm Aä`mg amÁèmñÌmV Ho$cm OmVmo.

5. {dMmaàUmcr … amÁèmñÌmV {d{dY ñdê$nmMo {gÕm§V _m§S>co OmVmV. `m {gÕm§VmVyZ EH$ {dMma

àdmh V`ma hmoVmo. CXm. XheVdmX, ZjcdmX, ZmPrdmX, gmå`dmX, g_mOdmX, cmoH$emhr B. AmO OJ

BVŠ`m PnmQ>çmZo ~XcV Mmcco Amho. Ë`m_wio amÁèmñÌmÀ`m Aä`mgmMo _hÎd dmT>co Amho.

1.3 gmam§e

amÁèmñÌmMr Vm|S>AmoiI H$ê$Z KoVmZm àmMrZ J«rH$ amOH$s` {dMmad§VmZr _m§S>coë`m {gÕm§VmMm

{dMma Ho$cm. nma§nm[aH$ amÁèmñÌmV VmpÎdH$ {dMma A{YH$ _m§S>co OmV AgV. gZ 1850 nyduMm H$mcI§S>

hm nma§nm[aH$ amÁèmñÌmMm hmoVm. gZ 1850 Z§Va Vo 1950 n ªVMm H$mcI§S> hm amÁèmñÌmMm g§H«$_U

H$mi _mZcm OmVmo. `m g§H«$_U H$mimV AZoH$ {dMmad§VmZr {d{dY {gÕm§V _m§S>co. 1950 Z§Va AmYw{ZH$

amÁèmñÌmMm H$mcI§S> gwê$ Pmcm. cmoH$g§»`m dmT>, {dkmZ-V§ÌkmZmMm {dH$mg `m_wio amÁèmñÌmcm

emñÌmMm XOm© àmßV Pmcm. g_mOmcm _mJ©Xe©Z H$aÊ`mMo H$m © amÁèmñÌ H$aVo.

1.4 ñd § AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ

(A) `mo½` n`m©` {ZdS>m.

1. B. g. 1850 Vo 1950 `m H$mimg amÁèmñÌmMm ............. H$mc åhUVmV.

(A) gm§ñH¥${VH$ (~) na§namJV (H$) g§H«$_U (S) AmYw{ZH$

2. ............. {df`H$ emñÌ åhUOo amÁèmñÌ hmo .

(A) g§nÎmr (~) g_mO (H$) gÎmm (S) ZrVr

3. ............. `m§Zm amÁèmñÌmMo OZH$ Ago åhUVmV.

(A) ßcoQ>mo (~) A°[añQ>m°Q>c (H$) _°{cH$mìhoVr (S) H$mc© _mŠg©

4. amOH$maUmMo ì`mH$aU (A Grammar of Politics) hm J«§W ............. `m§Zr {c{hcm Amho.

(A) àm. cmñH$s (~) àm. S>qZJ (H$) am°~Q>© S>mc (S) ßcoQ>mo

CÎmao …

(1) g§H«$_U (2) gÎmm (3) A°[añQ>m°Q>c (4) àm. cmñH$s


1.5 gamdmgmR>r àíZ

1. amÁèmñÌ åhUOo H$m` ?

2. amÁèmñÌmMo ñdê$n d ì`mßVr ñnîQ> H$am.

3. amÁèmñÌmMo _hÎd gm§Jm.

4. amÁèmñÌ Am{U amOH$maU `mVrc \$aH$ gm§Jm.

1.6 g§X ©gyMr

1. ^moco ^m. c., amOH$s` {gÕm§V Am{U {dícofU, H$m°pÝQ>ZoÝQ>c àH$meZ, nwUo 2002.

2. JmoIco am. _., amÁèmñÌmMr _ycVÎdo, ^mJ 1 d 2.

3. Km§JaoH$a {M. Ì., amÁèmñÌmMr _ycVÎdo, lr _§Joe àH$meZ, ZmJnya, 1999.

4. JX} {X. H$m., ~mMc {d. _m., AmYw{ZH$ amOH$s` {dícofU, H$m°pÝQ>ZoÝQ>c àH$meZ, nwUo 1975.

5. Verma S. P., Modern Political Theory, Vikas Publication House, Delhi.

6. Garner J. W., Political Science and Government, 1951.

7. Kapur A. C. Principle of Political Science, S. Chand and Co. Ltd., New

Delhi.

8. Sabine G. H., A History of Political Theory.

1.7 nm[a^m{fH$ eãXmMm AW©

1. {gÕm§V … emñÌmÀ`m AmYmamda {d{eîQ> {H«$`m-à{V{H«$`m~m~V cmoH$m§Mr _Vo qH$dm H$m ©H$maU

^md.

2. cmoH$emhr … cmoH$emhr hr emgZ nÕV Amho. OJm_Yrc ~hþVm§er XoemV cmoH$emhr ì`dñWm

Amho. cmoH$emhrV amÁ`mMr gÎmm {Zdm©{MV cmoH$m§À`m hmVr AgVo.

3. amOH$s` dV©Z … àË oH$ ì`ŠVrÀ`m dV©ZmMm Aä`mg amOH$s` dV©Zm_Ü o Ho$cm OmVmo. amOH$s`

dV©Z åhUOo ì`ŠVrMr {H«$`m-à{H«$`m hmo .

4. VÎdkmZ … _yë o, lÕm, Apñ_Vm Am{U Z¡{VH$Vm `m KQ>H$mda _m§S>coco {dMma åhUOo VÎdkmZ.

YYY


KQ>H$ - 2

amÁèmñÌmÀ`m Cn{dÚmemIm§Mm n[aM`

2.0 C{ÔîQ>o

2.1 àmñVm{dH$

2.2 {df` {ddoMZ

2.2.1 amOH$s` {gÕm§V … AW©, ñdê$n, ì`mßVr

2.2.2 amOH$s` à{H«$`m … AW©, ñdê$n, ì`mßVr

2.2.3 cmoH$àemgZ … AW©, ñdê$n, ì`mßVr

2.2.4 Am§VaamîQ´>r` amOH$maU … AW©, ñdê$n, ì`mßVr

2.3 gmam§e

2.4 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX, eãXmW©

2.5 ñd § AÜ``Z àíZmMr CÎmao


2.7 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$

2.0 C{ÔîQ>o

`m KQ>H$mÀ`m Aä`mgmZ§Va AmnUm§g nwT>rc ~m~r g_OyZ oVrc.

1. amÁèmñÌmÀ`m Cn{dÚmemIm§Mm n[aM` hmoB©c.

2. amOH$s` {gÕm§V, Ë`mMm AW©, ñdê$n d ì`mßVr g_OyZ KoVm oB©c.

3. amOH$s` à{H«$`m, {VMm AW©, ñdê$n d ì`mßVr g_OyZ KoVm oB©c.

4. cmoH$àemgZmMm AW©, ñdê$n d ì`mßVr g_OyZ KoVm oB©c.

5. Am§VaamîQ´>r` amOH$maUmMm AW©, ñdê$n d ì`mßVr g_OyZ KoVm oB©c.


2.1 àmñVm{dH$

n{hë`m àH$aUmV AmnU amÁèmñÌ åhUOo H$m` ? Ë`mMr ñdê$n d ì`mßVr, amÁèmñÌ Am{U

amOH$maU `mVrc \$aH$ d amÁèmñÌmMo _hÎd Aä`mgco. àñVwV àH$aUmV AmnU amÁèmñÌmÀ`m

Cn{dÚmemIm§Mm n[aM` H$ê$Z KoUma AmhmoV.

A_o[aH$Z nmo{cQ>rH$c gm`Ýg Agmo{gEeZZo 1973 _Ü o amÁèmñÌmÀ`m AmR> Cn{dÚmemIm

gwM{dë`m AmhoV. Ë`m nwT>rcà_mUo …

1. naXoer amOH$s` g§ñWm Am{U dV©Z

2. Am§VaamîQ´>r` H$m`Xm, g§KQ>Zm d amOH$maU

3. nÕVremñÌ

4. amOH$s` ñW¡ ©, AñW¡ © d ~Xc

5. amOH$s` {gÕm§V

6. gmd©O{ZH$ YmoaU

7. cmoH$àemgZ

8. A_o[aH$s amOH$s` g§ñWm, {H«$`m d dV©Z

`m AmR> Cn{dÚmemIm§n¡H$s AmnU àñVwV àH$aUmV amOH$s` {gÕm§V, amOH$s` à{H«$`m, cmoH$ àemgZ

d Am§Vaamï´>r` amOH$maU `m Cn{dÚmemIm§Mm Aä`mg H$aUma AmhmoV. àm_w»`mZo amOH$s` {gÕm§V, à{H«$`m

cmoH$àemgZ d Am§VaamîQ´>r` amOH$maUm§Mm CX`, AW©, ñdê$n d ì`mßVr `m§Mm g{dñVa Aä`mg H$aUma

AmhmoV. àm_w»`mZo amOH$s` {gÕm§V, à{H«$`m, cmoH$àemgZ d Am§VaamîQ´>r` amOH$maUmMm CX`, AW©, ñdê$n

d ì`mßVr `m§Mm g{dñVa Aä`mg H$aUma AmhmoV.

1.2 {df` {ddoMZ

amÁèmñÌmÀ`m Cn{dÚmemIm§Mm Aä`mg nwT>rc Mma KQ>H$m§À`m AmYmao Ho$cm Amho.

1.2.1 amOH$s` {gÕm§V

amOH$s` {gÕm§VmMm AW©, ñdê$n, ì`mßVr nwT>rcà_mUo …

(A) AW© … amOH$s` {gÕm§V åhUOo amÁ`ì`dhmam_Yrc JmoîQ>r~Ôc kmZ {_i{dÊ`mÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo

{Z`_m§À`m gmÀ`mV gyÌ~Õ arVrZo {dMmam§Mm Omo g_yh _m§S>Ê`mV oVmo. Ë`mg amOH$s` {gÕm§V Ago åhUVmV.

WmoS>Š`mV, emgZg§ñWm H$er MmcVo, H$moU MmcdVo d H$em nÕVrZo Mmc{dcr OmVo Ë`mgmR>r Agcoco

{d{eîQ> {Z`_ Ë`m§Mm g§M, H$m ©nÕVr `mH$S>o nmhÊ`mMm {d{eîQ> Ñ{îQ>H$moZ åhUOo amOH$s` {gÕm§V hmo .


(~) ì`m»`m … amOH$s` {gÕm§VmÀ`m ì`m»`m nwT>rcà_mUo AmhoV …

1. go~mB©Z … amOH$s` g_ñ`m§Mm Om{Udnyd©H$ d {eñV~Õ emoY åhUOo amOH$s` {gÕm§V hmo .

2. H$moH$a … emgZg§ñWoMm Aä`mg H$aVmZm OZVoÀ`m BÀN>m, JaOm Am{U _Vo {dMmamV KoVcr OmVmV.

Ë`mcm amOH$s` {gÕm§V Ago åhUVmV.

3. A°ÊS´>çy h°H$a … amOH$s` ì`dñWog§~§YrV yVH$mcrZ, dV©_mZH$mcrZ Am{U ^{dî`H$mcrZ

VÎdkmZ d emIm§Mo kmZ åhUOo amOH$s` {gÕm§V hmo .

4. amOH$s` eãXH$mof … amOH$s` KQ>Zm§Mo _yë`_mnZ, ñnîQ>rH$aU Am{U ^mH$sVo `mg§~§Yr emoY

KoUmao {dMma åhUOo amOH$s` {gÕm§V hmo .

`m ì`m»`m§dê$Z Ago åhUVm oVo H$s, CncãY VÏ o Am{U gmYZgm_wJ«rÀ`m AmYmao Amnë`m

AZw dmVyZ àmßV Pmcoë`m kmZmÀ`m _XVrZo KQ>Zm§À`m H$m ©H$maU g§§~§YmMo ñnîQ>rH$aU H$ê$Z Ë`m AmYmamda

H$mT>coco VH©$g§JV {ZîH$f© åhUOo {gÕm§V hmo .

(H$) ñdê$n

1. VmpÎdH$ ñdê$n … gwédmVrÀ`m H$mimV amOH$s` {gÕm§VmMo ñdê$n ho VmpÎdH$ ñdê$nmMo

hmoVo. Ë`mdoir amOH$s` {gÕm§V d VÎdkmZ `m§V \$aH$ Ho$cm OmV ZìhVm. VÏ o Am{U _yë o `m ~m~r

EH$mM AWm©Zo dmnaë`m OmV hmoË`m. amOH$s` {gÕm§V d ì`dhmamV \$aH$ XmI{dÊ`mMm à`ËZ A°[añQ>m°Q>cZo

Ho$cm. na§Vw g_mOmVrc àË oH$ ì`ŠVr g_moa {Z_m©U hmoUmè`m àíZm§~m~V `mo½` Vo ñnîQ>rH$aU amOH$s`

{gÕm§Vmcm ÚmdoM cmJVo.

ßcooQ>mo, H$mc© _mŠg© d h°am°ëS> cmñH$s `m§Zr VmpÎdH$ JmoîQ>tZm _hÎd {Xco. àmMrZ, VmpÎdH$ d

amOH$s` VÎdk g_mOmnmgyZ doJio hmoVo. {dMmad§Vm§Zr ñdV…cm amOH$s` gh^mJr Z _mZVm VoìhmÀ`m

n[apñWVrMo {dícofU _yë`m§À`m AmYmamda VQ>ñWnUo Ho$co Am{U doJdoJù`m KQ>Zm§_mJrc gË` emoYÊ`mMm

à`ËZ Ho$cm.

2. _yë`m{Y{îR>V ñdê$n … 19ì`m eVH$mÀ`m gwédmVrn ªV _yë` d VÏ` `m§V \$aH$ Ho$cm OmV

hmoVm. nwT>o amOH$s` {gÕm§VmMr _m§S>Ur H$aUmar ì`ŠVr amOH$s` ì`dhma d dmñVdVoÀ`m AmYmao gË`

emoYZmMo H$m_ H$aUmar Agmdr Ago à{VnmXZ Ho$co Joco. gËèmoYZmdoir g§~§{YV ì`ŠVr àË`j amOH$s`

g§Kfm©nmgyZ A{cßV amhÿZ, amOH$maUmVrc A{ZîQ> àd¥ÎmrMm n[aUm_ hmoD$ Z XoVm gËèmoYZ H$aoc

Aer Anojm ì`ŠV hmoV Jocr. Va amOH$s` {gÕm§V ho nyU©nUo _yë`{Zanoj Agy eH$V ZmhrV. H$maU

amOH$s` KS>m_moS>r qH$dm amOH$maU `m{df`r CXm{gZVm XmIdyZ amOH$s` KS>m_moS>r d VÏ o `m§Mo g§H$cZ

eŠ` hmoV Zmhr.

3. amOH$s` {gÕm§V d ì`dhma `m§Vrc g§~§Y … g_mOmV {Z_m©U hmoUmao amOH$s` {gÕm§V d


amOH$s` ì`dhma `m§Mm nañna K{ZîR> g§~Y Amho. _Zwî`mH$Sy>Z {ZgJ©V… AZoH$ MwH$m hmoVmV. _mÌ nwÝhm

nwÝhm Ë`mM MwH$m hmoV Agë`mg Ë`mV Vmo gwYmaUm H$aVmo. åhUOo MwH$m§Mr nwZamd¥Îmr Q>miÊ`mMr àd¥Îmr

_mZdmMr AgVo. `mMà_mUo ì`mdhm[aH$ {gÕm§V à{VnmXZmV MyH$ Amho Ago AmT>iyZ oVo Voìhm {gÕm§VmMr

nwZa©MZm qH$dm _m§S>Ur Ho$cr OmVo. ho MH«$ {Z`{_V Mmcy AgVo. `m {gÕm§VmV AZoH$ doim ^{dî`H$mcrZ

MwH$m§Mm A§XmO KoD$Z Ë`m§Zm à{V~§Y H$aÊ`mMr XjVmhr KoVcr OmVo. H$maU g§ mì` MwH$m§Mo ñdê$n ho

J§ ra R>ê$ eH$Vo. ì`dhma nÕVrZo amOH$s` {gÕm§V Am{U ì`dhma `m§À`m_Yrc g§~§Y ñnîQ> hmoVmo.

4. amOH$s` {gÕm§V hr g_mOOrdZmMr JaO … n[apñWVrVyZ amOH$s` {gÕm§VmMr {Z{_©Vr hmoV

AgVo. gm_m{OH$ OrdZgmR>m {dkmZmÀ`m {dH$mg d àJVr_wio {gÕm§VmMr JaO dmT>cocr {XgVo. AmYw{ZH$

H$mimV OgOgm g_mOOrdZmMm {dH$mg hmoV Jocm VgVer ZdZdrZ amOH$s` {gÕm§VmMr {Z{_©Vr _mZdmZo

Ho$cr. H$cm, {dkmZ d BVa KQ>H$m§Mr JaO _mUgmcm OJÊ`mgmR>r AgVo VodT>rM JaO amOH$s` {gÕm§VmMrhr

AgVo.

AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV amOH$s` {gÕm§VmMo ñdê$n ~XcV Amho. AmO amOH$s` {gÕm§VmMm dmñVdmMm

emoY KoÊ`mH$S>o H$c Agcocm {XgVmo. VgoM g§emoYZ nÕVrda A{YH$ â {Xcm OmVmo. gm§p»`H$s _m{hVr

Jmoim H$ê$Z {dícofUhr Ho$co OmV Amho. Aem àH$maMo amOH$s` {gÕm§VmMo ñdê$n Agë`mMo {XgVo.

(S>) ì`mßVr … amOH$s` {gÕm§VmÀ`m ì`mßVrV nwT>rc JmoîQ>tMm g_mdoe hmoVmo.

1. _mZdr {dMma … _mZd hm amOH$s` {gÕm§VmMm H|$Ðq~Xy Amho. amOH$s` {gÕm§V Á`m amÁ`m{df`r

{Z_m©U hmoVmV Vo amÁ` gwÕm ì`ŠVr^modVrM {\$aVo. A°[añQ>m°Q>cÀ`m _Vo, _Zwî` hm gm_m{OH$ (amOH$s`)

àmUr Amho. _mZdmÀ`m `m g_mO{à` d¥ÎmrVyZ amÁ`mMr {Z{_©Vr Pmcr Amho. emgZg§ñWm Am{U amÁ` `m

g§~§YrÀ`m {d{dY Ñ{îQ>H$moZmVyZ amOH$s` {gÕm§VmMm Aä`mg Ho$cm OmVmo. ì`ŠVrMm gwg§K{Q>V g_mOM

amÁ`mV ê$nm§V[aV Pmë`mZo ì`ŠVrMo amÁ` d emgZmer g§~§Y H$em àH$mao Agmdo `mMm Aä`mg amOH$s`

{gÕm§VmV hmoD$ cmJcm. _Zwî`mZoM amÁ` d gaH$ma {Z_m©U Ho$co åhUyZ amÁ`m{df`r, emgZm{df`r amOH$s`

{gÕm§VmV Aä`mg hmoV AgVmZm Ë`mMm H|$Ðq~Xy ì`ŠVrM AgVo.

2. amÁ`mMm Aä`mg … amOH$s` {gÕm§VmV amÁ`mMm CX`, Ë`mMr C{ÔîQ>o, _wc yV d¡{eîQ>ço, amÁ`mÀ`m

CX`mMo {d{dY {gÕm§V `m gdm©Mm Aä`mg Ho$cm OmVmo. VgoM yVH$mimV amOH$s` g§ñWm H$er hmoVr?

dV©_mZH$mimV H$er Amho? ^{dî`H$mimV {VMo ñdê$n H$go Agmdo? `mMo AZw_mZ amOH$s` {gÕm§VmV _m§S>Vm

òVo.

3. emgZg§ñWoMm Aä`mg … g_mO g§K{Q>V hmoD$Z H$m`Xo d {Z`_mgmR>r emgZg§ñWm {Z_m©U

Ho$cr. g_mOmda {Z §ÌU R>odUmao cmoH$ åhUOo H$m`Xo H$aUmao cmoH$ Am{U Ë`m§ZmM emgH$ åhQ>co OmVo. åhUyZ

ì`ŠVr ~amo~a emgZg§ñWoMm Aä`mg amOH$s` {gÕm§VmV Ho$cm OmD$ cmJcm. Ë`mV emgZg§ñWoMm CJ_, Ë`mMo

àH$ma Ogo cmoH$emhr, hþHy$_emhr, gmå`dmXr emgZ, emgZg§ñWoMo ñdê$n `m§Mm Aä`mg hmoD$ cmJcm.


4. amOH$s` aMZm d g§ñWm§Mm Aä`mg … nma§n[aH$ amÁèmñÌmV amOH$s` g§ñWm§Mm Aä`mg

hmoV hmoVm. {dgmì`m eVH$mV amOH$s` g§ñWm§EodOr amOH$s` à{H«$ oMm Aä`mg amOH$s` {gÕm§VmV hmoD$

cmJcm. ì`ŠVrÀ`m amOH$s` H¥$Vr d amOH$s` ì`dhmamVrc Ë`mMo dV©Z, y{_H$m `m§Mm Aä`mg amOH$s`

{gÕm§VmV Ho$cm OmD$ cmJcm.

5. amOH$s` gm{hË` d _wc yV XñVEodOm§Mm Aä`mg … amOH$s` {gÕm§Vmcm d¡Mm[aH$

A{YîR>mZ àmßV H$ê$Z XoÊ`mV amOH$s` gm{hË` d _wc yV XñVEodOm§Zm _hµµÎdmMo ñWmZ Amho. A°{añQ>m°Q>cMm

"nm°{c{Q>Šg²' H$mc© _mŠg©Mm "Xmg H°${nQ>c', Oo. Eg. {_cMm "Am°Z {c~Q>u', H$m¡{Q>ë`mMm "AW©emñÌ'

Aem AZoH$ _hÎdnyU© J«§Wm§Zr amOH$s` {gÕm§VmMr OS>UKS>U Ho$cr. `m J«§Wm§Mm amOH$s` KS>m_moS>tda

n[aUm_ hmoVmo. CXmhaUmW© égmoZo {c{hcoë`m gm_m{OH$ H$amamVyZ \«|$M H«$m§Vr hmoD$Z ñdmV§Í`, g_Vm, ~§YwVm

d Ý`m` `m {gÕm§VmMr {Z{_©Vr Pmcr. {~«Q>ZÀ`m amOH$s` ì`dñWoMo AmH$cZ hmoÊ`mgmR>r _°¾m H$mQ>m©,

{~c Am°\$ amB©Q>g², {nQ>reZ Am°\$ amB©Q>g² `m _wc yV XñVEodOm§Mm amOH$s` {gÕm§VmV Aä`mg Ho$cm

OmVmo.

6. {dMmagaUrMm Aä`mg … àË oH$ amOH$s` ì`dñWm H$mhr _yë o, Z¡{VH$Vm, lÕm `m§À`m

AmYmamda {Q>Hy$Z AgVo. Jm§YrdmX, g_Vm, OmJ{VH$sH$aU, _wŠV AW©ì`dñWm, gdªH$f gÎmmdmX, \°${gP_,

gmå`dmX d _mAmodmX Aem AZoH$ {dMmagaUrMm Aä`mg amOH$s` {gÕm§VmV Ho$cm OmVmo.

7. _VXmam§À`m dV©ZmMm Aä`mg … AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV ZdrZ amOH$s` àdmh ApñVËdmV oV

Agë`mZo ì`ŠVrMo/_VXmam§Mo amOH$s` dV©Z _hÎdmMo R>aV Amho. g§emoYH$ _VXmam§À`m dV©ZmMr nmhUr

H$ê$Z Ë`Mo {dícofU H$aVmhoV. `m gd© JmoîQ>tMm Aä`mg amOH$s` {gÕm§VmV Ho$cm OmVmo.

`m gd© ~m~t~amo~aM AcrH$S>À`m H$mimV ZdZdo amOH$s` {dMma oV Agë`mZo amOH$s` {gÕm§VmÀ`m

ì`mßVrV dmT> hmoV Amho. Ë`m_wio àmo. JwS>ZmD$ Ago åhUVmV H$s, amOH$s` {gÕm§VmMr ì`mßVr J{Verc Amho.

(B) amOH$s` {gÕm§VmMo _hÎd

àË oH$ ì`ŠVrMo amOH$s` OrdZ Am{U amÁ`ì`dñWm `m§À`m g§X^m©V amOH$s` {gÕm§VmMr y{_H$m

_hÎdnyU© am{hcr Amho. Ë`m_wio ~XcË`m H$mimVhr amOH$s` {gÕm§VmMo _hÎd H$m`_ am{hco Amho.

1. amOH$s` {gÕm§V _yë`{Z{_©VrMo H$m_ H$aVmV. CXm. ñdmV§Í`, g_Vm, ~§YwVm, Ý`m` BË`mXr. hr _yë o

_mZdr OrdZmg AË`mdí`H$ AmhoV. åhUyZ _yë`{Z{_©Vr hr loîR>ËdmÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo amOH$s` {gÕm§Vmcm _hÎd

àmßV Pmco Amho.

2. àË oH$ amOH$s` ì`dñWoV H$mimÀ`m AmoKmV pñWË §Vao, n[adV©Z hmoV AgVo. Ë`m n[adV©ZmMr

Zo_H$s {Xem H$moUVr Agmdr ? Ë`mgmR>r amOH$s` {gÕm§V _mJ©Xe©Z H$aVmV.

3. amOH$s` {gÕm§V amOH$s` ì`dñWocm g¡Õm§{VH$ AmYma {_idyZ XoV AgVmV.


4. AmO _mZdr dV©Z Am{U amOH$s` à{H«$`m `m§À`mVrc H$m ©H$maU g§~§YmMm ì`mnH$ nmVirda

emoY KoÊ`mMo H$m_ amOH$s` {gÕm§V H$aVmV.

WmoS>Š`mV, amÁ` ì`dhmamMo AmH$cZ hmoÊ`mgmR>r amOH$s` {gÕm§Vmcm _hÎd àmßV Pmco Amho.

ñd § AÜ``Z àíZ-1

EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {chm.

1. A_o[aH$Z nmo{c{Q>H$c gm`Ýg Agmo{gEeZZo amÁèmñÌmÀ`m AmR> Cn {dÚmemIm Ho$ìhm

gwM{dë`m ?

2. amOH$s` {gÕm§VmMr "amOH$s` g_ñ`m§Mm Om{Udnyd©H$ {eñV~Õ emoY åhUOo amOH$s` {gÕm§V

hmo ' hr ì`m»`m H$moUr Ho$cr ?

3. amOH$s` {gÕm§V d ì`dhmamV \$aH$ XmI{dÊ`mMm àW_ à`ËZ H$moUr Ho$cm ?

4. amOH$s` {gÕm§Vmcm H$moUË`m ~m~t_wio d¡Mm[aH$ A{YîR>mZ àmßV hmoVo ?

5. "nm°{c{Q>Šg' hm J«§W H$moUr {c{hcm ?

6. "Xmg H°${nQ>c' hm J«§W H$moUr {c{hcm ?

7. "Am°Z {c~Q>u' hm J«§W H$moUr {c{hcm ?

1.2.2 amOH$s` à{H«$`m

amOH$s` à{H«$ oMm AW©, ì`m»`m, ñdê$n d ì`mßVr nwT>rcà_mUo Amho …

(A) AW©

EH$mo{Ugmì`m eVH$mÀ`m CÎmamYm©V amOH$s` à{H«$`m `m Cn{dÚmemIoMm emñÌewÕ d nÕVera

Aä`mg hmoD$ cmJcm. à{H«$`m hm eãX arVr, gmaUr, H$m ©nÕVr `m AWm©Zo dmnacm OmVmo. Ë`m_wio à{H«$ oV

{d{eîQ> Aer Aä`mgmMr nÕVr dmnacocr AgVo. amOH$s` ì`dhmam§Mm amOH$s` à{H«$ oV g_mdoe

hmoVmo. amOH$s` g§ñWm, g§KQ>Zm, JQ> Am{U ì`ŠVrÀ`m H¥$Vr `m§À`mVrc ì`dhmam§Mm amOH$s` à{H«$ oV g_mdoe

hmoVmo. VgoM {H«$`m d à{H«$`m `m XmoÝhtÀ`m g_mdoem_wio Ë`m§À`m KS>m_moS>rVyZ Zì`mZo gmH$maUmè`m AWm©Mm,

Ame`mMm, g§H$ënZm§ZmMmhr g_mdoe amOH$s` à{H«$ oV hmoVmo. CXm. {ZdS>UyH$ à{H«$`m `m g§koV {ZdS>UyH$

Am`moJ, àm¡T> _Vm{YH$ma, g_mZ cmoH$g§» oMo _VXma g§K, Ë`m§Mr g§»`m, amIrd _VXma g§K, H$moUr H$moUmcm

_V {Xco. Aem {d{dY KQ>H$m§Mm `m§V g_mdoe hmoVmo. åhUOoM Am¡nMm[aH$ d AZm¡nMm[aH$ amOH$s`

H$Ë`m© KQ>H$m§Zr Ho$coë`m gd© H¥$VtMm amOH$s` à{H«$ oV Aä`mg Ho$cm OmVmo. amOH$s` à{H«$`m hr g§km amOH$s`

H¥$Vrer nañna g§~§{YV Amho Va amOH$s` H¥$Vr_mJo {ZpíMV H$maU d g§~§Y AgVmo. Ë`m_wio à{H«$ oVyZ

{ZpíMVVm ì`ŠV hmoVo. VgoM H¥$VrMr EH$ e¥§Icm {XgVo. n[aUm_r amOH$s` H¥$VrVyZ, {VÀ`m {ZarjUmVyZ


AZw dOÝ` {gÕm§V {dícofUmgmR>r _m§S>Vm oVmV. WmoS>Š`mV, amOH$s` ì`dhma, H¥$Vr KQVo amOH$s` à{H«$`m

R>aV AgVo.

(~) ì`m»`m

amOH$s` n«{H«$ oMr {ZpíMV Aer ì`m»`m H$aUo H$R>rU Amho. Varhr H$mhr {dMmad§VmZr amOH$s`

à{H«$ oMr ì`m»`m nwT>rcà_mUo Ho$cr Amho.

1. h§{Q>½Q>Z, Amë_§S>, S>opìhS> BñQ>Z … g§ñWmË_H$ {dñVma Am{U {ZU© KoUo, am~{dÊ`mMr

à{H«$`m (d amOH$s` A{Y_mÝ`Vm) åhUOo amOH$s` à{H«$`m hmo .

2. ho~a_mg … amOH$s` g§ñWm, ì`dhma, H$m`Úm§Zm d¡YVm àmßV H$aUo åhUOo amOH$s` à{H«$`m

hmo .

(H$) ñdê$n Am{U ì`mßVr …

19ì`m eVH$mÀ`m CÎmamYm©V AJmoXa amOH$s` ì`dhmam§Mm Aä`mg amOH$s` VÎdkmZmÀ`m g§X^m©V Ho$cm

OmV hmoVm. amOH$s` ì`dhma H$gm Mmcmdm ? amOH$s` ì`dhmamMo Ü o H$moUVo Agmdo ? Agm Aä`mg

amOH$s` à{H«$ oV Ho$cm OmV hmoVm. Aem àH$maMm AmXe©dmXr Aä`mg 19ì`m eVH$mÀ`m CÎmamYm©V Ho$cm

Jocm Zmhr. amOH$s` ì`dhmamVyZ ì`ŠV hmoUmao {d{dY AW© amOH$s` à{H«$ oMo Aä`mgH$ gm§JVmV. WmoS>Š`mV,

amOH$s` à{H«$ oVyZ g§H$ënZm, {dMma, VÎdkmZ Am{U {gÕm§V `m§Mm OÝ_ hmoVmo. Aer y{_H$m amOH$s`

à{H«$ oÀ`m Aä`mgH$m§Zr Joë`m nÝZmg dfmªV _m§S>cr Amho.

amOH$s` g§aMZm§_Yrc ghg§~§Y hm EH$ amOH$s` à{H«$ oÀ`m Aä`mgmMm _hÎdmMm ^mJ Amho. {d^mOZ,

ñnYm©, g§Kf© `m§{df`rÀ`m KS>m_moS>r CncãY g§gmYZmÀ`m dmQ>nm_YyZ KS>VmV. VgoM {d{eîQ> g_mOmV

à{VH$mË_H$, g§gmYZmÀ`m dmQ>nm_YyZ KS>Vo. Ago _V hocoZ ñQw>AQ>© `m§Zr _m§S>co Amho. gmYmaUnUo amOH$s`

à{H«$ oÀ`m ì`mßVrV àm_w»`mZo nwT>rc JmoîQ>tMm g_mdoe hmoVmo.

1. amOH$s` ì`dñWm§Mm Aä`mg …

amOH$s` à{H«$ oV {d{dY amOH$s` ì`dñWm§Mm Aä`mg Ho$cm OmVmo. àË oH$ ì`dñWoVrc amÁ`KQ>Zm,

emgZg§gWm, àemgH$s` ì`dñWm, amOH$s` nj, Midir `m§Mm Aä`mg amOH$s` à{H«$ oV Ho$cm OmVmo.

hm Aä`mg Eo{Vhm{gH$ d g_mOemñÌr` ÑîQ>H$moZmVyZ AW©H$maU d amOH$s` g_mOemñÌmÀ`m Mm¡H$Q>rV Ho$cm

OmVmo. Ago _V amOH$s` à{H«$ oMo Aä`mgH$ _m§S>VmV. Ë`m_wio amOH$s` à{H«$ oV amOH$s` g_mOemñÌ,

amOH$s` Midir, amOH$s` AW©H$maU ho KQ>H$ doJio Z _mZVm amOH$s` à{H«$ oÀ`m ì`mßVrV Ë`m§Mm g_mdoe

Ho$cm OmVmo. n[aUm_r, amOH$s` à{H«$ oMm Aä`mg EH$m AWm©Zo g_mOemñÌr` ñdê$nmMm dmQ>Vmo. Ë`m_wio

amÁèmñÌmMo Aä`mg Ë`m§À`m Aä`mgmV amOH$s` à{H«$`m hm eãXà`moJ dmnaVmV. CXm. aOZr H$moR>mar `m§Zr

The Non-Party Political Process Ago Zmd Ë`m§À`m njmdarc Aä`mgmg {Xco Amho.


2. amOH$s` à{H«$ oMm Aä`mg … amOH$s` ì`dñWm, g§aMZm, g§H$ënZm, {gÕm§V, {dMmaàUmcr

`m§À`m g§X^m©V amOH$s` à{H«$ oMm Aä`mg Ho$cm OmVmo. ì`dñWm, g§aMZm, g§H$ënZm, {gÕm§V d {dMma-

àUmcrMo ~XcVo ñdê$n `m§Mmhr Aä`mg amOH$s` à{H«$ oZo Ho$cm OmVmo. `mM~amo~a amOH$s` nj,

X~md JQ>, ZoV¥Ëd Aem {~Ja g§ñWmË_H$ KQ>H$m§Mm Aä`mghr amOH$s` à{H«$ oV Ho$cm OmVmo. VgoM

gmd©O{ZH$ YmoaU{ZpíMVr {ZU© KoÊ`mV H$moUmMm {H$Vr gh^mJ Amho ? amOH$s` à{H«$ oMm B{Vhmg, amOH$s`

à{H«$ oda à^md Q>mH$Umao KQ>H$ `m gdmªMm Aä`mg amOH$s` à{H«$ oV Ho$cm OmVmo.

3. amOH$s` g§H$ënZm d njm§Mm Aä`mg … amOH$s` à{H«$ oV amOH$s` ñW¡ ©, cmoH$mZwa§OZdmX,

amOH$s` CXm{gZVm, gmd©O{ZH$ {hV, ~hþY«wdr amOH$maU, {ÛY«wdr amOH$maU, amOH$s` A{ÔZ, amOH$s`

g§ñH¥$Vr, amOH$s` ~Xc, amOH$s` AmYw{ZH$sH$aU, amOH$s` g_mdoeZ, d¡Mm[aH$ à wËdmMo joÌ, ZoV¥Ëd

`m {d{dY g§H$ënZm§Mm Aä`mg Ho$cm OmVmo. Ë`m~amo~aM amOH$s` nj, {hVg§~§Yr, X~mdJQ>, gÎmm ñnYm©

`m§Mmhr Aä`mg amOH$s` à{H«$ oV Ho$cm OmVmo. amOH$s` njm§À`m Aä`mgmcm amOH$s` à{H«$ oV _hÎdmMo

ñWmZ Amho.

(S>) amOH$s` à{H«$ odarc Aä`mg

amOH$s` à{H«$ oMm Aä`mg AZoH$ {dMmad§VmZr d g§emoYH$m§Zr Ho$cm Amho. Ë`mMm {ZdS>H$ AmT>mdm

nwT>rcà_mUo KoVm oVmo.

^maVmÀ`m g§X^m©V aOZr H$moR>mar `m§Zr The Congress System in India Agm Aä`mg 1964

_Ü o Ho$cm Amho. O §V coco `m§Zr Caste, Class and Power : Political Mobilization in

Maharashtra Agm Aä`mg 1990 _Ü o Ho$cm Amho. amOH$s` AW©H$maU d ZdCXma_VdmXr

AW©ì`dñWo_wio amOH$s` njm§Mr y{_H$m d Ë`m§Mo amOH$s` gm_m{OH$ AmYma ~Xcco AmhoV. `m nmíd© y_rda

ho Aä`mg Pmcoco {XgVmV.

_hmamîQ´>mÀ`m g§X^m©V {dMma H$aVm amOH$s` à{H«$ odarc Aä`mgmMr H$mhr CXmhaUo XoVm oVrc.

"gÎmm§Va' hm J«§W 1995 _Ü o ìhmoam d nierH$a `m§Zr {c{hcm, Va "_hmamîQ´>mMo ~XcVo amOH$maU' 2003

_Ü o nierH$a `m§Zr, "amOH$s` Midi' àH$me ndma `m§Zr Aä`mg Ho$cm Amho. `m gd© Aä`mgmV

g_mO, cmoH$emhr d Ý`m` `m _wÚm§Mr MMm© Ho$cr Amho. Ë`m_wio amOH$s` g§ñWm§À`m ì`dhmamer WoQ> g§~§{YV

g_mO, cmoH$emhr, Am{W©H$ {dH$mg d gm_m{OH$ Ý`m` Ago {df` amOH$s` à{H«$ oV _Ü`dVu {df` R>aV

AmhoV.

1990 Z§Va amOH$s` à{H«$ oÀ`m Aä`mgmV ~Xc Pmco AmhoV. àm_w»`mZo gwYm n¡ `m§Zr Political

Process in Uttrar Pradesh Am{U nm°c ~«mg `m§Zr Language, Religion and Politics in

North India `m J«§WmV ^mfm, Y_© d amOH$maUmMm ghg§~§Y VgoM emgZ ì`dhma, AW©H$maU d gwYmaUm

`m§Mr _m§S>Ur Ho$cr Amho. `mdê$Z amOH$s` à{H«$ oÀ`m Aä`mgmMr nwT>rc ZdrZ joÌo gm§JVm oVmV.


1) amOH$s` AW©H$maU, 2) amOH$s` d gm_m{OH$ Midir, 3) amOH$s` gÎmmñnYm©, 4) AmKmS>çm§Mo

amOH$maU, 5) {ZdS>UwH$m§Mm Aä`mg.

EHy$U Aem àH$mao amOH$s` à{H«$ oMm Aä`mg Ho$cm OmVmo.

ñd § AÜ``Z àíZ 2

(A) `mo½` n`m© {ZdS>m.

1. The Non-Party Political Process hm J«§W ............. `m§Zr {c{hcm.

(A) gwhmg nierH$a (~) aOZr H$moR>mar (H$) hocoZ ñQw>AQ>©

2. Language, Religion and Politics in North India hm J«§W ............. `m§Zr {c{hcm.

(A) gwYm n¡ (~) O §V coco (H$) nm°c ~«mg (S) hocoZ ñQw>AQ>©

3. d¡YVm àmßV H$aUo åhUOo amOH$s` à{H«$`m hmo . Agm amOH$s` à{H«$ oMm AW© ..............

`m§Zr cmdcm.

(A) S>opìhS> B©ñQ>Z (~) ho~a_mg (H$) h§Q>r½Q>Z (S) Am_§S>

4. aOZr H$moR>mar `m§Zr 1964 _Ü o ............. hm J«§W {c{hcm.

(A) The Congress System in India (~) Political Process in Uttar Pradesh

(H$) Caste, Class and Power

2.2.3 cmoH$àemgZ

_mZdr OrdZmMm gdmªJrU {dH$mg H$aUo hm amÁ`g§ñWoMm _w»` CÔoe Agë`mZo Vmo gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r

`mo½` d H$m ©j_ àemgZmMr Amdí`H$Vm AgVo. cmoH$H$ë`mUmgmR>r {d{dY `moOZm, CnH«$_ d H$m ©H«$_

am~{dÊ`mgmR>r àemgZmMr JaO AgVo. Ë`m_wio AmO àJV d AàJV Aem gd©M Xoem§V cmoH$àemgZ

AmT>iVo. Ë`mMm AW©, ñdê$n d ì`mßVr nwT>rcà_mUo Amho …

(A) AW©

cmoH$m§Mo, cmoH$m§gmR>r Agcoco àemgZ åhUOo cmoH$àemgZ hmo . cmoH$ (public) hm eãX "amÁ`mVrc

gd© cmoH$' `m AWm©Zo dmnacocm Amho. Public åhUOo gmd©O{ZH$ Agmhr AW© hmoVmo. amÁ`mVrc

g§nyU© OZVoÀ`m {hVmgmR>r gaH$maH$Sy>Z {d{dY H$m_o nma nmS>cr OmVmV. Ë`mgmR>r {d{dY g§KQ>Zm

{Z_m©U Ho$ë`m OmVmV. gmd©O{ZH$ {hVmÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo {d{dY àH$maÀ`m Ü o YmoaUm§Mr A§_c~OmdUr

H$aÊ`mgmR>r àemgH$s` §ÌUm C^macocr AgVo. cmoH$ë`mUmMr H$m_o gaH$maÀ`m {d{dY {d^mJm§Ûmao

nma nmS>cr OmVmV. Ë`mcm cmoH$àemgZ Ago åhUVmV. H$mhr {dMmad§V cmoH$àemgZmcm gmd©O{ZH$

àemgZ Agohr g§~moYVmV.


(~) ì`m»`m …

1. àmo. Ec. S>r. ìhmB©Q> … cmoH$àemgZmV Aem gd© H¥$VtÀ`m Am{U H$m`m©Mm g_mdoe Ho$cm

OmVmo H$s, Á`m§Mm CÔoe gmd©O{ZH$ YmoaUm§Mr nyV©Vm qH$dm A§_c~OmdUr H$aUo hm AgVmo.

2. dwS´>mo {dëgZ … H$m`ÚmMr Vn{ecdma Am{U nÕVeranUo H$m ©dmhr H$aUo åhUOo cmoH$àemgZ

hmo .

3. ngu _°ŠdrZ … cmoH$àemgZ åhUOo Ago àemgZ H$s, Á`mMm g§~§Y amîQ´>r` AWdm ñWmZr`

gaH$maÀ`m H$m`m©er oVmo.

4. {~«{Qe kmZH$moe … emgZg§ñWoÛmam amÁ`g§ñWoÀ`m YmoaUmMo Cn`moOZ åhUOo cmoH$àemgZ

hmo .

5. ë`w{Wa ½`w{cH$ … cmoH$àemgZmMm g§~§Y emgZg§ñWoÀ`m H$m ©H$mar {d^mJmer oVmo. H$maU,

H$m ©H$mar {d^mJmÛmao g§nyU© H$m © MmcVo. åhUyZM cmoH$àemgZmV àm_w»`mZo H$m ©H$mar {d^mJmMm {dMma

Ho$cm OmVmo.

darc gd© ì`m»`m§dê$Z Ago åhUVm oVo H$s, emgZg§ñWoÀ`m {d{dY H¥$Vr Am{U H$m ©nÕVtZm

cmoH$àemgZ Ago åhUVmV.

(H$) ñdê$n

cmoH$àemgZmMo ñdê$n g_OmdyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r nwT>rc XmoZ Ñ{îQ>H$moZ Aä`mgUo _hÎdmMo R>aVo.

1. g§H${cV Ñ{îQ>H$moZ … Ooìhm EImXo {d{eîQ> C{ÔîQ> gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r g§KQ>ZoVrc gd© KQ>H$m§Mm

Am{U Ë`m§À`m gd© H$m`m©Mm g_mdoe cmoH$àemgZmÀ`m Aä`mgmV Ho$cm OmVmo Voìhm Ë`mg g§H${cV

Ñ{îQ>H$moZ Ago åhUVmV. g§H${cV Ñ{îQ>H$moZmg gd©ì`mnr Ñ{îQ>H$moZ Agohr åhUVmV. gmd©O{ZH$ _hm_§S>io,

emgH$s` ImVr, ImOJr ì`dgm` d CÚmoJY§Xo, H$maImZo, ~±H$m Aem {d{dY g§KQ>Zm§_Yrc gd© KQ>H$m§Mm

Am{U H$_©Mmar dJm©À`m H$m`m©Mm g_mdoe àemgZmV Ho$cm OmVmo. g§KQ>ZoVrc gd© H$_©Mmar H${ZîR>

{c{nH$, {enmB©, {d^mJà_wI, emIm à_wI, H${ZîR>-d[aîR> A{YH$mar, g§KQ>ZoMm à_wI A{YH$mar,

g§~§{YV ghmæ`H$mar H$_©Mmar dJ©, g§~§{YV amOH$s` H$m ©H$mar à_wI _§Ìr, g§MmcH$ _§S>i BË`mXr gd©

KQ>H$m§À`m H$m`m©Mm g_mdoe cmoH$àemgZmÀ`m Aä`mgmV g§H${cV Ho$cm OmVmo. WmoS>Š`mV, g§KQ>ZoVrc gd©

KQ>H$m§Mm Am{U Ë`m§À`m g§~§{YV H$m`m©Mm g_mdoe g§H${cV Ñ{îQ>H$moZmV Ho$cm OmVmo.

hoÝar \o$`m°c d Ec. S>r. ìhmB©Q> `m§Zr cmoH$àemgZmÀ`m g§H${cV Ñ{îQ>H$moZmMo g_W©Z Ho$co Amho.

Ec. S>r. ìhmB©Q> `m§À`m _Vo, cmoH$àemgZmV g§KQ>ZoÀ`m gd© H$m`m©Mm g_mdoe Ho$cm OmVmo. Á`m§Mm A§{V_

CÔoe hm cmoH$m§Mo H$ë`mU H$aUo, gmd©O{ZH$ YmoaUm§Mr A§_c~OmdUr H$aUo hm AgVmo.


2. ì`dñWmnZmË_H$ Ñ{îQ>H$moZ … cmoH$àemgZmg§~§YrMm ì`dñWmË_H$ ÑpîQ>H$moZ åhUOo Ho$di

ì`dñWmnZ H$aUo, BVam§H$Sy>Z H$m © H$adyZ KoUo hmo . g§KQ>ZoVrc gd© H$_©Mmè`m§À`m Am{U Ë`m§À`m

H$m`m©Mm àemgZmV g_mdoe Z H$aVm Ho$di d[aîR> àemgH$s` A{YH$mè`m§À`m H$m`m©Mm g_mdoe H$aUo

hmo . g§KQ>ZoVrc d[aîR> A{YH$mar {ZU© KoUo, {Z §ÌU R>odUo, XoIaoI H$aUo, _mJ©Xe©Z H$aUo Aer

ì`dñWmnZmË_H$ H$m } H$aVmV. ì`dñWmnZmË_H$ ÑpîQ>H$moUmV \$ŠV ì`dñWmnZmË_H$ H$m`m©Mm g_mdoe

Ho$cm OmVmo. {enmB©, {c{nH$ d H${ZîR> godH$dJm©Mm ì`dñWmnZmË_H$ Ñ{îQ>H$moZmV g_mdoe Ho$cm OmV

Zmhr. H$maU ì`dñWmnZ H$aUo hr EH$ àemgH$s` H$cm Amho. g§KQ>ZoVrc d[aîR> A{YH$mar Amnë`m

àemgH$s` H$m¡eë`mÛmao, j_VoX²dmao ì`dñWmnZmMo H$m © H$aVmV. d[aîR> H$m ©H$mar à_wI H${ZîR> H$_©Mmè`m§da

{Z §ÌU R>odyZ, _mJ©Xe©Z d n ©dojU H$ê$Z g§KQ>ZoMo C{ÔîQ> qH$dm hoVy gmÜ` H$aV AgVmV.

cmoH$àemgZmÀ`m ì`dñWmnZmË_H$ Ñ{îQ>H$moZmMm nwañH$ma h~©Q>© gm`_Z, pñ_W~J©, Wm°ångZ,

ë yWa ½ w{cH$ `m§Zr Ho$cm. Ë`m§À`m _Vo, g§KQ>ZoMo C{ÔîQ> gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgUmam

d[aîR> àemgH$s` A{YH$mar dJ© Am{U CncãY gmYZgm_J«rMm g_mdoe àemgZmÀ`m ì`dñWmnZmË_H$

Ñ{îQ>H$moZmV Ho$cm OmVmo. WmoS>Š`mV, ì`dñWmnZmË_H$ Ñ{îQ>H$moZmV àemgH$s` H$m`m©cm d H$m¡eë`mcm

_hÎd {Xco OmVo.

Aem àH$mao cmoH$àemgZmÀ`m ñdê$nm{df`r g§H${cV d ì`dñWmnZmË_H$ Ñ{îQ>H$moZmMo {ddoMZ

H$aVm oVo. `m XmoÝhr Ñ{îQ>H$moZmn¡H$s H$moUVmhr EH$ Ñ{îQ>H$moZ _hÎdmMm Amho Agm {ZîH$f© _mÌ H$mT>Vm

oV Zmhr. H$maU EImXo C{ÔîQ> gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r g§KQ>ZoÀ`m àemgZmVrc gd© KQ>H$ Am{U Ë`m§Mo

H$_©Mmar O~m~Xma AgVmV. g§KQ>ZoVrc {enmB©-H$maHw$ZmnmgyZ Vo d[aîR> A{YH$mè`mn ªVÀ`m gd© KQ>H$m§Mm

àemgZmV g_mdoe Ho$cm OmVmo. VgoM XwgarH$S>o àemgH$s` j_Vm, H$m¡eë` `mH$S>ohr Xwc©j H$ê$Z

MmcUma Zmhr. WmoS>Š`mV àemgZmg§~§YrMo ho XmoÝhr Ñ{îQ>H$moZ àemgZH$m © èñdr H$aÊ`mgmR>r Cn wŠV d

Amdí`H$ AmhoV.

(S>) ì`mßVr

AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV cmoH$àemgZmMr ì`mßVr ì`mnH$ ñdê$nmMr ~Zcr Amho. H$maU AmYw{ZH$ g_mO

Jw§VmJw§VrMm d ì`mnH$ ñdê$nmMm ~Zë`m_wio amÁ`mMo H$m ©joÌ dmT>co Amho. gm_m{OH$, amOH$s`, Am{W©H$

Aem {d{dY ñdê$nmMr H$m_o emgZg§ñWocm H$amdr cmJV AmhoV. Ë`m_wio emgZg§ñWocm VrZhr {d^mJm§Mr

H$m } cmoH$àemgZmV g_m{dîQ> Ho$cr OmVmV. H$m`Xo{Z{_©Vr, Ë`m§Mr A§_c~OmdUr Am{U Ý`m`XmZ `m

H$m ©joÌm§Mm Aä`mg cmoH$àemgZmV H$amdm cmJVmo. Va H$mhr {dMmad§VmZr cmoH$àemgZmMr ì`mßVr g§Hw${MV

Ho$cr Amho. Ë`mMm AmT>mdm nwT>rcà_mUo …


(A) hoÝar \o$`m°c … hoÝar \o$`m°cZo cmoH$àemgZmMr ì`mßVr ì`dñWmnZmË_H$ Ñ{îQ>H$moUmVyZ ñnîQ> Ho$cr

Amho. Ë`mgmR>r \o$`m°cZo nwT>rc nmM VÎdo gm§{JVcr AmhoV.

P O C C C

Planning {Z`moOZ

Organization g§KQ>Zm

Command Amkm

Co-ordination g_Ýd`

Control {Z`§ÌU

\o$`m°cÀ`m _Vo cmoH$àemgZmMo C{ÔîQ> gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r `m nmM VÎdm§Mm ñdrH$ma H$amdm cmJVmo.

(~) ngu _°ŠdrZ … ngu _°ŠdrZ `m§Zr cmoH$àemgZmMr ì`mßVr ñnîQ> H$aVmZm 3M hr g§H$ënZm

_m§S>cr Amho.

M M M

Man H$_©Mmar

Material gmYZgm_J«r

Method nÕVr

ngu _°ŠdrZÀ`m _Vo, cmoH$àemgZmÀ`m ì`mßVrV H$_©Mmar, gmYZgm_J«r d H$m_H$mO nÕVr `m§Mm

g_mdoe hmoVmo.

H$) hd} dm°cH$a … dm°cH$a `m§Zr cmoH$àemgZmMr ì`mßVr ì`mnH$ Ñ{îQ>H$moZmVyZ Ho$cr Amho. Ë`m§Zr

cmoH$àemgZmÀ`m Aä`mgmMo XmoZ ^mJmV dJuH$aU Ho$co Amho.

1. àemgH$s` {gÕm§V … dm°cH$a `m§Zr àemgH$s` {gÕm§VmV amîQ´>r`, àm§Vr`, ñWm{ZH$ nmVirdarc

gd© àH$maÀ`m gmd©O{ZH$ àemgZmÀ`m g§KQ>Zm, aMZm, H$m ©nÕVr, g§gX, _§Ìr_§S>i `m§Mo àemgZmdarc

{Z §ÌU, `moOZm, {Z`moOZ, âVr, à{ejU `m ~m~tMm g_mdoe Ho$cm Amho.

2. ì`dhmadmXr àemgZ … dm°cH$a `m§À`m _Vo, ì`dhmadmXr àemgZmV H$m ©H$mar {d^mJ d

H$m`Xo_§S>i `m§Vrc g§~§Y, _§Ìr d godH$ dJ© `m§Vrc g§~§Y, A§XmOnÌH$ {Z{_©Vr, _§Owar d A§_c-

~OmdUrMr à{H«$`m `m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo.

(S>) ë yWa ½ w{cH$ … ë yWa ½ w{cH$ `m§Zr cmoH$àemgZmMr ì`mßVr ñnîQ> H$aVmZm 'POSDCORB'

hr g§H$ënZm dmnacr Amho. Ë`m AmYmao àemgZmVrc VÎdo Am{U H$m } {dMmamV KoD$Z àemgZ H$m`m©Mr

ì`mßVr nwT>rcà_mUo ñnîQ> Ho$cr Amho.

>

>

>

>

>

>

>

>


1. P : Planning ({Z`moOZ) … H$m`m©Mr énaofm R>a{dUo. VgoM Vo H$m © èñdr H$aÊ`mgmR>r `mo½`

Vr H$m ©nÕVr ñdrH$maUo åhUOo {Z`moOZ hmo .

2. O : Organization (g§KQ>Zm) … àemgH$s` H$m`m©gmR>r {d{eîQ> Aer g§KQ>Zm {Z_m©U H$amdr

cmJVo. {d^mJ, Cn{d^mJ nmSy>Z A{YH$manXm§Mr aMZm H$amdr cmJVo.

3. S : Staffing (H$_©Mmar dJm©Mr ì`dñWm) … H$_©Mmar dJm©Mr ì`dñWm H$aUo. Ë`mV àemgH$s`

H$m`m©gmR>r cmJUmè`m Hw$ec, nmÌ, ZmoH$adJm©Mr âVr H$aUo, Ë`m§Zm à{ejU XoUo.

4. D : Directing (_mJ©Xe©Z H$aUo) … àemgZmV H$_©Mmar dJm©cm AmXoe, gyMZm XoUo VgoM

{d{eîQ> {ZU© KoUo. doiàg§Jr _mJ©Xe©Z H$aUo.

5. CO : Co-ordination (g_Ýd`) … g§KQ>ZoÀ`m {d{dY {d^mJm§V nañnag§~§Y àñWm{nV H$ê$Z

Ë`m§À`mVrc g§Kf© H$_r H$aUo.

6. R : Reporting (Ahdmc XoUo) … àemgZmVrc A{YH$mar d H$_©Mmar `m§Zm àemgZmg§~§Yr

_m{hVr {Xcr OmVo. VgoM VnmgUr, g§emoYZ d Zm|XUrÛmao _m{hVr O_dyZ Ahdmc V`ma H$aUo.

7. B : Budgeting (A§XmOnÌH$ {Z{_©Vr) … A§XmOnÌH$ V`ma H$aUo, Ë`mMr _§Owar, H$m ©dmhr,

Am{W©H$ {Z §ÌU, {hemo~ ì`dñWm BË`mXr JmoîQ>tMm g_mdoe A§XmOnÌH$ à{H«$ oV Ho$cm OmVmo.

Aem àH$mao ë yWa ½ w{cH$ `m§Zr cmoH$àemgZmMr ì`mßVr ñnîQ> Ho$cr Amho.

(B) _hÎd

AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV cmoH$àemgZmcm {deof _hÎd àmßV Pmco Amho. AmO AmYw{ZH$ g_mO ì`mnH$

ñdê$nmMm, OQ>rc d Jw§VmJw§VrMm ~Zcm Amho. àË oH$ emgZnÕVrV àemgZ ì`dñWocm _hÎdmMo ñWmZ Amho.

àJV amîQ´>mVrc àemgZmMo AZwH$aU AàJV amîQ´>o H$aVmhoV. Ë`m AmYmamda amîQ´>mV {dH$mg `moOZm am~dyZ

ñdV…Mm {dH$mg H$aV AmhoV. `m à{H«$ oV àemgH$s` O~m~Xmar, H$m ©j_Vm, _mZdr dV©Z `m§Zmhr _hÎdmMo

ñWmZ àmßV Pmco Amho. gmYmaUnUo nwT>rc ~m~r_wio cmoH$àemgZmMo _hÎd dmT>co Amho.

1. cmoH$àemgZmH$S>o gm_m{OH$ n[adV©ZmMo gmYZ åhUyZ nm{hco OmVo.

2. cmoH$àemgZ `moOZm d H$m ©H«$_mÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ OZVoÀ`m Anojm§Mr nyV©Vm H$aVo.

3. cmoH$àemgZ g_mOmVrc g_ñ`m gmoS>dyZ amîQ´>mV em§VVm, ñW¡ © d EH$Vm {Z_m©U H$aVo.

4. cmoH$àemgZ OZH$ë`mUmgmR>r AënH$mcrZ d XrK©H$mcrZ `moOZm R>adyZ Ë`mMr A§_c~OmdUr

H$aVo. `m _mÜ`_mVyZ OZVocm Mm§Jë`m godm nwa{dë`m OmVmV.

5. A{dH${gV d {dH$gZerc amîQ´>m§Mm {dH$mg H$aÊ`mgmR>r {dH$mgàemgZ _hÎdmMr y{_H$m nma

nmS>Vo.


`m {d{dY ~m~t_wio cmoH$àemgZmcm {deof _hÎd àmßV Pmco Amho.


(A) `mo½` n`m© {ZdS>m.

1. ""cmoH$àemgZmV Aem gd© H¥$VtMm Am{U H$m`m©Mm g_mdoe Ho$cm OmVmo H$s, Á`m§Mm CÔoe

gmd©O{ZH$ YmoaUm§Mr nyV©Vm qH$dm A§_c~OmdUr H$aUo hm AgVmo.'' cmoH$àemgZmMr hr

ì`m»`m .......... `m§Zr Ho$cr.

(A) lr. Ec. S>r. ìhmB©Q> (~) {dS´>mo {dëgZ (H$) ë w{Wa ½ w{cH$

2. .......... `m Ñ{îQ>H$moZmV g§KQ>ZoVrc gd© KQ>H$m§Mm Am{U Ë`m§À`m gd© H$m`m©Mm g_mdoe Ho$cm

OmVmo.

(A) g§H${cV Ñ{ï>H$moZ (~) ì`dñWmnZmË_H$ Ñ{ï>H$moZo (H$) `mn¡H$s Zmhr

3. cmoH$àemgZmMr ì`mßVr ñnîQ> H$aVmZm .............. `m§Zr POCCC hr nmM VÎdo gm§{JVcr.

(A) hoÝar \o$`m°c (~) ë wWa ½ w{cH$ (H$) dm°cH$a

4. ë wWa ½ w{cH$ `m§Zr cmoH$àemgZmMr ì`mßVr ñnîQ> H$aVmZm ............. hr g§H$ënZm _m§S>cr.

(A) POCCC (~) MMM (H$) POSDCORB

5. .............. `m§Zr cmoH$àemgZmÀ`m Aä`mgmMo àemgH$s` {gÕm§V d ì`dhmadmXr àemgZ

Aem XmoZ ^mJmV dJuH$aU Ho$co.

(A) {dS´>mo {dëgZ (~) ngu _°ŠdrZ (H$) dm°cH$a

1.2.4 Am§VaamîQ´>r` amOH$maU

amîQ´>m-amîQ´>mVrc gÎmm g§Kfm©cm Am§VaamîQ´>r` amOH$maU Ago åhUVmV. gmYmaUnUo hm g§Kf© amîQ´>r`

{hV, gÎmm d gm_Ï © `mgmR>r hmoVmZm {XgVmo. àñVwV _wÚm§VJ©V AmnU Am§VaamîQ´>r` amOH$maUmMm AW©,

ì`m»`m, ñdê$n d ì`mßVr `m§Mo AÜ``Z H$aUma AmhmoV.

(A) AW© …

Am§VaamîQ´>r` amOH$maU åhUOo amîQ´>m-amîQ´>mVrc amOH$maU hmo . amîQ´>m-amîQ´>m§V {_ÌËdmMo qH$dm

eÌyËdmMo g§~§Y AgVmV. Va H$mhr amîQ´>o VQ>ñWVoMo YmoaU ñdrH$mê$Z Amnco YmoaU R>a{dVmV. AmYw{ZH$

H$mimV V§ÌkmZmMm {dH$mg, Am¡Úmo{JH$aU `m§_wio Am§VaamîQ´>r` amOH$maUmcm {deof _hÎd àmßV Pmco Amho.

Am§VaamîQ´>r` amOH$maU åhUOo H$m` ? ho Ë`mÀ`m ì`m» odê$Z AmnUm§g A{YH$ ñnîQ> H$aVm oVo.


(~) ì`m»`m …

Am§VaamîQ´>r` amOH$maUmÀ`m ì`m»`m {d{dY {dMmad§VmZr Ho$ë`m AmhoV. Ë`mVrc {ZdS>H$ ì`m»`m

nwT>rcà_mUo …

1. h°Ýg _m°J}ÝWm° … amîQ´>m-amîQ´>m§Vrc gÎmogmR>r Mmccocm g§Kf© Am{U gÎmoMm dmna åhUOoM

Am§VaamîQ´>r` amOH$maU hmo .

2. _mJm©aoQ> ñnmD$Q> … Am§VaamîQ´>r` amOH$maU åhUOo ñdV§Ì amOH$s` g_mOm§Mo CÔoe qH$dm {hVg§~Y

`m~m~VÀ`m nañnam§Vrc {damoY d g§Kf© `m_wio {Z_m©U hmoUmè`m {H«$`m Am{U à{V{H«$`m§Mm Aä`mg hmo .

3. Ho$ZoW Wm°ångZ … amîQ´>m-amîQ´>mVrc nañna g§~§Y {~KS>{dÊ`mg qH$dm gwYmaÊ`mg H$maUr yV R>aUmar

n[apñWVr Am{U g§ñWm `m§Mm Aä`mg åhUOo Am§VaamîQ´>r` amOH$maU hmo .

4. \o${cŠg J«m°g … amîQ´>m§À`m {dXoe {ZVtMm Aä`mg åhUOo Am§VaamîQ´>r` amOH$maU hmo .

5. ñQ>°Ýco hm°\$_Z … Am§VaamîQ´>r` g§~§Y åhUOo amîQ´>m§À`m naamîQ´> YmoaUmda n[aUm_ H$aUmè`m

KS>m_moS>tMm Am{U KQ>Zm§Mm Aä`mg hmo .

6. hmQ>©_Z … amÁ o Á`m {H«$`m-à{V{H«$`m§Ûmao Amnë`m amîQ´>r` {hVg§~§YmMr gm§JS> BVa amîQ´>m§À`m

{hVg§~§Ymer KmcVmV Ë`m {H«$`m-à{V{H«$`m§Zm Am§VaamîQ´>r` amOH$maU Ago åhUVmV.

7. pŠdÝgr amB©Q> … Am§VaamîQ´>r` amOH$maU hr Amnë`m C{ÔîQ>m§À`m nyV©VogmR>r H$moUË`mhr {damoYmcm

Z Ow_mZVm, OJmVrc à_wI JQ>mda Amnë`m Hw$Q>rc ì yhaMZoMm à^md nmS>Ê`mMr qH$dm Ë`m§À`mda Amnco

{Z §ÌU àñWm{nV H$aÊ`mMr EH$ H$cm hmo .

darc Am§VaamîQ´>r` amOH$maUm§À`m {d{dY ì`m»`m§dê$Z Ago åhUVm oVo H$s, amîQ´>m-amîQ´>m§_Ü o

KS>Umè`m {d{dY KS>m_moS>r d Ë`m§À`mVrc {H«$`m-à{V{H«$`m åhUOo Am§VaamîQ´>r` amOH$maU hmo .

"Am§VaamîQ>r` amOH$maU' hm {df` nydu amÁèmñÌm_Ü o Aä`mgcm OmV hmoVm. AmO Vmo ñdV§Ì Aä`mg{df`

åhUyZ CX`mg Amcm Amho. Ë`mV AË §V _hÎdmMr y{_H$m 1918 _Ü o Ý y m°H©$ oWo ñWmnZ Pmcoë`m

"\$m°aoZ nm°{cgr Agmo{gEeZ' Am{U "H$m¡pÝgc Am°\$ \$m°aoZ [acoeZ' `m XmoZ g§ñWm§Zr nma nmS>cr Amho.

(H$) ñdê$n

Am§VaamîQ´>r` amOH$maUmMo ñdê$n g_OyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r nwT>rc _wÚm§Mo AÜ``Z H$aUo JaOoMo Amho.

1. Am§VaamîQ´>r` amOH$maU EH$ gm_m{OH$ emñÌ … Am§VaamîQ´>r` amOH$maU ho ewÕ emñÌ ZgyZ Vo

EH$ gm_m{OH$ emñÌ Amho. ewÕ emñÌ åhUOo Ogo agm`ZemñÌ, ^m¡{VH$emñÌ hmo . ewÕ emñÌmà_mUo

Am§VaamîQ´>r` amOH$maUmV n[ajU {ZarjU H$ê$Z, à`moJ H$ê$Z {ZpíMV {ZîH$f© H$mT>Vm oV ZmhrV. H$maU

Am§VaamîQ>r` amOH$maUmV _mZdr dV©Z ì`dhmam§Mo AÜ``Z Ho$co OmVo. Va _mZdr dV©Z ho AMyH$ {ZîH$f© H$mT>Uo


H$R>rU ~ZVo. Varhr Ë`mVyZ dmñVddmXr {ZîH$f© H$mT>co OmVmV. CXmhaUmW© {d{eîQ> n[apñWVrV {d{eîQ>

amîQ´>mMo YmoaU H$go hmoVo ? nwT>o Ë`m§Mo YmoaU H$go Agy eH$Vo ?

2. Am§VaamîQ´>r` amOH$maU EH$ ñdV§Ì Aä`mg {df` … {dgmì`m eVH$mV AmO Am§VaamîQ´>r`

amOH$maU hm {df` EH$ ñdV§Ì Aä`mg {df` åhUyZ CX`mg Amcm Amho. Xwgè`m _hm wÕmZ§Va Am§VaamîQ´>r`

amOH$maUmMm Aä`mg ñdV§ÌnUo hmoD$ cmJcm. pŠdÝgr amB©Q>, Ho$. E_. nm°na, gr. E. _oqZJ, h°Ýg _m°J}ÝWm,

hm°\$_Z `m§Zr Am§VaamîQ´>r` amOH$maU `m {df`mcm ñdV§Ì Aä`mg {df` _mZco. Ë`mV amÁ`mMo ApñVËd,

Ü o YmoaUo, naamîQ´> YmoaU `m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. amîQ´>mÀ`m dV©ZmMm Aä`mg Ho$cm OmD$ cmJcm. Joë`m

50 dfmªV `m {df`mÀ`m Aä`mgmcm A{YH$ JVr d àmoËgmhZ {_imco. h°Ýg _m°J}ÝWm, [aMS>© ñZm`S>a d

\«$oS> gm|S>a_Z `m§Zr Am§VaamîQ´>r` amOH$maUmcm ñdV§Ì Aä`mg {df` åhUyZ XOm© d _hÎd XoÊ`mg Iyn

à`ËZ Ho$co. nwT>o 1954 cm wZoñH$moZo à{gÕ Ho$coë`m gr. E. S>ãë y. _oqZJ `m§À`m AhdmcmV AmR>

amÁ`m§À`m CÀM {ejUmÀ`m Aä`mgH«$_mV Am§VaamîQ´>r` g§~§YmÀ`m Aä`mgmcm ñdV§Ì XOm© {Xcm.

3. Am§VaamîQ´>r` amOH$maU EH$ Am§Va{dÚmemIr` {df` … Am§VaamîQ´>r` amOH$maU hr

amÁèmñÌmMr EH$ Cn{dÚmemIm Amho. {VMm g§~§Y B{Vhmg, amÁèmñÌ, AW©emñÌ, g_mOemñÌ,

_mZgemñÌ, yJmoc d {Z{VemñÌ `m {df`m§er oVmo. Am§VaamîQ´>r` amOH$maUmMm Aä`mg H$aVmZm

AÝ` gm_m{OH$ emñÌm§À`m Ñ{îQ>H$moZmVyZ {d{dY ~m~tÀ`m AmYmamÛmao {dícofU H$amdo cmJVo. gm_m{OH$,

Am{W©H$ Ñ{îQ>H$moZmVyZ Am§VaamîQ´>r` amOH$maUmV {ZîH$f© H$mT>co OmVmV. n[aUm_r Am§VaamîQ´>r` amOH$maUmMm

g§~§Y AÝ` gm_m{OH$ emñÌm§er oV Agë`mZo Ë`mcm EH$ Am§Va{dÚmemIr` {df` åhUyZ g§~moYco

OmV Amho.

4. Am§VaamîQ´>r` amOH$maU - EH$ H$cm … pŠdÝgr amB©Q> `m§À`m _Vo, amOH$maU hr EH$ H$cm

Amho. Am§VaamîQ´>r` amOH$maUmcm Ooìhm EH$ ñdV§Ì kmZemIm åhUyZ AmoiIco Joco Voìhm Vr EH$ H$cm

qH$dm H$m¡eë` åhUyZ àH$Q> Pmco. Va Am§VaamîQ´>r` amOH$maUmV amOZ` hr EH$ H$cm Amho. `m amOZ`mÛmao

amOH$s` ZoV¥Ëdo Amnë`m amîQ´>mMo {hVg§~Y, à{VîR>m `m§Mo g§ajU d g§dY©Z H$arV AgVmV. Aem doir

amOH$s` ZoVo _wËgÔo{Jar, MmVw © dmnaV AgVmV. åhUyZ Am§VaamîQ´>r` amOH$maUmcm EH$ H$cm Amho Ago

åhQ>co OmVo.

5. Am§VaamîQ´>r` amOH$maU EH$ VÎdkmZ … pŠdÝgr amB©Q> `m§À`m _Vo amOH$s` ZoVo Amnë`m

H$m¡eë`mÛmao {d{eîQ> {dMmaYmaoMr _m§S>Ur H$ê$Z EH$ VÎdkmZ {Z_m©U H$aVmV. CXmhaUmW© … {hQ>caZo ZmPr

VÎdkmZ, _wgmo{cZrZo \°${gñQ> VÎdkmZ, coZrZ, ñQ>°{cZ, _mAmo `m§Zr gmå`dmXr VÎdkmZ {Z_m©U H$ê$Z gÎmm

àmßV Ho$cr. `m~amo~aM OmJ{VH$ em§VVmdmX, dgmhVdmX, gm_«mÁ`dmX, cmoH$emhrH$aU hr gwÕm Am§VaamîQ>r`

g§~§YmÀ`m VÎdkmZmMr CXmhaUo AmhoV.


(S>) Am§VaamîQ´>r` amOH$maUmMo ~XcVo ñdê$n

AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV Am§VaamîQ´>r` amOH$maUmMo ñdê$n ~XcV Mmcco Amho. Ë`mMm Aä`mg nwT>rcà_mUo

H$aVm oVmo.

1. AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV gmd© m¡_ amîQ´>m§À`m g§» oV dmT> Pmcr Amho. 1945 cm g§ wŠV amîQ´> g§KQ>ZoV

51 gXñ` amîQ´>o hmoVr. AmO 192 gXñ` amîQ´>o AmhoV. `m Zdmo{XV amîQ´>m§_Ü o cmoH$emhr emgZnÕVr

ñdrH$macr Amho. n[aUm_r, OZVoMm gh^mJ dmT>cm Amho. Ë`m_wio Am§VaamîQ´>r` amOH$maUmMo ñdê$n

~XcV Mmcco Amho.

2. {dgmì`m eVH$mV àM§S> doJmZo Am¡Úmo{JH$ d Vm§{ÌH$ {dH$mg KSy>Z Amcm Amho. VgoM CËnmXZ d

Am`mV-{Z`m©V dmTy>Z amîQ´>m-amîQ´>mVrc ì`mnmar g§~§Y _O~yV hmoV AmhoV. Ë`mÀ`m OmoS>rcm eñÌ{Z{_©Vr,

AÊdñÌ jonUmñÌm§Mr IaoXr-{dH«$sgmR>r àM§S> ñnYm© {Z_m©U Pmcr Amho. Ë`m_wio Am§VaamîQ´>r` amOH$maUmMo

ñdê$n ~Xcco Amho.

3. {dgmì`m eVH$mÀ`m CÎmamYm©V Am§VaamîQ´>r` amOH$maUmda VocmÀ`m amOZ`mMm à^md nS>cm

Amho. VocmMr AmOMr JaO AmoiIyZ Voc CËnmXH$ amîQ´>o, A_o[aH$m d IaoXrXma amîQ´>o `m§À`mV VocmMo

amOH$maU gwê$ Amho. n[aUm_r amîQ´>m-amîQ´>m§V g§~§YmMr \o$aaMZm hmoV Amho. Ë`m_wio Am§VaamîQ´>r` amOH$maUmMo

ñdê$n ~Xcco Amho.

4. AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV d Ë`mZ§Va Am§VaamîQ´>r` amOH$maUmV doJdoJù`m g§KQ>Zm§Mr {Z{_©Vr Pmcr

Amho. CXmhaUmW©, amîQ´> g§K, g§ wŠV amîQ´> g§KQ>Zm, Am§VaamîQ´>r` ZmUo{ZYr, {díd ~±H$, {díd ì`mnma

g§KQ>Zm, ZmQ>mo, {gQ>mo, wamo{n`Z w{Z`Z, {~«Šg, gmH©$ BË`mXr hmo . `m {d{dY g§KQ>Zm Am§VaamîQ´>r`

amOH$maUmV gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$, em§VVm{df`H$ joÌmV _hÎdmMr y{_H$m nma nmS>V AmhoV. Ë`mVyZ

Am§VaamîQ´>r` amOH$maUmMo ñdê$n ~XcV Mmcco Amho.

Ym{_©H$ _ycVÎddmX, XheVdmX d d§edmX `m§À`m dmT>Ë`m {dñVmamZo, à^mdmZo Am§VaamîQ´>r` amOH$maU

~XcV Mmcco Amho. {edm` {dgmì`m eVH$mV Am§VaamîQ´>r` amOH$maUmÀ`m Aä`mgnÕVrV ~Xc Pmcm

Amho. ZdZdo {gÕm§V _m§S>co OmdyZ amOH$maUmMo {dícofU Ho$co OmV Amho. n[aUm_r Am§VaamîQ>r` amOH$maUmM§

ñdê$n ~XcyZ Joco Amho.

(B) Am§VaamîQ´>r` amOH$maUmMr ì`mßVr

nydu Am§VaamîQ´>r` amOH$maU `m {df`mMm Aä`mg amÁèmñÌ d B{VhmgmV Ho$cm OmV hmoVm. Ë`m_wio

Ë`mMr ì`mßVr _`m©{XV hmoVr. Xwgè`m _hm wÕmZ§Va Am§VaamîQ´>r` amOH$maU `m {df`mcm ñdV§Ì kmZ emIm

åhUyZ AmoiIco Omdy cmJco VoìhmnmgyZ `m {df`mÀ`m ì`mßVrV dmT> hmoV Jocr. J«ogZ H$H©$ `m§À`m _Vo,

1947 _Ü o A_o[aHo$Vrc EH$m naamîQ> g§~§Y {df`H$ Am`moJmZo Am§VaamîQ>r` amOH$maUmÀ`m ì`mßVrV amOH$s`


ì`dñWoMo ñdê$n d H$m ©, amîQ´>gÎmoda à^md nmS>Umao KQ>H$, amîQ´>m§Mo naamîQ´> YmoaU, Am§VaamîQ´>r` g§~§Y

Am{U {dídì`dñWoÀ`m {Z{_©VrMr à{H«$`m `m nmM KQ>H$m§Mm g_mdoe Ho$cm hmoVm. nwT>o 1954 gmcr

pìhÝg|Q> ~oH$a `m§Zr `m Aä`mgmV Am§VaamîQ´>r` g§KQ>Zm, amîQ´>gÎmodarc {Z §ÌU d dV©_mZH$mimVrc KQ>Zm§Mm

Aä`mg `m§Mr â KmVcr. nwT>rc H$mimV _m°J}ÝWm, _oqZJ, cm°gdoc Aem AZoH$ {dMmad§VmZr Am§VaamîQ´>r`

amOH$maUmMr ì`mßVr ñnîQ> Ho$cr. `m gd© Aä`mgmdê$Z AmnUm§g Am§VaamîQ´>r` amOH$maUmMr ì`mßVr

nwT>rcà_mUo ñnîQ> H$aVm oVo.

1. amîQ´>m§À`m nañna g§~§YmMm Aä`mg … Am§VaamîQ´>r` amOH$maUmV amîQ´> AË §V _hÎdmMo AgVo.

amîQ´>m§À`m nañnag§~§YmVyZM Am§VaamîQ´>r` amOH$maU KS>V AgVo. àË oH$ amîQ´>mMo AÝ` amîQ´>mer Am{W©H$,

amOH$s`, ì`mnmar, gm§ñH¥${VH$ Aem {d{dY àH$maMo g§~§Y AgVmV. `m gdmªMm Aä`mg Am§VaamîQ´>r`

amOH$maUmÀ`m ì`mßVrV Ho$cm OmVmo.

2. amîQ´>r` gÎmm d {VÀ`m KQ>H$m§Mm Aä`mg … Am§VaamîQ´>r` amOH$maU ho amîQ´>r` gÎmo modVr

{\$aV AgVo. àË oH$ amîQ´> amîQ´>r` gÎmogmR>r {d{dY àH$maMr YmoaUo R>a{dV AgVo. àm_w»`mZo ^m¡Jmo{cH$

KQ>H$, cmoH$g§»`m, V§ÌkmZ, {dMmaàUmcr, ZoV¥Ëd, amOH$s` d Am{W©H$ ì`dñWm `m KQ>H$m§da amîQ´>r` gÎmm

{ZYm©[aV hmoV AgVo. Voìhm `m gd© KQ>H$m§Mm Aä`mg Am§VaamîQ´>r` amOH$maUmÀ`m Aä`mgjoÌmV Ho$cm OmVmo.

3. Am§VaamîQ´>r` g§ñWm d g§KQ>Zm§Mm Aä`mg … Am§VaamîQ´>r` amOH$maUmV {d{dY g§ñWm,

g§KQ>Zm§_wio Am_ycmJ« ~Xc hmoVmo. VgoM g§KQ>Zm§_wio amîQ´>mMo naamîQ´> YmoaU Ë`mMo ñdê$n g_OVo. n[aUm_r,

amîQ´>g§K, g§ wŠV amîQ´>g§K, OmJ{VH$ ì`mnma g§KQ>Zm, OmJ{VH$ ~±H$, wamo{n`Z _hmg§K, gmH©$, {~«Šg Aem

{d{dY g§ñWm-g§KQ>Zm, Ë`mMr H$m } `m§Mm Aä`mg Am§VaamîQ´>r` amOH$maUmÀ`m Aä`mgmV Ho$cm OmVmo.

4. amîQ´>m§Mo naamîQ´> YmoaU d amOZ`mMm Aä`mg … àË oH$ amîQ´>-ñdamîîîîîQ´>mÀ`m g§ajUmgmR>r,

{hVg§dY©ZmgmR>r {d{eîQ> YmoaUo ñdrH$maV AgVo. Amnco naamîQ> YmoaU R>a{dVo. `m naamîQ> YmoaUmMm hoVy gmÜ`

H$aÊ`mgmR>r amOH$s` ZoVo amOZ`mMm AmYma KoVmV. amOZ`mÛmao ZoVo amîQ´>mMm {dH$mg, {hV gmYÊ`mMm à`ËZ

H$aVmV. Ë`m_wio Am§VaamîQ´>r` amOH$maUmÀ`m Aä`mgmV amîQ´>m§À`m naamîQ´> YmoaUmMm d amOZ`mMm Aä`mg

Ho$cm OmD$ cmJcm.

5. {dMmaàUmcrMm Aä`mg … Am§VaamîQ´>r` amOH$maUmVrc pñWË §Vao g_OyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r Am{U

Am§VaamîQ´>r` amOH$maUmMo ñdê$n OmUyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r {dMmaàUmcrMm Aä`mg Amdí`H$ R>aVmo. gÚ

n[apñWVrV Am§VaamîQ´>r` amOH$maUmV dgmhVdmX, gm_«mÁ`dmX, ^m§S>dcdmX, amîQ´>dmX, A{cßVVmdmX,

d§edmX Aem {d{dY {dMmaàUmctMm Aä`mg Ho$cm OmVmo.

6. Am§VaamîQ´>r` H$m`Úm§Mm Aä`mg … n{hë`m _hm wÕmZ§Va OmJ{VH$ nmVirda {d{dY H$m`Xo

{Z_m©U H$aÊ`mV Amco Va Xwgè`m _hm wÕmZ§Va g§ wŠV amîQ´> g§KQ>ZoMr ñWmnZm Pmcr. Ë`mMo EH$ A§J åhUyZ

Am§VaamîQ´>r` Ý`m`mc`mMr {Z{_©Vr H$aÊ`mV Amcr. ~hþg§»` amîQ´>m§Zr `m Ý`m`mc`mMo {ZU© -H$m`Xo nmcZ


Ho$co. n[aUm_r OmJ{VH$ amOH$maUmV ~Xc Pmco. Ë`m_wio Am§VaamîQ´>r` amOH$maUmÀ`m Aä`mgmV

Am§VaamîQ´>r` H$m`Úm§Mm Aä`mg Ho$cm OmD$ cmJcm.

7. Am§VaamîQ´>r` g_ñ`m§Mm Aä`mg … Am§VaamîQ´>r` amOH$maUmMo ñdê$n AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV ~XcV

Mmcco Amho. ~XcË`m H$mimV Am§VaamîQ´>r` amOH$maUmg_mao ZdZdrZ gm_m{OH$, amOH$s`, Am{W©H$,

gm§ñH¥${VH$, Amamo½`{df`H$ Aem AZoH$ g_ñ`m C^maë`m AmhoV. Aem doir `m g_ñ`m§Mo gImoc AÜ``Z

hmoD$Z Ë`mMo {ZamH$aU H$aUo Amdí`H$ R>aVo. ho H$m_ Am§VaamîQ´>r` amOH$maUmMo Aä`mgH$ H$aVmV. `m_wio

Am§VaamîQ´>r` amOH$maUmÀ`m Aä`mgmV `m g_ñ`m§Mm Aä`mg Ho$cm OmD$ cmJcm.

`mM~amo~a amîQ´>m-amîQ´>m§_Yrc Pmcocr wÕo, Vh, H$ama VgoM {d{eîQ> n[apñWVrV {d{eîQ> amîQ´>m§À`m

amOH$s` ZoV¥ËdmZo am~{dcoco naamîQ´> YmoaU, {ZeñÌrH$aU d eñÌ{Z §ÌU `m§Mmhr Aä`mg Am§VaamîQ´>r`

amOH$maUmÀ`m Aä`mgmV Ho$cm OmVmo. VgoM Xwgè`m ~mOycm Am§VaamîQ´>r` amOH$maUmV oUmè`m ZdZdrZ

g§H$ënZm, em§VVm d ghH$m`m©gmR>rMo à`ËZ `m§Mmhr Aä`mg Am§VaamîQ´>r` amOH$maUmÀ`m ì`mßVrV

Ho$cm OmVmo.

(\$) Am§VaamîQ´>r` amOH$maUmMo _hÎd

Am§VaamîQ´>r` amOH$maU hm {df` AË §V _hÎdnyU© d Amdí`H$ {df` Amho. nwT>rc H$maUm§gmR>r

Am§VaamîQ´>r` amOH$maU `m Aä`mg {df`mcm _hÎd àmßV Pmco Amho.

1. Am§VaamîQ´>r` amOH$maUmÀ`m Aä`mgm_wio amîQ´>m-amîQ´>m§Vrc nañna g§~§Y g_OyZ oVmV. Ë`mgmR>r

hm Aä`mg {df` _hÎdmMm R>aVmo.

2. OmJ{VH$ nmVirdarc {d{dY g_ñ`m§Mo AmH$cZ hmoD$Z Ë`m§Mr gmoS>dUyH$ H$aÊ`mgmR>r Am§VaamîQ>r`

amOH$maUmMm Aä`mg Amdí`H$ d Cn wŠV R>aVmo.

3. OJmVrc àË oH$ amîQ´>mMo naamîQ´> YmoaU H$go Amho? Ë`mcm AZwê$n qH$dm Ë`m{damoYr YmoaUo

{d{eîQ> amîQ´>mH$Sy>Z am~{dcr OmVmV. `m§Mo kmZ Am§VaamîQ´>r` amOH$maUm_wio hmoVo.

4. OmJ{VH$ amOH$maUmda, AW©H$maUmda, ì`mnmamda {d{dY JmoîQ>r à^md nmS>V AgVmV. Ë`m

OmUyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r Am§VaamîQ´>r` amOH$maUmÀ`m Aä`mgmcm _hÎd àmßV Pmco Amho.

darc {d{dY H$maUm§gmR>r Am§VaamîQ>r` amOH$aUmÀ`m Aä`mgmcm _hÎd àmßV Pmco Amho. AcrH$SÀ`m

H$mimV dmT>Vr OmJ{VH$ eñÌñnYm© {dMmamV KoVm Vr Wm§~{dUo d em§VVm àñWm{nV H$aUo `m ÑîQ>rZo

Am§VaamîQ´>r` amOH$maU `m {df`mMo _hÎd dmT>V Amho.


ñd § AÜ``Z àíZ - 4

Imcrc àíZm§Mr CÎmao {chm.

1. "amîQ´>m-amîQ´>mVrc gÎmogmR>r Mmccocm g§Kf© Am{U gÎmoMm dmna åhUOoM Am§VaamîQ´>r` amOH$maU

hmo ' hr Am§VaamîQ´>r` amOH$maUmMr ì`m»`m H$moUr Ho$cr ?

2. 1918 _Ü o \$m°aoZ nm°{cgr Agmo{gEeZ hr g§ñWm H$moR>o ñWmnZ Pmcr ?

3. gÜ`m g§ wŠV amîQ´> g§KQ>ZoV {H$Vr g^mgX amîQ´>o AmhoV ?

1.3 gmam§e

amÁèmñÌmÀ`m n«_wI Cn{dÚmemIm åhUyZ amOH$s` {gÕm§V, amOH$s` à{H«$`m, cmoH$àemgZ Am{U

Am§VaamîQ´>r` amOH$maU `m§H$S>o nm{hco OmVo. amÁèmñÌmMm Jm^m åhUyZ amOH$s` {gÕm§Vmcm {deof _hÎd

Amho. amOH$s` {gÕm§Vmda amÁ`ì`dñWm d amÁèmñÌ AmYmaco Amho. amOH$s` {gÕm§VmZwgmaM amÁ`g§ñWoMr

amOH$s` à{H«$`m gwê$ AgVo. amÁ`ì`dhmamMr H$m ©nÕVr OmUyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r amOH$s` à{H«$ oMm Aä`mgmMm

_hÎdmMm R>aVmo Va Xwgè`m ~mOycm OZ H$ë`mU hm amÁ`g§ñWoMm hoVy nyU© H$aÊ`mgmR>r àemgZmMr Amdí`H$Vm

AgVo. amÁ`g§ñWm OZH$ë`mUmÀ`m {d{dY `moOZm àemgZmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ am~{dVo, Ë`mcm cmoH$àemgZ

Ago åhQ>co OmVo. amÁèmñÌmMr EH$ Cn{dÚmemIm åhUyZ AmO cmoH$àemgZmcm {deof _hÎd àmßV

Pmco Amho. VgoM OmJ{VH$ KS>m_moS>r g_OyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r Am§VaamîQ´>r` amOH$maUmMm Aä`mg AmO _hÎdmMm

R>aVmo. amîQ´>m-amîQ´>mVrc gÎmm g§Kf©, {d{dY àH$maMo g§~§Y OmUyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r Am§VaamîQ´>r` amOH$maUmMo

AÜ``Z JaOoMo Amho. hr kmZemIm amÁèmñÌmMr EH$ _hÎdmMr Cn{dÚmemIm Agcr Var AmO Vr ñdV§Ì

kmZemIm åhUyZ {dH${gV Pmcr Amho. EHy$UM Aem nÕVrZo AmnUm§g `m amÁèmñÌmÀ`m Cn{dÚmemIm§Mr

Vm|S>AmoiI H$ê$Z KoVm oVo.

2.3 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX, eãXmW© B.

1. Am§VaamîQ´>r` amOH$maU … amîQ´>m-amîQ>m§_Yrc amOH$s`, Am{W©H$, gm§ñH¥${VH$, ì`mnmar Aem

{d{dY àH$maÀ`m g§~§Ym_mJrc Aä`mg åhUOo Am§VaamîQ´>r` amOH$maU hmo .

2. amîQ´> … amÁ` `m gmd© m¡_ gÎmoImcr amhUmam d EH$VoMr ^mdZm OnUmè`m g_whmg amîQ´> åhUVmV.

3. naamîQ´> YmoaU … ñdamîQ´>mMo {hV OmonmgÊ`mgmR>r BVa amîQ´>m~amo~a R>a{dcoco YmoaU åhUOo naamîQ´>

YmoaU hmo .

4. amOH$s` {gÕm§V … amOH$s` KS>m_moS>tMo ñnîQ>rH$aU, _yë`_mnZ `m§Mm emoY KoUmè`m {dMmam§Mm

g_yh åhUOo amOH$s` {gÕm§V hmo .


5. amOH$s` à{H«$`m … amÁ`ì`dñWoMm ì`dhma, H$m`Xo H$aUo d Ë`mMr A§_c~OmdUrMr nÕV

åhUOo amOH$s` à{H«$`m hmo .

6. cmoH$àemgZ … cmoH$H$ë`mUmgmR>r H$m`ÚmMr nÕVeranUo Ho$cocr A§_c~OmdUr d Ë`mgmR>r

C^macocr §ÌUm åhUOo cmoH$àemgZ hmo .

2.4 ñd § AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao


(1) 1973 (2) go~mB©Z (3) A°[añQ>m°Q>c

(4) amOH$s` gm{hË` d _yc yV XñVEodO (5) A°[añQ>m°Q>c

(6) H$mc© _mŠg© (7) Oo. Eg. {_c


(1) aOZr H$moR>mar (2) nm°c ~«mg (3) ho~a_mg

(4) The Congress System in India


(1) àmo. Ec. S>r. ìhmB©Q> (2) g§H$pënV Ñ{îQ>H$moZ (3) hoÝar \o$`m°c

(4) POSDCORB (5) dm°cH$a


(1) h°Ýg _m°J}ÝWm (2) Ý y m°H©$ (3) 192


XrKm}Îmar àíZ

1. amOH$s` {gÕm§V åhUOo H$m` ? Vo gm§JyZ amOH$s` {gÕm§VmMo ñdê$n d ì`mßVr ñnîQ> H$am.

2. amOH$s` à{H«$ oMm AW©, ñdê$n d ì`mßVr {deX H$am.

3. cmoH$àemgZ åhUOo H$m` Vo gm§JyZ Ë`mMo ñdê$n d ì`mßVr {deX H$am.

4. Am§VaamîQ´>r` amOH$maU åhUOo H$m` ? Vo gm§JyZ Ë`mMr ì`mßVr {deX H$am.


Q>rnm {chm.

1. amOH$s` {gÕm§VmMo ñdê$n

2. amOH$s` à{H«$ oMo ñdê$n

3. cmoH$àemgZmMo ñdê$n

4. Am§VaamîQ´>r` amOH$maUmMo ñdê$n d ~XcVo ñdê$n


1. ^moio ^m. c., amOH$s` {gÕm§V, qnnimnwao àH$meZ, ZmJnya.

2. S>m°. Xod {dO`, amOH$s` g§H$ënZm Am{U {gÕm§V, S>m`_§S> àH$meZ, nwUo.

3. S>m°. O¡Z AemoH$ d S>m°. ndma {earf, amOH$s` {gÕm§VmMr _ycVÎdo, goR> àH$meZ, _w§~B© 2004.

4. àm. ~§J Ho$. Ama., cmoH$àemgZ, VÎdo Am{U {gÕm§V,

5. {eagmR> í`m_, cmoH$àemgZemñÌ,

6. am`nwaH$a ìhr. Ama., Am§VaamîQ´>r` g§~§Y, lr _§Joe àH$meZ, ZmJnya, 2001.

7. XodimUH$a e¡c|Ð, Am§VaamîQ´>r` g§~§Y d amOH$maU,

8. S>m°. A_¥VH$a àem§V, Am§VaamîQ´>r` g§~§Y, {MÝ_` àH$meZ, Am¡a§Jm~mX, 2004.

YYY


KQ>H$ - 3

amÁ` Am{U cmoH$emhr( State & Democracy )

3.0 C{Ôï>ço (Objectives)

3.1 n«mñVm{dH$ (Introduction)

3.2 {df` {ddoMZ (Presentation of Subject Matter)

3.2.1 amÁ`mMm AW© (Meaning)

3.2.2 amÁ`mMo KQ>H$ (Organs of State)

3.2.3 cmoH$emhr - AW© (Democracy meaning)

3.2.4 cmoH$emhr - n«H$ma (Forms of Democracy)

3.2.4.1 n«Ë`j cmoH$emhr (Direct Democracy)

3.2.4.2 An«Ë`j qH$dm n«m{V{ZYrH$ cmoH$emhr (Representative Democracy)

3.2.5 cmoH$emhr- d¡{eï>ço (Features of Democracy)

3.2.6 cmoH$emhr- _hÎd (Importance of Democracy)

3.2.7 cmoH$emhrg_moarc AmìhmZo (Challenges before Democracy)

3.3 gmam§e (Summary)

3.4 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX, eãXmW© (Terms to remember)

3.5 ñd § AÜ``Z n«íZm§Mr CÎmao 1, 2, 3 (Answer to check your progress)

3.6 gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m` (Exercise)

3.7 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r g§X © nwñVHo$ (Reference for further study)


3.0 C{Ôï>ço (Objectives)

`m KQ>H$mÀ`m Aä`mgmZ§Va AmnUmg

1. amÁ`mMm AW© Am{U amÁ`mMo KQ>H$ `m§Mr AmoiI hmoB©c.

2. cmoH$emhrMm AW© Am{U n«H$ma g_OÊ`mg _XV hmoB©c.

3. cmoH$emhrMr d¡{eîQ>ço d _hÎd `m§Mm Aä`mg H$aVm oB©c.

4. cmoH$emhrg_moarc AmìhmZm§Mr _m{hVr hmoB©c.

3.1 n«mñVm{dH (Introduction)

_Zwî` hm g_mOerc n«mUr Amho. _Zwî`mÀ`m g_yhd¥ÎmrVyZM g_mO {Z_m©U Pmcm Amho. _mZdmZo

Amnë`m {d{dY JaOm ^mJ{dÊ`mgmR>r AZoH$ g§ñWm {Z_m©U Ho$ë`m AmhoV. H$mhr g§ñWm {ZgJ©V…M {Z_m©U

Pmcoë`m AmhoV Va H$mhr g§ñWm OmUrdnyd©H$ _mZdmZo {Z_m©U Ho$ë`m AmhoV. Ë`m g§ñWmH$Sy>Z _mZdr JaOm

^mJ{dë`m Omdy cmJë`m. AWm©VM ì`ŠVrMo g§~§Y g§ñWm§er dmT>V Joco. H$mcm§VamZo Ë`m§À`mV AZoH$Xm

g§Kfm©Mo n«g§J {Z_m©U hmoD$ cmJco. g§Kf© gmoS>dco ZmhrV Va g_mO OrdZM AeŠ` hmoD$Z ~goc åhUyZ g§Kf©

Q>miyZ _mUgm_mUgm§_Ü o nañna ghH$m © d¥ÕtJV H$aÊ`mgmR>r Am{U _mZdr OrdZ gwIr H$aÊ`mgmR>r

amÁ`g§ñWoMr {Z{_©Vr Pmcr.

amÁ` hr EH$ gd©ì`mnr Am{U Amdí`H$ g§ñWm Amho. n«Ë oH$ ì`ŠVr H$moUË`m Zm H$moUË`mVar amÁ`mMr

gXñ` AgVo. gwIr ñd §nyU© Am{U loð> OrdZmÀ`m n«márgmR>r amÁ`g§ñWm Amdí`H$ R>acr Amho. gXa n«H$aUmV

amÁ`mMm AW©, amÁ`mMo KQ>H$ VgoM cmoH$emhrMm AW©, n«H$ma, d¡{eï>ço, _hÎd Am{U cmoH$emhrg_moarc

AmìhmZo BË`mXr Jmoï>r g_OyZ KoÊ`mMm n« ËZ Ho$cm Amho.

3.2. {df` {ddoMZ

3.2.1 amÁ`mMm AW©

_mZdmZo Amncm {dH$mg H$ê$Z KoÊ`mgmR>r AZoH$ g§ñWm§Mr {Z{_©Vr Ho$cr Amho. _mZdr OrdZmÀ`m

JaOm ^mJ{dÊ`mgmR>r amÁ` ApñVËdmV Amco Am{U loîR> OrdZ n«mßV H$ê$Z XoÊ`mÀ`m CÔoemZo Vo AmOVmJm`V

{Q>Hy$Z Amho. Ago J«rH$ {dMmad§V A°[añQ>m°Q>c `m§Zr åhQ>co Amho. AmnU nmhVmo H$s, amÁ`m{edm` H$moUVrhr

ì`ŠVr gwa{jV OrdZ OJy eH$V Zmhr. amÁ` Agoc Va g_mOmV Jm|Yi AamOH$mMr AdñWm {Z_m©U hmoB©c.

g_mOmda {Z §ÌU Ro>dÊ`mgmR>r amÁ`mcm gd©loîR> gm_m{OH$ g§KQ>ZoMm XOm© n«mßV Pmcm Amho. n«Ë oH$mcm

amÁ`mMr Amkm nmiUo ~§YZH$maH$ AgVo. amÁ`mMo gXñ`Ëd ho A{Zdm © AgVo. ì`ŠVrMr BÀN>m Agmo AWdm

Zgmo Ë`mcm amÁ`g§ñWoMo g^mgX ìhmdoM cmJVo. amÁ`mÀ`m AmYrZ ahmdo cmJVo. Aem arVrZo amÁ` hr

gd©ì`mnr, Amdí`H$ Am{U gd©loîR>> g§KQZm Amho.


_mZdr OrdZmÀ`m n«ma§ H$mimnmgyZ H$moUË`m Zm H$moUË`m ñdê$nmV amÁ`mMo ApñVËd AmT>iyZ oVo.

_hm^maV, am_mÙ `m J«§WmV amÁ`mMm CëcoI AmT>iVmo. H$m¡{Q>ë`mÀ`m AW©emñÌ `m J«§WmV amÁ`mMr gám§Jo

AmT>iVmV. ñdm_r, A_mË`, OZnX, H$mof, XwJ©, X§S> Am{U {_Ì hr A§Jo Amdí`H$ Am{U _hÎdmMr _mZcr

hmoVr. n«mMrZ ^maVr` amO{ZVrV amOm§À`m A{YgÎmoImcr AgUmè`m n«Xoemcm amÁ` Ago g§~moYco hmoVo. J«rH$

{dMmad§V A°[añQ>m°Q>c `m§Zr n«mMrZ J«rH$ ZJaamÁ`m§Mm Aä`mg H$ê$Z "nm°{cQ>rŠg' hm J«§W {c{hcm Amho.

BQ>m{c`Z {dMmad§V _°{H$`mìhocr `m§Zr Amnë`m "{n«Ýg'> J«§WmV amÁ` `m g§ñWoMo ñdê$n ñnîQ>> Ho$co Amho.

"emgZ wŠV g_mO' `m AWm©Zo "amÁ`' `m eãXmMm dmna gd©n«W_ BQ>{cV _°{H$`mìhoctZo Ho$cm hmoVm.

AmO amÁ`g§ñWm hr _mZdr OrdZmMo H|$ÐñWmZ ~Zco Amho. AmOÀ`m H$mimV ì`ŠVr{edm` amÁ` Am{U

amÁ`m{edm` ì`ŠVr AmT>iyZ oV Zmhr. BVHo$ XmoKm§Mo AVyQ> g§~§Y {Z_m©U Pmco AmhoV. åhUyZM A°[añQ>m°Q>cZo

"A man living alone is either a God or a Beast" Ago åhQ>co Amho. ""amÁ`m{edm` amhUmar ì`ŠVr

hr EH$Va na_oûda Var Agcr nm{hOo qH$dm qhñÌ ney Var !'' ""_mZdmÀ`m gm_m{OH$ dV©ZmMo {Z`_Z

H$aÊ`mgmR>r X§S>eŠVrMm nmqR>~m cm^cocr g_mOmVrc gd© KQ>H$m§da {Z §ÌU Ro>dyZ _mZdmMo OrdZ gwIr d

g_mYmZr ~Z{dUmar, Ë`mgmR>r g_mOmV em§VVm Am{U gwì`dñWm n«ñWm{nV H$aUmar EH$_od _mZdr g§ñWm

åhUOo "amÁ`' hmo . åhUyZ amÁ`mcm g§ñWm§Mr g§ñWm (Institution of the Institutions) Ago g§~moYco

OmVo.

amÁ`mMr ì`m»`m (Definition of State)

amÁ`mÀ`m ì`m»`mg§~§Yr amOH$s` {dMmad§VmV EH$_V AmT>iV Zmhr. H$maU n«Ë oH$mMm amÁ`mH$So>

nmhÊ`mMm Ñï>rH$moZ {^ÝZ Amho. {d{dY amÁèmñÌkm§Zr Ho$coë`m H$mhr n«_wI ì`m»`m nwT>rcn«_mUo-

1. A°[añQ>m°Q>c `m§À`m _Vo - "ñd §nyU©, gwIr Am{U g_¥Õ OrdZ OJÊ`mgmR>r Hw$Qw>§~m§Mm d IoS>çm§Mm

{_iyZ {Z_m©U Pmcocm g§K åhUOo amÁ` hmo .' (State is a union of families and villages

having for its end a perfect and self sufficient life by which we mean a happy

and honourable life.)

2. ãc§Q>ícr `m§À`m _Vo - "EH$m {ZpíMV yn«Xoemda amOH$s`Ñï>çm g§KQ>rV Pmcocm cmoH$g_wXm`

åhUOo amÁ` hmo '>. (The state is the politically organized people of a definite territory).

3. n«m. Am°J~Z© `m§À`m _Vo - "{ZpíMV yn«Xoemda gdmo©ÀM emgZmV\}$ amÁ`H$ma^ma H$aUmar g§KQZm

åhUOo amÁ` hmo . (A state is an organization which rules by means of a supreme

Government over a definite territory.)

4. n«o. dwS´>mo {dëgZ `m§À`m _Vo - "{ZpíMV Aem yn«XoemV H$m`ÚmgmR>r gwg§KQ>rV Pmcocm

cmoH$g_wXm` åhUOo amÁ` hmo .' (The state is a people organized for law within a definite

territory.)


5. n«mo. JoQo>c `m§À`m _Vo- "{ZpíMV yn«XoemV H$m`_Mr dñVr H$ê$Z amhUmam H$m`XoeraÑï>çm ~mø

{Z §ÌUmnmgyZ ñdV§Ì Agcocm H$m`Xo {Z_m©U H$ê$Z Amnë`m A{YH$majoÌmV Agcoë`m gd© ì`ŠVr d g_whm§da

gwg§KQ>rV emgZg§ñWoÀ`mÛmao emgZ H$aUmam g§K åhUOo amÁ` hmo .'>

6. Am°noZ ho_ `m§À`m _Vo - "Ooìhm cmoH$ Amnë`m ñdV…À`m gmd© m¡_ emgZg§ñWoÀ`m {Z §ÌUmImcr

EH$m XoemV ñWm{`H$ hmoVmV Voìhm amÁ` ApñVËdmV oVo'>.

7. n«mo. JmZ©a `m§À`m _Vo - "{ZpíMV Aem yn«Xoemda H$_r-OmñV g§» oZo H$m`_ dñVr H$ê$Z amhUmam

~mø {Z §ÌUmnmgyZ ñdV§Ì AgUmam Am{U Á`mVrc ~hwg§»` cmoH$ Á`mMr Amkm ñdm^m{dH$nUo nmiVmV Aer

gwg§KQ>rV emgZg§ñWm AgUmam g_mO åhUOo amÁ` hmo .'>

darc ì`m»`m§Mm Ame` {dMmamV KoVcm AgVm AmnUmg `m ì`m»`m§À`m eãXaMZo_Ü o \$aH$ dmQ>V

Agcm Var amÁ`mÀ`m _wc yV d¡{eï>çm~m~V Ë`m§À`mV EH$_V Amho Vr d¡{eï>ço nwT>rcn«_mUo {XgVmV.

1. {ZpíMV yn«Xoe Agcm nm{hOo.

2. Ë`m yn«Xoemda H$m`_ dñVr H$ê$Z amhUmam cmoH$g_yh nm{hOo.

3. Vmo cmoH$g_yh ~mø {Z §ÌUmnmgyZ _wŠV Agcm nm{hOo.

4. Ë`m cmoH$g_yhmMr gm_y{hH$ BÀN>m Á`mÛmao ì`ŠV hmoVo Am{U A§_cmV AmUcr OmVo Aer gdm}ÀM

gÎmm Agcr nm{hOo. `m Mma KQ>H$m§À`m g§ moJmVyZ amÁ` ApñVËdmV oVo.

3.2.2 amÁ`mMo KQ>H$ (Organs of State)

n«mMrZ H$mimnmgyZ Vo AmOVmJm`V amÁ`mÀ`m ~mø ñdê$nmV ~aoM ~Xc KSy>Z Amco AmhoV. ñWi,

H$mi, n[apñWVrn«_mUo amÁ`mMo H$m ©joÌ, AmH$ma_mZ, ì`ŠVr Am{U amÁ` `mVrc g§~§Y `mV ~Xc KSy>Z Amco

AmhoV nU amÁ`g§ñWoMo _wc yV ñdê$n H$m`_ am{hcoco Amho. ho ñdê$n OmUyZ KoUogmR>r Am{U amÁ`g§ñWm BVa

g§ñWmhyZ H$moUË`m n«H$mao doJir Amho ho OmUyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r amÁ`mÀ`m Mma KQ>H$m§Mr _m{hVr KoUo Amdí`H$

Amho.

1. cmoH$g§»`m (Population)

amÁ`mÀ`m {Z{_©VrgmR>r cmoH$g§»`m Amdí`H$ KQ>H$ Amho. cmoH$g§»`m Zgoc Va amÁ`mMr Amdí`H$VmM

CaUma Zmhr. _mZdmÀ`m g_yhd¥ÎmrVyZ amÁ`mMr {Z{_©Vr Pmcr. cmoH$ Zgcoë`m {ZO©Z n«Xoemcm amÁ` åhUVm

oV Zmhr. cmoH$m§{edm` amÁ`mMr H$ënZm H$aUo eŠ` Zmhr. cmoH$ ZgVrc Va emgZg§ñWm d emgZH$V} amhUma

ZmhrV. g_mOmMo g§ajU Am{U g§dY©Z H$aÊ`mgmR>r cmoH$m§Zr amÁ`g§ñWm {Z_m©U Ho$cr Amho.

amÁ`mMr cmoH$g§»`m {H$Vr Agmdr hm _wÔm ì`dñWoÀ`mÑï>rZo Jm¡U Amho. {H$_mZ {H$Vr cmoH$g§»`m

Agmdr Aem AWm©Mm {Z`_ H$moUr Ho$cocm Zmhr. nU AmXe© amÁ` {Z_m©U hmoÊ`mgmR>r AZoH$ {dMmad§Vm§Zr


amÁ`mÀ`m cmoH$g§» o{df`r {dMma ì`ŠV Ho$coco AmhoV. ßboQ>moÀ`m _Vmn«_mUo AmXe© amÁ`mV 5040 BVH$s

cmoH$g§»`m nwaogr Amho. A°[añQ>m°Q>c `m {dMmad§Vm§Zo amÁ`mMr cmoH$g§»`m 10,000 BVH$s Agmdr Ago

gm§{JVco Amho. H$maU EdT>rM cmoH$g§»`m Ë`m§Zr amÁ`mgmR>r AmXe© _mZcr hmoVr.

cmoH$g§»`m {H$Vr Agmdr `m~m~V {Z`_ Zmhr. H$maU OJm_Ü o EH$m ~mOycm MrZ, ^maV `mgmaIr

{demc cmoH$g§»`m Agcocr amÁ o AmhoV. Va Xwgè`m ~mOwcm _moZ°H$mo, g°m_[aZmo `mgmaIr H$_r cmoH$g§»`m

Agcocr amÁ o AmhoV. cmoH$g§» o~m~V {dMmad§VmV _V oX AmT>iVmV. amÁ`mMr cmoH$g§»`m A{YH$

Agë`mg amÁ`mcm CXa{Zdm©hmMm n«íZ, A§VJ©V em§VVm, amhUr_mZmMm XOm© Ago n«íZ oS>gmdVmV. `mCcQ>

cmoH$g§»`m H$_r Agoc Va g§ajUmMm n«íZ C^m amhVmo. åhUyZ `m~m~V Ago åhUVm oB©c H$s, amÁ`mMm

yn«Xoe Am{U gmYZgm_J«r `m n«_mUmV cmoH$g§»`m Agmdr.

cmoH$g§»`m {H$Vr Agmdr `mnojm cmoH$ H$moUË`m JwUmMo, XOm©Mo AmhoV ho _hÎdmMo AgVo. H$maU

Ë`mdaM amÁ`mMm XOm©, n«{Vð>m Adc§~yZ AgVo. hwema, H$m ©j_, Xoem{^_mZr, Mm[aÍ`dmZ, l_mMr AmdS>

AgUmao cmoH$M XoemMm {dH$mg H$ê$ eH$VmV. `mCcQ> XoeÐmohr, ñdmWu, {^Ìo, Amier, «ï>mMmar cmoH$

amÁ`mMo ApñVËd YmoŠ`mV AmUVmV. åhUyZM A°[añQ>m°Q>c `m§Zr åhQ>co Amho H$s, "AmXe© ZmJ[aH$M AmXe©

amÁ` {Z_m©U H$ê$ eH$VmV.'>

2. yn«Xoe (Territory)

amÁ`{Z{_©VrgmR>r Xwgam _hÎdmMm KQ>H$ yn«Xoe hm Amho. yn«Xoem{edm` amÁ`mMr {Z{_©Vr hmody eH$V Zmhr.

n«mMrZ H$mir _Zwî` ^Q>H§$Vr AdñWoV amhV hmoVm. Ë`mH$mir _mUgm§À`m Q>moù`m {eH$ma H$ê$Z Ë`mda Amncr

JwOamU H$arV AgV. Q>moù`m EH$m {R>H$mUmhyZ Xwgè`m {R>H$mUr ^Q>H§$Vr H$aV Ago. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Zm amÁ` {Z_m©U

H$aVm Amco Zmhr. 1947 nydu Á y cmoH$ ho gd©Ì OJâ {dIwacoco hmoVo. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Zm ñdV…Mo amÁ` {Z_m©U

H$aVm Amco ZìhVo. _mÌ Ooìhm Ë`m§Zm n°coñQ>mB©ZMm yn«Xoe XoÊ`mV Amcm Voìhm Ë`mMo BñÌmB©c ho amÁ` {Z_m©U

Pmco.

amÁ`mMm yn«Xoe {H$Vr Agmdm hm n«íZ _hÎdmMm ZgyZ Vmo n«Xoe amÁ`mÀ`m {dH$mgmcm {H$Vr Cn wŠV Amho

ho _hÎdmMo AgVo. amÁ`mMr y_r gwnrH$ Amho H$s ZmnrH$, I{ZOg§nÎmr Amho H$s Zmhr, amÁ`mÀ`m gr_m

{ZgJ©{Z{_©V AmhoV H$s _mZd{Z{_©V AmhoV AmXr Jmoï>tMm {dMma gmVË`mZo H$amdm cmJVmo. H$maU `m Jmoï>tMm

n[aUm_ amÁ`mda hmoVmo. åhUOo Á`m XoemV cmoI§S>, H$moigm, noQ´>moc, wao{Z`_ BË`mXr I{ZO g§nÎmr _w~cH$

Amho. Vr amïo> BVa amï´>mnojm Am¡Úmo{JH$ d Am{W©H$ n«JVr PnmQ>çmZo H$ê$ eH$VmV.

amÁ`mMm yn«Xoe {H$Vr Agmdm `m{df`r {dMmad§VmV EH$_V Zmhr. J«rH$ VÎddoÎ`m§Zr amÁ`mMo joÌ\$i

_`m©XrV Agmdo Ago gm§{JVco H$maU amÁ`H$Ë`m©cm 24 VmgmÀ`m Ad{YV KmoS>çmdê$Z anoQ>> H$ê$Z EH$m

gahÔrdê$Z Xwgè`m gahÔrda OmVm oB©c d {Z §ÌU H$aVm oB©c BVH$m yn«Xoe Agmdm.


AmO A_o[aH$m, gmopìhEQ> a{e`m, ^maV, MrZ hr amÁ o AmH$mamZo _moR>r AmhoV. Va Zonmi, nmoc§S>,

g°Z_[aZmo, ~m~m©S>mog BË`mXr amÁ o AmH$mamZo chmZ AmhoV. g°Z_[aZmoMo joÌ\$i 61 Mm¡.{H$._r. Va _moZ°H$mooMo

joÌ\$i 1.95 Mm¡.{H$._r. Amho. Ë`m_wio amÁ`mMm yn«Xoe {H$Vr Agmdm `m{df`r _`m©Xm Zmhr. nU

y mJm~m~V H$mhr n«íZm§Mm {dMma hmoUo JaOoMo Amho. CXm. (1) amÁ`mMm yn«Xoe hm VoWrc cmoH$g§» ocm nwaogm

Amho qH$dm Zmhr. (2) amÁ`mÀ`m g§ajUmÀ`mÑï>rZo Vmo yn«Xoe gwa{jV Amho H$m ? (3) I{ZO g§nÎmrÀ`m Ñï>rZo

y mJ H$gm Amho BË`mXrMm {dMma H$amdm cmJVmo.

3. emgZg§ñWm (Government)

amÁ`{Z{_©VrgmR>r Amdí`H$ {Vgam KQ>H$ åhUOo emgZg§ñWm hmo . amÁ` hr A_yV© g§H$ënZm AgyZ

emgZg§ñWm qH$dm gaH$ma ho Ë`mMo _yV© ñdê$n Amho. g_mOmÀ`m g§ajUmgmR>r, g_mOOrdZ gwairV Mmcy

amhÊ`mgmR>r H$mhr {Z`_m§Mr JaO AgVo. ho {Z`_ V`ma H$aUo, Ë`m§Mr A§_c~OmdUr H$aUo ho H$m ©

emgZg§ñWm H$aVo. amÁ`mV gaH$ma Zgoc Va AamOH$Vm, ApñWaVm {Z_m©U hmody eH$Vo. emgZg§ñWoÀ`m

nmR>r_mJo gmd© m¡_ gÎmm AgVo. `m gÎmoÀ`m ~imda gaH$ma amÁ`mVrc ZmJ[aH$mda hŠH$ JmO{dVo. gaH$maÀ`m

{Z`_m{déÕ Omo H$moUr dV©Z H$aoc Ë`mcm {ejm H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma emgZg§ñWocm AgVmo.

amÁ`mMr gmd© m¡_ gÎmm n«Ë`j A§_cmV AmUUmè`m qH$dm A§_cmV AmUÊ`mMr eŠVr AgUmè`m gd©

g§KQ>Zm§Mr Jmoim~oarO åhUOo emgZ hmo , Ago n«mo. JoQo>c `m§Zr åhQ>co Amho. emgZg§ñWo{edm` g_mOmV

EH$gyÌVm oV Zmhr Am{U gwì`dñWmhr {Z_m©U hmoV Zmhr. ì`ŠVrÀ`m qH$dm ZmJ[aH$m§À`m Ñï>rZo gaH$ma åhUOoM

amÁ` hmo . ì`ŠVrÀ`m _ZmV Ogo gaH$maMo ñdê$n Agoc Vgo amÁ`mMo ñdê$n {Z_m©U hmoVo. H$maU gaH$maer

ì`ŠVrMm Zoh_rM g§~§Y oVmo. ZdrZ H$m`Úm§Mr {Z{_©Vr H$aUo, OwZo H$m`Xo aÔ H$aUo, OwÝ`m H$m`ÚmV XwéñVr

H$aUo ho n«_wI H$m © emgZg§ñWocm H$amdo cmJVo.

amÁ`mV emgZg§ñWoMm H$moUVmhr n«H$ma Agmo VoWo emgZnÕVr AgVo. CXm. ^maV, B§½c§S> `m XoemV

g§gXr` emgZnÕVr, A_o[aHo$V AÜ`jr` emgZnÕVr, MrZ, a{e`m, ~ëJo[a`m `m XoemV gmå`dmXr

emgZnÕVr Amho. emgZg§ñWoH$Sy>Z Am§Vaamï>r` joÌmV nV, n«{Vð>m Am{U _hÎd dmT>{dÊ`mMo H$m © Ho$co OmVo.

cmoH$_VmÀ`m nmqR>ã`mdaM emgZg§ñWoMo ñW¡ © Adc§~yZ AgVo. Ë`m_wio XoemV H$moUVmhr n«H$ma Agmo VoWo

emgZg§ñWm cmoH$H$ë`mUH$marM Agcr nm{hOo AerM OZVoMr BÀN>m AgVo.

4. gmd© m¡_Ëd (Sovereignty)

gmd© m¡_Ëd hm amÁ`{Z{_©VrMm Mm¡Wm Amdí`H$ KQ>H$ Amho. gmd© m¡_Ëd åhUOo amÁ`mMr gdm}ÀM gÎmm,

A§{V_ gÎmm. gmd© m¡_Ëd åhUOo amÁ`mMo ñdV§Ì ApñVËd. amÁ` ho A§VJ©V d ~mø ~m~VrV H$moUVmhr {ZU©

KoÊ`mg ñdV§Ì Agco nm{hOo. nmaV§Í`mV Agcoco amÁ` ho gmd© m¡_ Agy eH$V Zmhr. H$maU Aem

amÁ`mg§~§YrMm {ZU© Xwgao EImXo amÁ` KoV AgVo.


gmd© m¡_Ëd hm amÁ`mMm n«mU, AmË_m AgVmo. n«mUm{edm` ì`ŠVrMo ApñVËd Ogo {Q>Hy$ eH$V Zmhr

Vgo gmd© m¡_Ëdm{edm` amÁ` ApñVËdmV oD$M eH$V Zmhr. 1947 nydu ^maV nmaV§Í`mV hmoVm. ^maVmÀ`m

amÁ`H$ma^mamMr A§{V_ gyÌo {~«Q>re nmc©_|Q>À`m hmVr hmoVr. 1947 cm ^maVmcm ñdmV§Í` n«má Pmco Am{U

{~«Q>re nmc©_|Q>À`m hmVmVrc gmd© m¡_ gÎmm ^maVmÀ`m hmVr Amcr. ^maVmcm ñdV§Ì amÁ`mMm XOm© n«mßV

Pmcm. gmd© m¡_Ëdm_wio BVa gd© g§ñWm§Zm amÁ`mÀ`m A{YZ amhyZ H$m © H$amdo cmJVo.

Aem[aVrZo amÁ`{Z{_©VrgmR>r cmoH$g§»`m, yn«Xoe, emgZg§ñWm Am{U gmd© m¡_Ëd Ago Mma KQ>H$

Amdí`H$ AmhoV. `mVrc EImXm KQ>H$ Oar H$_r Agcm Var amÁ` {Z_m©U hmody eH$V Zmhr.

ñd §AÜ``Z n«íZ 1

[aH$må`m OmJr `mo½` n`m© {ZdSy>Z {dYmZo nyU© H$am.

1. amÁ` hr ............ hr g§H$ënZm Amho.

(_yV©, A_yV©, dmñVd, gmYr)

2. ............ `m n«XoemV Á y cmoH$m§Zr BñÌm`c ho amÁ` {Z_m©U Ho$co.

(_moZ°H$mo, Zm`Po[a`m, n°coñQ>mB©Z, \«$mÝg)

3. ßboQ>moÀ`m H$ënZon«_mUo AmXe© amÁ`mV ............ BVH$s cmoH$g§»`m nwaogr Amho.

(1000, 10000, 5040, 5000)

4. n«mMrZ H$mir J«rH$ ZJaamÁ`mV ............ cmoH$emhr hmoVr.

(n«Ë`j, An«Ë`j, {Z §{ÌV, A{Z §{ÌV)

5. amÁ`mÀ`m {Z{_©VrgmR>r ............ KQ>H$ Amdí`H$ AgVmV.

(XmoZ, VrZ, Mma, nmM)

6. {~«Q>re nmc©_|Q>À`m hmVmVrc gÎmm ^maVmÀ`m hmVr ............ gmcr Amcr.

(1950, 1945, 1947, 1935)

7. MrZ `m XoemV ............ emgZnÕVr Amho.

(cmoH$emhr, gmå`dmXr, ^m§S>dcdmXr, g§gXr`)

3.2.3 (~) cmoH$emhr (Democracy)

AmYw{ZH$ wJ ho cmoH$emhr wJ _mZco OmVo. AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV cmoH$emhrMm CX` gd©n«W_ B§½c§S>_Ü o

Pmcm. åhUyZ B§½c§S>cm cmoH$emhrMr OZZr _mZco OmVo. OJmVrc ~hwVoH$ XoemV cmoH$emhr emgZnÕVr

ApñVËdmV Amho. cmoH$m§À`m BÀNo>da AmYm[aV cmoH$emhr gaH$ma cmoH$m§Zm O~m~Xma AgVo. cmoH$m§À`m


{hVmgmR>r emgZ H$aUo ho cmoH$emhr emgZmMo _w»` gyÌ Amho. Ë`m_wio `m {dMmagaUrcm gdm©{YH$ cmoH${n« Vm

{_imcr. OJmVrc AmO 2/3 amîQ´>o cmoH$emhr amîQ´>o åhUyZ AmoiIcr OmVmV.

ëmmoH$emhrMm AW© (Meaning)

àW_ AmnUmg cmoH$emhr hm eãX H$moUË`m AWm©Zo dmnacm OmVmo `mH$So> cj Úmdo cmJVo. B§J«OrVrc

`m eãXmMo _amR>rV cmoH$emhr Ago ^mfm§Va Ho$co Amho. cmoH$emhr åhUOo "cmoH$m§Mr gÎmm, cmoH$m§Zr

Mmc{dcocr n«Ë`j qH$dm An«Ë`j gÎmm hmo .' hm eãX _yi J«rH$ eãX Demos Am{U Kratos `m XmoZ

eãXm§nmgyZ ~Zcm Amho. Demos åhUOo cmoH$ Am{U Kratos åhUOo gÎmm qH$dm eŠVr `mdê$Z cmoH$emhr

åhUOo cmoH$m§Mr gÎmm qH$dm cmoH$m§Mo amÁ` hmo . "OoWo amÁ`mMr g§nyU© gÎmm OZVoÀ`m hmVr H|$ÐrV Pmcocr AgVo

Am{U OZVm n«Ë`jnUo qH$dm An«Ë`jnUo Ë`m gÎmoMm dmna H$aV AgVo Ago amÁ` åhUOo cmoH$emhr amÁ`

hmo`.'>

àmMrZ J«rH$ ZJaamÁ`mV cmoH$m§Mr n«Ë`j gÎmm hmoVr. cmoH$ amÁ`H$ma^mamV n«Ë`j ^mJ KoV hmoVo. na§Vw

AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV dmT>Ë`m cmoH$g§» o_wio cmoH$m§Zr {ZdSy>Z {Xcoco n«{V{ZYr amÁ`H$ma^ma Mmc{dVmV. cmoH$m§Mr

g§_Vr Am{U cmoH$m§Mr {Q>H$m `m n«{H«$ oVyZ cmoH$emhrMm H$ma^ma MmcVmo. H$mhr amOH$s` {dMmad§Vm§Zr

cmoH$emhrÀ`m ì`m»`m nwT>rcn«_mUo Ho$ë`m AmhoV.

1. A~«mh_ qcH$Z `m§À`m _Vo, "cmoH$emhr åhUOo cmoH$m§Mo, cmoH$m§Zr, cmoH$m§gmR>r Mmc{dcoco emgZ

hmo`.' (Democracy is the Government of the people, by the people and for the

people.)

2. cm°S©> ~«mB©g `m§À`m _Vo, "cmoH$emhr åhUOo Agm emgZn«H$ma H$s Á`mV gÎmm EImÚm {d{eîQ>>

dJm©À`m hmVr ZgVo. Va g§nyU© OZVoÀ`m hmVr AgVo'.

3. n«m. {gcrÀ`m _Vo, "Á`m emgZmV n«Ë oH$mcm gh^mJr hmoVm oVo Vr cmoH$emhr hmo '>.

(Democracy is a Government in which everyone has a share).

4. n«m. S>m`gr `m§À`m _Vo, "cmoH$emhr ho emgZmMo Ago ê$n Amho H$s, Á`mV OZVoMm \$ma _moR>m ^mJ

emgZ H$aVmo.>

5. hZ©em°_ `m§À`m _Vo, "Á`m emgZnÕVr_Ü o gmd© m¡_ gÎmm OZVoÀ`m hmVr AgVo d OZVoMo g§nyU©

{Z §ÌU emgZ H$ma^mamda AgVo Vr cmoH$emhr hmo >.'

6. S>m°. ~oZrn«gmX `m§À`m _Vo, "cmoH$emhr hr Aem n«H$maMr OrdZnÕVr Amho H$s, Á`mV H$moUË`mhr

ì`ŠVrcm Amnco gwI gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r BVa ì`ŠVtZm gmYZ ~Z{dVm oV Zmhr.'

7. S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a `m§À`m _Vo, "cmoH$emhr hm Agm n«H$ma Amho H$s, Á`mV gm_m{OH$ d

Am{W©H$ n[adV©Z ho em§VVm_` d H$m`Xoera _mJm©Zo hmoVo'.


8. n§. Zohê$ `m§À`m _Vo, "cmoH$emhr åhUOo Ho$di _VXmZmÀ`m hŠH$mg§~§YrMr amOH$s` g_Vm Zìho

Va amOH$s` g_Vo~amo~a Am{W©H$ d gm_m{OH$ g_Vm n«ñWm{nV H$aUo hmo .'

9. _. Jm§Yr `m§À`m _Vo, "cmoH$emhr hm EH$ OrdZ_mJ© Amho. (Democracy is a way of life.)

cmoH$emhrÀ`m {d{dY ì`m»`m§Mm nam_e© KoVë`mg Ago {XgyZ oVo H$s, cmoH$emhr hr emgZmMr Aer

nÕV Amho H$s Á`m_Ü o cmoH$ gmd© m¡_ AmhoV. amÁ`mMr gÎmm g_mOmVrc {d{eîQ> dJm©À`m hmVr ZgVo. amÁ`

cmoH$m§À`mgmR>r Mmc{dco OmV AgyZ n«Ë oH$ ì`ŠVrcm cmoH$emhrV gh^mJr H$ê$Z KoVco OmVo. cmoH$_VmÀ`m

{damoYr emgZ `m nÕVrV ZgVo. cmoH$emhr hr EH$ ì`mnH$ g§H$ënZm Amho. Vr EH$ emgZmMm n«H$ma Am{U

OrdZ{df`H$ VÎdkmZ Amho.

3.2.4 cmoH$emhrMo n«H$ma (Types of Democracy)

OJmVrc gd© cmoH$emhr XoemV emgZg§ñWoMo ñdê$n, {VMr aMZm EH$gmaIr Zmhr. {VMr H$m ©nÕVr

EH$gmaIr Zmhr. Ë`mV H$mhr _wc yV ñdê$nmMo \$aH$ {XgyZ oVmV. Ë`mAmYmao cmoH$emhrMo n«Ë`j Am{U

An«Ë`j cmoH$emhr Ago n«_wI XmoZ n«H$ma nmS>co AmhoV. An«Ë`j cmoH$emhrMo g§gXr` Am{U AÜ`jr`

cmoH$emhr Ago n«H$ma nS>VmV Va g§gXr` cmoH$emhrMo _`m©XrV amOoemhr Am{U n«OmgÎmmH$ Ago n«H$ma nmS>co

AmhoV.

3.2.4.1. n«Ë`j cmoH$emhr (Direct Democracy)

n«Ë`j cmoH$emhrMm B{Vhmg \$ma OwZm Amho. n«mMrZ ZJa amÁ`mV n«Ë`j cmoH$emhr ApñVËdmV hmoVr.

emgZmMo {ZU© gd© ZmJ[aH$ {_iyZ KoVmV. {Vcm n«Ë`j cmoH$emhr Ago åhUVmV. Á`m emgZnÕVr_Ü o

amÁ`mVrc gd© ZmJ[aH$ emgZH$ma^mam_Ü o n«Ë`j gh^mJr hmoVmV. Ë`m emgZnÕVrg n«Ë`j cmoH$emhr Ago

åhUVmV. J«rH$ ZJaamÁ`mVrc ZmJ[aH$ EH$Ì odyZ emgZmÀ`m n«íZm~Ôc, {d{dY g_ñ`m§Mr MMm© H$arV

AgV. {ZU© ZmJ[aH$ ñdV… KoV AgV. n«Ë`j cmoH$emhrV ZmJ[aH$ ñdV… emgZmV gH«$r` ^mJ KoV

Agë`m_wio hr EH$ CÎm_ nÕVr _mZcr OmV Ago. VoWrc ZmJ[aH$ EH${c{O`m_Ü o EH${ÌV odyZ

emgZH$ma^mamMo YmoaU R>a{dV Ago.

B. g. nyd© 5 ì`m eVH$mV no[aH$ëg `m amÁ`H$Ë`m©À`m nwT>mH$mamZo AWoÝg `m ZJaamÁ`mV n«Ë`j

cmoH$emhr A§_cmV Amcr. n«mMrZ ^maVmV dÁOrg§Km_Ü o n«Ë`j cmoH$emhr ApñVËdmV hmoVr. égmoZo n«Ë`j

cmoH$emhrMo g_W©Z Ho$co Amho. Ë`mÀ`m _Vo, EH$ ì`ŠVr Xwgè`mMo n«{V{ZYrËd H$ê$ eH$V Zmhr. H$maU

ì`ŠVrÀ`m Amem-AmH$m§jm, AmMma{dMma Am{U Ë`m§À`m g_ñ`m n«{V{ZYrcm g_Oy eH$V ZmhrV `mda Cnm`

åhUOo n«Ë oH$ ì`ŠVrZo emgZmÀ`m H$m`m©V ^mJ ¿`m`cm nm{hOo. na§Vw AmO gd© OZVocm EH${ÌV ~gyZ {ZU©

KoUo eŠ` Zgë`m_wio n«m{V{ZYrH$ cmoH$emhrMm ñdrH$ma H$aÊ`mV Amcm. Varhr nwT>rc H$mhr _mJmªMm dmna

H$ê$Z AmOhr pñdËPcªS> Am{U A_o[aHo$À`m H$mhr KQ>H$ amÁ`mV n«Ë`j cmoH$emhr ApñVËdmV Amho.


1. cmoH${ZU© qH$dm OZn¥ÀN>m (Referendum) : OZn¥ÀN>m åhUOo EImÚm n«íZmda OZVoMo _V

AO_m{dUo hmo . {d{Y_§S>imZo _§Oya Ho$coë`m {dYo H$mda OZVoMo _V OmUyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m {dYo H$mda

cmoH$m§Mo _V KoÊ`mV oVo. OZVoZo ~hw_VmZo `m {dYo H$mMo g_W©Z Ho$co Va Ë`mMo H$m`ÚmV ê$nm§Va hmoVo. Oa

OZVoZo Vo A_mÝ` Ho$co Va {dYo H$ aÔ g_Oco OmVo. cmoH${ZU© H$m`Xo_§S>imda ~§YZH$maH$ AgVmo.

cmoH${ZU© mMo XmoZ n«H$ma nwT>rcn«_mUo AmhoV -

(A) EopÀN>H$ cmoH${ZU© qH$dm OZn¥ÀN>m (Optional Referendum) : EImÚm {dYo H$mda

OZn¥ÀN>m KoÊ`mV `mdr Aer _mJUr Oa OZVoZo Ho$cr Va Vo {dYo H$ cmoH${ZU© mgmR>r nmR>{dÊ`mV oVo.

{dYo H$mdarc OZVoMm {ZU© A§{V_ g_OÊ`mV oVmo. OZn¥ÀNo>Mr _mJUr H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$_rVH$_r {H$Vr

cmoH$m§Mm nmqR>~m Agmdm ho R>a{dÊ`mV oVo. VodT>çm g§» oV cmoH$m§Zr nmqR>~m XoUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. CXm.

pñdËPcªS>_Ü o OZn¥ÀNo>Mr _mJUr H$aUmè`m n«ñVmdmda H$_rVH$_r Vrg hOma ì`ŠVtÀ`m gøm AgUo

Amdí`H$ AgVo.

(~) A{Zdm © cmoH${ZU© qH$dm OZn¥ÀN>m (Compulsory Referendum) : {d{Y_§S>imZo _§Oya

Ho$coco {dYo H$ OZn¥ÀNo>gmR>r nmR>{dUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. `mgmR>r OZVoH$Sy>Z _mJUr hmoÊ`mMr dmQ> nmhÊ`mMr

Amdí`H$Vm ZgVo. åhUyZ `mcm A{Zdm © OZn¥ÀN>m åhUVmV. gmYmaUnUo KQ>ZmXwéñVr Am{U A{Ve`

_hÎdmÀ`m {dYo H$mÀ`m ~m~VrV Amdí`H$ cmoH${ZU© mMr ì`dñWm H$aÊ`mV oVo. WmoS>Š`mV emgZmcm H$m`Xm

~Z{dÊ`mgmR>r KoÊ`mV oUmar cmoH$m§Mr g§_Vr åhUOo OZn¥ÀN>m hmo . OZVocm ZH$mo Agcocr {dYo Ho$

amoIÊ`mgmR>r hr OZVoÀ`m hmVr T>mc AgVo.

2. OZmonH«$_ (Initiative) : OZmonH«$_ åhUOo cmoH$m§Mm nwT>mH$ma hmo . Amnë`mcm H$moUË`m n«H$maMm

Am{U H$moUË`m ñdê$nmMm H$m`Xm nm{hOo `m~m~V OZVoZo H$m`Xo_§S>imcm {dZ§Vr H$aUo åhUOo OZmonH«$_

hmo . Aer {dZ§Vr H$m`Xo_§S>imZo _mÝ` Ho$cr Va Ë`mcm H$m`ÚmMo ñdê$n n«mßV hmoVo. ~hwg§»` cmoH$m§Zr nwT>mH$ma

KodyZ Aer {dZ§Vr Ho$ë`mg {d{Y_§S>i Ë`m{déÕ dmJy eH$V Zmhr. OZmonH«$_mÛmao ZH$mo Agcocr {dYo Ho$

amoIUo Am{U hdr Agcocr {dYo Ho$ _§Oya H$ê$Z KoUo Aer XmoZ n« mdr gmYZo AmhoV. OZmonH«$_mMo nwT>rc

XmoZ n«H$ma AmhoV.

(A) ñnîQ> OZmonH«$_ (Formulated Initiative) : OZVm Á`m {df`mda H$m`ÚmMr Amdí`H$Vm

Amho Ë`m {dYo H$mMo n«mê$n V`ma H$ê$Z {d{Y_§S>imH$So> nmR>{dVo. OZVoZo nmR>{dcoco {dYo H$ Oa

{d{Y_§S>imcm _mÝ` Zmgoc Va OZ_V KoUoV oVo. cmoH$m§Zm nm{hOo Agcocm H$m`Xm {Z…g§{X½Y Am{U

Vn{ecdma[aË`m ñnîQ> eãXmV {d{Y_§S>imH$So> nmR>{dÊ`mV oVmo.

(~) Añnï> qH$dm Aa{MV OZmonH«$_ (Unformulated Initiative) : `mV OZVocm hdm Agcocm

H$m`Xm _moK_ eãXmV {d{Y_§S>imH$So> nmR>{dÊ`mV oVmo. Ë`mV {df` Z_yX Ho$cocm AgVmo. Ë`mMo {dYo H$mÀ`m

ñdê$nmV n«mê$n V`ma H$aÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar {d{Y_§S>imda AgVo. AñnîQ>> OZmonH«$_mV OmVm Ho$di g§~§{YV

{df`mg§~§Yr _mJ©Xe©H$ VÎdo Am{U H$mhr {gÕm§V Z_yX H$arV AgVo.


3. n«Ë`mdhZ qH$dm AmdV©Z (Recall) : OZVoZo {ZdSy>Z {Xcocm n«{V{ZYr hm VÎdV… OZVocm

O~m~Xma AgVmo. nU {ZdSy>Z Amë`mZ§Va Ë`mÀ`mda R>am{dH$ H$mimn ªV OZVoMo H$moUVoM {Z §ÌU amhV Zmhr.

AmnU {ZdSy>Z nmR>{dcocm n«{V{ZYr AH$m ©j_, ~oO~m~Xma Amho Ago _VXmam§Zm dmQ>co qH$dm n«{V{ZYr

Amncr H$m_o `mo½` nÕVrZo H$arV Zgoc Va {d{eîQ>> _VXmag§» oZo Ë`mcm naV ~moc{dÊ`mMr emgZmH$So> _mJUr

H$aUo `mcm n«Ë`mdhZ Ago åhUVmV. OZVoMr hr {dZ§Vr _mÝ` Ho$cr Va n«{V{ZYrMo n«{V{ZYrËd aÔ hmoVo.

Á`m OZVoZo AmnUmcm {ZdSy>Z {Xco VrM OZVm Amnco g^mgXËd aÔ H$ê$ eH$Vo `mMr OmUrd

n«{V{ZYrcm n«Ë`mdhZ nÕVr_wio hmoVo. n«{V{ZYr Amnë`m _VXmag§KmVrc n«íZmH$So> Xwc©j H$arV Zmhr.

n«Ë`mdhZmMr nÕVr pñdËPcªS>_Ü o Amho.

4. n«ma§{^H$ g^m (Landsge Meinde) : cmoH$V§ÌmMo ho n«mMrZ gai d ewÕ ñdê$n Amho. hr gd©

cmoH$m§Mr g^m AgVo. {Vcm gmd© m¡_ A{YH$ma AgVmo. amÁ`H$ma^mamg§~§Yr {ZU© KoÊ`mgmR>r, H$m`Xo V`ma

H$aÊ`mgmR>r Am{U n«emgH$s` A{YH$mè`m§Mr {ZdS> H$aÊ`mgmR>r gd© ZmJ[aH$ EH${ÌV oVmV d ~hw_VmZo {ZU©

KoVmV. Aem n«H$mao AmO pñdËPcªS>À`m An|ZOoc, ½coag, BVa amoS²>g, AmD$Q>a amoS²>g dJ¡ao H°$Q>m°Ýg_Ü o hr

nÕV AmOhr ApñVËdmV Amho.

àË`j cmoH$emhrMo JwU (Merits)

1. n«Ë`j cmoH$emhrV ZmJ[aH$ amÁ`H$ma^mamV OmUrdnyd©H$ ^mJ KoVmV. H$maU Ë`m§Zr Ë`m§Mo g§nyU©

OrdZ amÁ`mcmM An©U Ho$coco AgVo.

2. ZmJ[aH$ amÁ`H$ma^mamV ^mJ KoV Agë`m_wio gaH$ma Am{U OZVm `m_Ü o A{YH$ gcmo»`mMo,

ghH$m`m©Mo g§~§Y {Z_m©U hmody eH$VmV.

3. n«Ë oH$ ZmJ[aH$mcm Ë`mÀ`m `mo½`Von«_mUo amÁ`H$ma^mamV ^mJ KoÊ`mMr g§Yr n«má hmoVo.

4. n«Ë oH$ ZmJ[aH$mcm amÁ`H$ma^mam{df`r amOH$s` kmZ n«mßV hmoVo.

à«Ë`j cmoH$emhrMo Xmof (Demerits)

1. _moR>çm cmoH$g§» oÀ`m XoemV n«Ë`j cmoH$emhrMr nÕVr Cn wŠV R>aV Zmhr. H$maU Vr \$ŠV

_`m©XrV cmoH$g§»`m d _`m©XrV yn«Xoe Agcoë`m XoemVM n«Ë`j cmoH$emhr eŠ` AgVo.

2. n«Ë`j cmoH$emhrV gVV {ZdS>UwH$m, OZ{ZU© , OZmonH«$_, AmdV©Z BË`mXr H$m`m©VM OZVm

H$m`_Mr Jw§Vcocr AgVo. Ë`m_wio doi, n¡gm d eŠVrMm Anì`` hmoVmo.

3. n«Ë`j cmoH$emhr Agcoë`m XoemVrc gd©M ZmJ[aH$m§Zm amÁ`H$ma^mam~m~V CËgmh, AmñWm, AmoT>

AgocM Ago Zmhr.

4. `m ì`dñWoV _VXmam§Mm A§Hw$e amÁ`H$Ë`mªda Zoh_rM Agë`m_wio emgZH$V} CXmgrZ ~ZVmV.


5. n«Ë`j cmoH$emhrV H$mhr R>am{dH$ cmoH$m§ZmM amÁ`H$ma^mamV gh^mJr hmoVm oVo. Ë`m_wio VoWo

g_VoÀ`m VÎdmMm A^md AgVmo. pñÌ`m, Jwcm_ `m§Zm amÁ`H$ma^mamV ^mJ KoVm oV Zmhr.

3.2.4.2. An«Ë`j qH$dm n«m{V{ZYrH$ cmoH$emhr

(Indirect or Representative Democracy

AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV amîQ>>-amÁ o {Z_m©U Pmcr AmhoV. amîQ>>-amÁ`mMr cmoH$g§»`m, yn«Xoe {dñV¥V Amho.

Ë`m§Mo H$m ©joÌhr \$ma dmT>coco Amho. Ë`m_wio VoWrc cmoH$ EH${ÌV odyZ emgZ H$ma^mamg§~§Yr {ZU© Kody

eH$V ZmhrV. åhUyZM AmO n«m{V{ZYrH$ cmoH$emhr ApñVËdmV Amcr. `m cmoH$emhrMm amÁ`H$ma^ma cmoH$m§Zr

{ZdSy>Z {Xcoë`m n«{V{ZYr_m\©$V MmcVmo.

n«m{V{ZYrH$ cmoH$emhr åhUOo Á`m nÕVrV emgZmMr gÎmm n«Ë`j cmoH$m§À`m hmVr ZgVo. Va cmoH$m§Zr

{ZdSy>Z {Xcoë`m Am{U cmoH$m§Zm O~m~Xma AgUmè`m cmoH$n«{V{ZYtÀ`m hmVmV AgVo. `m nÕVrV {Z`_rVnUo

hmoUmè`m {ZdS>UwH$m§Ûmao OZVoH$Sy>Z {d{eîQ> cmoH$g§» oÀ`m n«_mUmV Am{U {d{eîQ>> H$mcmdYrgmR>r n«{V{ZYr

{ZdS>co OmVmV. hr {ZdS> n«mXo{eH$ n«{V{ZYrËdmÀ`m nÕVrZwgma hmoV AgVo. OZVoMo n«{V{ZYr H$m`Xo_§S>imÛmao

gmd© m¡_ gÎmoMm dmna H$aVmV. Ë`m_wioM Ago emgZ OZVocm O~m~Xma AgVo.

AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV B§½c§S>_Ü o gd©n«W_ n«m{V{ZYrH$ cmoH$emhr emgZ CX`mg Amco. A_o[aH$m

ñdmV§Í` wÕmZ§Va Am{U Xwgè`m _hm wÕmZ§Va npíM_ wamonmVrc AZoH$ XoemV cmoH$emhrMm CX` Pmcm Amho.

AmO OJmVrc 2/3 XoemV cmoH$emhr emgZnÕVr ApñVËdmV Amho. B§½c§S>, ^maV, OnmZ, Am°ñQo>{c`m,

H°$ZS>m BË`mXr XoemV g§gXr` emgZnÕVr Amho. A_o[aH$m d \«$mÝg_Ü o AÜ`jr` emgZnÕVr Va

pñdËPcªS>_Ü o g§{_l emgZnÕVr Amho.

H$m`Xo_§S>i Am{U H$m ©H$mar_§S>i `mVrc g§~§Y H$moUË`m n«H$maMo AmhoV Ë`mAmYmamda n«m{V{ZYrH$

cmoH$emhrMo g§gXr` Am{U AÜ`jr` cmoH$emhr Ago XmoZ n«H$ma nmS>co AmhoV. Vo nwT>rc n«_mUo-

(A) g§gXr` cmoH$emhr … g§gXr` cmoH$emhrMm CX` B§½c§S> `m XoemV Pmcm. Á`m emgZnÕVr_Ü o

H$m ©H$mar_§S>i ho Amnco amOH$s` YmoaU d H¥$Vr `m~m~V n«Ë`j[aË`m H$m`Xo_§S>imcm O~m~Xma AgVo Am{U

An«Ë`j[aË`m d A§{V_V… _VXmadJm©cm O~m~Xma AgVo Ë`m emgZnÕVrcm g§gXr` emgZnÕVr Ago

åhUVmV. H$m ©H$mar_§S>i (_§{Ì_§S>i) ho H$m`Xo_§S>imMm nmqR>~m Agon ªVM A{YH$manXmda amhVrc. H$m`Xo-

_§S>imVrc ~hw_VmMm nmqR>~m J_mdë`mg _§{Ì_§S>imcm amOrZm_m Úmdm cmJVmo.

ñm§gXr` cmoH$emhr … d¡{eï>ço

1. XmoZ H$m ©H$mar n«_wI … g§gXr` emgZnÕVrV EH$ Zm_Ymar n«_wI AgVmo. VmoM KQ>ZmË_H$ n«_wI

AgVmo. emgZmMm gd© H$ma^ma Ë`mÀ`m ZmdmZo MmcVmo. Xwgam dmñVddmXr n«_wI AgVmo. Ë`mÀ`m hmVr gd©

gÎmm AgVo.


2. H$m`Xo_§S>i Am{U _§{Ì_§S>i `m§Mo OdiMo g§~§Y … H$m`Xo_§S>imV Á`m njmcm ~hw_V

{_imcoco AgVo Ë`m njmMo _§{Ì_§S>i ~ZVo. _§{Ì_§S>imMo gd© gXñ` ho H$m`Xo_§S>imMo g^mgX AgVmV.

_§{Ì_§S>imcm H$m`Xo_§S>imVrc ~hw_VmMm nmqR>~m Agë`m_wio _§{Ì_§S>imZo _m§S>cocr {dYo Ho$ ImÌrZo _§Oya

hmoVmV.

3. gm_w{hH$ O~m~Xmar … gm_w{hH$ O~m~XmarMo VÎd ho g§gXr` cmoH$emhrMo AË §V _hÎdmMo

d¡{eï>ç Amho. _§{Ì_§S>imMo H$m © gm_w{hH$ O~m~XmarÀ`m VËdmmZwgma MmcVo. _§{Ì_§S>imZo H$m`Xo_§S>img gmXa

Ho$coco Am{W©H$ {dYo H$ H$m`Xo_§S>imZo Zm_§Oya Ho$ë`mg _§{Ì_§S>imdarc Vmo A{dœmg _mZcm OmVmo. Ë`mda

_§{Ì_§S>imcm amOrZm_m Úmdm cmJVmo.

4. n§Vn«YmZmMo ZoV¥Ëd … H$m`Xo_§S>imV ~hw_V Agcoë`m njmMm ZoVm n§Vn«YmZ AgVmo. Vmo g§nyU©

emgZ §ÌUoMm H|$Ðq~Xy AgVmo. _§{Ì_§S>imMm ZoVm AgVmo. n§Vn«YmZm§À`m _mJ©Xe©ZmZwgma _§{Ì_§S>imMo H$m ©

MmcVo. VgoM Vmo _§{Ì_§S>i d emgZn«_wI `m§À`mVrc Xwdm åhUyZ H$m © H$aVmo. Ë`m§Zr amOrZm_m {Xë`mg Vmo

gd© _§{Ì_§S>imMm amOrZm_m _mZcm OmVmo. Ë`mdoir _§Ìr_§S>i ~aImñV hmoVo.

5. nj{eñVrcm _hÎd … g§gXr` nÕVrV nj {eñV _hÎdmMr AgVo. _§{Ì_§S>imMo ApñVËd

H$m`Xo_§S>imVrc ~hw_VmÀ`m nmqR>ã`mda Adc§~yZ Agë`m_wio gÎmmê$T>> njmV nj{eñV Agcr VaM

_§{Ì_§S>i {Q>Hy$Z amhVo. nj {eñV Zgoc Va _§{Ì_§S>imMo ApñVËd YmoŠ`mV oVo.

(~) AÜ`jr` cmoH$emhr …

AÜ`jr` cmoH$emhr emgZnÕVr hr A_o[aH$m, \«$mÝg Am{U X. A_o[aH$m I§S>mVrc H$mhr Xoem§_Ü o

Amho. `m nÕVrV AÜ`j hm H$m ©H$mar n«_wI AgVmo. Ë`mMr {ZdS> OZVoH$Sy>Z n«Ë`j qH$dm An«Ë`j[aË`m

hmoVo. Vmo H$m`Xo_§S>imcm O~m~Xma ZgVmo. `m nÕVrV AÜ`jnX ho n«~i gÎmmH|$Ð Agë`m_wio {Vcm AÜ`jr`

cmoH$emhr Ago Zmd nS>co Amho. `m nÕVrMr d¡{eï>ço nwT>rcn«_mUo-

1. EH$M n«_wI … AÜ`j hm H$m ©H$mar _§S>imMm KQ>ZmË_H$ n«_wI AgVmo. dmñV{dH$ gÎmm hr

Ë`mÀ`mM hmVmV AgVo. Zm_Ymar Am{U dmñVddmXr Agm oX ZgVmo.

2. OZVoH$Sy>Z {ZdS> … AÜ`jmMr {ZdS> OZVoH$Sy>Z n«Ë`j qH$dm An«Ë`j[aË`m hmoVo. åhUOo

AÜ`jm§Mr {ZdS> H$aÊ`mgmR>r cmoH$ Amnco n«{V{ZYr {ZdS>VmV Am{U Vo n«{V{ZYr AÜ`jmMr {ZdS> H$aVmV.

3. {ZpíMV H$m ©H$mc … AÜ`jmMm H$m ©H$mc {ZpíMV AgVmo. Vmo amÁ`KQ>ZoZo R>a{dcocm AgVmo.

A_o[aH$m AÜ`jmMm H$m ©H$mc Mma dfm©Mm Amho. oWrc AÜ`jm§Zm XmoZ doimM AÜ`jñWmZ yfdVm oVo.

4. AÜ`jmMo ñWmZ … H$m ©H$mar gÎmm AÜ`jmÀ`m hmVr AgVo. _§{Ì_§S>imVrc _§Í`m§Mr Zo_UyH$

AÜ`j H$aVmo. Ë`m_wio _§Ìr AÜ`jmcm O~m~Xma AgVmV. _§Í`m§Mr y{_H$m hr gëcmJmamMr AgVo. Vo

Amnë`m ImË`mÀ`m H$ma^mam~m~VMr _m{hVr AÜ`jmcm XoVmV.


darc XmoÝhr emgZnÕVrMr {d{dY d¡{eï>ço Agcr Var gd© cmoH$emhr XoemV EH$ JmoîQ> g_mZ

AmT>iVo. Vr åhUOo {VMo n«m{V{ZYrH$ cmoH$emhrMo ñdê$n. n«Ë oH$ XoemVrc gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$, amOH$s`

pñWVr {^ÝZ Agë`m_wio VoWrc cmoH$n«{V{ZYr Am{U OZVm `m§Zr H$moUË`m nÕVrZo cmoH$emhr _yë`m§Mr

OmonmgZm Ho$cocr Amho `mda VoWrc cmoH$emhrMo ñdê$n {ZpíMV hmoVo.

An«Ë`j qH$dm n«m{V{Z{YH$ cmoH$emhrMo JwU (Merits)

VwcZmË_H$Ñï>çm cmoH$emhr emgZnÕVr hr BVa emgZnÕVrnojm loîR> XOm©Mr Amho {VMo JwU

nwT>rcn«_mUo …

1. emgZmMm gd©loð> n«H$ma … cmoH$emhrMo VÎdkmZ ñdmV§Í`, g_Vm, ~§Yw md, ghH$m ©, VÎd-

g{hîUwVm BË`mXr loîR> emídV OrdZ_yë`m§da AmYm[aV Amho. `m OrdZ_yë`m§Mr amOH$s`n«mßVr ho cmoH$emhrMo

Ü o Amho. cmoH$emhrnojm A{YH$ CÎm_ n`m© AOyZn ªV g_moa Amcocm Zmhr. Ë`m_wio hm emgZmMm gd©loîR>>

n«H$ma R>acm Amho.

2. g_mZVoMr dmJUyH$ … cmoH$emhrV gdmªZm g_mZVoMr dmJUyH$ {Xcr OmVo. amOH$s`, Am{W©H$ d

gm_m{OH$ joÌmV g_VoMo VÎd ñdrH$mê$Z g_mOmMm gdmªJrU {dH$mg gmYcm OmVmo. g_mOmV CÀM-ZrM,

loîR>>-H${ZîR> Agm oX^md Ho$cm OmV Zmhr. Ë`m_wio g_mO EH$g§K amhÊ`mg _XV hmoVo.

3. O~m~Xma emgZnÕVr d H$ë`mUH$mar amÁ` … cmoH$emhr emgZnÕVr hr O~m~Xma

emgZnÕVr åhUyZ AmoiIcr OmVo. cmoH$n«{V{ZYr OZVocm O~m~Xma amhyZ H$m © H$aVmV. _§{Ì_§S>i

H$m`Xo_§S>imcm O~m~Xma amhyZ cmoH$H$ë`mUmMr H$m © H$aVo. H$m`Xo_§S>imMm {dœmg Agon ªV _§{Ì_§S>i gÎmoda

amhVo. cmoH$emhrcm H$ë`mUH$mar amÁ` A{^no«V Agë`m_wio amÁèmgZ Zoh_r cmoH${hVmgmR>r H$ë`mUH$mar

`moOZm am~{dV AgVo.

4. ì`pŠVñdmV§Í`m§Mo g§ajU Am{U ì`pŠV{dH$mg … cmoH$emhr {dMman«UmcrV

ì`ŠVrñdmV§Í`mcm n«W_ n«mYmÝ` {Xco OmVo. amÁ` ho ì`ŠVrÀ`m ñdmV§Í`mMo ajU H$aVo. ì`ŠVrñdmV§Í`mMr h_r

\$ŠV cmoH$emhrVM {_iVo. ì`ŠVrÀ`m gwßVJwUm§Mm {dH$mg KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mgmR>r cmoH$emhr Cn wŠV R>acr

Amho. cmoH$emhrV ì`ŠVrcm AmMma-{dMma d CÀMma `m§Mo ñdmV§Í` {Xco OmVo. ì`ŠVrMo A{YH$ma gwa{jV

Ro>dyZ ì`ŠVr {dH$mgmMm AmXa cmoH$emhrV Ho$cm OmVmo.

5. em§VVoMm gZXera amÁ`H$ma^ma … cmoH$emhrV cmoH$m§À`m {dMma{d{Z_`mVyZ, MM}VyZ, cmoH$m§À`m

BÀNo>VyZ cmoH$_VmZwgma amÁ`H$ma^ma MmcVmo. cmoH$emhrV cmoH$n«{V{ZYr em§VVoÀ`m _mJm©Zo {ZdSy>Z Amcoco

AgVmV. Ë`m_wio cmoH$m§À`m ^mdZoMm AmXa H$ê$Z {ZU© KoVmV. g§Kf©, n«{VH$ma `m _mJm©EodOr em§VVm,

ghH$m © Aem _mJm©Zo OmVoMo n«íZ gmoS>{dVm oVmV Aer ^mdZm cmoH$emhrV ÑT> Pmcocr {XgVo.


6. gÎmoMo {dH|$ÐrH$aU Am{U OZVm{^_wI amÁ`H$ma^ma … cmoH$emhrV gÎmoÀ`m {dH|$ÐrH$aUmMo

VÎd ñdrH$macoco AgVo. amOH$s` Am{U emgH$s` gÎmm H|$Ð gaH$manmgyZ ñWm{ZH$ ñdamÁ` g§ñWmn ªV

{dH|$ÐrV Pmcocr AmT>iyZ oVo. {dH|$ÐrH$aUm_wio OZVoMm amOH$s` gh^mJ dmTy>Z OZVoMo gmd© m¡_Ëd n«H$Q>

hmoVo Am{U amÁ`H$ma^ma OZVm{^_wI hmodyZ OZVoMo H$ë`mU, {hV gmYco OmVo. ñWm{ZH$ nmVirda Amcoë`m

amOH$s` AZw dmMm \$m`Xm amîQ´>r` nmVirdarc emgZg§ñWocm hmoVmo.

7. amOH$s` OmJéH$Vm … cmoH$emhrV ZmJ[aH$m§Zm amOH$s` {ejU {_iVo. {ZdS>UwH$sÀ`m H$mimV

_VXmZ, _Vn«Mma `m_wio ì`ŠVrcm cmoH$emhr _yë`m§Mr AmoiI hmoVo. Ë`m_wio Vo Amnë`m hŠH$m§Mo nmcZ

H$aÊ`mgmR>r PQ>VmV. hr OmJéH$Vm cmoH$emhrg nmofH$ R>aVo.

8. Aëng§»`m§H$m§À`m {hVmMo ajU … cmoH$emhrV ì`ŠVr hm KQ>H$ {dH$mgmMm H|$Ðq~Xy _mZë`m_wio

amÁ`mVrc gd© cmoH$m§Zm {dH$mgmMr g_mZg§Yr CncãY H$ê$Z {Xcr OmVo. Aëng§»`m§H$ cmoH$m§À`m

g§ajUmgmR>r Am{U g§dY©ZmgmR>r KQ>ZmË_H$ VaVwXr Am{U Cnm``moOZm H$ê$Z Ro>dë`m OmVmV. Aën-

g§»`m§H$mda AÝ`m` hmoD$ Z o åhUyZ n«_mUera n«{V{ZYrËdmMr nÕVr pñdH$maÊ`mV Amcocr Amho.

9. OZ{hVmgmR>r gÎmoMm dmna … cmoH$emhrV ZmJ[aH$m§Zr R>am{dH$ H$mcmdYrgmR>r {ZdSy>Z {Xcoco

n«{V{ZYr amÁ`H$ma^ma Mmc{dVmV. Vo cmoH$m§Zm O~m~Xma AgVmV. ZmJ[aH$m§À`m _Ouda Ë`m§Mo nX Adc§~yZ

Agë`mZo Ë`m§Mr _Ou gm§ miÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zm ì`mnH$ amîQ>´>{hV d OZH$ë`mUmMm CÔoe g_moa Ro>dyZM gÎmoMm

dmna H$amdm cmJVmo.

10. Z¡{VH$ JwUm§Mm {dH$mg … amOH$s` g_Vm, OZgh^mJmMr ì`mnH$ ì`dñWm, O~m~XmarMo VÎd,

loîR>> _yë`m§Mm nmR>cmJ `m gd© H$maUm§_wio cmoH$emhr emgZ Z¡{VH$ ñdê$nmMo R>aco Amho. Aem emgZmV Z¡{VH$

JwUm§Zm d Z¡{VH$ {dH$mgmcm `mo½` g§Yr {_iVo. amÁ`mMo A§{V_ ñdm{_Ëd OZVoOdi Agë`m_wio Ë`m§À`mV

ñdm{^_mZ, Xoen«o_, H$V©ì`namÙVm, nañna g{hîUwVm, ghH$m ©, Ë`mJ BË`mXr JwUm§Mm {dH$mg hmoVmo.

11. ZoV¥ËdmMm {dH$mg … cmoH$emhrV OZgh^mJmÀ`m ì`dñWo_wio ZmJ[aH$m§_Ü o AgUmè`m ZoV¥Ëd

JwUm§À`m {dH$mgmcm g§Yr {_iVo. AmO AZoH$ amOH$s` ZoVo gm_mÝ` OZVoVyZ, ñWm{ZH$ ñdamÁ` g§ñWm§_YyZ

{Z_m©U Pmë`mMr CXmhaUo cmoH$emhr XoemV {XgyZ oVmV.

12. cmoH$emhrcm e¡j{UH$ _hÎd … cmoH$emhr_Ü o n«Ë oH$ ì`ŠVrcm {VÀ`m nmÌVoZwgma emgZ-

H$ma^mamV ^mJ KoÊ`mMr g_mZg§Yr n«mßV hmoVo. ñWm{ZH$ ñdamÁ` g§ñWmnmgyZ Vo H|$ÐrèmgZmn ªV n«Ë oH$OU

ñdH$V¥©ËdmZwgma emgZ H$ma^mamV ^mJ KoD$ eH$Vmo. Á`mÛmao ì`ŠVrcm amOH$s` d emgZH$ma^mamMo {ejU

n«mßV hmoVo. {ZdS>UwH$sÀ`m doiog {d{dY njmÀ`m Ü o -YmoaUmMm Aä`mg cmoH$ H$aVmV Am{U _JM _VXmZ

H$aVmV. cmoH$emhr{df`r gr. S>r. ~Z© Ago åhUVmo H$s, emgZmMm n«Ë oH$ n«H$ma hm {ejUmMo H$m © H$aVmo.

nU ñd{ejU hoM CËH¥$îQ>> gaH$ma hmo d Vo emgZ åhUOoM cmoH$emhr emgZ hmo .


13. ì`ŠVrnyOocm ñWmZ ZgVo … cmoH$emhr_Ü o H$moUË`mhr ì`ŠVrMm Jm¡ad {VÀ`m A§Jr Agcoë`m

loîR> JwUm§_wio hmoVmo. ì`ŠVrnyOm cmoH$emhrcm _mÝ` Zmhr. nU ì`ŠVrÀ`m n«{VîR>ocm, H$m`m©cm cmoH$emhrV \$ma

_hÎd Amho. cmoH$emhrV amîQ´>nwéfm§Mm Jm¡ad d Ë`m§Mo nwÊ`ñ_aU Ë`m§À`m A§Jr Agcoë`m gd©loîR>

JwUH$V¥©Ëdm_wioM AmnU H$arV AgVmo.

14. cmoH$emhrV AZwdm§{eH$Vm Zmhr … amOoemhr_Ü o amOmÀ`m _¥Ë yZ§Va Ë`mMm OoîR> nyÌ qH$dm

H$Ý`m amOnXr Amê$T> hmoVo. CXm. B§½c§S>. nU cmoH$emhr_Ü o gÎmm{YH$mar ì`ŠVrÀ`m _¥Ë yZ§Va Ë`mMm nyÌ qH$dm

H$Ý`m gÎmm{YH$mar hmoV Zmhr. gÎmm{YH$mè`mMo nX ñdV…À`m JwUH$V¥©ËdmZwgma n«mßV H$amdo cmJVo.

15. Ý`m`XmZmMr Img ì`dñWm … cmoH$emhr_Ü o n«M{cV H$m`ÚmZwgma Ý`m`XmZ hmoVo. Ý`m`XmZmMo

H$m © ñdV§Ì Ý`m`nm{cHo$H$Sy>Z hmoVo. Ý`m` XoVmZm H$moUVmhr oX^md Ho$cm OmV Zmhr. Ý`m`m{Yem§Zm OmñVrV

OmñV ñdmV§Í` {Xco OmVo Ë`m_wio {Z…ñdmWu d {Z…njnmVr Ý`m`XmZ hmoVo.

16. amîQ´>r` EH$mË_Vm {Q>Hy$Z amhVo … cmoH$emhrV cmoH$ gmd© m¡_ AgVmV. amÁ`mMr gd©loîR>> eŠVr

cmoH$m§_Ü o EH$dQ>cocr AgVo. Xoe {dH$mgmÀ`m ñdmV§Í`mÀ`m ajUmMr O~m~Xmar OZVoMr AgVo. Ë`m_wio gd©

ZmJ[aH$m§_Ü o amîQ´>>n«o_mMr, amîQ´>m{^_mZmMr ^mdZm dmT>rg cmJVo.

WmoS>Š`mV, cmoH$emhrV gO©ZercVm Agë`m_wio ZmJ[aH$m§_Ü o g_mO{hVmMr OmUrd-OmJ¥Vr {Z_m©U

hmoVo. cm°S©> ~«mB©g `m§Zr cmoH$emhrZo AmÎmmn ªV CËH¥$îQ> H$m_{Jar ~OmdyZ g_mOmV em§VVm, gwì`dñWm n«ñWm{nV

H$ê$Z ì`pŠVñdmV§Í` gwa{jV Ro>dco Amho. Aem eãXmV cmoH$emhrMo _yë`m§H$Z Ho$coco Amho. åhUyZM BVa

H$moUË`mhr emgZnÕVrnojm cmoH$emhr gd©loîR> Amho `mV e§H$mM mmhr.

An«Ë`j qH$dm n«m{V{Z{YH$ cmoH$emhrMo Xmof (Demerits)

cmoH$emhr emgZnÕVr gdm©V loîR> Amho Ago Oar H$mhr {dMmad§Vm§Mo _V Agco Var Vr {ZXm}f nÕVr

Amho Agm _mÌ `mMm AW© Zmhr. H$maU cmoH$emhrÀ`m ajUmW© n{hco _hm wÕ Pmco nU wÕmMm eodQ> hmoVmo

Z hmoVmo VmoM a{e`m d wamonr` amï´>mV hwHy$_emhrMm CX` Pmcm. Ë`mMm n[aUm_ åhUyZ Xwgao _hm wÕ Pmco.

AmOhr ~è`mM XoemVyZ AmnU cîH$ar H«$m§Vr Pmë`mMo nmhVmo. `mMo H$maU cmoH$emhr emgZnÕVr_Ü o

Agcoco Xmof hoM Amho.

cmoH$emhr emgZmda AZoH$m§Zr \$ma {dXmaH$ Q>rH$m Ho$cocr Amho. Qo>{ca±S> `m emñÌkmZo cmoH$emhrcm

"H$mù`m g§ajH$mMr emgZnÕVr' (Aristocracy of Blackguards) Ago g§~moYco Amho. Va H$mcm©B©cZo

cmoH$emhrcm "_wImªMo emgZ'> Ago åhQ>co Amho.

cmoH$emhr emgZmda hoÝar_oZ, Xr Q>m°H$ìhrc, ãc§Q>ícr, Q´>rQ>ñHo$, ~«mB©g {_c, \$m°JoQ> Aem AZoH$

emñÌkm§Zr {Q>H$m Ho$cr Amho. Ë`m§À`m {Q>Ho$Mm _w»` ñÌmoV nwT>rcn«_mUo Amho …


1. amOH$s`Ñï>çm AkmZr cmoH$m§Mo emgZ … \$m°JoQ> `m {dMmad§VmZo cmoH$emhrcm AkmZr Am{U

A`mo½` cmoH$m§Mo emgZ åhQ>co Amho. cmoH$emhr emgZ ~hw_VmÀ`m AmYmamda MmcV Agë`m_wio Ë`mV

ZmJ[aH$m§À`m JwU Am{U Mm[aÍ`mMm {dMmaM hmoV Zmhr. {ZdS>UwH$sV C_oXdma ImoQ>r AmœmgZo XodyZ {ZdS>UwH$m

qOH$VmV. g_mOmVrc cmoH$m§V {ejUmMm A^md, AkmZ, Xm[aÐç, XoemÀ`m n«íZm§Mr OmUrd Zgë`m_wio Vo

Aem AmídmgZmcm ~ir nS>VmV. cmoH$emhrV Ho$di S>moH$s _moOcr OmVmV. JwUdÎmm nm{hcr OmV Zmhr.

A{e{jV cmoH$m§Zr {ZdSy>Z {Xcoë`m AnmÌ n«{V{ZYtMo emgZ åhUOo _wImªMo emgZ Aer {Q>H$m Qo>{ca°ÝS> coH$s

`m§Zr Ho$cr Amho.

2. amîQ´>{hVmnojm nj{hVmcm A{YH$ _hÎd … cmoH$emhrV cmoH$ _VXmZmÛmao Amnco _V ì`ŠV

H$aVmV. _VXmam§gmR>r e¡j{UH$ Am{U gm§n{ÎmH$ AQ>r Amdí`H$ AgVmV. ZmJ[aH$m§Zm amîQ´>mÀ`m {d{dY

g_ñ`m§Mr OmUrd ZgVo. EImÚm doir n«íZ g_Oco Var Vo gmoS>{dÊ`mMo _mJ© _mhrV ZgVmV. amOH$s` nj

Aem n«íZm§Mm AW© ñdV…Mr n«{VîR>m dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r Amnë`m nÕVrZo cmdVmV. njmÀ`m nmqR>ã`mZo {ZdSy>Z

Amcoco n«{V{ZYr ñdV…À`m _VmZo, {dMmamZo dmJV ZmhrV H$maU nj{eñVr_wio Ë`m§Zm njmÀ`m YmoaUmMm

nwañH$ma H$amdm cmJVmo. AÝ`Wm njmVyZ nj{eñVrgmR>r {Zc§{~V ìhmdo cmJVo.

3. VÎd Am{U ì`dhma `mV A§Va … cmoH$emhr emgZm_Ü o O_mdmMo _mZgemñÌ ZoVm Zoh_rM

OmUyZ KoVmo. YyV© Am{U _wËgÔr ZoVm n« mdr KmofUmÛmao cmoH$_V Amnë`m ~mOyZoo di{dVmo. {ZdSy>Z oVmM

ì`dhma doJim H$aVmo. H$maU _VXmamnwTo> gmXa Ho$coco YmoaU Am{U VÎdo `m§Mr nyV©Vm H$aÊ`mMr gmYZo Am{U

n¡gm `m§Mr H$_VaVm AgVo. EImXr KmofUm H$ê$Z, EImXo AmídmgZ XodyZ gÎmm IoMyZ KoVm oVo. na§Vw `m

AmídmgZmMr nyV©Vm H$aVm oUo eŠ` ZgVo. Aem n«H$mao VÎd Am{U ì`dhma `mV V\$mdV AmT>iVo.

4. cmoH$emhr YmoaUmV gmVË` ZgVo … cmoH$emhrV EH$M nj Zoh_rM gÎmmYre hmoB©c `mMr

emídVr XoVm oV Zmhr. n«Ë oH$ njmMo YmoaU {Za{Zamio AgVo. n{hë`m njmZo gÎmoda AgVmZm pñdH$macoco

YmoaU gÎmmê$T> hmoUmam nj pñdH$maocM Aer ImÌr ZgVo. Ë`m_wio H$moUVohr H$m_ nyU© hmoV Zmhr. CcQ> n{hë`m

njmMo YmoaU Mm§Jco Agco Var Vo MwH$sMo H$go Amho `mMmM ~mo mQ>m Xwgam nj Zoh_r H$aVmo.

5. ~hw_VmÀ`m ZmdmImcr hwHy$_emhrMr {Z{_©Vr … cmoH$emhrV ~hw_VmZo {ZU© KoVco OmVmV.

{ZdS>UwH$sV H$moUË`m njmcm qH$dm ì`ŠVrcm {H$Vr QŠHo$$_Vo {_imcr `mMm {dMma hmoV Zmhr. {ZdS>UyH$

cT>Umè`m C_oXdmamg OmñVrV-OmñV _Vo Á`mcm {_imcr Vmo C_oXdma {dO`r hmoVmo. CXm. e§ a _VXmam§Mo

{d^mOZ Ago Ho$co H$s, Á`mV A-29, ~-28, H$-26, S>- 17 Aer _Vm§Mr {d^mJUr Pmcr Va "A' cm

gdm©{YH$ 29 _Vo n«mßV Pmcr åhUyZ "A'> {dO`r hmoVmo. nU {damoYmV Jocoë`m _Vm§Mr ~oarO 71 hmoVo. _J

`mcm ~hw_VmÀ`m ZmdmImcr hwHy$_emhr Zmhr Va Xwgao H$m` åhUmdo?

6. amÁ`H$ma^mamMm XOm© ImcmdVmo … cmoH$emhrVrc gaH$ma cmoH$m§À`mH$Sy>Z {ZdS>coë`m

n«{V{ZYtMo AgVo. {ZdS>UwH$sV AZoH$ C_oXdma C o amhVmV. nU Ë`mn¡H$s EH$mMr ~hw_VmZo cmoH$n«{V{ZYr


åhUyZ {ZdS> hmoVo. hr {ZdS> H$aVmZm C_oXdmamMr nmÌVm cjmV Z KoVm Or ì`ŠVr n«{gÕ, cmoH${n« , n¡godmcr

Amho Aem ì`ŠVrg _VXmam§H$Sy>Z _VXmZ Ho$co OmVo Am{U Vmo {ZdSy>Z oVmo. amOH$s` ì`dñWoMr _m{hVr

ZgUmè`m C_oXdmam§À`m hmVr gÎmm Amë`m_wio amÁ`H$ma^ma ImcmdVmo.

7. cmoH$emhrV {ejUmMo Ad_yë`Z hmoVo … cmoH$emhr_Ü o ñdmWm©gmR>r cmoH$m§Mr Iwem_V Ho$cr

OmVo. Ë`m_wio cmoH$m§Mo ^md dmT>VmV. g_mOmVrc cmoH$m§À`m ^mdZm ^S>H${dÊ`mMo XwîQ> H$m © cmoH$emhrV hmoVo.

hwema, ~w{ÕOrdr d `mo½` nU amOH$maUmV ^mJ KoÊ`mg Ag_W© AgUmè`m ~w{ÕOrdr cmoH$m§H$So> Xwc©j hmoVo.

cmoH${ejUmÀ`m Jm|S>g ZmdmImcr {ejUmMm XOm© KgaVmo.

8. _§XJVrZo {dH$mg … cmoH$emhrV {ZU© gZXera_mJm©Zo, {dMma{d{Z_` H$ê$Z KoVco OmVmV.

amîQ´>r` {Z`moOZ, {dH$mg Am{U H$m ©H«$_ `m§Mr A§_c~OmdUr gmdH$me, g§W JVrZo hmoVo. H$maU n«Ë oH$

{ZU© mda MMm© AnojrV Yacr OmVo. Ë`m_wio {Z`moOrV doioV amîQ´>mMm {dH$mg hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr.

9. Z¡{VH$ {dH$mgmcm KmVH$ … cmoH$emhr {ZdS>UwH$sV ImoQ>r AmídmgZo, ^md{ZH$ AmìhmZ,

YZeº$s Am{U AÝ` _mJmªMm dmna Ho$cm OmVmo. Ë`m_wio AnmÌ, AH$m ©j_ ì`ŠVr {ZdSy>Z oÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm

A{YH$ AgVo. `mVyZ OZ{hVmEodOr ñd{hVmgmR>r gÎmoMm dmna gwê$ hmoVmo. BVHo$M Zìho Va H$mhr doiog gÎmm

{Q>H$dyZ Ro>dÊ`mgmR>r Ad¡Y _mJm©Mm Adc§~ hmoD$ eH$Vmo.

10. ZmoH$aemhrMr gÎmm … cmoH$emhrV O~m~Xma emgZmÀ`m ZmdmImcr ZmoH$aemhrMr gÎmm {Z_m©U

hmoÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm AgVo. _VXmam§Zr {ZdSy>Z {Xcoco AZoH$ n«{V{ZYr AZw d{hZ n«emgZ H$m`m©~m~V AZ{^k

AgVmV. åhUyZ H$mhr {Q>H$mH$ma cmoH$emhrcm "Zd»`m cmoH$m§Mo emgZ'> Ago åhUVmV. Zd»`m AZw d

ZgUmè`m n«{V{ZYrcm emgZH$m`m©gmR>r ZmoH$aemhrda {dg§~yZ ahmdo cmJVo.

11. «ï>mMma, H$mim~mOma d cmMcwMnV … cmoH$emhrV g§YrgmYy cmoH$ {ZdS>UwH$sÀ`mdoir

dm__mJm©Mm Adc§~ H$ê$Z _VXmam§Zm n¡go XodyZ Vo _Vm§Mr IaoXr H$aVmV. Ë`mgmR>r cmJUmam n¡gm C^m

H$aÊ`mgmR>r «ï>mMma, H$mim~mOma `m _mJm©Mm dmna H$aVmV. AmYw{ZH$ cmoH$emhr amîQ´>m§Zm «ï>mMmamMr {H$S>

cmJcocr Amho. AWm©V gdmªZmM «ï>mMmar åhUVm oV Zmhr. H$mhr cmoH$n«{V{ZYr {Z…ñdmWu, n«m_m{UH$,

nmaXeu ì`pŠV_ÎdmMo AmhoV.

12. ApñWa emgZnÕVr … AZoH$ nj AgUmè`m cmoH$emhr XoemV H$mhr doim H$moUË`mM amOH$s`

njmcm ~hw_V n«mßV hmoV Zmhr. Aem doir {d{dY amOH$s` nj EH$Ì odyZ AmKmS>rMo gaH$ma ñWmnZ H$aVmV.

nU n«Ë oH$ amOH$s` njmMr Ü o YmoaUo {^Þ Agë`m_wio Ë`m§À`mV EH$dmŠ`Vm, EH$OyQ> amhV Zmhr. Aem doir

Vo gaH$ma Aën{Odr R>ê$Z cmoH$emhr ApñWa ~ZVo. ApñWa amÁ`H$ma^mam_wio amï>r` {dH$mgmH$So> Xwc©j hmoD$

eH$Vo.

Aemn«H$mao cmoH$emhrV H$mhr Xmof AmT>iyZ oV Agco Varhr AmO OJmVrc XmoZ V¥Vr`m§e amï´>m§Zr

cmoH$emhr emgZnÕVr pñdH$macocr Amho. Ë`m_wio cmoH$emhr OJmV gd©loð> Agë`mMo {XgyZ oVo.


3.2.5 cmoH$emhrMr d¡{eï>ço (Features of Democracy)

AmO EH${dgmì`m eVH$mV OJmVrc XmoZ V¥Vr`m§enojm A{YH$ amï´>m§Zr n«m{V{ZYrH$ cmoH$emhr

emgZnÕVrMm ñdrH$ma Ho$cocm Amho. `m cmoH$emhrMr R>iH$ d¡{eîQ>ço nwT>rcn«_mUo …

1. OZVoMo gmd© m¡_Îd … cmoH$emhrV OZVoMr gÎmm hr A§{V_ Am{U gd©loð> AgVo. cmoH$emhrV

amÁ`H$ma^ma cmoH$m§À`m g§_VrVyZ Am{U cmoH$m§À`m {Q>Ho$VyZ MmcVmo. oWo emgZmMr n«Ë`j gÎmm OZVoÀ`m hmVr

Zgcr Var amÁ`H$V}-emgZH$V} H$moU AgmdoV Vo R>a{dÊ`mMm A{YH$ma OZVocm AgVmo.

2. amOH$s` g_Vm … cmoH$emhrV OZVoMo emgZ Agë`m_wio n«Ë oH$ ì`ŠVrcm Ë`mV g_mZ dmQ>m,

g_mZ gh^mJ Am{U g_mZ A{YH$ma {_imdoV ho VÎd pñdH$maco OmVo. Y_©, OmV, d§e, qcJ BË`mXrÀ`m

AmYmamda H$moUVmhr oX^md Z H$aVm n«Ë oH$ ì`ŠVrcm amÁ`H$ma^mamV gh^mJr hmoÊ`mMr g§Yr XoUo ho

cmoH$emhrMm _w»` CÔoe AgVmo.

3. _wc yV hŠH$ … ì`ŠVrcm ñdV…À`m ì`pŠV_Îd {dH$mgmgmR>r VgoM n«{VîR>oZo OrdZ OJÊ`mgmR>r

AË §V _hÎdmÀ`m hŠH$m§Mm g_mdoe _wc yV hŠH$m_Ü o Ho$cocm AgVmo. CXm. ñdmV§Í`mMm, g_VoMm B. _yc yV

hŠH$$ ho cmoH$emhrMo n«mUVÎd Amho. åhUyZM cmoH$emhr XoemV _wc yV hŠH$mda A{VH«$_U Pmë`mg Ë`m{déÕ

Ý`m`mc`mV XmX _mJVm oVo.

4. gmd©{ÌH$ n«m¡T> _Vm{YH$ma … Iè`m cmoH$emhrÀ`m n«ñWmnZogmR>r n«m¡T> _Vm{YH$mamMo VÎd gd©_mÝ`

Pmcoco Amho. amÁ`mZo R>a{dcocr {d{eîQ> d`mMr AQ> nyU© H$aUmè`m n«Ë oH$ ñÌr-nwéfmcm Amnco n«{V{ZYr

{ZdS>Ê`mMm {_imcocm A{YH$ma åhUOo gmd©{ÌH$ n«m¡T> _Vm{YH$ma hmo . Y_©, d§e, _mc_Îmm, qcJ, {ejU

Aem H$moUË`mhr H$maUmdê$Z _VXmZmMm A{YH$ma ZmH$macm OmUo ho cmoH$emhr VÎdmer {dg§JV R>ê$ eH$Vo.

5. O~m~Xma emgZnÕVr … cmoH$emhrV emgZ ho cmoH$m§Zm O~m~Xma AgVo. g§gXr` cmoH$emhr

emgZnÕVrcm O~m~Xma emgZnÕVr Ago åhUVmV. g§gXr` cmoH$emhrV _§{Ì_§S>i gm_y{hH$[aË`m nmc©_|Q>cm

O~m~Xma AgVo. g§gXr` emgZnÕVrV A{dœmgmMr Q>m§JVr Vcdma Zoh_r _§{Ì_§S>imda AgVo. Ë`m_wio

_§Ìr_§S>i O~m~XmarZo H$m © H$aVo. AÜ`jr` cmoH$emhr nÕVrV amîQ´>mÜ`j H$m`Xo_§S>imcm O~m~Xma amhV

Zgcm Var Vmo OZVoer O~m~Xma AgVmo. amîQ´>mÜ`jm§Zr KoVcocm n«Ë oH$ {ZU© Am{U H¥$Vr `m§Zm {gZoQ>Mr

_mÝ`Vm ¿`mdr cmJVo.

6. cmoH$_VmZwgma emgZ … AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV n«m{V{ZYrH$ cmoH$emhr Agë`m_wio OZVm Amnco

n«{V{ZYr {ZdSy>Z Ë`m§À`m_m\©$V amÁ`H$ma^ma Mmc{dVo. Ë`mgmR>r cmoH${Zdm©{MV Aem {ZU© {ZYm©aU g§aMZm

{Z_m©U Ho$ë`m OmVmV. Aem g§aMZm_YyZ {ZU© KoUmè`m§Zm cmoH$_VmMm AmYma ¿`mdm cmJVmo. cmoH$_VmÀ`m

{damoYmV H$moUVmhr {ZU© Ë`m§Zm KoVm oV Zmhr.

7. H$m`ÚmMo amÁ` … cmoH$emhr ì`dñWoV H$m`Úmg_moa gd© ì`ŠVr g_mZ _mZë`m OmVmV. H$moUVrhr


ì`ŠVr H$m`Úmnojm loîR>> ZgVo. amOH$s` nXm{YH$mar, emgH$s` A{YH$mar, gaH$mar ZmoH$a, gd©gm_mÝ`

ZmJ[aH$, Agm oX^md Z H$aVm gdmªZm H$m`Úmg_moa g_mZ _mZco OmVo. {~«Q>re Ý`m`n§S>rV n«mo. S>m`gr `m§Zr

H$m`ÚmMo amÁ` `m VÎdmMm nwañH$ma Ho$cm Amho. g_mOmVrc ì`ŠVrMm XOm© {dMmamV Z KoVm gdmªZm EH$M

H$m`Xm d EH$M Ý`m` cmJy Ho$cm OmVmo.

8. em§VVoÀ`m _mJm©Mm Adc§~ … cmoH$emhr emgZnÕVr hr gZXera d em§VVoÀ`m _mJm©Zo MmcUmar

n«{H«$`m Amho. cmoH$emhrV gmd©{ÌH$ {ZdS>UwH$m Iwë`m d ñdÀN> dmVmdaUmV hmoD$Z gaH$ma em§VVoÀ`m _mJm©Zo

~XcVo. cmoH$emhr amÁ`H$ma^ma hm ~§XwH$sÀ`m JmoirVyZ MmcV Zmhr Va Vmo _Vn{ÌH$m§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ MmcVmo.

9. ì`pŠVñdmV§Í`mcm _hÎd … ì`ŠVrÀ`m gdmªJrU {dH$mgmgmR>r ñdmV§Í` Amdí`H$ AgVo. n«Ë oH$

ì`ŠVrcm ñdmV§Í`mMm {ZgJ©XÎm A{YH$ma Amho. Ë`m_wio ì`ŠVrÀ`m ñdmV§Í`mMo ajU H$aÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar

emgZg§ñWoda Adc§~yZ AgVo. n«Ë oH$ ì`ŠVrcm AmMma, {dMma, lÕm, Y_© Am{U g§ñH¥$Vr `m§Mo ñdmV§Í` {Xco

OmVo.

10. n« mdr {damoYr nj … cmoH$emhrV cmoH$m§À`m g§_VrVyZ amÁ`H$ma^ma MmcVmo. cmoH$m§Mm nmqR>~m

{_idyZ ~hw_VmÀ`m Omoamda amOH$s` nj gÎmoda oVmV. {damoYr njmMo n«{V{ZYr amÁ`H$ma^mamda XoIaoI

Ro>dVmV. gÎmméT> njmÀ`m H$m`m©da A§Hw$e Ro>dÊ`mMo H$m © {damoYr njm_m\©$V MmcVo åhUyZM cmoH$emhr åhUOo

cmoH$m§Mr g§_Vr Am{U Q>rH$m `mda MmcUmar emgZnÕVr Aer ì`m»`m Ho$cr OmVo. Aem n«H$mao cmoH$emhrMr

d¡{eï>ço AmT>iyZ oVmV.

ñd § AÜ``Z n«íZ 2

[aH$må`m OmJr `mo½` n`m© {ZdSy>Z {dYmZo nyU© H$am.

1. B§½c§S>cm .......... Mr OZZr åhUyZ AmoiIco OmVo.

(cmoH$emhr, gmå`dmXr, hwHy$_emhr, amOoemhr)

2. cmoH$m§Mo cmoH$m§Zr Am{U cmoH$m§gmR>r Mmc{dco OmUmao emgZ åhUOo cmoH$emhr hr ì`m»`m

.......... Zr Ho$cr Amho. (Om°O© dm°qe½Q>Z, A~«mh_ qcH$Z, Om°O© ~we, aoJZ)

3. AmO n«Ë`j cmoH$emhr .......... `m amîQ´>mV ApñVËdmV Amho.

(B§½c§S>, ^maV, pñdËPcªS>, nm{H$ñVmZ)

4. ^maVmV .......... hr emgZnÕVr Amho.

(AÜ`jr`, hwHy$_emhr, gmå`dmXr, cmoH$emhr)

5. Á`m emgZmV n«Ë oH$mcm gh^mJr hmoVm oVo Vr cmoH$emhr hmo . Ago .......... `m§Zr åhQ>co Amho.

(cm°S©> ~«mB©g, {gcr, _°H$Am`ìha, _. Jm§Yr)


6. A_o[aHo$V ............ hr emgZnÕVr Amho.

(g§gXr`, AÜ`jr`, gmå`dmXr, amOoemhr)

7. n«mMrZ ^maVmVrc d‚mrg§Km_Ü o .......... cmoH$emhr hmoVr.

(n«Ë`j, An«Ë`j, {Z §{ÌV, A{Z §{ÌV)

8. égmoZo .......... cmoH$emhrMo g_W©Z Ho$co Amho.

(_`m©{XV, {Z §{ÌV, n«Ë`j, An«Ë`j)

3.2.6 cmoH$emhr : _hÎd (Democracy : Importance)

AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV cmoH$emhr emgZnÕVr hm gdm©V CÎm_ emgZ n«H$ma _mZcm OmVmo. cmoH$emhr hr

n«mMrZ H$mimnmgyZ MmcV Amcocr amÁ`ì`dñWm Amho. n«mMrZ H$mimV J«rH$, ^maV `m{R>H$mUr JUamÁ`m§Mo

ApñVËd hmoVo. Ë`m§Mm H$ma^ma n«Ë`j cmoH$emhr VÎdmwgma MmcV Ago. na§Vw AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV Vmo OZVoZo

{ZdSy>Z {Xcoë`m n«{V{ZYr_m\©$V MmcVmo. cmoH$emhr emgZnÕVrMo _hÎd nwT>rcn«_mUo-

1. cmoH${hVmMo emgZ … cmoH$emhr emgZmMm n{hcm CÔoe cmoH${hVmMm AgVmo. OZVoMo n«{V{ZYr

OZVoÀ`m g_ñ`m gmoS>{dÊ`mgmR>r n« ËZerc AgVmV. Ë`m_wio emgZ OZ{hVmH$So> {deof cj XoVo. Om°Z

ñQw>AQ©> {_cZo cmoH$emhrcm emgZmMm AmXe© n«H$ma _mZcm Amho. ""H$maU `mV gmd© m¡_ gÎmm OZVoH$So> AgVo.

n«Ë oH$ ì`ŠVrcm Amnë`m ì`ŠVr_ÎdmMm {dH$mg H$aÊ`mMr g_mZ g§Yr {_iVo. _cm Ver g§Yr {_imcr Zmhr

qH$dm _mÂ`mH$So> Xwc©j Pmco Aer VH«$ma H$aÊ`mMr g§Yr Zmhr. Ago cmoH$emhr_Ü o ì`ŠVr åhUy eH$V Zmhr''>

Ago cm°doc `m§Zr åhQ>co Amho. .

2. O~m~Xma emgZnÕVr … cmoH$emhr cmoH$mZwdVu emgZ Amho. n«m{V{ZYrH$ cmoH$emhrV d¡Ym{ZH$

d amOH$s` O~m~Xmar {ZpíMV H$aÊ`mV Amcocr AgVo. emgZH$V} ho OZVoMo Z_« godH$ AgVmV AerM

^mdZm gdmªÀ`m _ZmV {Z_m©U Pmcocr AgVo. emgZH$V} OZVoÀ`m JmèhmÊ`mH$So> Xwc©j H$ê$ eH$V ZmhrV.

Aën_VdmXrgwÕm n«Mma ghmæ`mZo emgZmMo d cmoH$m§Mo cj Amnë`mH$So> AmH${f©V H$ê$ eH$VmV na§Vw

OZVoÀ`m _mJÊ`m§H$So> Am{U JmèhmÊ`m§H$So> Xwc©j H$aUmao emgZH$V} ~oO~m~Xma emgZH$V} åhUyZ Q>rHo$g nmÌ

R>aVmV. Ë`m§À`m H$m`m©Mo _yë`_mnZ R>am{dH$ _wXVrZ§Va hmoUmè`m gmd©{ÌH$ {ZdS>UwH$sÛmao OZVm Zoh_rM H$arV

AgVo. AH$m ©j_, ~oO~m~Xma, OZVocm ImoQ>r _m{hVr XodyZ \$g{dUmè`m n«{V{ZYtZm OZVm {ZdS>UwH$sÛmao

Ë`m§Mr OmJm XmI{dVo.

3. OZVocm O~m~XmarMr OmUrd … cmoH$emhr hr O~m~Xma emgZnÕVr Amho. emgZH$V}M

amÁ`H$ma^mamgmR>r O~m~Xma AgVmV Ago Zmhr. Va OZVocmhr {VVHo$M O~m~Xma Yaco OmVo. Mm§Jco H$m`

qH$dm dmB©Q> H$m` hr JmoîQ>> cmoH$m§ZrM R>adm`Mr AgVo. OZVoZo ñd_VmÀ`m AmJ«hmcm _waS> KmcyZ Xwgè`mÀ`m

_VmMm AmXa H$aUo, ghH$m ©, godmd¥Îmr Am{U g{hîUwVm XmI{dUo ho AmncoM H$V©ì` Amho. AH$m ©j_


emgZmg Am{U Ë`m_wio hmoUmè`m AY…nVmmg AmnUM n`m© mZo H$maUr yV AmhmoV `mMr OmUrd cmoH$emhrVM

cmoH$m§_Ü o {Z_m©U hmoVo.

4. cmoH$emhr _Vn{ÌHo$da MmcVo … cmoH$emhrV H$moUVmhr {ZU© {ZdS>UwH$m d O~m~Xmar `m

y{_Ho$VyZ KoVcm OmVmo. cmoH$m§À`m _ZmV ñdXoem{df`r n«o_ Am{U gX² mdZm {Z_m©U hmoVo. emgZH$Ë`mªMo

OmMH$ {ZU© em§VVm_` _mJm©Zo {damoY H$ê$Z OZVm ~XcyZ KoVo. _Vn{ÌHo$Ûmao ì`ŠV Pmcocm ~hw_VmMm {ZU©

Zoh_rM _mÝ` H$aÊ`mV oVmo. H$maU cmoH$emhrV "OZVm hrM B©œa Amho.'>(Vox Populi is Vox Devi) Ago

g_Oco OmVo.

5. OZVoMr emgZmVrc ^mJrXmar … cmoH$emhr emgZmV cmoH$m§À`m ^mJrXmarcm _hÎd AgVo.

emgZH$m`m©V n«Ë oH$mcm ^mJ KodyZ Amnco _V _m§S>Vm oVo. oWrc amÁ`H$ma^ma OZVoÀ`m ~hw_VmZwgma MmcVmo.

n«Ë oH$mcm cmoH$_V V`ma H$aÊ`mMr g§Yr {_iVo. amîQ´>{hV Am{U g_mO{hV `mÑï>rZo ì`ŠV Ho$coë`m

cmoH$_VmMm cmoH$emhrV H$YrM AZmXa Ho$cm OmV Zmhr.

6. cmoH$emhrV em§VVocm n«mYmÝ` … cmoH$emhrV cmoH$m§_Ü o emgZm{df`r O~m~Xmar d OmJê$H$Vm

{Z_m©U hmoVo. g§Kfm©Mo n«íZ em§VVm_` _mJm©Zo gmoS>{dco OmVmV. eŠVrMm Anì``, n¡emMr ZmgmS>r, d¡_Zñ`

`m XyJw©UmZm cmoH$ ~ir nS>V ZmhrV. cmoH$m§_Ü o cmoH$_Vm§Vao Agcr Varhr Ë`m§Mo n`m©dgmZ cyQ>, Ominmoi,

_mam_mar, H«$m§Vr `m_Ü o hmoV Zmhr. H$maU `m XwîQ>> _mJm©Mm Adc§~ Ho$ë`mZo AmncoM ZwH$gmZ AmnUM H$[aV

AmhmoV `mMr OmUrd cmoH$m§Zm AgVo.

Aem arVrZo BVa H$moUË`mhr emgZnÕVrnojm cmoH$emhr emgZnÕVr loîR> Amho. H$maU Amncr

O~m~Xmar H$moUVr? g§Kfm©Mo n«íZ em§VVoÀ`m _mJm©Zo H$m gmoS>dm`Mo? `m{df`r cmoH$emhr AmnUmg {eH$dVo.

Amnë`m XoemMo d n`m© mZo Amnco ^{dVì` Amnë`mcmM KS>dm`Mo Amho Aer OmUrd cmoH$emhrM {Z_m©U

H$ê$Z XoVo. åhUyZM BVa H$moUË`mhr emgZnÕVrnojm cmoH$emhr emgZnÕVr gd©loîR>> Amho `mV e§H$mM Zmhr.

3.2.7 cmoH$emhr g_moarc AmìhmZo (Challenges before Democracy)

AmO OJmVrc XmoZ V¥Vr`m§e XoemV cmoH$emhr emgZnÕVr pñdH$macocr Amho. ~hwVoH$ gd© cmoH$emhr

amîQ´>mV n«mXo{eH$ n«{V{ZYrËdmMr nÕVr pñdH$macocr Amho. {Vgè`m OJmVrc ~hwVm§e amîQ´>m§V cmoH$emhr

emgZnÕVrMm ñdrH$ma Ho$cocm Amho. na§Vw ñdmV§Í`, g_Vm, Ý`m` Aem cmoH$emhr VÎdm§Mr VoWo Cnojm Pmcocr

Amho. H$maU OmJ{VH$, Am{W©H$ d AmpÊdH$ ñnYm©, ^m§S>dcemhr Xoem§Mr Am{W©H$ _ŠVoXmar, dmT>Vm

XheVdmX, AmH«$_H$ amîQ´>dmX, gm_m{OH$ ApñWaVm, gm§ñH¥${VH$ Ag_Vmoc, Y_mªYVm, Om{V`Vm, ^mfmdmX,

O_mVdmX, AkmZ, A{e{jVnUm, Xm[aÐç, ~oH$mar AmXr g_ñ`m§Zr {Vgè`m OJmVrc cmoH$emhr amîQ´>o

J«mgcocr AmhoV. Ë`m_wio cmoH$emhr emgZnÕVr ApñWa d Aèñdr Pmcocr {XgyZ oVo.

cmoH$emhr åhUOo O§JcmV H$emhr n[apñWVrV dmT>V OmUmao PmS> ZgyZ Ë`mMr H$miOrnyd©H$ {ZJamUr

H$amdr cmJVo Ago _yë`dmZ amonQo> Amho. Á`m g_mOmMr cmoH$emhrda lÕm AgVo Ë`m g_mOmcm AZoH$


AmìhmZm§Zm Vm|S> XoV cmoH$emhrMr OmonmgZm H$amdr cmJVo. _J Ë`mMo So>aoXma d¥jmV ê$nm§Va hmoVo. `mMo H$maU

åhUOo cmoH$emhr hr H$mhr _yë`m§da AmYmacocr emgZì`dñWm Amho. Vr _yë o åhUOo ñdmV§Í`, g_Vm, ~§YwVm,

Ý`m` hr hmo . Omo g_mO `m _yë`m§Mr H$Xa H$aVmo Ë`m g_mOmVM cmoH$emhrMm {dH$mg hmoVmo. nU hm {dH$mg

gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r cmoH$emhrÀ`m _mJm©Vrc AS>Wio d AmìhmZo Xya Ho$cr nm{hOoV. cmoH$emhrg_moarc AmìhmZo

nwT>rcn«_mUo AmhoV.

1. gm_m{OH$ Ag_mZVm (Social Inequality)

(A) Y_mªYVm …………… cmoH$emhr g_mOì`dñWoV Y_©, d§e, n§W, XOm©, ì`dgm` BË`mXr H$maUm§Zr

g_mOmV {df_Vm {Z_m©U Pmcocr AmT>iVo. B§½c§S>, ^maV, A_o[aH$m Aem cmoH$emhr XoemV dU© oX, OmVr oX,

Y_mªYVm, O_mVdmX, n§W oX Aer {df_Vm AmT>iVo. CXm. B§½c§S>_Ü o {¼íMZ n§WmV n«moQo>ñQ§>Q> Am{U

H°$Wm°{cH$, A_o[aHo$V H$mim-Jmoam, nm{H$ñVmZ-A\$Jm{UñVmZ_Ü o {g`m-gwÞr Agm oX AmT>iVmo. ^maVmV

qhXy, _wpñc_, {¼íMZ, ~m¡Õ, {eI, nmagr Aem {d{dY Y_m©Mo cmoH$ AmT>iVmV.

Y_mªYVo_wio ^maVmV AZoH$Xm X§Jcr Pmcoë`mMr CXmhaUo AmhoV. CXm. 1950 gmcr {Xëcr, _w§~B©,

H$cH$Îmm oWo X§Jcr Pmë`m. 1969 gmcr JmohË o_wio Ah_Xm~mX oWo X§Jc Pmcr. 1984 gmcr B§{Xam Jm§Yr

`m§À`m hË oZ§Va {Xëcr oWo X§Jc Pmcr. 1987 gmcr OJÝZmWmÀ`m `mÌoV KmofUm XoÊ`mdê$Z Ah_Xm~mX oWo

X§Jc Pmcr. 1992 gmcr ~m~ar _erX nmS>ë`mZ§Va _w§~B©, JwOamV d g§nyU© _hmamîQ>>mV X§Jc Pmcr Va 2002

gmcr JmoY«m hË`mH$m§S>mZ§Va qhgmMmamMr X§Jc Pmcr. Aem n«H$mao ^maVmV AZoH$Xm Ym{_©H$ Am{U OmVr`

X§Jcr Pmcoë`m AmhoV. `m gdmªMm {dMma Ho$cm Va amîQ>r` EH$mË_VoÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo hr ~m~ A{YH$ qMVoMr dmQ>Vo.

(~) OmVr` amOH$maU … ^maVr` amOH$maUmMm {dMma Ho$cm AgVm ^maVr` cmoH$emhrcm

OmVr`VoMr H$sS> cmJcocr Amho. ^maVr` g_mO dU©ì`dñWoda AmYmacocm Amho. ~«m÷U, j{Ì`, d¡í` Am{U

ewÐ `m Mma dUm©V VrZ hOmamnojm A{YH$ OmVr-CnOmVr {Z_m©U Pmcoë`m AmT>iVmV. `m OmVr OÝ_mdê$Z

R>acoë`m AmhoV. n«Ë oH$mcm AmncrM OmV loîR> Amho Agm Ah§J§S> OS>cocm Amho.

^maVmV {d{dY KQ>H$ amÁ`mV {d{eîQ> OmVtMmM n« md Agcocm {XgyZ oVmo. CXm. H$Zm©Q>H$mV qcJm`V

d Amo ${iJm, Am§Y« n«Xoe_Ü o aoÈ>r d H$å_m, Ho$ai_Ü o Zmà d BPdm, CÎman«Xoe_Ü o aOnyV, OmQ>, A{ha

d JwOa, Vm{_iZmSy>_Ü o _wX{c`ma, Jm¡S>a d nX`mMr Am{U _hmamîQ´>>mV _amR>m, ~«m÷U, qcJm`V d

_mJmgdJu` OmVr BË`mXr. ^maVr` amOH$maUmV _moR>çm n«_mUmV OmVr` amOH$maU Mmcy Agcoco {XgVo.

Ë`mdê$Z AZoH$doim OmVr` X§Jcr hmodyZ amOH$s` qhgmMma KS>cocm Amho.

2. cmoH$emhr à{H«$ oV Aëngh^mJ …………… cmoH$emhr hr cmoH$m§Zr, cmoH$m§À`mgmR>r, cmoH$m§H$Sy>Z

Mmc{dcr OmUmar emgZì`dñWm Amho. Ë`m_wio `mV cmoH$m§Mm Aëngh^mJ Agoc Va Iè`m AWm©Zo cmoH$emhr

hm J§ ra n«íZ amhVmo. H$maU cmoH$n«{V{ZYtMr {ZdS> H$aÊ`mgmR>r cmoH$m§Zr _VXmZ H$amdo hr {H$_mZ Anojm

AgVo. ^maVmV 1952 gmcr Pmcoë`m gmd©{ÌH$ {ZdS>UwH$sV _VXmZmMo n«_mU 30 Vo 35 Q>ŠHo$ BVHo$ hmoVo.


ehar ^mJmV WmoSo> A{YH$ n«_mU hmoVo. 1952 nmgyZ 2014 n ªV Pmcoë`m {ZdS>UwH$sV _Vm§Mr Q>ŠHo$dmar

WmoS>r-WmoS>r dmT>V Jocr. nU {VMm doJ \$maM _§X hmoVm. cmoH$emhrMr _Ywa \$io MmIÊ`mgmR>r cmoH$gh^mJ

A{YH$m{YH$ Agmdm cmJVmo. `mgmR>rM åhUyZ 2019 cm hmoUmè`m gmd©{ÌH$ {ZdS>UwH$sV _Vm§Mm QŠH$m

dmT>mdm, cmoH$gh^mJmMo n«_mU A{YH$ ìhmdo `mgmR>r _VXma OmJ¥Vr _mohr_ gwê$ H$ê$Z 100 Q>ŠHo$$ _VXma

åhUyZ Zmd Zm|XUr H$aÊ`mMm n« ËZ Pmcocm {XgVmo Amho. nU cmoH$gh^mJ dmT>{dUo ho ^maVr` cmoH$emhrg_moa

EH$ H$S>do AmìhmZ C o Amho ho ZmH$maVm oV Zmhr.

3. O_mVdmXr amOH$maU … AZoH$ XoemV Y_©, d§e, n§W Aem AmYmamda g_mOmV H$mhr JQ> {Z_m©U

Pmco AmhoV. EImÚm Ym{_©H$ qH$dm dm§{eH$ JQ>m_Ü o Agwa{jVVoMr ^mdZm {Z_m©U hmodyZ Vmo Ym{_©H$ JQ> Amnco

g§ajU H$aUogmR>r Am{U Ym{_©H$ {hVg§~§Y hoM gdm}ÀM {hVg§~§Y _mZyZ Vo OnÊ`mgmR>r gm_y{hH$ H¥$Vr H$ê$

cmJVmo Voìhm Ë`mcm O_mVdmX Ago åhUVmV. EImXr Ym{_©H$ g§KQ>Zm Amnë`m JQ>mÀ`m {hVg§~§Ym§Zm gdm©V

OmñV _hÎd XodyZ amOH$s` Midi H$ê$ cmJVmo. Voìhm Vr g§KQ>Zm O_mVdmXr _mZcr OmVo. Aem g§KQ>Zm

Amncr amOH$s` C{ÔîQ>o Am{U H¥$Vr `m§Mm AmYma Y_© _mZVo. ~hwdm§{eH$ g_whmMo EH$ amîQ> AgUo hr H$ënZm

O_mVdmXr g§KQ>Zm§Zm ~hwXm _mÝ` ZgVo. åhUyZM O_mVdmXr amOH$maUmVyZ \w$Q>raVmdmXr Midir CX`mg

oVmV. Aem Midir H$Yr-H$Yr qhgmMmamMmhr Aml` KoVmV. CXm. lrc§Ho$Vrc V{_ir d§emÀ`m cmoH$m§Mr

ñdV§Ì amÁ`mgmR>r Mmccocr Midi, ^maVmV n§Om~_Yrc I{cñVmZr Midi BË`mXr Aem O_mVdmXr

amOH$maUmnmgyZ cmoH$emhrcm YmoH$m {Z_m©U hmody eH$Vmo.

4. n«mXo{eH$Vm … cmoH$emhr amîQ´>>mV n«mXo{eH$ Ag_Vmoc {~KS>ë`m_wio cmoH$emhr YmoŠ`mV oD$ nmhV

Amho. doin«g§Jr n«mXo{eH$ {Zð>m Am{U n«m§Vm{^_mZ dmT>ë`m_wio amîQ´>mMo {dKQZ hmody eH$Vo. CXm.

n«mXo{eH$Vo_wioM nm{H$ñVmZMo {dKQZ hmodyZ ~m§½cmXoemMr {Z{_©Vr Pmcr Amho. CÎma n«Xoe, {~hma, _Ü` n«Xoe

Am{U amOñWmZ `m n«m§Vm§Mo EH$ amÁ` H$amd`mMo Pmë`mg Vo {dñVmamZo A{V{demc hmoB©c Am{U

n«emgH$s`ÑîQ>çm H$ma^ma H$aUo AeŠ`n«m` hmoB©c åhUyZ qhXr ^m{fH$m§Mr CÎma n«Xoe, _Ü` n«Xoe, {~hma,

amOñWmZ Aer Mma amÁ o H$aÊ`mV Amcr. oWoM Iè`m AWm©Zo ^mfmdma n«m§V aMZocm n{hco Jmc~moQ> cmJco

Am{U n«mXo{eH$dmXmMr gwédmV Pmcr. n«OoMr Apñ_Vm, Y_©, ^mfm, ^m¡Jmo{cH$ hdm_mZ `m KQ>H$m§Mm {dMma

H$ê$Z AéUmMc n«Xoe `m amÁ`mMo {d^mOZ H$ê$Z ZmJmc±S>, _oKmc`, {_Pmoam_, {Ìnwam, AéUmMc n«Xoe,

_Urnya Am{U Amgm_ Aer ZdrZ amÁ o H$aÊ`mV Amcr. nU amÁ`mMr Aer nwZa©MZm Ho$cr OmV AgVmZm

^mfoMm {dMma ~mOycm nS>cm Am{U n«mXo{eH$dmXmcm IVnmUr KmVco Joco.

5. ^«îQ>mMma … «îQ>mMma hr g_mOì`dñWocm cmJcocr {H$S> Amho. cmoH$emhrMm AmYmañV§

Agcocm n«{V{ZYr cmoH$m§H$Sy>Z {ZdS>cm OmVmo. Ë`m_wio Ë`mÀ`mH$So> gMmoQ>r Am{U Mm[aÍ`JwU AgmdoV.

cmoH$m§Zr {dídmgmZo Amnë`mH$So> gÎmm gmon{dcr Amho. AmnU OZVocm O~m~Xma amhyZ H$m © H$amdo `mMr gVV

OmUrd Ë`m§Zm Agmdr. nU n«{V{ZYtMr {ZdS> hmoV AgVmZm _VXmam§Zm n¡go dmQ>co OmVmV. Ë`m_wio {ZdSy>Z

Amcocm n«{V{ZYr {ZdS>UyH$ qOH$Ê`mgmR>r Ho$coë`m IMm©Mr ânmB© H$aVmo oWyZM Iè`m AWm©Zo «îQ>mMmamcm


gwédmV hmoVo. hm «îQ>mMma H$moRo> Wm§~oc ho g_OUo \$ma _moRo> AdKS> Pmco Amho. Aem XwîQ>> MH«$mV cmoH$emhr

n«{H«$`m gmnS>cr Amho. Ago {MÌ AmO gd©Ì {XgyZ oV Amho.

6. XheVdmX … A{cH$S>rc H$mimV XheVdmXmZo AZoH$ XoemV W¡_mZ KmVcoco Amho. XheVdmX

Ym{_©H$, dm§{eH$ Aem H$moUË`mhr AmYmamda {Z_m©U hmoD$ eH$Vmo. AZoH$ XoemV XheVdmXr g§KQ>Zm {Z_m©U

hmoV AmhoV. `m g§KQ>ZoMm cmoH$emhr n«{H«$ oda {dídmg Zmhr. MMm©, {dMma{d{Z_` H$ê$Z _mJ© H$mT>Uo `m

cmoH$emhr nÕVrMm Adc§~ XheVdmXr g§KQ>Zm H$aV ZmhrV. Ë`mEodOr AmYw{ZH$ eñÌmñÌo, ñ\$moQ>Ho$ `m§Mm

dmna H$ê$Z {ZanamY cmoH$m§Mo ~ir ¿`m`Mo, g_mOmV {^VrMo Am{U XheVrMo dmVmdaU {Z_©mU H$am`Mo hm

_mJ© Ë`m§À`mH$Sy>Z pñdH$macm OmVmo. {ZdS>UwH$m§da ~{hîH$ma Q>mH$Uo, cmoH$m§Zm _VXmZ H$aÊ`mg n«{V~§Y H$aUo,

{ZdS>UyH$ cT>{dUmè`m C_oXdmamda hëco H$aUo Aer H¥$Ë o XheVdmXr g§KQ>ZoH$Sy>Z Ho$ë`mMo AmT>iyZ oVo.

Ë`m_wio cmoH$emhr n«{H«$`m I§S>rV hmoD$ cmJcr Amho.

7. {ZajaVm … cmoH$emhr èñdr H$aÊ`mgmR>r amÁ`mV gw{e{jV gwOmU d gwg§ñH¥$V ZmJ[aH$ Agmdo

cmJVmV. ^maVr` OZVocm AJXr n«mMrZ H$mimnmgyZ {ZajaVm hr ì`mYr OS>cocr Amho. doXmoÎma H$mimnmgyZ

gmjaVm-coIZ-dmMZ ~m¡{ÕH$ eŠVrMm {dH$mg Am{U Cn`mo{JVm BË`mXr JmoîQ>rV g_mOmVrc {d{eîQ>>

dJm©MrM _ŠVoXmar hmoVr.

cmoH$emhrMo è cmoH$m§À`m amOH$s` gh^mJmda Adc§~yZ AgVo. Ë`mgmR>r cmoH$emhr XoemVrc g_mO

amOH$s`Ñï>çm OmJê$H$ Agmdm cmJVmo. gw{e{jV ì`ŠVr Á`m n«H$mao amOH$s` KS>m_moS>tMo kmZ n«mßV H$ê$

eH$VmV Ë`mn«_mUo A{e{jV ì`ŠVr H$ê$ eH$V ZmhrV. Ë`m§Zm cmoH$emhr _yë`m§Mo _hÎd g_OyZ oV Zmhr.

Ë`m_wio cmoH$emhrMr _yë o ñdmV§Í`, g_Vm, ~§YwVm, Ý`m` Iè`m AWm©Zo Omonmgcr OmV ZmhrV. B§½c§S>,

pñdËPcªS>, \«$mÝg `m XoemV gmjaVoMo n«_mU 100 QŠHo$ Agë`m_wio VoWo cmoH$emhr nÕVr pñWa d èñdr

Pmcocr Amho. Ë`m XoemV cmoH$emhr A{YH$ n«Jë^ Pmcocr {XgyZ oVo. Aem n«H$mao cmoH$emhrg_moa AmO

AZoH$ AmìhmZo C^r Agcocr {XgyZ oVmV.

ñd § AÜ``Z n«íZ 3

Imcrc n«íZm§Mr CÎmao EH$m dmŠ`mV {chm.

1. n«m{V{Z{YH$ cmoH$emhrMo {H$Vr n«H$ma AmhoV ?

2. B§½c§S>_Ü o {¼íMZ Y_m©V H$moUVo n§W AmhoV ?

3. cmoH$emhr emgZnÕVr hr H$moUË`m _mJm©Zo MmcUmar n«{H«$`m Amho ?

4. Om°Z ñQw>AQ©> {_c `m§Zr cmoH$emhrcm emgZmMm H$moUVm n«H$ma _mZcm Amho ?

5. n§Vn«YmZ B§{Xam Jm§Yr `m§Mr hË`m H$moUË`m gmcr Pmcr ?


6. nm{H$ñVmZMo {dKQ>Z hmodyZ H$moUVm Xoe {Z_m©U Pmcm ?

7. aoÈ>r Am{U H$å_m `m OmVr H$moUË`m amÁ`mV n« mdr AmhoV ?

3.3 gmam§e (Summary)

""amÁ` Am{U cmoH$emhr'' `m KQ>H$mV AmnU amÁ`mMm AW© `mMm Aä`mg H$ê$Z A°[añQ>m°Q>c,

ãc§Q>ícr, Am°J~Z©, dwS´>mo {dëgZ, JoQo>c, Am°noZho_, JmZ©a `m§À`m ì`m»`m {dMmamV KodyZ amÁ`mMo KQ>H$ -

cmoH$g§»`m yn«Xoe, emgZg§ñWm Am{U gmd© m¡_Ëd `m§Mm Aä`mg Ho$cm Amho. VgoM cmoH$emhrMm AW©

{dMmamV KodyZ A~«mh_ qcH$Z, cm°S©> ~«mB©g, {gcr, S>m`gr, hZ©em°_, S>m°. ~oZrn«gmX, S>m°. ~m~mgmho~

Am§~oS>H$a, n§. Zohê$ Am{U _. Jm§Yr `m§À`m ì`m»`m Aä`mgë`m AmhoV. Ë`mZ§Va cmoH$emhrMo n«H$ma, d¡{eï>ço,

_hÎd Am{U cmoH$emhrg_moarc AmìhmZo `m§Mm Aä`mg n«ñVwV n«H$aUmV Ho$cocm Amho.

3.3.1 amÁ`mMo KQ>H$ … (1) cmoH$g§»`m (2) yn«Xoe (3) emgZg§ñWm (4) gmd© m¡_Ëd

3.3.2 cmoH$emhrMo n«H$ma … (1) n«Ë`j cmoH$emhr (2) An«Ë`j cmoH$emhr

àË`j cmoH$emhrMo _mJ© …

1. cmoH${ZU© qH$dm OZn¥ÀN>m (Referendum)

(A) EopÀN>H$ OZn¥ÀN>m (Optional Referendum)

(~) A{Zdm © OZn¥ÀN>m (Compulsory Referendum)

2. OZmonH«$_ (Initiative)

(A) ñnîQ> OZmonH«$_

(~) AñnîQ> qH$dm Aa{MV OZmonH«$_

3. à«Ë`mdhZ qH$dm AmdV©Z

4. àma§{^H$ g^m

n«Ë`j cmoH$emhrMo JwU

1. n«Ë`j cmoH$emhrV ZmJ[aH$ amÁ`H$ma^mamV OmUrdnyd©H$ ^mJ KoVmV. H$maU Ë`m§Zr Ë`m§Mo g§nyU©

OrdZ amÁ`mcmM An©U Ho$coco AgVo.

2. ZmJ[aH$ amÁ`H$ma^mamV ^mJ KoV Agë`m_wio gaH$ma Am{U OZVm `m_Ü o A{YH$ gcmo»`mMo,

ghH$m`m©Mo g§~§Y {Z_m©U hmody eH$VmV.

3. n«Ë oH$ ZmJ[aH$mcm Ë`mÀ`m `mo½`Von«_mUo amÁ`H$ma^mamV ^mJ KoÊ`mMr g§Yr n«mßV hmoVo.

4. n«Ë oH$ ZmJ[aH$mcm amÁ`H$ma^mam{df`r amOH$s` kmZ n«mßV hmoVo.


à«Ë`j cmoH$emhrMo Xmof …

1. _moR>çm cmoH$g§» oÀ`m XoemV n«Ë`j cmoH$emhrMr nÕVr Cn wŠV R>aV Zmhr. H$maU Vr \$ŠV

_`m©XrV cmoH$g§»`m d _`m©XrV yn«Xoe Agcoë`m XoemVM n«Ë`j cmoH$emhr eŠ` AgVo.

2. n«Ë`j cmoH$emhrV gVV {ZdS>UwH$m, OZ{ZU© , OZmonH«$_, AmdV©Z BË`mXr H$m`m©VM OZVm

H$m`_Mr Jw§Vcocr AgVo. Ë`m_wio doi, n¡gm d eŠVrMm Anì`` hmoVmo.

3. n«Ë`j cmoH$emhr Agcoë`m XoemVrc gd©M ZmJ[aH$m§Zm amÁ`H$ma^mam~m~V CËgmh, AmñWm, AmoT>

AgocM Ago Zmhr.

4. `m ì`dñWoV _VXmam§Mm A§Hw$e amÁ`H$Ë`mªda Zoh_rM Agë`m_wio emgZH$V} CXmgrZ ~ZVmV.

5. n«Ë`j cmoH$emhrV H$mhr R>am{dH$ cmoH$m§ZmM amÁ`H$ma^mamV gh^mJr hmoVm oVo. Ë`m_wio VoWo

g_VoÀ`m VÎdmMm A^md AgVmo. pñÌ`m, Jwcm_ `m§Zm amÁ`H$ma^mamV ^mJ KoVm oV Zmhr.

An«Ë`j qH$dm n«m{V{ZYrH$ cmoH$emhr (Indirect Democracy)

n«m{V{ZYrH$ cmoH$emhrMo g§gXr` Am{U AÜ`jr` cmoH$emhr Ago XmoZ n«H$ma nmS>co AmhoV Vo

nwT>rcn«_mUo-

(A) g§gXr` cmoH$emhr

g§gXr` cmoH$emhr … … … … … d¡{eï>ço- (1) XmoZ H$m ©H$mar n«_wI (2) H$m`Xo_§S>i Am{U _§{Ì_§S>i `m§Mo

OdiMo g§~§Y (3) gm_w{hH$ O~m~Xmar (4) n§Vn«YmZmMo ZoV¥Ëd (5)Ÿ nj{eñVrcm _hÎd

(ãm) AÜ`jr` cmoH$emhr

AÜ`jr` cmoH$emhr … d¡{eï>ço- (1) EH$M n«_wI (2) OZVoH$Sy>Z {ZdS> (3) {ZpíMV H$m ©H$mc

(4) AÜ`jmMo ñWmZ

An«Ë`j qH$dm n«m{V{Z{YH$ cmoH$emhrMo JwU …

(1) emgZmMm gd©loîR> n«H$ma (2) g_mZVoMr dmJUyH$ (3) O~m~Xma emgZnÕVr d H$ë`mUH$mar

amÁ` (4) ì`ŠVrñdmV§Í`m§Mo g§ajU Am{U ì`ŠVr{dH$mg (5) em§VVoMm gZXera amÁ`H$ma^ma (6) gÎmoMo

{dH|$ÐrH$aU Am{U OZVm{^_wI amÁ`H$ma^ma (7) amOH$s` OmJê$H$Vm (8) Aëng§»`m§H$m§À`m {hVmMo ajU

(9) OZ{hVmgmR>r gÎmoMm dmna (10) Z¡{VH$ JwUm§Mm {dH$mg (11) ZoV¥ËdmMm {dH$mg (12) cmoH$emhrcm

e¡j{UH$ _hÎd (13) ì`ŠVrnyOocm ñWmZ ZgVo (14) cmoH$emhrV AZwdm§{eH$Vm Zmhr (15) Ý`m`XmZmMr

Img ì`dñWm (16) amîQ´>r` EH$mË_Vm {Q>Hy$Z amhVo.


1. An«Ë`j qH$dm n«m{V{Z{YH$ cmoH$emhrMo Xmof …

(1) amOH$s`Ñï>çm AkmZr cmoH$m§Mo emgZ (2) amîQ´>>{hVmnojm nj{hVmcm A{YH$ _hÎd (3) VÎd

Am{U ì`dhma `mV A§Va (4) cmoH$emhr YmoaUmV gmVË` ZgVo (5) ~hw_VmÀ`m ZmdmImcr hwHy$_emhrMr

{Z{_©Vr (6) amÁ`H$ma^mamMm XOm© ImcmdVmo (7) cmoH$emhrV {ejUmMo Ad_yë`Z hmoVo (8) _§XJVrZo

{dH$mg (9) Z¡{VH$ {dH$mgmcm KmVH$ (10) ZmoH$aemhrMr gÎmm (11) «ï>mMma, H$mim~mOma d cmMcwMnV

(12) ApñWa emgZnÕVr

3.3.3 cmoH$emhrMr d¡{eï>ço (Features of Democracy)

(1) OZVoMo gmd© m¡_Îd (2) amOH$s` g_Vm (3) _wc yV hŠH$$ (4) gmd©{ÌH$ n«m¡T> _Vm{YH$ma

(5) O~m~Xma emgZnÕVr (6) cmoH$_VmZwgma emgZ (7) H$m`ÚmMo amÁ` (8) em§VVoÀ`m _mJm©Mm Adc§~

(9) ì`ŠVr ñdmV§Í`mcm _hÎd (10) n« mdr {damoYr nj.

3.2.6 cmoH$emhr : _hÎd (Democracy : Importance)

(1) cmoH${hVmMo emgZ (2) O~m~Xma emgZnÕVr (3) OZVocm O~m~XmarMr OmUrd(4) cmoH$emhr

_Vn{ÌHo$da MmcVo (5) OZVoMr emgZmVrc ^mJrXmar (6) cmoH$emhrV em§VVocm n«mYmÝ`.

3.3.5 cmoH$emhr g_moarc AmìhmZo (Challeges before Democracy)

(1) gm_m{OH$ Ag_mZVm (Social Inequality) : (A) Y_mªYVm (~) OmVr` amOH$maU

(2) cmoH$emhr n«{H«$ oV Aëngh^mJ (3) O_mVdmXr amOH$maU (4) n«mXo{eH$Vm (5) «îQ>mMma

(6) XheVdmX (7) {ZajaVm.

3.4 nm[a^mfrH$ eãX, eãXmW© (Terms to Remember)

1. gmd© m¡_Ëd … amÁ`mMr gdm}ÀM gÎmm, A§{V_ gÎmm, amÁ`mMo ñdV§Ì ApñVËd

2. emgZ … amÁ`mMr gmd© m¡_ gÎmm n«Ë`j A§_cmV AmUUmè`m qH$dm A§_cmV AmUÊ`mMr eŠVr

AgUmè`m gd© g§KQZm§Mr Jmoim ~oarO.

3. n«Ë`j cmoH$emhr … Á`m emgZ nÕVr_Ü o amÁ`mVrc gd© ZmJ[aH$ amÁ`H$ma^mam_Ü o n«Ë`j

gh^mJr hmoVmV Am{U emgZmMo {ZU© gd© ZmJ[aH$ {_iyZ KoVmV Vr ì`dñWm.

4. An«Ë`j cmoH$emhr … Á`m emgZnÕVrV emgZmMr gÎmm n«Ë`j cmoH$m§À`m hmVr ZgVo Va

cmoH$mZr {ZdSy>Z {Xcoë`m Am{U cmoH$m§Zm O~m~Xma AgUmè`m cmoH$n«{V{ZYtÀ`m hmVr AgVo Vr ì`dñWm.

5. d§e oX … gd© d§emMo cmoH$ EH$g_mZ ZmhrV Ago _mZUmam {dMma.


3.5 ñd § AÜ``Z n«íZm§Mr CÎmao (Answer to check your progress)


1) A_yV© 2) n°coñQ>mB©Z 3) 5040 4) n«Ë`j

5) Mma 6) 1947 7) gmå`dmXr


1) cmoH$emhr 2) A~«mh_ qcH$Z 3) pñdËPcªS> 4) g§gXr`

5) n«m. {gcr 6) AÜ`jr` 7) n«Ë`j 8) n«Ë`j


1. n«m{V{Z{YH$ cmoH$emhrMo XmoZ n«H$ma AmhoV.

2. B§½c§S>_Ü o {¼íMZ Y_m©V n«moQo>ñQ§>Q> Am{U H°$Wm°{cH$ n§W AmhoV.

3. cmoH$emhr emgZnÕVr hr gZXera Am{U em§VVoÀ`m _mJm©Zo MmcUmar n«{H«$`m Amho.

4. Om°Z ñQw>AQ©> {_c `m§Zr cmoH$emhrcm emgZmMm AmXe© n«H$ma _mZcm Amho.

5. n§Vn«YmZ B§{Xam Jm§Yr `m§Mr hË`m 1984 gmcr Pmcr.

6. nm{H$ñVmZMo {dKQZ hmodyZ ~m§½cmXoe {Z_m©U Pmcm.

7. aoÈ>r Am{U H$å_m `m OmVr Am§Y« n«Xoe amÁ`mV n« mdr AmhoV.

3.6 ñdmÜ`m` (gamdmgmR>r n«íZ) (Exercises)

(A) XrKm}Îmar ñdê$nmMo n«íZ …

1. amÁ`mMm AW© gm§JyZ Ë`mMo KQ>H$ ñnîQ>> H$am.

2. cmoH$emhrMm AW© gm§JyZ An«Ë`j qH$dm n«m{V{ZYrH$ cmoH$emhrMo JwU-Xmof ñnîQ> H$am.

3. cmoH$emhr g_moarc AmìhmZm{df`r MMm© H$am.

(~) cKwÎmar n«íZ - {Q>nm {chm

1. n«Ë`j cmoH$emhrMo _mJ©

2. cmoH$emhrMr d¡{eï>ço

3. An«Ë`j qH$dm n«m{V{ZYrH$ cmoH$emhrMo n«H$ma

4. cmoH$emhrMo _hÎd


3.7 g§X © (A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$) (Reference for further Study)

11. S>m°. Kmao, nm§. lr. (1972), amÁèmñÌ, nwUo : nwUo {dÚmWu J¥h n«H$meZ.

12. JX}, {X. H$m. Am{U ~mMi, {d. _m. (1979) AmYw{ZH$ amOH$s` {dícofU, nwUo : H$m°{Q>Z|Q>c

n«H$meZ.

13. n«m. Km§JaoH$a, {M. J. (1991), AmYw{ZH$ amOH$s` {dícofU, ZmJnya : {dÚm n«H$meZ.

14. n«m. {VOmao, am. A§. Am{U n«m. Km§JaoH$a, {M. J. (1994), AmYw{ZH$ amOH$s` {dícofU,

ZmJnya : lr _§Joe n«H$meZ.

15. S>m°. ^moio, ^mñH$a c. (1995), amOH$s` {gÕm§V, ZmJnya : qnnimnyao A°S> H§$. npãceg©.

16. n«m. {VOmao, am. A§. Am{U n«m. Km§JaoH$a, {M. J. (1997), amOH$s` {gÕm§V Am{U amOH$s`

{dícofU, ZmJnya : lr _§Joe n«H$meZ.

17. n«m. Km§JaoH$a, {M. J. (1999), amÁèmñÌmMr _ycVÎdo, ZmJnya : lr _§Joe n«H$meZ.

18. n«m. _wR>mi, am_ (1999), amOH$s` {gÕm§V Am{U amOH$s` {dMmad§V, ZmJnya : A§ewc

npãcHo$eÝg.

19. n«m. eoI, hme_ Am{U S>m°. JdB©, OmoJ|Ð d. (2008), amOH$s` {gÕm§V, ZmJnya : {dœ

npãceg© A°S> {S>pñQ´>ã`yQ>g©.

10. n«m. nmQ>rc, ~r. ~r. (2009), amOH$s` {gÕm§V Am{U g§H$ënZm, H$moëhmnya : \$S>Ho$ n«H$meZ.

11. n«m. nmQ>rc, ~r. ~r. Am{U n«m. gm¡. MìhmU, C{_©cm (2014), amÁèmñÌmVrc _wc yV

g§H$ënZm, H$moëhmnya : \$S>Ho$ n«H$meZ.

12. n«m. nmQ>rc, ~r. ~r. Am{U n«m. S>m°. gm¡. MìhmU C{_©cm (2018), amÁèmñÌ n[aM`, H$moëhmnya

: \$S>Ho$ n«H$meZ.

YYY

67


KQ>H$ - 4

amÁèmñÌmVrc à_wI g§H$ënZm( Key Concepts in Political Science )

4.0 C{ÔîQ>o

4.1 àmñVm{dH$

4.2 {df` {ddoMZ

4.2.1 hŠH$

4.2.2 ñdmV§Í`

4.2.3 g_Vm

4.2.4 Ý`m`


4.4 ñd § AÜ``Z àíZ Am{U CÎmao

4.5 gmam§e



4.0 C{ÔîQ>o

`m KQ>H$mÀ`m Aä`mgmZ§Va

* hŠH$ åhUOo H$m` ? Ë`mM§ ñdê$n d àH$ma g_OyZ KoVm oVrc.

* ñdmV§Í` åhUOo H$m` ? Ë`mMo ñdê$n d àH$ma `mMr _m{hVr {_ioc.

* g_Vm `m g§H$ënZoMm AW©, ì`m»`m d àH$ma g_OyZ KoVm oVrc.

* Ý`m` hr g§H$ënZm d {VMo àH$ma `mMr _m{hVr {_ioc.

67


1.1 àñVmdZm

ì`ŠVrnmgyZ g_mO Am{U g_mOmnmgyZ amÁ` {Z_m©U hmoVo. `m ì`ŠVr d g_mO `m§À`m {dH$mgmMr

O~m~Xmar amÁ`g§ñWoda Adc§~yZ AgVo. `m ì`ŠVr d g_mOmcm Amnë`m {dH$mgmMr Anojm amÁ`mH$Sy>Z

AgVo. Ë`m {dH$mgmMr H$ënZmhr g_mOmH$Sy>Z a§Jdcocr AgVo. Vo H$ënZoZwgma d amÁ`mH$Sy>Z Anojm `mcm

AmYma _mZyZ g_mO Amnë`m {dH$mgmgmR>r amÁ`mH$Sy>Z _mJÊ`m _mÝ` H$aÊ`mMr Anojm H$arV AgVmo.

g_mOmZo Anojm Ho$coë`m _mJÊ`m§Mm {dMma H$ê$Z amÁ` _mJÊ`m _mÝ` H$aVo. Aem _mJÊ`m _mÝ` H$arV

AgVmZm amÁ` g_mOmH$Sy>Z _mJÊ`m§Mr dJ©dmar H$aVo d g_mO {dH$mgmgmR>r AË`mdí`H$ _mJÊ`m§ZmM _mÝ`Vm

XoVo. g_mOmH$Sy>Z Ho$ë`m Jocoë`m AZoH$ _mJÊ`mVrc Á`m _mJÊ`m§Zm amÁ`mH$Sy>Z _mÝ`Vm {_iVo Ë`mcmM hŠH$

Ago åhUVmV.

{dH$mgmMr O~m~Xmar åhUyZ amÁ`mZo ì`ŠVr d g_mOmMm {dH$mg gmYcm OmB©c Aer n[apñWVr {Z_m©U

H$aUo JaOoMo AgVo. Or n[apñWVr {Z_m©U Ho$ë`m_wio ì`ŠVrcm Amncm Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$ d amOH$s`

{dH$mg gmYVm oVmo. Aer n[apñWVr åhUOoM ì`ŠVrMo hŠH$ _mÝ` H$aUo hmo . Aem hŠH$m§Zm amÁ`m§H$Sy>Z

_mÝ`Vm {_iyZ Ë`m§Mr A§_c~OmdUr Pmë`m{edm` ì`ŠVrMm n`m© mZo g_mOmMm {dH$mg hmoUo AeŠ` Amho.

ì`ŠVrÀ`m Or{dVmMo d {dÎmmMo g§ajU amÁ`mH$Sy>Z Ho$co OmB©c ho hŠH$mMo CXmhaUo hŠH$m§Mo _hÎd gm§JyZ OmVo.

Aem hŠH$m§À`m g§ajUmMr O~m~Xmar hr amÁ`mdaM AgVo.

WmoS>Š`mV, àW_ ì`ŠVr d Z§Va g_mO {Z_m©U Pmcm. `m g_mOmVyZ amÁ`mMm CX` Pmcm. amÁ`mÛmam

hŠH$m§Zm _mÝ`Vm {_iyZ hŠH$ {Z_m©U Pmco.

ì`m»`m (Definication of Rights)

1. àm. cmñH$s … ì`ŠVrcm ñdV…À`m j_Voà_mUo {dH$mg H$aVm oB©c. Aer amÁ`mÛmao n[apñWVr

{Z_m©U H$aUo `mg _wc yV A{YH$ma Ago åhUVmV.

2. ~oÝW_ … ì`ŠVrZo ñdV…À`m {dH$mgmgmR>r amÁ`mH$S>o _mJUr H$aUo Aem _mJÊ`mVrc Á`m _mJÊ`m§Zm

amÁ`mÛmao _mÝ`Vm {_iVo. Aem amÁ`mÛmao _mÝ` Pmcoë`m _mJÊ`m åhUOoM _wc yV A{YH$ma hmo .

hŠH$m§Mo ñdê$n (Nature of Rights)

1. g_mOmV hŠH$m§Mr {Z{_©Vr hmoVo … hŠH$m§Mm CX` g_mOmV hmoVmo. g_mOmVrc ì`ŠVr d g_mO

`m§À`m nañna g§~§YmVyZ hŠH$m§Mr {Z{_©Vr hmoVo.

2. hŠH$ {Z{_©VrMm CÔoe ì`ŠVr {dH$mg Amho … hŠH$ hr g_mOmÛmao amÁ`mH$S>o Ho$cocr _mJUr

AgVo. Aem _mJÊ`m ì`pŠV{dH$mgmgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgVm. Ë`m§Zm amÁ`mMr _mÝ`Vm AgVo.

3. hŠH$m§Zm amÁ`mH$Sy>Z H$m`Xoera _mÝ`Vm {_iVo … hŠH$ hr g_mOmMr _mJUr Agcr Var, `m

_mJÊ`m ì`ŠVr {dH$mgmgmR>r Amdí`H$ AmhoV H$m`? `mMm {dMma H$ê$Z amÁ`mZo Ë`m§Zm _mÝ`Vm XoUo Amdí`H$

67


AgVo. amÁ`mÀ`m _mÝ`Vo{edm` hŠH$m§Zm H$mhrhr _hÎd ZgVo. åhUOoM hŠH$m§À`m {Z{_©Vr_Ü o amÁ`mMr

H$m`Xoera _mÝ`Vm AgVo.

4. hŠH$ Am{U H$V©ì` ZmÊ`mÀ`m XmoZ ~mOy … hŠH$ ho ì`ŠVrcm _moH$irH$Vm XoVo Va H$V©ì`

ì`ŠVrcm Amda KmcVo. hŠH$ hr ì`ŠVrMr amÁ`mH$Sy>Z _mJUr Amho. Va Ë`mÀ`m ~Xë`mV amÁ`mÛmam

ì`ŠVrH$Sy>Z H$mhr H$V©ì` nmcZmMr Anojm Amho. åhUOoM hŠH$ Am{U H$V©ì` ZmÊ`mÀ`m XmoZ ~mOy AmhoV.

5. hŠH$ ho H$mc d n[apñWVr gmnoj AgVmV … {d{dY XoemVrc hŠH$m§Mo ñdê$n {^ÝZ {XgyZ oVmo.

åhUOo n[apñWVrZwgma hŠH$ ho ~XcVmZm {XgVmV. Ë`mM~amo~a {d{eîQ> H$mcI§S>mVrc hŠH$ ho H$mhr

H$mcmdYrZ§Va ~Xccoco {XgZ oVmV. `mMmM AW© H$mi d n[apñWVrZwgma hŠH$ ho gmnoj AgVmV.

6. hŠH$ ho ñnîQ> d {ZpíMV ñdê$nmMo AgVmV … hŠH$ ho gmnoj Agco Var EH$mM àXoemVrc

AWdm EH$mM H$mcI§S>mVrc hŠH$ _mÌ ñnîQ> d {ZpíMV AgVmV. Ë`mÀ`m~m~V g§{X½YVm AmT>iyZ oV Zmhr.

7. hŠH$mda _`m©Xm KmcVm oVmV … hŠH$m§da _`m©Xm ZgUo åhUOo ì`dñWoV ñd¡amMma AgUo hmo .

Ë`m_wio g_mOmV AamOH$ n[apñWVr {Z_m©U hmoÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm AgVo. åhUyZ g_mOhrVmW© n[apñWVrZwgma

hŠH$m§da _`m©Xm KmcVm oVmV. Aem _`m©Xm d ~§YZo KmcÊ`mMm A{YH$ma amÁ`mcm AgVmo.

8. hŠH$ ho gH$mamË_H$ AgVmV … hŠH$m§da amÁ`mÛmao {Z §ÌUmda AgUma Zgoc Va Vr n[apñWVr

g_mOmgmR>r {dKmVH$ Agoc. hŠH$ ho amÁ`mÛmam amÁ`mÀ`m {Z §ÌUmImcr g_mOmcm ~hmc Ho$co OmVmV.

`m§Mm CÔoe ì`ŠVr d g_mOH$ë`mU hmM AgVmo. åhUyZ Vo gH$mamË_H$ AgVmV.

hŠH$m§Mo àH$ma (Types of Rights)

gd©gmYmaUnUo Z¡{VH$ hŠH$ d H$m`Xoera hŠH$ Ago hŠH$m§Mo XmoZ àH$ma nS>VmV. `mVrc H$m`Xoera

hŠH$mMo ZmJar hŠH$ d amOH$s` hŠH$ Ago XmoZ CnàH$ma nS>VmV. `mVrc ZmJar hŠH$mMo Xhm CnàH$ma Va

amOH$s` hŠH$mMo ghm CnàH$ma nS>VmV Vo nwT>rcà_mUo …

1. Z¡{VH$ hŠH$ (Moral of Rights) … ho hŠH$ Z¡{VH$ _yë`m§da AmYmarV AmhoV. `m hŠH$m§Mm AmYma

Z¡{VH$ _yë` Agë`m_wio Ë`m§Zm Z¡{VH$ hŠH$ Ago g§~moYco OmVo. `m hŠH$m§Zm amÁ`mMr _mÝ`Vm Zgcr Var

g_mO_mÝ`Vm AgVo. Oa amÁ`mZo Z¡{VH$ hŠH$m§Zm _mÝ`Vm {Xcr Va hŠH$m§Mo H$m`Xoera hŠH$m§_Ü o ê$nm§Va hmoVo.

EH$ nËZr {ddmh H$m`Xm, dmagm hŠH$ d nmoQ>Jr hŠH$ ho Z¡{VH$ hŠH$mVyZ H$m`Xoera hŠH$m§_Ü o ê$nm§VarV Pmco

AmhoV. _wcm§Zr Wmoam§Mm AmXa H$amdm, nwéfm§Zr pñÌ`m§Mm AmXa H$amdm, d¥Õm§Mm d é½UmMm _mZ-gÝ_mZ H$amdm,

d¥Õ _mVm-{nË`m§Mm gm§ mi H$amdm. Amem _yë`m§Zm amÁ`mMr _mÝ`Vm Zgë`m_wio Ë`m§Zm hŠH$ åhUVm oUma

Zmhr. `m hŠH$m§À`m gwajoMm {dMma Ho$cm Va Ë`m§À`m gwa{jVVoMr ì`dñWm Ho$cr Zmhr. Z¡{VH$ hŠH$m§M§ Cëc§KZ

Pmco Va Ý`m`mc`mV XmX _mJVm oV Zmhr. AWdm hŠH$ ZmH$maUmè`m§Zm amÁ`mÛmam {ejm H$aVm oV Zmhr.

2. H$m`Xoera hŠH$ … (Legal Rights) H$m`Xoera hŠH$m§Zm amÁ`mMr _mÝ`Vm AgVo åhUyZ Ë`mcm

67


H$m`Xoera hŠH$ åhUVmV. Z¡{VH$ hŠH$m§Zm Á`mdoir amÁ`mMr _mÝ`Vm {_iVo. Ë`mdoir Vo H$m`Xoera hŠH$m_Ü o

ê$nm§V[aV hmoVmV. H$m`Xoera hŠH$m§Zm amÁ`mÛmam g§ajU AgVo. H$maU `m hŠH$m_mJo amÁ`mMr X§S>eŠVr AgVo.

`m hŠH$m§Mo C„§KZ Pmco Va amÁ`mÛmam {ejoMr VaVyX Ho$cocr AgVo. H$m`Xoera hŠH$mMo ZmJar hŠH$ d

amOH$s` hŠH$ Ago CnàH$ma nS>VmV.

(A) ZmJar hŠH$ (Civil Rights) … ZmJar hŠH$mMo OrdrVmMm hŠH$, ì`ŠVrñdmV§Í`mMm hŠH$,

_mc_ÎmoMm hŠH$, g_VoMm hŠH$, Ym{_©H$ ñdmV§Í`mMm hŠH$, H$m_ H$aÊ`mMm hŠH$, H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ OrdZmMm hŠH$,

g§KQ>Zm ñdmV§Í`mMm hŠH$, {dMmañdmV§Í`mMm hŠH$, {ejUmMm hŠH$ d H$ama H$aÊ`mMm hŠH$ Ago CnàH$ma

nS>VmV Vo nwT>rcà_mUo …

1. OrdrVmMm hŠH$ (Rights of Life) … ZmJ[aH$m§À`m Or{dVmMo amÁ`mV Am{U amÁ`m~mhoa g§ajU

H$aÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar amÁ`mH$S>o AgVo. hm hŠH$ Z¡g{J©H$ ñdê$nmMm Agë`m_wio AmXr_ H$mimnmgyZ `m

hŠH$mÀ`m g§ajUmMr O~m~Xmar amÁ`mZo ñdrH$macocr {XgVo. ì`ŠVrcm `m hŠH$mZwgma Xwgè`mÀ`m Or{dVmcm

YmoH$m nmohmoM{dUo JwÝhm Amho. VgmM JwÝhm ñdV…À`m Or{dVmcm åhUOo AmË_hË`m H$aUo hm JwÝhm Amho.

EImÚmÀ`m IwZmcm O~m~Xma Agcoë`m IwZr ì`ŠVrcm \$merÀ`m {ejoEodOr Ë`mMo _Vn[adV©Z H$aÊ`mda â

XoVmZm {XgyZ oVo.

2. ì`pŠVñdmV§Í`mMm hŠH$ (Right to Personal Freedom) … ì`ŠVrÀ`m ñdmV§Í`mda amÁ`mMm

{dH$mg Adc§~yZ AgVmo. Ë`m_wio ì`ŠVrcm ñdmV§Í` d ñdmV§Í`mcm nmofH$ dmVmdaU {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMr

O~m~Xmar amÁ`mda AgVo. åhUOoM ì`ŠVr {dH$mgmcm nmofH$ Ago dmVmdaU {Z_m©U H$ê$Z Ë`m§À`m

{dH$mgmgmR>r g_mZ g§Yr {Z_m©U H$ê$Z XoÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar amÁ`mcm H$amdr cmJVo. ì`ŠVrÀ`m ñdmV§Í`mZ§Va

ì`ŠVrMm {dH$mg Adc§~yZ AgVmo. ì`ŠVrÀ`m {dH$mgmda amÁ`mMm {dH$mg Adc§~yZ AgVmo. åhUyZ

ì`ŠVrÀ`m ñdmV§Í`mda H$_rV H$_r _`m©Xm KmcyZ ì`ŠVr {dH$mgmVrc AS>Wio Xya H$aÊ`mMo H$m © amÁ`mcm

H$amdo cmJVo. `mo½` H$maUm{edm` ì`ŠVrcm AQ>H$hr H$aVm oV Zmhr. em§VVoÀ`m H$mimV ì`pŠVñdmV§Í`mda

_`m©Xm AgV ZmhrV. na§Vw gmd©O{ZH$ hrV åhUOoM AmUr~mUrÀ`m H$mimV ì`pŠVñdmV§Í`mda _`m©Xm Agë`m

nm{hOoV `mMo g_W©Z ^maVr` g§{dYmZmÛmao Ho$co Joco Amho.

3. _mc_ÎmoMm hŠH$ (Right to Property) …………… ì`ŠVrcm Amnë`m {dH$mgmgmR>r _mc_ÎmoÀ`m

hŠH$mMr Amdí`H$Vm Amho. ì`ŠVrcm Amnë`m _wc yV JaOm ^mJ{dÊ`mgmR>r g§nÎmr, _mc_Îmm d gmYZo `m§Mr

Amdí`H$Vm AgVo. `mgmR>rM g§nÎmr {_i{dUo d Ë`mMm Cn^moJ KoÊ`mMm A{YH$Va ì`ŠVrcm amÁ`mZo {Xcm

Amho. Aer n[apñWVr {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar amÁ`mda AgVo. H$maU Ë`m {_iH$VrVyZ ì`ŠVr JaOm§Mr

nyV©Vm H$aVo d Amncm {dH$mg gmYVo. ì`ŠVrMm {dH$mg n`m© mZo amÁ`mMm {dH$mg gmYcm OmVmo. ì`ŠVrcm

g§nÎmrMr O_dmO_d Ë`mM~amo~a Ë`m g§nÎmrMr {dëhodmQ> cmdÊ`mMm A{YH$ma Agcm Var gmd©O{ZH$

{hVmgmR>r amÁ` _mc_ÎmoÀ`m hŠH$mda _`m©Xm Kmcy eH$Vo.

67


`m hŠH$m~m~V H$mc© _mŠg© `m {dMmad§VmMr y{_H$m {damoYr hmoVr. Ë`m§À`m _Vo `m A{YH$mamÀ`m

Adc§~m_wio g_mOmV Jar~ d lr_§V Ago XmoZ dJ© {Z_m©U hmoVrc. Am{W©H$ {df_Vo_wio dJ©g§Kf© hmoD$Z

AamOH$ n[apñWVr {Z_m©U hmoB©c Voìhm Am{W©H$ g_Vm {Z_m©U hmoD$Z amÁ`mMo ApñVËd {Q>H${dÊ`mgmR>r

ì`ŠVrÀ`m _mc_ÎmoÀ`m A{YH$mamda H$mhr à_mUmV _`m©Xm KmcUo Amdí`H$ R>aVo.

4. g_VoMm hŠH$ (Right to Equality) … XoemVrc gd© ZmJ[aH$m§Zm OmV, Y_©, qcJ, dU©, ^mfm

d OÝ_ {R>H$mU `m AmYmamda oX Z H$aVm gdmªZm g_mZVoZo H$m`ÚmnwT>o _mZUo åhUOo gä`VoÀ`m hŠH$mMm

Adc§~ hmo . gd© OmVrY_m©Vrc VimJmimnmgyZ d[aîR> OmVrVrc cmoH$m§Zm Ë`mM~amo~a ì`dñWoVrc gmYm

H$_©Mmar Vo d[aîR A{YH$mar Aem gdmªZm H$m`ÚmnwT>o g_mZ _mZco OmVo. g_VoÀ`m hŠH$m{edm` ì`dñWoVrc

amOH$s`, gm_m{OH$ d Am{W©H$ joÌmV àJVr hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr. ^maVmMm {dMma Ho$cm Va H$c_ 14 Vo 18

Xaå`mZ g_VoÀ`m hŠH$mMr VaVyX {XgyZ oVo. _mJmg OmVr-O_mVr d _{hcm `m§À`mgmR>r g§{dYmZmV Ho$cocr

AmajUmMr VaVyX hr g_VoÀ`m hŠH$m~m~V amÁ`mZo KmVcocr _`m©Xm Amho. Ago Agco Var hr _`m©Xm

g_VoÀ`m hŠH$mcm ~mYm AmUy eH$V Zmhr. Aer VaVyX H$aUo An[ahm © Amho.

5. Ym{_©H$ ñdmV§Í`mMm hŠH$ (Right to Religion) … XoemVrc ZmJ[aH$m§Zm Amnë`m Y_m©Zwgma

AmMma-{dMma-àMma H$aVm oB©c Agm Ym{_©H$ ñdmV§Í`mMm gmam§e Amho. ^maVmÀ`m ~m~V {dMma Ho$cm Va

g§{dYmZmVrc H$c_ 25 Vo 28 `m_Ü o Ym{_©H$ ñdmV§Í`mÀ`m hŠH$mMr VaVyX H$aÊ`mV Amcr Amho. `m~m~V

AQ> Aer KmcÊ`mV Amcr Amho H$s, Ym{_©H$ ñdmV§Í` Cn^moJVmZm gmd©O{ZH$ ñdmñÏ`mcm ~mYm oUma Zmhr.

Ago Agco Var ^maVmZo Y_©{Zanoj nÕVrMm ñdrH$ma Ho$ë`m_wio H$mhr à_mUmV Ym{_©H$ ñdmV§Í`mda _`m©Xm

Amë`m AmhoV. Ogo H$s, Ym{_©H$ ñdmV§Í`mÀ`m ZmdmImcr amOH$maUmV hñVjon H$aVm oUma Zmhr.

5. H$m_ H$aÊ`mMm hŠH$ (Right to Work) … àË oH$ ZmJ[aH$mcm H$m_ H$aÊ`mMm hŠH$ Agcm

nm{hOo. ZmJ[aH$m§À`m JaOoZwgma d j_VoZwgma Ë`m§Zm amoOJma CncãY H$aÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar gaH$maMr AgVo.

Ago amoOJmamÀ`m ~m~V AmXe© {dMma Agcm Var ì`mdhm[aH$X¥îQ>çm amÁ`mgmR>r O~m~Xmar åhUyZ ho AdKS>

H$m_ Amho. H$maU dmT>Vr cmoH$g§»`m d dmT>Ë`m gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m§À`m nmíd© y_rda amÁ`mcm hr O~m~Xmar

nocUo AdKS> Amho. A_o[aH$m d B§½c§S>gma»`m XoemVhr ZmJ[aH$m§Zm H$m_mMm hŠH$ {Xcm Zmhr. EdT>o _mÌ Iao

H$s, {dH${gV amîQ> H$m_Jmam§À`m gmo r-gw{dYo~m~V OmJ¥V AmhoV. ^maVmMm {dMma Ho$cm Va ZmJ[aH$m§Zm H$m_

H$aÊ`mMm hŠH$ {Xcocm Zmhr. H$m_Jmam§À`m gmo r-gw{dYm d {hVmgmR>r amÁ`KQ>ZoÀ`m _mJ©Xe©H$ VÎdm§_Ü o

VaVyX Ho$cr Amho.

7. H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ OrdZmMm hŠH$ (Right to Family Life) … ì`ŠVrnmgyZ Hw$Qw>§~ Am{U Hw$Qw>§~mnmgyZ

A{Ic g_mO V`ma Pmcm Amho. Ë`mgmR>r Hw$Qw>§~mÀ`m H$ë`mUm_Ü o g_mOmMo H$ë`mU gm_mdco Amho.

H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ OrdZmMm hŠH$ XoUo åhUOo Hw$Qw>§~ H$ë`mUmVyZ g_mO H$ë`mU gmYUo hmo . åhUyZ H$m¡Qw>§{~H$

OrdZmÀ`m hŠH$mMr _mJUr g_mOmVyZ hmoV Amho. {ddmh, dmagm hŠH$, KQ>ñ\$moQ>, ~mcH$m§Mo d d¥Õm§Mo g§JmonZ

67


`m {df`m§Mm g_mdoe H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ OrdZmÀ`m hŠH$m_Ü o hmoVmo. `m {df`mg§X^m©V amÁ`gaH$ma H$m`Xo H$aVo Am{U

`m H$m`ÚmÛmao darc {df`mg§X^m©V ZmJ[aH$m§Zm H$mhr A§er _`m©Xm d gyQ> {Xcr OmVo.

8. g§KQ>Zm ñdmV§Í`mMm hŠH$ (Right of Association) … _mUyg hm {ZgJ©V… g_mOerc àmUr

Amho. ney-àmÊ`mgmaIm O§JcmV amhUmè`m _mUyg àmÊ`mZo _mUyg ZmdmMo g§KQ>Z V`ma Ho$co Am{U

AmOn ªVMm {dH$mg gmYcm. `m nmíd© y_rda g§KQ>Zm ñdmV§Í`mÀ`m hŠH$mMo g_W©Z Ho$co OmVo. Hw$Qw>§~ g§ñWm,

{ddmh g§ñWm, {ejU g§ñWm, amOH$maU, Y_©H$maU, Aem g§KQ>Zm§er ì`ŠVrMm g§~§Y oV AgVmo. Aem _mZdr

g§~§Ym_wio ì`ŠVr {dH$mg d g_mO {dH$mg Pmë`mMm B{Vhmg Amho. Aem g_mO{hVmgmR>r CX`mcm Amcoë`m

g§ñWm g§KQ>Zm Amnmnë`m C{ÔîQ>m§nmgyZ Xya OmdyZ g_mOmV ApñWaVm {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mghr H$maU R>aVmZm

{XgVmV. Ë`mgmR>r gaH$maMo g§KQ>Zm ñdmV§Í`mÀ`m hŠH$m§da {Z §ÌU Agco nm{hOo `mMohr g_mOmVyZ g_W©Z

hmoVmZm {XgVo.

9. {dMma ñdmV§Í`mMm hŠH$ (Freedom of Thought) … {dMma ñdmV§Í` d Ë`mMo àH$Q>rH$aU ho

ì`ŠVrÀ`m {dH$mgmÀ`m nm`m Amho. {_ëQ>Z, {_c, cm°H$ d cmñH$s `mgma»`m {dMmad§VmZr `m hŠH$mMo OmoaXma

g_W©Z Ho$co Amho. g§nyU© g_mOmMm {damoY Pmcm Var `m hŠH$mMr g§Yr amÁ`mZo CncãY H$ê$Z {Xcr nm{hOo.

àmMrZ H$mimV `m hŠH$mcm àmYmÝ` {Xco hmoVo. åhUyZ àmMrZ H$mimV {dH$mg Pmë`mMo {XgyZ oVo. _Ü` wJrZ

H$mimV {dMma d àH$Q>rH$aUmMo ñdmV§Í` amOm d Y_©Jwê$À`m _Or©da Adc§~yZ hmoVo åhUyZ `m H$mimV A§YH$ma

wJ åhUyZ AmoiIVmV. AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV `m hŠH$mcm nmofH$ dmVmdaU hmoVo åhUyZ hm H$mi {dH$mgmÀ`m

~m~VrV gag R>acm. `m nmíd© y_rda {dMma ñdmV§Í` d Ë`mMo àH$Q>rH$aU `mcm AZÝ`gmYmaU _hÎd Amho.

10. {ejUmMm hŠH$ (Right of Education) … {ejUmMo _hÎd àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZ Amho. Ë`mMo

AmË §{VH$ _hÎd AmoiIyZ àË oH$ ì`ŠVrcm {ejUmMr g§Yr {_imcr nm{hOo hr O~m~Xmar AmO amÁ`mZo

ñdrH$macr Amho. {ejUmZo ì`ŠVrcm _yë` H$iVmV, hŠH$ d H$V©ì`mMr OmUrd hmoVo. à{V{ZYr {ZdS>Ê`mMr

ÑîQ>r oVo. `mgmR>r H$gcmhr oX^md Z H$aVm amÁ`mZo gdmªZm g_mZ nÕVrZo {ejUmMr g§Yr CncãY H$ê$Z

{Xcr nm{hOo. darc àH$maMo C{ÔîQ> R>odUmè`m {ejU g§ñWm ñWmnZ Pmë`m nm{hOoV. Ë`m {ejU g§ñWmZr

C{ÔîQ>m§nmgyZ Xya Omdy Z o åhUyZ Ë`mda gaH$maMo {Z §ÌU Agco nm{hOo.

11. H$ama H$aÊ`mMm hŠH$ (Right of Contract) … H$ama hm gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm d g§KQ>Zm§Mm H$Um

AgVmo. Ho$cocm H$ama Ë`m g§ñWm d g§KQ>Zmda ~§YZH$maH$ AgVmo H$maU `mdaM g§ñWm d g§KQ>Zm§Mm {dH$mg

Adc§~yZ AgVmo. Ë`m_wio H$ama H$aÊ`mMm hŠH$ d¡Ym{ZH$ Amho. H$ama H$arV AgVmZm _mZ{gH$ d Am{W©H$

emofU, _mUgm§Mm H«$`{dH«$`, AZ¡{VH$, AÝ`m`H$maH$Vm Agm J¡admna hmoD$ Z o `mgmR>r H$amamMr

A§_c~OmdUr `mo½` nÕVrZo hmoVo H$s Zmhr ho nmhÊ`mMo H$m © emgZmcm H$amdo cmJVo.

(~) amOH$s` hŠH$

amOH$s` hŠH$m§Mm dmna cmoH$emhr emgZì`dñWoV Mm§Jë`m àH$mao hmoVmZm {XgyZ oVmo. EdT>oM Zìho Va

67


cmoH$emhrÀ`m èmMm _hÎdnyU© AmYma åhUyZ amOH$s` hŠH$m§Zm AmoiIco OmVo. cmoH$emhrVyZ amOH$s`

hŠH$m§Zm dJië`mg cmoH$emhr nÕVrM ZîQ> hmoVo. cmoH$emhrMo Xwgao Zmd åhUOo cmoH$m§Mm amOH$s` gh^mJ

hmo . Á`mdoir cmoH$ amOH$maUmV doJdoJù`m nÕVrZo gh^mJ KoVmV. Ë`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zm amOH$s` hŠH$ XoUo

H«$_àmßV R>aVo. _VXmZmMm hŠH$, nXo ñdrH$maÊ`mMm hŠH$, {damoY H$aÊ`mMm hŠH$, AO© H$aÊ`mMm hŠH$ Ago

hŠH$m§Mo {dVaU ZmJ[aH$m§Zm Ho$co OmVo.

1. _VXmZmMm A{YH$ma (Right to Vote) … ^maVmMm {dMma Ho$cm Va _VXmZmMm hŠH$ AmË §{VH$

_hÎdmMm _mZcm OmVmo. cmoH$à{V{ZYtZm {ZdS>VmZm àm¡T>_Vm{YH$ma nÕVrMm Adc§~ Ho$cm OmVmo. `m nÕVrZo

{ZdS>coë`m à{V{ZYrH$Sy>Z ^maVmMm H$ma^ma MmcVmo. OZVoZo _VXmZnÕVrZo à{V{ZYr {ZdS>co Agë`m_wio Vo

OZVocm O~m~Xma AgVmV. ^maVmMm {dMma Ho$cm Va d`, {ejU, g§nÎmr, qcJ `m§À`m AmYmamda _VXmZmMm

A{YH$ma {Xcm OmV Ago. AmO \$ŠV d`mMm {dMma H$ê$Z 18 df} nyU© AgUmè`m ^maVr` ZmJ[aH$m§Zm

_VXmZmMm hŠH$ {Xcm OmVmo. VarnU doS>o, {XdmiImoa, JwÝhoJma, naH$s`, Aënd`rZ `m§Zm _VXmZmMm hŠH$

ZmH$maÊ`mV Amcm Amho.

2. {ZdS>UyH$ cT>{dÊ`mMm hŠH$ (Right to Contest Election) … àË oH$ Xoem§À`m amÁ`KQ>ZoV

doJdoJù`m AQ>r KmcyZ {ZdSUyH$ cT>{dÊ`mg nadmZJr {Xë`mÀ`m VaVwXr AmT>iyZ oVmV. `mMm CÔoe EdT>mM

H$s, gwOmU, AmXe©, OmJ¥V Agm cmoH$à{V{ZYr cmoH$m§Zm {_imcm nm{hOo. Á`m_wio ZmJ[aH$m§À`m n`m© mZo

ì`dñWoMm {dH$mg gmYoc. `m AQ>t{edm` Cd©arV JmoîQ>r _VXma nmhVrc Am{U gwOmU, AmXe©, gwg§ñH¥$V d

gw{e{jV ì`ŠVr à{V{ZYr åhUyZ {ZdS>Vrc `mgmR>r _VXmam§Zr AQ>r KmVë`mÀ`m VaVwXr àË oH$ XoemÀ`m

g§{dYmZmV Ho$ë`mÀ`m {XgyZ oVmV.

3. gmd©O{ZH$ A{YH$ma nX àmßVrMm hŠH$ (Right to Hold Public Office) … ^maVmMm {dMma

Ho$cm Va XoemMm amîQ>nVr Vo àemgH$s` A{YH$mar Aer amOH$s` nXo àmßV H$aÊ`mMm hŠH$ ZmJ[aH$m§Zm XoÊ`mV

oVmo. hr nXo àmßV H$aVmZm AWdm {dV[aV H$aVmZm Y_©, OmV, qcJ `m AmYmamda oX^md Ho$cm OmV Zmhr.

Aer nXo àmßV H$aÊ`mgmR>r {ZdS>UyH$ cT>dmdr cmJVo Va àemgH$s` A{YH$mar nXr {ZdS>rgmR>r narjm CÎmrU©

hmoUo ~§YZH$maH$ AgVo. àemgH$s` nXr {ZdS>rgmR>r {ejU, d`, AZw d `mgma»`m AQ>r KmVë`m OmVmV.

4. AO© H$aÊ`mMm hŠH$ (Right to Petition) … àË oH$ ZmJ[aH$m§Zm emgH$s` A{YH$mar d

nXm{YH$mar `m§À`mH$S>o VH«$ma H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma Amho. Aem VH«$mar d g_ñ`m gmoS>{dÊ`mgmR>r ZmJ[aH$m§H$Sy>Z

[aVga AO© Ho$cm OmVmo. åhUOoM EHy$U ì`dñWo~m~V AmnUmcm Amnco _V `m AOm©À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ

A{YH$mar d nXm{YH$mè`m§nwT>o _m§S>Vm oVo. H$m`Xo_§S>imVrc H$m_H$mO H$mimV Aem VH«$mar d g_ñ`m§~m~V

MMm© H$aÊ`mgmR>r {d{eîQ> doi R>a{dcm OmVmo. `mdoir g§~§{YV ImË`mMo _§Ìr Ë`m àíZm§Mr CÎmao XoVmV. `m

A{YH$mam_wio emgH$s` A{YH$mar d nXm{YH$mar cmoH$m{^_wI ~ZVmV.

67


5. emgZmda Q>rH$m H$aÊ`mMm hŠH$ (Right to Criticise Government) … {ZdSyZ Amcoë`m

à{V{ZYtZr hþHy$_emhr nÕVrZo dmJy Z o. Ë`m à{V{ZYtda OZVoMm A§Hw$e ahmdm åhUyZ d¥ÎmnÌo, _moM},

Am§XmocZo, KoamAmo g^m `m _mÜ`_mÛmao OZVm à{V{ZYtZm Ymaoda Yê$ eH$Vo Ago H$aÊ`mMo H$maU gmd©O{ZH$

hrV d d¡ pŠVH$ hrV Ago eH$Vo. cmoH$m§À`m gaH$madarc Q>rH$m H$aÊ`mÀ`m A{YH$mam_wio gOJ amhVo Aer

Q>rH$m H$aVmZm dmñV{dH$Vm d {ZVr_ÎmoMm AmYma Agmdm Á`m_wio g_mOhrV gmYco OmB©c. Mm[aÍ` hZZ,

g_mO KmVH$ Aem gm{hË`mda emgZ _`m©Xm Kmcy eH$Vo. XoemVrc AmUr~mUr àg§Jr cmoH$m§À`m `m A{YH$ma

emgZ _`m©Xm Kmcy eH$Vo.

4. {damoY H$aÊ`mMm hŠH$ (Right to Resist) … emgZmÀ`m Owc_r d AÝ`m`r d¥Îmrcm d

H$m`Úmcm {damoY H$aÊ`mgmR>r ZmJ[aH$m§Zm à{VH$ma H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma {Xcm Amho. ZmJarH$ `m hŠH$m§Mm

dmna, ^mfU, Am§XmocZ, KoamAmo, ~§X, _moM} `m _mÜ`_mVyZ H$aVmV. `m hŠH$mMo ñdê$n _`m©{XV ñdê$nmMo

AgVo. H$maU amÁ`mMr em§VVm d gwì`dñWm {~KSy> Z o åhUyZ emgZ ZmJ[aH$m§À`m à{VH$ma H$aÊ`mÀ`m

hŠH$mda _`m©Xm Kmcy eH$Vo.


nwT>rc {dYmZo MyH$ H$s ~amo~a Vo gm§Jm.

1. hŠH$m§À`m gwajogmR>r ^maVr` g§{dYmZmV ì`dñWm Ho$cr Amho. ( )

2. ì`ŠVr Am{U g_mO `m§À`m {dH$mgmMr O~m~Xmar amÁ`g§ñWoda AgVo. ( )

3. Z¡{VH$ hŠH$ _yë`m§da AmYmarV ZgVmV. ( )

4. _mUyg hm {ZgJ©V… g_mOerc àmUr Zmhr. ( )

5. cmoH$emhrV amOH$s` hŠH$m§Zm _hÎd Zmhr. ( )

4.2.2 ñdmV§Í` (Liberty)

àñVmdZm (Introduction)

ì`ŠVrcm ñdmV§Í` {Xco Va ì`ŠVrMm {dH$mg hmoVmo. ì`ŠVrMm {dH$mg Pmcm Va g_mOmMm n`m© mZo

amÁ`mMm {dH$mg hmoVmo. åhUyZ ñdmV§Í` `m g§H$ënZocm AZÝ`gmYmaU _hÎd Amho. àË oH$ ì`ŠVrcm

Z¡g{J©H$ÑîQ>çm AmMma-{dMma d CÀMmamÀ`m ñdmV§Í`mMr Anojm AgVo. ñdmV§Í`m~m~V ~§YZmMm A^md

åhUOo ñdmV§Í` hr J¡ag_OyV Amho. Ago ñdmV§Í` _mZdr g_mOmcm ì`ŠVrcm XoUo åhUOo AamOH$Vocm

Am_§ÌU Agoc, ~§YZmMm A^md Ago ñdmV§Í` new-àmUr `m§À`mgmR>r O§Jcm_Ü o AgVo. dñVwpñWVrMm

{dMma Ho$cm Va _mZdr g_mOmV H$moUË`mhr ì`ŠVrcm nyU© ñdmV§Í` {Xco OmV Zmhr. g_mO åhQ>co H$s H$mhr

A§er ~§YZo AmcrM. ì`ŠVrÀ`m ñdmV§Í`mda amÁ`mMo ~§YZ AgVo. Ë`mM~amo~a g_mOmMohr ~§YZ Ë`m ì`ŠVrda

AgVmV. `m{edm` àË oH$ ì`ŠVrcm ñdV…Mm AmMma d {dMmamda {Z §ÌU R>odmdoM cmJVo. ì`ŠVrcm ñdV…Mm

67


{dH$mg H$aÊ`mgmR>r Oer ñdmV§Í`mMr JaO AgVo. Vgo Xwgè`mÀ`m ñdmV§Í`mda _`m©Xm oVrc Ago ñdmV§Í`mda

~§YZo KmcUo Ano{jV AgVo. Aer ~§YZo gH$mamË_H$ ~§YZo åhUyZ AmoiIcr OmVmV. WmoS>Š`mV,

ì`pŠV{dH$mg d g_mO {dH$mgmgmR>r Ogo ì`ŠVrñdmV§Í` Amdí`H$ Amho Vgo ñdmV§Í`mda ~§YZo hr

Amdí`H$ AmhoV.

ñdmV§Í`mMm AW© (Meaning of Liberty)

ñdmV§Í` hm eãX Liberty `m eãXmMo ^mfm§Va Amho. Liberty hm eãX Liber `m c°{Q>Z eãXmnmgyZ V`ma

Pmcm Amho. `mMm AW© "~§YZmMm A^md' qH$dm "ñdV§Ì' Agm hmoVmo. ñdmV§Í`mÀ`m `m AWm©Mo g_W©Z Wm°_g²

hm°ãg `m§Zr Ho$co Amho. na§Vw hm°ãOÀ`m _Vo _mÝ` Agcoë`m ñdmV§Í`mÀ`m n[aUm_mVyZ AamOH$Vm {Z_m©U

hmoÊ`mMm YmoH$m g§ dVmo. `m ~m~VV Oo. Eg. {_cZo ZH$mamË_H$ ñdmV§Í` _mÝ` H$ê$Z ì`ŠVrÀ`m d¡ pŠVH$

g§~§YrV H¥$Vr ~m~V g§nyU© ñdmV§Í` _mÝ` Ho$co Amho. Á`mdoir Amnë`m AmMma, {dMmamMm g§~§Y Xwgè`mÀ`m

H¥$Vrer g§~§{YV oVmo Ë`mdoir ñdmV§Í`mda ~§YZ Amcr nm{hOoV.

ñdmV§Í` `m eãXmcm Liberty Am{U freedom Ago XmoZ eãX dmnacoco {XgyZ oVmV. na§Vw ì`mdhm[aH$

dmnaVmZm XmoÝhr eãXmMm dmna {^ÝZ AWm©Zo Ho$cm OmVmo. ì`ŠVrMo amOH$s` ñdmV§Í`, Ym{_©H$ ñdmV§Í`, ^mfU

ñdmV§Í`, Am{W©H$ ñdmV§Í` `m AWm©Zo Liberty hm eãX dmnacm OmVmo. Va amÁ`mMo ñdmV§Í` `m AWm©Zo

freedom hm eãX dmnacm OmVmo.

ñdmV§Í`mMr ì`m»`m (Definiation of Liberty)

1. ì`ŠVrcm ñdV…À`m BÀN>oà_mUo AmMaU H$aÊ`mMo gm_Ï © åhUOo ñdmV§Í` hmo . ì`ŠVrÀ`m

{dH$mgmgmR>r Vem àH$maMo dmVmdaU {Z_m©U H$ê$Z XoUo ho ñdmV§Í`mMo C{ÔîQ> AgVo. - _m±Q>oñŠ y

2. g§nyU© ~§YZmMm A^md AgUo åhUOo ñdmV§Í` ZgyZ AZw{MV ~§YZmEodOr `mo½` ~§YZmMr ì`dñWm

åhUOo ñdmV§Í` hmo - _°Ho$Zr.

3. ì`ŠVrcm Amnë`m _Vm§Zm AZwgê$Z dmJÊ`mMr g§Yr XoUo. na§Vw {VÀ`m dmJÊ`mMm BVam§À`m

ì`dhmamda n[aUm_ hmoUma Zmhr Aer ~§YZo cmXUo åhUOo ñdmV§Í` hmo . - h~©Q>© ñnoÝga

4. Á`m_wio BVa g_ñ`m§{edm` ì`ŠVrcm Amnë`m ì`{ŠV_ËdmMo àH$Q>rH$aU H$aVm oVo åhUOo ñdmV§Í`

hmo . - Or. S>r. EM. H$moc

gd©gmYmaUnUo darc ì`m»`m§_Ü o gH$mamË_H$ qH$dm ZH$mamË_H$ Aem XmoZ àH$maÀ`m ñdmV§Í`mMo g_W©Z

{XgyZ oVo. ZH$mamË_H$ ñdmV§Í` åhUOo ì`ŠVr ì`dhma H$arV AgVmZm {VÀ`m H¥$Vrda H$gcoM ~§YZ ZgUo

åhUOoM g§nyU©nUo ~§YZmMm A^md åhUOo ZH$mamË_H$ ñdmV§Í` hmo . `mCcQ> ì`ŠVr{dH$mgmgmR>r Amdí`H$

Agcoë`m ñdmV§Í`mMm Cn^moJ KoV AgVmZm ì`ŠVr {hVmÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo, {dH$mgmÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo ~§YZo cmXUo

Amdí`H$ R>aVo `mg gH$mamË_H$ ñdmV§Í` åhQ>co OmVo.

67


ñdmV§Í`mMo àH$ma

ñdmV§Í` `m g§H$ënZoMo àH$Q>rH$aU {d{dY ñdê$nmV hmoV AgVo. Ë`mcm AZwgê$Z ñdmV§Í` g§H$ënZoMo

Z¡g{J©H$ ñdmV§Í`, ZmJar ñdmV§Í`, amOH$s` ñdmV§Í`, Am{W©H$ ñdmV§Í` d amîQ´>r` ñdmV§Í` ho àH$ma nS>VmV.

1. Z¡g{J©H$ ñdmV§Í` (Natural Liberty) … AmXr_ AdñWoV _mUyg O§JcmV BVa new-àmÊ`m§à_mUo

OrdZ OJV hmoVm. Ë`mdoir _mUyg Z¡g{J©H$ ñdmV§Í`mMm Cn^moJ KoV hmoVm. Aem _mZdr AdñWocm hm°ãO,

cm°H$ d égmo `m {dMmad§VmZr {ZgJm©dñWm Ago åhQ>co Amho. Ë`m àma§{^H$ {ZgJm©dñWoV _mUyg ñdV§Ì,

~§YZ_wŠV, ñdoÀN>oZwgma OrdZ OJV hmoVm. Ë`mÀ`mda H$moUmMohr H$gcohr ~§YZ ZìhVo. cm°H$À`m _Vo hm _mZdr

gwImMm H$mi hmoVm. na§Vw {Z`_m§Mr ì`m»`m Ë`m§Zm H$aVm oV ZìhVr. Ë`mgmR>r amÁ`mMr {Z{_©Vr Pmcr d

ì`ŠVrda amÁ`mÛmam ~§YZo Amcr. hm°ãOÀ`m _Vo Z¡g{J©H$ AdñWoVrc ~§YZmÀ`m A^mdm_wio AamOH$Vm _mOcr

d OrdZ g§Kf©_` newà_mUo Pmco. Aemdoir g_OXma cmoH$ EH$Ì Amco Am{U AmnmngmV H$ama H$ê$Z

amÁ`mMr {Z{_©Vr Pmcr d amÁ`mH$Sy>Z ì`ŠVr{dH$mgmgmR>r, g_mO{hVmgmR>r ì`ŠVrda H$mhr ~§YZo cmXÊ`mV

Amcr.

2. ZmJar ñdmV§Í` (Civil Liberty) … Om°Z, cm°H$ d égmoÀ`m _Vo Z¡g{J©H$ AdñWoZwgma g_mO d

amÁ`mMr {Z{_©Vr Pmcr d ì`ŠVr Ë`mMm gXñ` ~Zcr. g_mO d amÁ`mMm gXñ` `m ZmË`mZo ì`ŠVrcm Oo

ñdmV§Í` {_iVo Ë`mcm ZmJar ñdmV§Í` Ago åhUVmV. ZmJar ñdmV§Í`m_Ü o coIZ ñdmV§Í`, ^mfU ñdmV§Í`,

Ym{_©H$ ñdmV§Í`, g§KQ>Zm ñWmnÊ`mMo ñdmV§Í` d ì`dgm`mMo ñdmV§Í` B. ñdmV§Í`mMm g_mdoe hmoVmo. Aem

àH$maMo ñdmV§Í` ì`ŠVrg amÁ`mH$Sy>Z àmßV hmoVo. gdmªZm g_mZVoZo {Xcoë`m ZmJar ñdmV§Í`mMo ajUhr

amÁ`mH$Sy>ZM Ho$co OmVo. ZmJar ñdmV§Í`mMm Cn^moJ KoVmZm amÁ`KQ>ZoÛmam Anojm EdT>rM Ho$cr OmVo H$s,

BVam§À`m åhUOo BVa ì`ŠVr§À`m A{YH$mamMm {dMma Ho$cm nm{hOo. WmoS>Š`mV, ZmJar ñdmV§Í`mMo ajU H$aUo

amÁ`mMr O~m~Xmar AmhoVM. Ë`m{edm` ñdV…hr BVam§À`m A{YH$mamgmR>r _`m©Xm KmcUo JaOoMo Amho. EH$m

ì`ŠVrH$Sy>Z Ë`mM ~amo~a gaH$maÛmamhr ì`ŠVrÀ`m ZmJar ñdmV§Í`mda AmH«$_U hmoVo. Ë`mdoir ZJ[aH$m§Zm

Ë`m~m~V Ý`m` _mJÊ`mMm A{YH$ma {Xcocm Agoc VaM Ë`m ZmJar ñdmV§Í`mMo _hÎd Amho. Ë`m AZwf§JmZoM

^maVmV _wc yV A{YH$mam§Mm g_mdoe H$aÊ`mV Amcm Amho. gmd©O{ZH$ {hVmW© amÁ`mÛmam ZmJar ñdmV§Í`mda

_`m©Xm KmVë`m OmVmV.

ZmJar ñdmV§Í` cmoH$emhr amÁ`mV Omnogco OmVo Va hþHy$_emhr amÁ`mV Ë`mMm g§H$moM Ho$cm OmVmo.

3. amOH$s` ñdmV§Í` (Political Liberty) … _VXmZmMm A{YH$ma, {ZdS>UyH$ cT>{dÊ`mMm A{YH$ma,

gmd©O{ZH$ nXo ñdrH$maÊ`mMm A{YH$ma, emgZmda Q>rH$m H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma B. A{YH$mam§Mm g_mdoe

amOH$s` ñdmV§Í`m_Ü o hmoVmo. Aem amOH$s` ñdmV§Í`mMr OmonmgZm cmoH$emhr amÁ`mV Mm§Jë`m àH$mao hmoVo Va

gdªH$f amÁ`mV Ë`mMm g§H$moM Ho$cm OmVmo. Ago amOH$s` ñdmV§Í` cmoH$emhr amÁ`mV {ejU àgma, amOH$s`

njmMo H$m © Am{U d¥ÎmnÌm§Mo H$m © `m _mÜ`_mVyZ àH$Q> hmoV AgVo.

67


amOH$s` ñdmV§Í`m_wio `mo½` nÕVrZo cmoH$à{V{ZYtMr {ZdS> hmoVo. Ë`mM~amo~a {ZdS>coco à{V{ZYrhr

cmoH$m§n«Vr O~m~Xma amhVmV. H$maU cmoH$m§Zm emgZmda Q>rH$m H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma `mM ñdmV§Í`m_wio {_iVmo.

amOH$s` ñdmV§Í`m_wio amOH$ma^mamVrc àdoeÛma gdmªgmR>r Iwco hmoVo. g_mOmVrc AmXe©, JwUr ì`ŠVtÀ`m

H¥$Vr-H$m`m©cm MmcZm {_iVo. `m_wio AmO àË oH$ ì`ŠVrMm {d{dY _mÜ`_mVyZ amOH$maUmV gh^mJ {XgyZ

oVmo. àË oH$ ì`ŠVr H$moUË`m Var EH$ njmMr gXñ` AgVmZm {XgyZ oVo. Ë`m_wioM àË oH$ ì`ŠVr àË oH$

njmÀ`m hmcMmcr, AmídmgZo, H$m ©H¥$Vrda àgma _mÜ`_m§Zm gmo~Vrcm KoD$Z cj R>odyZ AmhoV. amOH$s`

ñdmV§Í`mMm Mm§Jcmà^md d n[aUm_ nS>Ê`mgmR>r {ejUàga _hÎdmMo Amho. {ejUm_wio cmoH$m§Zm Amnë`m

hŠH$m§~Ôc OmUrd d OmJ¥Vr hmoVo. Ë`m_wio `mo½` à{V{ZYrcm _VXmZ hmoD$Z H$m ©Hw$ec à{V{ZYr {ZdS>co

OmVmV. gw{e{jV cmoH$M amOH$s` ñdmV§Í`mMm Mm§Jcm Cn^moJ KoD$ eH$VmV. Ë`mM~amo~a {eH$coco cmoH$M

gaH$ma d amOH$s` njm§À`m MwH$m§da AmdmO CR>dy eH$VmV. Ë`m_wio amOH$s` ñdmV§Í`mÀ`m Mm§Jë`m

n[aUm_mgmR>r {ejUmMm àgma _hÎdmMm Amho.

4. Am{W©H$ ñdmV§Í` (Economic Liberty) … ì`ŠVrcm OrdZ OJÊ`mgmR>r Am{W©H$ ñdmV§Í`

_hÎdmMo Amho. Am{W©H$ ñdmV§Í`m{edm` BVa ñdmV§Í`mcm H$mhrhr qH$_V Zmhr. H$maU `m ñdmV§Í`m{edm`

ì`ŠVr {Od§V amhÿ eH$V Zmhr. ì`ŠVr {Od§VM am{hcr Zmhr Va BVa ñdmV§Í`mMm Vr H$er Cn^moJ KoUma?

ì`ŠVrÀ`m X¡Z§{XZ _wc yV JaOm ^mJ{dÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zm Ë`m§À`m nmÌVoZwgma d JaOoZwgma `mo½` g§Yr d gwa{jVVm

CncãY H$ê$Z XoUo åhUOo Am{W©H$ ñdmV§Í` hmo . Aer n[apñWVr {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar amÁ`mMr

AgVo. WmoS>Š`mV, _mc_Îmm {_i{dUo, ì`dgm` H$aUo `mgmR>r ì`ŠVrcm A{YH$ma {Xco OmVmV. Ago H$aÊ`mZo

ì`ŠVrÀ`m AÝZ, dñÌ d {Zdmam `m àmW{_H$ JaOm nyU© hmoVmV d ì`ŠVr {dH$mgmMr dmQ> gwH$a hmoVo.

Am{W©H$ ñdmV§Í`mdoir Am{W©H$ ñW¡ m©Mr JaO _hÎdmMr AgVo. Ë`m_wio Am{W©H$ g_Vm ñWmnZ H$aUo

JaOoMo AgVo. Am{W©H$ g_Vo{edm` Am{W©H$ ñdmV§Í` åhUOo "lr_§V hm lr_§VM hmoB©c Am{U Jar~ hm Jar~M

amhrc' Ago C{ÔîQ> gmYZo hmoB©c. Ago C{ÔîQ> gmYZo åhUOo Am{W©H$ AñW¡ © {Z_m©U hmoUo hmo . `mgmR>r

gaH$macm Am{W©H$ g_Vm àñWm{nV H$amdr cmJoc. Xm[aÐç {Z_y©cZ, _Owam§Zm Ý`m`, Am{W©H$ {df_Vm H$_r

H$aUo, ~oH$mar {ZdmaU, CËnÝZmMr Ý`m` dmQ>Ur, _Owam§Mm ì`dñWoV gh^mJ B. H$m } emgZmcm H$amdr

cmJVrc. ^maVmMm {dMma Ho$cm Va Am{W©H$ ñdmV§Í`mMm Cn^moJ KoÊ`mgmR>r Am{W©H$ g_Vm ñWmnZ ìhmdr

åhUyZ ì`mdhm[aH$ nmVirda n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZm, amoOJma h_r `moOZm, drg H$c_r H$m ©H«$_, H$m_Jmam§À`m

{hVmW© Ho$coco {deof H$m`Xo Agm H¥$VrH$m ©H«$_ {dMmamV KoVm oB©c.

5. amîQ´>r` ñdmV§Í` (National Liberty) … amîQ´>r` ñdmV§Í` Agoc VaM ì`ŠVrÀ`m BVa ñdmV§Í` d

A{YH$mamcm _hÎd Amho. ñdmV§Í` Agcoë`m amîQ>m§_Ü oM ì`ŠVrcm A{YH$ma d ñdmV§Í` AgVo. Á`m {R>H$mUr

amîQ> nmaV§Í`mV AgVo. Ë`m {R>H$mUr ì`ŠVr Jwcm_ AgVo. amÁ` BVa H$moUË`mhr naH$s` gÎmoÀ`m {Z §ÌUmImcr

AWdm dM©ñdmImcr Z g§M{cV hmoVm, ñdV…À`m BÀN>oZo nÕVrZo g§M{cV hmoVo. Ë`m amÁ`mcm amîQ>r` ñdmV§Í`

AgVo. Ago amîQ´>r` ñdmV§Í` Agcoco amÁ` Amnco ~{hJ©V d A§VJ©V g_ñ`m ñdV…À`m ~imda gmoS>{dV

67


AgVo. åhUOoM ñd §{ZU© mMm A{YH$ma hmM amîQ´>r` ñdmV§Í`mMm H$Um Amho. AmO àË oH$ amÁ`mcm amîQ´>r`

ñdmV§Í` Amho. EdT>oM Zìho ^{dî`mV ho ñdmV§Í` {Q>Hy$Z amhmdo åhUyZ g§ wŠV amîQ>g§KmH$Sy>Z Vgo à`ËZ Ho$co OmV

AmhoV. ^maVmMm {dMma Ho$cm Va {~«{Q>em§À`m dM©ñdmImcr AgVmZm amîQ´>r` ñdmV§Í` {_imco d ho AmOhr

{Q>Hy$Z Amho.

amîQ´>r` ñdmV§Í`mMm g§~§§Y ^mdZoer Amho. amîQ´> ho gmd© m¡_, ñdV§Ì Agoc VaM amîQ´>dmXr ^mdZm àH$Q>

hmoVo. Ë`m_wio ZmJ[aH$m§Mm gdmªJrU {dH$mg hmoD$ eH$Vmo.


nwT>rc àíZm§Mr EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {chm.

1. hm°ãOÀ`m _Vo ñdmV§Í` åhUOo H$m` ?

2. Am{W©H$ ñdmV§Í` åhUOo H$m` ?

3. hþHy$_emhr amÁ`mV ì`pŠVñdmV§Í`mMr pñWVr H$er AgVo ?

4. amîQ´>r` ñdmV§Í` åhUOo H$m` ?

5. hm°ãOÀ`m _Vo {ZgJ© AdñWm H$er hmoVr ?

4.2.3 g_Vm (Equality)

àñVmdZm

1789 gmcr \«|$M amÁ`H«$m§Vr Amcr. Ë`mdoir "ñdmV§Í`, g_Vm d ~§YwVm' `m VrZ VÎdm§Mr KmofUm

H$aÊ`mV Amcr. VoìhmnmgyZ `m VrZ VÎdm§Mr MMm© gwê$ Pmcr. Ë`m KmofUoV ñnîQ>nUo åhQ>co Amho H$s, "àË oH$

ì`ŠVr OÝ_V…M ñdV§Ì AgyZ {Vcm ñdmV§Í`mMm Am{U g_VoMm A{YH$ma AgVmo' `m KmofUonmgyZ åhUOoM

18ì`m eVH$nmgyZ g_Vm hr g§H$ënZm amÁèmñÌmV {deofËdmZo Aä`mgcr OmD$ cmJcr Amho. `mZ§Va

^maVr` g§{dYmZmV g_VoMm {deofËdmZo nwañH$ma Ho$ë`mMo {XgyZ oVo.

g_Vm åhUOo amOH$s`, Am{W©H$ d gm_m{OH$ joÌmV g_mZVm `mdr Agm Ñ{îQ>H$moZ Amho. na§Vw g_Vm

åhUOo g_mZVm, gmaIonUm Agm dadaMm g§Hw${MV AW© ì`dhmamV KoVmZm {XgyZ oVo. Vgo nm{hco Va g_Vm

hr à{H«$`m Amho, EH$ C{ÔîQ> Amho. Vr g§nyU©nUo àñWm{nV hmoUo H$R>rU Amho. Ago H$R>rU C{ÔîQ>M _mZdmZo

ñdrH$maco Amho. Z¡g{J©H$ÑîQ>çm g§nyU© _mZd OmV, a§J, ê$n, ñd^md d _Z^mdZm `m ~m~VrV {df_ Amho.

hr {df_Vm H$YrM H$_r hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr Am{U ho _mZdmMo C{ÔîQ>hr Zmhr. Aem Z¡g{J©H$ {df_Vo~amo~aM

_mZd{Z{_©V {df_Vm _mZdr g_mOmV ngacr Amho. `mVyZ _mZdr g_mO YmoŠ`mV Amcm Amho. hr _mZd{Z{_©V

{df_Vm H$_r H$aUo _mZdmMo C{ÔîQ> Amho. hr _mZd{Z{_©V {df_VoMo g_Vo_Ü o ê$nm§VaU hmoUo `m AWm©Zo oWo

67


g_Vm Ano{jV Amho. amOH$s`, gm_m{OH$ d Am{W©H$ joÌmV _mZd{Z{_©V {df_Vm AmT>iyZ oVo. dJ© oX,

OmVr oX, Y_© oX, lr_§V-Jar~, dU© oX d qcJ oX Aer _mZd{Z{_©V {df_VoMr CXmhaUo gm§JVm oVrc.

WmoS>Š`mV, Am{W©H$, gm_mOH$ d amOH$s` joÌmV AmTiyZ oV Agcocr _mZd {Z{_©Vr {df_Vm ZîQ>

H$ê$Z g_Vm {Z_m©U H$aUo ho _mZdr g_mOmMo C{ÔîQ> Amho. `mgmR>r gdmªZm g_mZ dmJUyH$ d gdmªZm g_mZ

g§Yr XoUo åhUOo g_Vm hmo . ì`ŠVr d g_mOmÀ`m gdmªJrU {dH$mgmgmR>r _mZd {Z{_©V {df_Vm ZîQ> H$aUo

d gdmªZm {dH$mgmMr g_mZ g§Yr XoUo åhUOo g_Vm hmo .

g_VoMm AW© (Meaning of Equality)

^maVmMm {dMma Ho$cm Va nydu OÝ_, OmV, Y_©, d§e, ^mfm, g§nÎmr d dU© `m AmYmamda ì`ŠVrcm

{deof A{YH$ma {Xco OmV hmoVo. Ë`m_wioM Om{V oX, qcJ oX, dU© oX Aer {df_Vm dmT>V Jocr. g_mOmV

Omon ªV ì`ŠVrcm {deof A{YH$ma {Xco OmVrc Vmon ªV g_Vm ñWmnZ hmoUma Zmhr. Ë`mgmR>r ì`ŠVr {deof

A{YH$ma `m _yimda Kmd KmcyZ Vo ZmH$maco nm{hOoV. Ë`mdoir g_Vm àñWm{nV hmoB©c. g_Vm EH$ à{H«$`m

Amho. `mMm AW© Agm H$s, g_mOmVrc H$moUË`mhr ì`ŠVrcm Ago {deof A{YH$ma {Xco OmUma ZmhrV

Á`m_wio Vr ì`ŠVr BVam§da _mV H$ê$Z Ë`mcm Amnë`m ZmJ[aH$ËdmMo A{YH$ma ZmH$marc. {d{dY joÌmVrc

{df_Vm ZîQ> H$ê$Z g_Vm ñWmnZ H$aUo JaOoMo Amho. `mgmR>r H$m`ÚmnwT>o gd© ì`ŠVr g_mZ AgVrc.

H$moUVmhr cm^ AWdm {ejm Agoc Ë`mgmR>r gdmªZm g_mZ g_Oco OmB©c. gdmªZm amÁ`H$ma^mamV gh^mJr

hmoVmZm g_mZ g§Yr {Xcr OmB©c. `mgmR>r gdmªZm {dH$mgmMr g_mZ g§Yr CncãY hmoB©c. Aer n[apñWVr

{Z_m©U H$aUo amÁ`mMr O~m~Xmar AgVo. CXm. ì`ŠVrcm amOH$maUmV gh^mJr hmoÊ`mMr g_mZ g§Yr d

n[apñWVr {Z_m©U Ho$cr Va gdmªZm amOH$maUmV gh^mJr hmoVm oB©c.

WmoS>Š`mV g_Vo{edm` ñdmV§Í` åhUOo AamOH$VoMo cjU Amho. Ë`mgmR>r g_Vm _hÎdmMr Amho. Aem

g_VogmR>r _mZd{Z{_©V {df_Vm ZîQ> H$aUo JaOoMo Amho.

g_VoMr ì`m»`m (Defination of Equality)

1. H$moUmhr EH$m ì`ŠVrcm g_mOmV Ago ñWmZ {Xco OmUma Zmhr H$s Á`m_wio ì`ŠVr Amnë`m

eoOmè`mda _mV H$ê$Z Ë`mcm Amnco ZmJ[aH$ËdmMo A{YH$ma ZmH$maVrc. - àm. cmñH$s

2. g_Vm åhUOo _mZd{Z{_©V {df_Vm ZîQ> H$aUo hmo .

g_VoMo àH$ma (Kinds of Equality)

1. ZmJar g_Vm (Civil Equality) … H$m`ÚmnwT>o gJù`m§Zm g_mZ _mZUo åhUOoM ZmJar g_Vm hmo .

`mcmM H$m`Xoera g_Vm `m ZmdmZohr AmoiIco OmVo. Á`m {R>H$mUr OmV, Y_©, d§e d qcJ `m AmYmamda

oX^md Z H$aVm gJù`m§gmR>r EH$M H$m`Xm åhUOo g_mZ H$m`Xm {Z_m©U Ho$cm OmVmo. VoWo ZmJar g_Vm Amho

Ago g_Oco OmVo. qcJ oX, OmVr oX, Y_© oX Aer _mZd{Z{_©V {df_Vm ZîQ> Ho$ë`mZ§VaM ZmJar g_Vm

67


àñWm{nV hmoD$ eH$Vo. ì`dñWoVrc AamOH$Vm H$_r H$ê$Z ñW¡ © {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r ZmJar g_Vm _hÎdmMr

AgVo.

2. amOH$s` g_Vm (Political Equality) … gÜ`m OJâ èñdr R>acoë`m cmoH$emhr emgZnÕVrMo

ApñVËd amOH$s` g_Voda Agë`mMo {XgyZ oVo. àË oH$ ZmJ[aH$mcm doJdoJù`m _mÜ`_mVyZ amOH$s`

gh^mJmMr g§Yr CncãY H$ê$Z XoUo åhUOo amOH$s` g_Vm hmo . Á`m {R>H$mUr àË oH$mcm amOH$s` gh^mJ

KoVm oB©c Aer amÁ`mÛmao pñWVr {Z_m©U Ho$cr OmVo. VoWo amOH$s` g_Vm ApñVËdmV AgVo. amOH$s`

gh^mJmMr pñWVr {Z_m©U H$aUo åhUOo _VXmZmMm hŠH$ XoUo. {ZdS>UyH$ cT>{dÊ`mMm hŠH$ XoUo, gmd©O{ZH$

nXo pñdH$maÊ`mMm hŠH$, emgZmda Q>rH$m H$aÊ`mMm hŠH$ XoUo åhUOo amOH$s` A{YH$ma Cn^moJÊ`mMr pñWVr

{Z_m©U H$aUo hmo . OmVr oX, Y_© oX d qcJ oX Z H$aVm gdmªZm amOH$s` gh^mJmMr g§Yr amÁ`mÛmao {Xcr

OmVo. 19ì`m eVH$mn ©ªV Y_©, OmV d qcJ `m§Mm {dMma H$ê$Z _VXmZmMm d amOH$s` gh^mJmMm A{YH$ma

hmoVm. `mcm amOH$s` g_Vm åhUVm oUma Zmhr.

3. gm_m{OH$ g_Vm (Social Equality) … OmV, Y_©, d§e d qcJ `m AmYmamda oX^md Z H$aVm

gdmªZm {dH$mgmMr g_mZ g§Yr amÁ`mÛmao XoUo åhUOo gm_m{OH$ g_Vm hmo . àmMrZ H$mimV gm_m{OH$ g_VoMo

XmIco {_iVmV. na§Vw _Ü` wJrZ H$mimV _mZd{Z{_©V {df_Vm dmT>V Jocr Am{U gm_m{OH$ g_Vm ZîQ> Pmcr.

_Ü` wJm_Ü o OmV, Y_© d qcJ `m AmYmamda ì`ŠVrcm {deofm{YH$ma {Xco Joco Am{U gm_m{OH$ g_Vm ZîQ>

Pmcr. na§Vw AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV cmoH$emhr emgZ ì`dñWo_Ü o ì`ŠVrcm {Xco OmUmao {deofm{YH$ma _`m©{XV

Ho$co Am{U nwÝhm gm_m{OH$ g_Vm àñWm{nV hmoV Amho. gm_m{OH$ g_Vm hr EH$ à{H«$` Amho. hr à{H«$`m

AmOhr ^maVmVM Zìho Va B§½c§S> d A_o[aHo$Vhr Mmcy Amho. gm_m{OH$ g_Vo~m~V OJm_Ü o OmJ¥VVm {XgyZ

oVo. ì`ŠVrÀ`m {dH$mgm~amo~a amîQ´>r` EH$Vm d EH$mË_VogmR>r gm_m{OH$ g_Vm àñWm{nV hmoUo JaOoMo Amho.

_Ü` wJmnmgyZ ^maVmda Pmcoë`m gmè`m Am{U Ë`m g§Kfm©Vrc ^maVmMm hmoV Jococm nam^d Amho. {~«{Q>em§À`m

{déÕ g§Kfm©Vrc {dO` d ^{dî`mV {Ma§VZ {Q>H$Umao amîQ´>r` ñdmV§Í` `mMo H$maU hr gm_m{OH$ g_Vm hoM

AgUma Amho. H$m`ÚmÀ`m {^VrZo àñWm{nV hmoUmè`m g_Vonojm ì`ŠVr_Ü o g_VoMr ^mdZm {Z_m©U hmoUo

JaOoMo Amho.

4. Z¡g{J©H$ g_Vm (Natural Equality) … àË oH$ ì`ŠVr Z¡g{J©H$ ÑîQ>çm a§J, ê$n, ñd^md d ^mdZm

`m AmYmamda {^ÝZ AgVo Ago Agco Var {ZgJm©gmR>r gJù`m ì`ŠVr g_mZ AgVmV. A°[añQ>m°Q>cZo _mÌ

ì`ŠVtMo ~w{ÕOrdr, l_{Odr d eya Ago dJ© nmSy>Z Z¡g{J©H$ {df_Vm _mÝ` Ho$cr. Ago Agco Var {^ÝZ

Agcoë`m ì`ŠVr {ZgJm©nwT>o g_mZ AgVmV. A°[añQ>m°Q>cÀ`m ~amo~aM Or.S>r.EM. H$moc `m§À`m _Vo hr

Z¡g{J©H$ÑîQ>çm ì`ŠVr-ì`ŠVr_Ü o oX AgVmo ho _mÝ` Ho$coco Amho. Om°Z cm°H$Zo _mÌ {^ÝZVocm {damoY H$ê$Z

Z¡g{J©H$ g_VoMm nwañH$ma Ho$cm Amho. Ë`mÀ`m _Vo _mZdmH$Sy>Z gm_m{OH$ oX nS>co Joco d {df_Vm dmS>V

Jocr. Ë`mÀ`m _Vo ho _mZd {Z{_©V oX H$_r Pmco H$s Z¡g{J©H$ g_Vm àñWm{nV hmoB©c Or _mZd{Z{_©V

{df_Vonydu ApñVËdmV hmoVr.

67


5. Am{W©H$ g_Vm (Economic Equality) … Amnë`m _wc yV JaOm ^mJ{dUo AdKS> hmoVo Ë`m

{R>H$mUr Am{W©H$ {df_Vm AgVo. Á`m {R>H$mUr ì`ŠVrÀ`m _wc yV JaOm ^mJ{dÊ`mgmR>r amÁ`mÛmam `mo½`

n[apñWVr {Z_m©U Ho$cr OmVo Ë`m {R>H$mUr Am{W©H$ g_Vm {XgyZ oVo. Am{W©H$ g_VoVyZ ì`ŠVrÀ`m _wc yV

JaOm§Mr ì`dñWm hmoUo JaOoMo AgVo. åhUOoM ì`ŠVrMr yH$ ^mJë`mZ§VaM ~mH$sÀ`m g_ñ`m _hÎdmÀ`m

AmhoV. åhUOoM Am{W©H$ g_Vo{edm` BVa amOH$s` d gm_m{OH$ g_Vocm _hÎd Zmhr. Am{W©H$ g_VoÀ`m

A^mdmVyZ {df_Vm dmT>Vo. Ë`m_wio g_mOmV dJu` A§Va dmT>V OmD$Z emofU, gÎmoMo H|${ÐH$aU `m g_ñ`m

{Z_m©U hmoD$Z AamOH$Vm {Z_m©U hmoÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm AgVo. H$mc© _mŠg©Zo Am{W©H$ {df_Vocm g_mOmMr

_hÎdmMr g_ñ`m _mZco Amho. H$mc© _mŠg©À`m _Vo, Am{W©H$ g_VogmR>r gmå`dmXr g_mO aMZm hmM Cnm`

Amho. Ë`m§À`m _Vo, ì`ŠVrÀ`m j_VoZwgma H$m_ d JaOoZwgma doVZ {Xco nm{hOo. WmoS>Š`mV, g_mOmVrc

Am{W©H$ emofUmda _`m©Xm AmUÊ`mgmR>r n«Ë oH$ ì`ŠVrcm Amnë`m _wc yV JaOm§Mr nyV©Vm H$aVm `mdr Aer

amÁ`mÛmao n[apñWVr {Z_m©U H$aUo åhUOo Am{W©H$ g_Vm hmo .


nwT>rc àíZm§Mr EH$-XmoZ dmŠ`mV CÎmao {chm.

1. g_Vm `m _yë`mMr MMm© OJmV H$YrnmgyZ gwê$ Pmcr ?

2. _mZd {Z{_©V {df_Vm åhUOo H$m` ?

3. amOH$s` g_Vm åhUOo H$m` ?

4. ZmJar g_Vm åhUOo H$m` ?

5. amÁ`mV g_Vm {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar H$moUmMr Amho ?

4.2.4 Ý`m` (Justice)

àñVmdZm

"Ý`m`' EH$ gm_m{OH$ _yë` Amho. ñdmV§Í`, g_Vm d ~§YwVm `m à_mUoM "Ý`m`' EH$ _hÎdmMo _yë`

Amho. àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZ "Ý`m`' `m _yë`mMo _hÎd _mZco Joco Amho. AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV ~XcË`m gm_m{OH$

pñWVr_Ü o _mZdr g§~§Y AË §V Jw§VmJw§VrMo Pmë`mMo {XgyZ oVo. Aem _mZdr g§~§YmMr `mo½` ì`dñWm

H$aÊ`mgmR>r "Ý`m`' VÎd JaOoMo AgVo. ì`ŠVrÛmao ñdV…À`m {dH$mgmgmR>r amÁ`mH$S>o Á`m _mJÊ`m Ho$ë`m

OmVmV Ë`m _mJÊ`m§Zm hŠH$mMo ê$n XoÊ`mgmR>r Ý`m` VÎd amÁ`mcm _mJ©Xe©Z H$aVo. AmOÀ`m H$mimVrc

Jw§VmJw§VrÀ`m gm_m{OH$ g§~§Ym_Ü o hŠH$m§Mr dmQ>Ur H$moUË`m hoVyZo H$amdr `m g§~§YrMr VÎdo H$moUVr AgmdrV

`m {df`r amÁ`mcm _mJ©Xe©Z H$aÊ`mMo H$m © Ý`m` ho VÎd H$arV AgVo. ñdmV§Í`, g_Vm d ~§YwVm `m

_yë`m§à_mUoM Ý`m` EH$ VÎd Agco Var `m VrZ _yë`m§_Ü o _oi KmcÊ`mMo H$m_ Ý`m` ho VÎd H$arV AgVo.

ì`ŠVrMr ñdV§ÌVm, g_mZVm `m~amo~aM ì`ŠVrMr gwa{jVVm `m JmoîQ>rMm {dMma Ý`m`m~m~V Ho$cm OmVmo.

67


^maV hm {d{dYVoZo ZQ>cocm Xoe Amho. OmVr, Y_©, ^mfm d àXoe Aer {^ÝZVm oWo {XgyZ oVo. Aem

{^ÝZVo_Ü o ì`ŠVr-ì`ŠVr_Ü o oX Pmcm Zmhr nm{hOo `mcm gm_m{OH$ Ý`m` åhUVmV. `mdê$Z Ý`m`mMo

_hÎd g_OyZ oVo.

Ý`m`mMm AW© (Meaning of Justice)

Ý`m` ho VÎd gmnoj åhUOoM J{V_mZ d ~XcUmao Agë`m_wio Ë`mÀ`m ì`m» o~m~V EH$_V AmT>iyZ

oV Zmhr. Ý`m` åhUOo AmXe© VÎdm§Mm _oi KmcUo hmo . AmXe© VÎd hr H$mimZwgma d n[apñWVrZwgma ~XcV

AgVmV. Ë`m_wio Ý`m`mMr g§H$ënZmhr ~XcV OmVo. {d{eï> H$mimV ì`ŠVrñdmV§Í`mMo g_W©Z H$aUmè`m§Zm

dmQ>V hmoVo H$s ñdmV§Í`mda H$gcohr ~§YZ ZgUo åhUOo Ý`m` hmo . g_VoMo g_W©Z H$aUmè`m§Zm g_mZVm

àñWm{nV hmoÊ`mV Ý`m` XS>cm Amho Ago dmQ>Vo. g_mOmVrc na§nam§Mo g_W©Z H$aUmè`m§Zm AmOhr dmQ>Vo H$s,

nma§nm[aH$ _yë`m§Mm Adc§~ H$aÊ`mZoM Ý`m` pñWVr {Q>Hy$Z amhrc. Z¡{VH$VoÀ`m Ñ{îQ>H$moZmVyZ Ý`m`mH$S>o nm{hco

Va Z¡{VH$ Ý`m`mMo àH$Q>rH$aU hmoVo. Va H$m`ÚmÀ`m Ñ{îQ>H$moZmVyZ H$m`Xoera Ý`m`mMo àH$Q>rH$aU hmoVo.

gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$ d amOH$s` Ñ{îQ>H$moZmVyZhr Ý`m`mÀ`m g§X^m©V {^ÝZ _Vo {XgyZ oVmV. `mdê$Z Ago dmQ>Vo

H$s, Ý`m`mMr g§H$ënZm g§{X½Y Amho. g_mOmVrc AmXe© Am{U _mZdmMo g§~§Y `m§Mm _oi KmcÊ`mgmR>r Ý`m`

ho VÎd _hÎdmMo _mZco OmVo.

"Ý`m`' `m eãXmcm B§J«OrV Justice Ago åhQ>co OmVo. hm eãX Jus `m c°Q>rZ eãXmnmgyZ V`ma

Pmcm Amho. `m eãXmMm AW© g_Ýd` gmYUo Agm hmoVmo. åhUOoM g_mOmVrc AmXe© _yë` d _mZdr g§~§Y

`m§À`mV "g_Ýd` gmYUo' åhUOo Ý`m` hmo . _amR>r ^mfoVrc "Ý`m`' hm eãX "Zr-Z`' `m g§ñH¥$V YmVynmgyZ

{Z_m©U Pmcm Amho. `mMm AW© {df`mH$S>o ZoUo Agm hmoVmo. Vo {df` Ý`m`gyÌmV {Xco AmhoV Á`m§Mr g§»`m

16 EdT>r Amho. åhUOo `m {df`mH$S>o KoD$Z OmUo åhUOo Ý`m` hmo . Ý`m` g_OyZ KoVë`mZ§Va Ë`mMr

H$mhr d¡{eîQ>ço Ý`m`m~m~V ñnîQ> hmoVmV. Vr d¡{eîQ>ço g_OyZ KoVë`mZ§Vahr Ý`m` g§H$ënZm g_OyZ oVo. Vr

d¡{eîQ>ço nwT>rcà_mUo -

1. ñdmV§Í`, g_Vm d ~§YwVm `m gm_m{OH$ _yë`m§à_mUoM Ý`m` EH$ AmXe© _yë` Amho.

2. gm_m{OH$ AmXe© d Jw§VmJw§VrMo _mZdr g§~§Y `m§À`mV _oi KmcÊ`mgmR>r Ý`m` ho VÎd Amdí`H$

Amho.

3. {dMma d n[apñWVrZwgma Ý`m` hr ~XcUmar g§H$ënZm Amho.

4. Z¡{VH$ Ñ{îQ>H$moZmVyZ {dMma Ho$ë`mg Ý`m`mcm Z¡{VH$VoMo A{YîR>mZ AgVo.

5. Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$ d amOH$s` ho Ý`m`mMo VrZ àH$ma nS>VmV.

6. g_Vm d Ý`m` `m XmoZ {^ÝZ g§H$ënZm nañnam§er {ZJ{S>V AgVmV.

7. Ý`m` d H$m`Xm `m g§H$ënZm nañnam§er nyaH$ AgVmV.

67


Ý`m`mMo àH$ma (Types of Justice)

1. amOH$s` Ý`m` (Political Justice) … amOH$s` ñdmV§Í` d amOH$s` g_VoÀ`m Ñ{îQ>H$moZmVyZ Ooìhm

Ý`m`mMm {dMma Ho$cm OmVmo Voìhm Ë`mg amOH$s` Ý`m` Ago åhQ>co OmVo. àm¡T> _VXmZmMm A{YH$ma,

gmd©O{ZH$ nX àmßV H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma, ^mfUmMm A{YH$ma, H$m`ÚmMo g§ajU {_i{dÊ`mMm A{YH$ma `m

A{YH$mam§Zm amOH$s` ñdmV§Í` åhQ>co OmVo. Ago amOH$s` ñdmV§Í` Cn^moJVm `mdo Aer amÁ`mÛmao n[apñWVr

{Z_m©U H$aUo åhUOo amOH$s` Ý`m` hmo . amÁ`mÛmao amOH$s` ñdmV§Í`m~amo~a Ë`m ñdmV§Í`mcm g§ajU {_iUo

JaOoMo AgVo. Ë`mgmR>r amOH$s` ñdmV§Í` d Ë`mÀ`m g§ajUmgmR>r KQ>ZoV VaVyX H$aUo JaOoMo AgVo. ì`ŠVrMm

{dH$mg, ì`ŠVrÀ`m {dH$mgmVmVyZ g_mOmMm {dH$mg, n`m© mZo amîQ´>mMm {dH$mg hr amOH$s` Ý`m`m_mJMr

YmaUm Amho. `mcm AZwgê$ZM ^maVr` g§{dYmZmV _wc yV A{YH$mam§Mm g_mdoe Ho$cm Amho. EdT>oM Zìho Va

`m A{YH$mam§Zm g§ajU {_imdo åhUyZ KQ>ZmË_H$ Cnm``moOZoMr VaVyX g§{dYmZmV Ho$cr Amho.

amOH$s` gh^mJmMm {dMma Ho$cm Va _mUgm-_mUgm§V j_Vm, ~wÕr_Îmm d _mZ{gH$Vm `m AmYmamda

oX {XgyZ oVmo. `m ~m~VrV Iwco ñdmV§Í` {Xco Va j_VmdmZ, ~w{ÕdmZ cmoH$M `mMr \$io MmIVrc d H$_r

j_VoMm JiyZ nS>oc. hr n[apñWVr gm_m{OH$ {df_XVm dmT>rg nmofH$ R>ê$ eH$Vo. Ë`m_wio {^ÝZ Hw$dVrÀ`m

ì`ŠVtZm OmñVrV OmñV g§Yr XoD$Z g_mZ cm^ KoVm oB©c Aer n[apñWVr amÁ`mZo {Z_m©U H$aUo JaOoMo AgVo.

`m_wio gm_mÝ`m§Zm amOH$s` Ý`m` àmßV hmoD$ eH$Vmo. cmoH$emhr ì`dñWoV gdmªZm cm^ KoVm `mdm åhUyZ g_mZ

amOH$s` A{YH$ma {Xco OmVmV. na§Vw ì`ŠVrÀ`m Hw$dVrMr {^ÝZVm Agë`m_wio g_mZ cm^mMr g§Yr XoD$Zhr

Ë`mMm cm^ gdmªZm g_mZ hmoV Zmhr. Ë`mgmR>r Cnm``moOZm åhUyZ AmajUmMr ì`dñWm Ho$ë`mMo {XgyZ oVo.

Ë`m_wio amOH$s` Ý`m` gmYÊ`mgmR>r gwc^Vm oVo.

2. Am{W©H$ Ý`m` (Economic Justice) … amÁ`mÛmao g_mOmV Am{W©H$ A{YH$mam§Mo {dVaU Ho$co

OmVo. Ë`mM~amo~a g_mOmV Am{W©H$ g_Vm ñWmnÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cm OmVmo. amÁ`mÛmao Aer n[apñWVr {Z_m©U

Ho$ë`m_wio ì`ŠVrcm Amnë`m _wc yV JaOm nyU© H$aUo gwc^ hmoVo `mcmM Am{W©H$ Ý`m` Ago åhUVmV.

^maVmMm {dMma Ho$cm Va ^maVr` g§{dYmZmV ì`ŠVrÀ`m Am{W©H$ {df_Vm, ~oH$mar, Am{W©H$ H|$ÐrH$aU

`m Am{W©H$ Ý`m`mVrc {damoYr ~mOy§da _`m©Xm Amë`m AmhoV. H$moUVmhr oX^md Z H$aVm ì`ŠVrcm Am{W©H$

ñdmV§Í` {Xco nm{hOo. Ë`mM~amo~a amÁ`mVrc CncãY gmYZm§Mo `mo½` dmQ>n hmoD$Z àË oH$ ì`ŠVrcm Am{W©H$

{dH$mg gmYVm Amcm nm{hOo Aer Am{W©H$ Ý`m`mMr YmaUm Amho. `mZwgma ^maVmV g§{dYm{ZH$ VaVyX Ho$cr

Agcr Var ì`mdhm[aH$ nmVirda Am{W©H$ {df_Vm, ~oH$mar, Am{W©H$ H|${ÐH$aU Ago {MÌ {XgyZ oVo. Ago

AgUo åhUOo Am{W©H$ Ý`m`mMm A^md Amho Ago _mÝ` H$amdo cmJVo. WmoS>Š`mV, ^maVr` g§{dYmZmV Am{W©H$

Ý`m`mgmR>r VaVwXr Ho$ë`mMo {XgyZ oVo. na§Vw ì`mdhm[aH$ pñWVr _mÌ {^ÝZ Agë`mMo {XgyZ oVo.

Am{W©H$ A{YH$mamÛmao ì`ŠVr ì`dgm`mMo joÌ {ZdSy> eH$Vo. `m A{YH$mam_wioM EImXo godmnX ì`ŠVr

{_idy eH$Vo. Aem Am{W©H$ A{YH$mam_wioM ì`ŠVr Amnë`m JaOm§Mr nyV©Vm H$aVo. nwT>o ì`ŠVrcm à{VîR>m

67


àmßV hmoVo. åhUOoM Am{W©H$ Ý`m` hm _yi Amho. Am{W©H$ Ý`m`mÀ`m ñWmnZoZ§Va amOH$s` d gm_m{OH$

Ý`m`mcm _hÎd Amho. H$mc© _mŠg©gma»`m {dMmad§VmÀ`m _Vo, AmOn ªVMo gm_m{OH$ ~Xc, OmJ{VH$ wÕ

`m§Mo _yi ho Am{W©H$ AÝ`m`m_Ü o Amho. `m nmíd© y_rda Am{W©H$ Ý`m`mMr JaO d _hÎd g_OyZ oVo. H$mc©

_mŠg© nwT>o åhUVmo, B{VhmgmV gÎmoMm dmna H$ê$Z lr_§V hm lr_§V hmoV Jocm Am{U Jar~ hm Jar~ hmoV Jocm.

`mMo H$maU gmYZm§Mo Ag_mZ {dVaU hoM Amho. `mVyZ dJu` A§Va dmT>V Joco d dJu` oX {Z_m©U Pmcm.

`mMm eodQ> hm Ag§VmofmVyZ g§Kfm©V hmoVmo. Á`m_wio ì`dñWm eodQ>mcm OmVo åhUyZ H$mc© _mŠg© A{YH$

Ý`m`mgmR>r amÁ`{dhrZ g_mOmMr Anojm H$aVmo.

(H$) gm_m{OH$ Ý`m` (Social Justics)

^maVmMm {dMma Ho$cm Va oWrc g_mOì`dñWm {eS>rgmaIr Amho. S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§Zr oWrc

g_mOì`dñWocm åhUOoM Om{Vì`dñWocm CVa§S>rMr Cn_m {Xcr Amho. CVa§S>rVrc _S>Ho$ ImcrnmgyZ dan ªV

chmZ hmoV OmVo. VgoM OmVrì`dñWoVhr d[aîR> ñVamdarc OmV AmH$mamZo chmZ Va A{YH$mamZo _moR>r hmoV

OmVo. H${ZîR> ñVamcm A{YH$ma {Xcoco ZgVmV. `m g_mOì`dñWo_wioM d[aîR>-H${ZîR>, CÀM-ZrM, lr_§V-

Jar~, ñÌr-nwéf Ago dJu` oX {Z_m©U Pmcm Amho. Aem dJu` oXm_wio nwT>o gm_m{OH$ {df_Vm OÝ_mg

Amcr. Aem gm_m{OH$ {df_ dmVmdaUmV gm_m{OH$ AÝ`m` n[apñWVr AmH$mamg oVo. Á`mdoir g_mOmV

AÝ`m` n[apñWVr {Z_m©U hmoVo Ë`mdoir Á`m§À`mda AÝ`m` hmoVmo Ë`m§À`mH$Sy>Z gm_m{OH$ Ý`m`mMr _mJUr hmoV

AgVo. ^maVm_Ü o H${ZîR> ñVamdarc cmoH$m§Zm gm_m{OH$ ñdmV§Í`mMm A{YH$ma ZìhVm. d[aîR> dJm©Vrc

cmoH$m§ZrM {ejU ¿`mdo d ñdmV§Í`mMm Cn^moJ ¿`mdm Aer n[apñWVr hmoVr. {ejUmMm A{YH$ma Zgë`m_wio

H${ZîR> dJm©Vrc cmoH$m§Zm AÝ`m`m{déÕ cT>Ê`mMr {Xem {_imcr Zmhr. H${ZîR> dJm©_Ü o gm_m{OH$ Ý`m`mMr

Anojm Agcr Var {ejUmÀ`m A^mdm_wio H${ZîQ> XOm©À`m cmoH$m§Zm gm_m{OH$ Ý`m`mnmgyZ Xya ahmdo cmJco

hmoVo. {~«{Q>e H$mimV {_imcoë`m ñdmV§Í`mÀ`m A{YH$mam_wio ~«m÷U d ~«m÷UoVa Agm g§Kf© gwê$ Pmcm. `m

g§Kfm©doir H${ZîQ>m§Zm gm_m{OH$ Ý`m` {_idyZ XoÊ`mgmR>r _. \w$co, S>m°. Am§~oS>H$a, N>. emhÿ `m§Zr

~«m÷UoVam§Mr ~mOy KoVcr BVHo$M Zìho Va \$ŠV ~«m÷UoVam§Mr ~mOyM KoVcr Zmhr Va H$m © Ho$co. _. \w$co `m§Zr

H${ZîQ> dJm©Vrc Xw~©c cmoH$m§Zm gm_m{OH$ Ý`m` {_imdm åhUyZ "gËèmoYH$ g_mOm'Mr ñWmnZm Ho$cr. VgoM

S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a d N>. emhÿ _hmamO `m§Zr gm_m{OH$ Ý`m` ñWmnZogmR>r Añn¥í`Vm {ZdmaUmMo H$m ©

Ho$co.

gd© _mUgo g_mZ d gmaIr AmhoV Ë`m§Mr à{VîR>m gmaIr AgVo. hr gm_m{OH$ Ý`m`mMr YmaUm

AgVo.

67



Imcrc àíZm§Mr EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {chm.

1. amOH$s` Ý`m` åhUOo H$m` ?

2. Ý`m`mMo C{ÔîQ> H$m` Amho ?

3. Ý`m` åhUOo H$m` ?

4. Ý`m`mMm A^md åhUOo H$m` ?

5. Ý`m`mgmR>r nmofH$ emgZì`dñWm H$moUVr ?


4.4 ñd § AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao


(1) ~amo~a (2) ~amo~a (3) MyH$ (4) MyH$ (5) MyH$


1. hm°ãOÀ`m _Vo ~§YZmMm A^md åhUOo ñdmV§Í` hmo .

2. ì`ŠVrMr JaO d j_VoZwgma Amnë`m JaOm ^mJ{dÊ`mgmR>r `mo½` g§Yr d gwa{jVVm CncãY

H$ê$Z XoUo åhUOo Am{W©H$ ñdmV§Í` hmo .

3. hþHy$_emhr amÁ`mV ì`pŠVñdmV§Í`mMm A^md AgVmo.

4. naH$s` gÎmoÀ`m {Z §ÌUmImcr g§M{cV Z hmoVm, ñdV…À`m BÀN>oZo, nÕVrZo g§McrV hmoUmè`m

amÁ`mcm amîQ´>r` ñdmV§Í` AgVo.

5. AamOH$ d ApñWa Aer {ZgJm©dñWm hmoVr.


1. 1789 gmcr Pmcoë`m \«|$M amÁ`H«$m§Vr nmgyZ g_Vm `m _yë`mMr MMm© OJâ gwê$ Pmcr.

2. OmVr oX, ñÌr-nwéf, dJu` oX, Jar~-lr_§V Aem {df_Vm§Zm _mZd{Z{_©V {df_Vm åhUVmV.

3. àË oH$ ZmJ[aH$mcm amOH$s` gh^mJmMr g§Yr CncãY H$ê$Z XoUo åhUOo amOH$s` g_Vm hmo .

4. H$m`ÚmnwT>o gJù`m§Zm g_mZ _mZUo åhUOo ZmJar g_Vm hmo .

5. amÁ`mV g_Vm ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar amÁ` g§ñWoMr Amho.

67



1. àË oH$ ZmJ[aH$mcm amOH$s` ñdmV§Í` Cn^moJVm `mdo Aer amÁ`mÛmao n[apñWVr {Z_m©U H$aUo

åhUOo amOH$s` Ý`m` hmo .

2. ì`ŠVr {hV ho Ý`m`mMo C{ÔîQ> Amho.

3. g_mOmVrc AmXe© d _mZdr g§~§Y `m§Mm _oi KmcUo åhUOo Ý`m` hmo .

4. hŠH$, ñdmV§Í`, g_Vm d ~§YwVm `m§Mm A^md AgUo åhUOo Ý`m`mMm A^md hmo .

5. Ý`m`mcm nmofH$ emgZì`dñWm cmoH$emhr Amho.

4.5 gmam§e

1. amÁèmñÌmVrc hŠH$ `m g§H$ënZo~m~V Imcrc JmoîQ>tMm {dMma Ho$cm.

* hŠH$m§Mo ñdê$n -

I - g_mOmV hŠH$m§Mr {Z{_©Vr hmoVo.

II - hŠH$ {Z{_VrMm CÔoe ì`ŠVr {dH$mg Amho.

III - hŠH$m§Zm amÁ`mH$Sy>Z _mÝ`Vm {_iVo.

IV - hŠH$ Am{U H$V©ì` ZmÊ`mÀ`m XmoZ ~mOy

V - hŠH$ ho H$mc d n[apñWVr gmnoj AgVmV.

VI - hŠH$ ho ñnîQ> d {ZpíMV ñdê$nmMo AgVmV.

VII - hŠH$m§da _`m©Xm KmcVm oVmV.

VIII - hŠH$ ho gH$mamË_H$ AgVmV.

* hŠH$m§Mo àH$ma -

1. Z¡{VH$ hŠH$ 2. H$m`Xoera hŠH$

(A) ZmJar hŠH$

(I) OrdrVmMm hŠH$ (II) ì`ŠVrñdmV§Í`mMm hŠH$

(III) _mc_ÎmoMm hŠH$ (IV) g_VoMm hŠH$

(V) Ym{_©H$ ñdmV§Í`mMm hŠH$ (VI) H$m_ H$aÊ`mMm hŠH$

(VII) H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ OrdZmMm hŠH$ (VIII) g§KQ>Zm ñdmV§Í`mMm hŠH$

67


(IX) {dMma ñdmV§Í`mMm hŠH$ (X) {e{jVmMm hŠH$

(XI) H$ama H$aÊ`mMm hŠH$

(~) amOH$s` hŠH$

(I) _VXmZmMm A{YH$ma (II) {ZdS>UyH$ cT>{dÊ`mMm hŠH$

(III) gmd©O{ZH$ A{YH$ma nXàmßVrMm hŠH$ (IV) AO© H$aÊ`mMm hŠH$

(V) emgZmda Q>rH$m H$aÊ`mMm hŠH$ (VI) {damoY H$aÊ`mMm hŠH$

2. àñVwV àH$aUmV ñdmV§Í` `m g§H$ënZo~m~V Imcrc JmoîQ>tMr _m§S>Ur Ho$cr.

* ñdmV§Í`mMo àH$ma

(I) Z¡g{J©H$ ñdmV§Í` (II) ZmJar ñdmV§Í`

(III) amOH$s` ñdmV§Í` (IV) Am{W©H$ ñdmV§Í`

(V) amîQ´>r` ñdmV§Í`

3. g_Vm `m g§H$ënZo~m~V Imcrc ~m~tMr _m§S>Ur àñVwV àH$aUmV Ho$cr Amho.

* g_Vm åhUOo H$m` ? d g_VoÀ`m ì`m»`m

* g_VoMo àH$ma

(I) ZmJar g_Vm (II) gm_m{OH$ g_Vm

(III) Z¡g{J©H$ g_Vm (IV) Am{W©H$ g_Vm

4. Ý`m` `m g§H$ënZo~m~V Imcrc JmoîQ>tMr _m§S>Ur Ho$cr Amho.

* Ý`m` åhUOo H$m` ? d Ý`m`mÀ`m ì`m»`m

* Ý`m`mMo àH$ma

(I) amOH$s` Ý`m`

(II) Am{W©H$ Ý`m`

(III) gm_m{OH$ Ý`m`

67



Imcrc àíZm§Mr CÎmao {chm.

1. _wc yV hŠH$m§Mo ñdê$n gm§JyZ amOH$s` hŠH$m§Mo àH$ma gm§Jm.

2. ñdmV§Í` g§H$ënZm ñnîQ> H$ê$Z Ë`mMo àH$ma gm§Jm.

3. g_Vm `m g§H$ënZoÀ`m ì`m»`m gm§JyZ àH$ma ñnîQ> H$am.

4. Ý`m` åhUOo H$m` ? d Ý`m`mMo àH$ma ñnîQ> H$am.

Q>rnm …

1. g_VoMm hŠH$

2. Am{W©H$ ñdmV§Í`

3. amOH$s` g_Vm

4. gm_m{OH$ Ý`m`.


1. ìhmoam, nierH$a (1987), "amÁèmñÌ H$moe', nwUo XmñVmZo am_M§Ð Am{U H§$nZr.

2. S>m°. ew m§Jr amR>r, ^maVr` g§{dYmZ, AWd© npãcHo$eZ, OiJm§d.

3. àm. qM J. Km§JaoH$a, ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>Zm ñdê$n Am{U amOH$maU, lr _§Joe àH$meZ, ZmJnya.

4. S>m°. ~r. Ama. Omoer, amÁèmñÌ, g§X © J«§W, S>m`_§S> npãcHo$eÝg.

5. àm. qM. J. Km§JaoH$a, amÁèmñÌmMr _ycVÎdo, lr _§Joe àH$meZ, ZmJnya.

YYY

Documents

B. A. Part-I Political Science Title 2019/B...FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF1 KQ>H$ - 1 amÁ`emñÌ n[aM` ( Introduction to Political Science