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III. EARLY MEDIEVALTHINKERS
1. ANICIUS MANLIUSSEVERINUS BOETHIUS
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I. BIOGRAPHY1 . Life
* full na e : Anicius Manlius TorquatusSeverinus Boethius * !i"#$ - date: around 489 A.D. - place: Ro e * fa il% - Anicii: a distin!uished Ro an "a il#
- S# achus: a pro inent Ro anconsul $ho adopted Boethius a"ter thedeath o" the latter%s "ather.
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I. BIOGRAPHY - Rusticiana: dau!hter o" S# achus
$ho &eca e Boethius% $i"e &. P'li#i(al Ca"ee" * Theodoric ' (in! o" )stro!oths $ho
conquered Ro e in 489 A.D. - an a&solute #et a *ust ruler $ho ade
Ro e prosperous.
- ai ed to pro ote har on# &et$eenthe +oths and the Ro ans.
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I. BIOGRAPHY&. P'li#i(al Ca"ee" * Boethius as consul and Master o"
,in!%s o""ices - li(e his o$n "ather and "oster "ather
he &eca e consul in 1/ A.D. - attained the hei!ht o" his po$er and
"a e $hen ,in! Theodoric entrusted to
hi one o" the hi!hest positions in the0estern Ro an pire: Master o" the,in!%s )""ices in 23 A.D.
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I. BIOGRAPHY
- corresponded $ith the 5 perial 6ourt in
6onstantinople in order to overthro$Theodoric
- his devotion and concern "or the Ro an
Senate $hich has tradition "or !reatness$hich i!ht &e vie$ed as dislo#alt# toTheodoric.
- alle!ed a!ical contact $ith evil spirits7his interest in athe atics andastrono # "alsel# perceived as concerned
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I. BIOGRAPHY $ith a!ic and "or&idden #steries
e posed Boethius to suspicion andsu&sequent conde nation .* Dea#$
- Theodoric hi sel" ordered hisi prison ent e ile and eventuale ecution in 24 2 A.D. in avia.
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II. PHILOSOPHICAL CONTRIBUTION1. T"an,la#i'n -'" ,
* hi!hl# re!arded as a !reat translator"ro +ree( to ;atin - in +ree( the $ord arche $as a (e#
concept "ro the ti e o" Thales toAristotle.- +ree( to ;atin: arche principiu
- this $ord co &ines t$o i portanteanin!s:
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II. PHILOSOPHICAL CONTRIBUTION* Boethius "or ulated iconic
philosophical ter s -
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II. PHILOSOPHICAL CONTRIBUTIONS - ae#e"ni#a, : interminabilis vitae tota
simul et perfecta possessio 7
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II. PHILOSOPHICAL CONTRIBUTION
* translated various treatises o" Aristotle
- Categories - Topics - De interpretatione - Prior Analytics - Posterior Analytics
* M',# ,i+nifi(an# ('n#"i!u#i'n Boethius%s translations o" Aristotle%s $or(s
on ;o!ic and the De consolatione
philosophiae constitute his osti portant contri&ution to philosoph#.
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III. DE CONSOLATIONE PHILOSOPHIAE
I. B'' One
> P"',e 1 : portra#al o" philosoph# as a$o an $ith a*estic $isdo
> P"',e 0 : ris( o" li"e o" $isdo
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BOOK I
* P"',e 0 )u#% 'f i,e en
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BOOK I
*P"',e 2 B'e#$iu,3 i,f'"#une a, a
/u!li( 'ffi(ial
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BOOK I*P"',e 2 B'e#$iu, 'n in4u,#i(e in
+'5e"n en# < At grave risk to my position % have
protected the weak from the lies and
avarice of cruel men in power 'o manever corrupted my administration of justice % was as depressed as those whosuffered the losses when % saw thewealth of our citi(ens dissipated either by
private fraud or oppressive taxation .=
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BOOK I*P"',e 2 A((u,a#i'n a+ain,# B'e#$iu,
- < &inally, what am % accused of) Theysay % desired the safety of the Senate*ut how) % am convicted of having
hindered their accuser from givingevidence that the Senate is guilty oftreason .=
- < +hy should % even mention thespurious letters in which % am chargedwith having hoped for Roman liberty ?
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BOOK I*P"',e 6 #$e '"l) i, +'5e"ne) !% a
"a#i'nal /"in(i/le an) n'# !% ($an(e - ;ad# philosoph# tells Boethius that
inspite o" his su""erin! +od !overns the$orld.
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DE CONSOLATIONE PHILOSOPHIAE
B'' II P"',e 1
*La)% P$il','/$% un)e" ine, #$e "'le'f f'"#une in 'u" life
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BOOK II*P"',e 1 7'"#une ($an+e,
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BOOK II*P"',e 1 /a"a)'8 'f i,f'"#une
- < -eally, the misfortunes which are nowsuch a cause of grief ought to be reasonsfor tran uillity &or now she has desertedyou, and no man can ever be secure untilhe has been forsaken by &ortune .=
- < The double certainty of loss andconse uent misery should prevent both thefear of her threats and the desire of herfavors &inally, once you have submittedyourself to her chains, you ought to take
calmly whatever she can do to you .=
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BOOK II*P"',e 0 P$il','/$% "e in)e)
B'e#$iu, 'f $i, f'" e" f'"#une an)/"',/e"i#% - his second parents $ho adopted hi
are ver# pro inent people acquainted$ith ver# po$er"ul "i!ures - "ortunate to have a !ood "a il# li"e
- his t$o sons &eca e consuls
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BOOK II*P"',e 2 P',i#i5e In,i+$#, 'f La)%
P$il','/$% 'n B'e#$iu,3 Mi,f'"#une 1
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BOOK II
2
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BOOK II> Support "or 2 insi!ht
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BOOK IIP"',e 2 Mi,('n(e/#i'n 'n Pe"fe(#
Ha//ine,,> 9: happiness cannot depend on
things which are uncertain .;
- < %f happiness is the highest good ofrational natures, and if nothing which canbe lost can be a supreme good 0because
it is obviously less good than that whichcannot be lost1, then clearly unstable&ortune cannot pretend to bringhappiness .=
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BOOK IIP"',e 2 Mi,('n(e/#i'n 'n Pe"fe(#
Ha//ine,,* '"#al #$in+, '" ea"#$l% +''), )' n'#
/"'5i)e /e"fe(# $a//ine,,
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BOOK IIP"',e 2 T"ue Ha//ine,, i, i#$in u,
< hy then do men look outsidethemselves for happiness which iswithin! " %s anything more precious to
you than yourself) $ou will agree thatthere is nothing Then if you possessyourself, you have something you willnever want to give up and somethingwhich &ortune cannot take from you .=
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BOOK IIP"',e < Ma#e"ial P',,e,,i'n, a"e n'#
#"ul% !enefi(ial an) e5en $a" fulRea,'n,1=
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BOOK II
Rea,'n,&= E8(e,,i5e /',,e,,i'n 'f
a#e"ial eal#$ i, $a" ful #''ne,elf
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BOOK II
0= I# i, !enefi(ial #' 'ne,elf #' li i#'ne3, a#e"ial +''), #' $a# a"ena#u"all% ne(e,,a"%.
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BOOK IIRea,'n,
2= I# i, a )e+"a)a#i'n 'f 'ne3,$u an )i+ni#% an) a !e#"a%al 'fG')3, ill #' !e en,la5e) !%
a#e"ial +''),
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BOOK II
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BOOK IIRea,'n,
6= Ma#e"ial eal#$ i, u,uall% >$a" ful#' #$',e $' /',,e,,3 i#.
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BOOK II?= T' $a5e '"l)l% eal#$ i, #' l',e
'ne3, ,afe#%. 4 'ow you are fearful of losing your
life. but, if you had walked the road
of life as a poor pilgrim, you couldlaugh in the face of thieves +hat ablessing worldly riches are2 when
you have them, you have lost yoursafety6!
BOOK II
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BOOK IIP"',e 6 P' e" an) H'n'" a, Gif#, 'f
7'"#une* P' e" an) H'n'" a"e n'# +'') in#$e ,el5e,
B'e#$iu,3, A"+u en#,1= 9: if honor and power were bynature good in themselves" theywould never be found in wickedmen .;- < &or opposites are rarely found together,and nature abhors the union ofcontraries !
BOOK II
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BOOK II
-
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BOOK II&=
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BOOK IIC'n(lu,i'n all #$e +if#, 'f 7'"#une a"e
un)e,i"a!le
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BOOK IIP"',e ? 7a e i, /a"'($ial an)
#e /'"a"%* the "a e o" a virtuous an or o" a herois li ited to the &oundar# o" his i ediate
localit# or o" his nation.
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BOOK II* "a e and !lor# is not endless in ti e
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BOOK IIP"',e @ Mi,f'"#une ('ul) !e Benefi(ial
$ile G'') 7'"#une ('ul) !e De(ei#ful*
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BOOK IIMi,f'"#une an) #"ue f"ien),
*
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BOOK IIIP"',e 1 : La)% P$il','/$% ,/ea , 'f
#"ue $a//ine,,P"',e & : -$a# T"ue Ha//ine,, I, * $a//ine,, a, ,u/"e e +'')
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BOOK III
*na#u"al an) uni5e",al )e,i"e f'"
$a//ine,,
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BOOK III* i+n'"an(e a!'u# #"ue $a//ine,,
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BOOK IIIP"',e 0 -eal#$ T"ue Ha//ine,,
*
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BOOK III
* -eal#$ en+en)e", a5a"i(e
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BOOK IIIP"',e 2 H'n'" i, n'# #"ue +'')
* Pu!li( 'ffi(e i, n'# a ,'u"(e 'f #"ue$'n'"
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BOOK III*('""u/# /u!li( 'ffi(ial,
- < /n the contrary, public honorsusually reveal wickedness ratherthan correct it, and so we often
complain that these honors are givento the worst men .= -
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BOOK III*#"ue $'n'" (' e, f"' 5i"#ue n'#
!e,#' e) !% /u!li( 'ffi(e - < +e cannot judge men worthy of respect
on account of the honors given them, ifwe find them unworthy of the honorsthey have received .=
- < &or virtue has its own honor, and thishonor is transferred to those who possessvirtue .=
BOOK III
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BOOK III*C'""u/# 'ffi(ial, )e,e("a#e #$ei" 'ffi(e
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BOOK IIIP"',e < P' e" T"ue Ha//ine,,
*i"'n% 'f /' e" ,'u"(e 'f in,e(u"i#% - < Those who brag of their power want tolive in security, but cannot .=
- < Do you think a person mighty who isalways surrounded by bodyguards, who ismore afraid than those whom heintimidates, who puts himself in thehands of his servants in order to seem
powerful) =
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BOOK III
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rose E: a e F True Gappiness
rose H: Bodil# leasure F True GappinessP"',e @ M'ne% B')il% G''), P' e"H'n'" an) 7a e a"e T"an,ien# an)Li i#e) G''),
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P"',e #$e li i#e) +''), a"e unifie)in #$e /e"fe(#l% ,elf ,uffi(ien#
*
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BOOK IIIP"',e T"ue Ha//ine,, i, Pe"fe(#l%
,elf ,uffi(ien#
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BOOK IIIP"',e 1 G') i, Pe"fe(# Ha//ine,,*,#a"#in+ /'in# /"'5in+ #$e"e i, /e"fe(#
+'') #$"'u+$ i /e"fe(# +''),
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BOOK IIIP"',e 1* G') i, /e"fe(# +'') an) /e"fe(#
$a//ine,, -
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P"',e 11 : +od is )ne and the Jlti ate+oal o" all &ein!s
P"',e 1& G') Rule, #$e Uni5e",e* +od is the i uta&le )ne !overnin!
varieties o" chan!e in the $orld
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BOOK IIIP"',e 1& G')3, Rule
* G') "ule, a(('")in+ #' Hi,+'')ne,,
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P"',e 1 T$e P"'!le 'f E5il
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BOOK IV
P"',e & G'') en a"e /' e"ful e5il en a"eea
*1 ,# a"+u en# : !ood en succeed in
!ainin! the !ood &ut evildoers "ail. - &oth !ood en and evil en desire $hatis !ood
-
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BOOK IV
-
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*& n) a"+u en# !ood en see( thehi!hest !ood or happiness throu!h virtueevil en rel# on illicit pleasures
-
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- < Anyone acting that way loses not only hisstrength but his very being, since toforsake the common goal of all e#istence isto forsake e#istence itself .=
- #$e 5i"#u'u, an
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P"',e 0 T$e G'') a"e al a%, "e a")e)$ile #$e e5il a"e al a%, /uni,$e)
A"+u en#,1= A&solute !ood or Gappiness is al$a#s
achieved !ood en. * < Absolute good, therefore, is set up as a
kind of common pri(e for all humanactivity 'ow this pri(e is always achievedby good men, and further, no one wholacks the good may rightly be calleda good man .=
BOOK IV
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*
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&=Based on the opposition &et$een re$ardand punish ent
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BOOK IV
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> vil en are ore isera&le
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* Bene"it o" punish ent !reat evil to avoidit
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FN.B. hilosoph# ac(no$led!es thatordinar# *ud! ent do not "indphilosophical ar!u ents credi&le.
*"e/l% 'f P$il','/$% <
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BOOK IV
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- < rovidence is the )i5ine "ea,'n i#,elf$hich &elon!s to the ost hi!h ruler o"all thin!s and $hich !overns all thin!s...=
- < Providence embraces all things e ually,however diverse they are, howeverinfinite . =
-
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*7a#e :
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&=lin &et$een rovidence and ate
- < Although the two are differentthings, one depends upon the other,for the process of &ate derives from
the simplicity of Providence . = -
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BOOK IV
-
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0= T$e"e i, )i5ine /"'5i)en(e in,/i#e 'f
e5il an) ,uffe"in+,*
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* ven $ic(ed en do evil "or the sa(e o"
$hat is perceived as !ood.2= 5ronies o" divine providence * hu an *ud! ent a# not coincide $ith
divine vie$ o" order and har on#
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a= +od protects a an $ho lac(s oralstren!th "ro su""erin!s so that he$ould not turn to evil.
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BOOK IV
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(= L)ther en are su&*ected to
trial +od in order either tochec( their e trava!ance or tostren!then their virtues%.
- hence < no one can doubt thatsuch trials are good and just and
beneficial to those who sufferthem .=
BOOK IV
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Di5ine /"'5i)en(e f'" #$e i( e)
* Lthere is !ood purpose "or the prosperit#o" the $ic(ed%
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*
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C'n(lu,i'n rovidence e cludes all evil
< @since 7e carefully preserves everythingwhich 7e made in his own likeness, 7ee#cludes by fatal necessity all evil fromthe bounds of his state Therefore, if youfi# your attention on Providence as thegovernor of all things, you will find thatthe evil which is thought to abound in the
world is really none#istent .=