B. Kerridge 10 th July 2012 Applications for UAVs, HAPs & CubeSats B.Kerridge U.Nottingham Applications for UAVs, HAPs and CubeSats Presentation by B.Kerridge,

B. Kerridge10th July 2012 Applications for UAVs, HAPs & CubeSats B.KerridgeU.Nottingham

Applications for UAVs, HAPs and CubeSats

Presentation by B.Kerridge, RAL

CEOI Challenge Workshop10th July 2012, University of Nottingham

B. Kerridge

1. Introduction

Remit for CEOI Workshop: remote-sensing applications

• UAVs – Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Long duration, high-altitude, large payload, unpressurised

eg GlobalHawk: >30hr, ~20km altitude, >1,500lb payload Long transects, remote or hazardous locations, troposphere & lower stratosphere as well as surface applications

• HAPs – High Altitude Platforms Very long duration, quasi-geostationary, high-altitude, very large payload

eg HALE-D: ~months, ~20km altitude →~1,000km diameter field-of-regard Monitoring of troposphere & lower stratosphere as well as surface

UAVs and HAPs offer high spatial resolution to complement satellite platforms Satellite engineering practices relevant for these airborne platforms Suitable for demonstration of future satellite sensors

• CubeSats – ~10cm x 10cm x 10cm Small, lightweight, (inexpensive) sensors with modest requirements (attitude control, thermal control, power, data downlink) Constellation offers dense geographical coverage

10th July 2012 Applications for UAVs, HAPs & CubeSats B.KerridgeU.Nottingham

B. Kerridge

2. UAVs


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“Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) can revolutionize NOAA’s ability to monitor and understand the global environment. There is a key information gap today between instruments on Earth’s surface and on satellites — UAS can bridge that gap.”

“UAS can also collect data from dangerous or remote areas, such as the poles, oceans, wildlands, volcanic islands, and wildfires.” “Specifically, UAS may:

Extend hurricane landfall lead times by observing storm environments. Improve accuracy of storm forecasts, Improve climate change understanding Assess Arctic ice change and affects on ecosystems and coasts. Improve flood and drought forecasts Increase safety and success in fighting wildfires Monitor coasts, oceans, environments important for fish, and marine sanctuaries”

NOAA


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NASA airborne activities

CARVE – Alaskan Arctic 2012

http://airbornescience.nasa.gov/program/current_activities

SMAPVEX12 - 2012 Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) Validation Experiment

G-III UAVSAR

ECO-3D to provide critical measurements on forest biomass structure and carbon


- UAVs feature prominently

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GreenHouse Observations of the Stratosphere and Troposphere (GHOST) instrument for Global Hawk

Compact short-wave IR spectrometer to observe tropospheric column average CO2, CH4, H2O and CO and HDO/H2O over ocean

Science objectives: •test atmospheric transport models (e.g., tropics – subtropics transition zone•validate satellite GHG column observations over oceans, to fill gap in TCCON•complement in situ TTL tracer observations from Global Hawk link upper troposphere with lower troposphere measurements

GHOST will use technology similar to NASA’s OCO-II and supported by CEOI (IFU spectrometer)

Courtesy, H.Boesch (U.Leicester)

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June 16, 2011 July 10, 2011

Aug 19, 2011 Sep 8, 2011


Methane variability

Height-resolved data would improve on column-averages also for surface emissions

12km

0kmProfiles from in situ sensor during ascents& descents inHIPPO flights

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Height-resolution from IR spectrometry

ppmvppmv

178 hPa 422 hPa IASI column average

Laser Heterodyne Radiometer (CEOI)- Compact IR spectrometer - Heterodyne: very high spectral & spatial resolution Height-resolved CH4 & see between clouds

Limb-sounder for high-res vertical profiling in combination with mm-wave (CEOI)

Global CH4 in the upper and mid troposphere from IASI FTIR

Courtesy A.Waterfall, RAL

Courtesy D.Weidmann, RAL


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Volcanic Plumes


Remote-sensors on UAV flying above civil air space could observe:

- altitude, thickness & geographical extent of thin volcanic plumes- differentiate ash (from cirrus), sulphate aerosol & SO2

Complementing:

operational satellite system (nadir-sensors lack height-res) “AVOID” – ir limb-imager under development for airliners

SO2 from Mt.Etnain AVOID test flight

courtesy F.Prata (NILU)

CMS on TechDemoSat

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1. Ice thickness (ice penetrating radar)

2. Grounding line position (repeat pass InSAR)

UAV applications for Cryosphere

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Ice thickness cannot be measured from existing satellite platforms

Major obstacle for ice sheet models as cannot resolve ice streams where instabilities arise

Main complication is available power, bandwidth, and frequency occupied by telecoms / millitary

Measurement technique is very simple.

Extent of current data limited to operations of airborne platforms

UAV platform a major opportunity

Existing airborne ice thickness data in Antarctica. Ice sheet models run at 5 km resolution

1. Ice thickness (ice penetrating radar)

Courtesy of A.Shepherd


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Grounding line is junction between ice, bedrock, and ocean

GL migration rate is a key indicator of ice sheet stability

GL can be located using repeat pass InSAR due to tidal flexure of floating ice

Grounding Line mapped by InSAR (Rignot, 1998)

2. Grounding line position (repeat pass InSAR)

No current or future satellite sensors can deliver

UAV repeat pass InSAR system could provide early warning of ice sheet collapse

Courtesy of A.Shepherd


B. Kerridge

3. HAPs: Quasi-Geostationary Platform in Stratosphere

Bridge the gap in scales between surface sensors

& satellites


B. Kerridge4th March 2009, Royal Institution

Atmospheric Composition

Geostationary orbit ~36,000km

Polar orbit ~900km

View from 20km altitude

Greater London & Thames estuary

E

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Pollution Monitoring: Tropospheric NO2 over Europe from OMI (Dec’04-Nov’05)

– Information above and between surface networks – Relevance for annual emissions inventories

Courtesy, P.Levelt (KNMI)


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Remote-sensing of NO2

• Imaging DOAS now used to map NO2

• CompAQS developed within CEOI

• Used from ground in CityScan system (eg over London during Olympics)

Could be mounted on UAV or HAP

AirportCity Centre

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Airborne Imaging of NO2 over Zurich by Swiss and Belgians

10am 5:30pm

NO2 vertical column density

Annual average model NO2 concentration


Courtesy, R.Leigh (U.Leicester)

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HALE-D

• Lockheed Martin launched HALE-D on July 27, 2011• Demonstrating key technologies critical to development of unmanned airships. • Altitude 60,000 feet


B. Kerridge10th July 2012,U.Nottingham

Applications for UAVs, HAPs & CubeSats

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4. CubeSats


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Radio Occultation

Temperature & humidity profiling from radio occultation bending angle

FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC joint Taiwan/US mission launched 14th April 2006

• 6 identical micro satellites carrying advanced GPS radio occultation (RO) receiver, a Tiny Ionospheric Photometer (TIP), and a Tri-Band Beacon (TBB).

FORMOSAT-7/COSMIC-2• 6 satellites into low-inclination orbits in early 2016• 6 satellites into high-inclination orbits in early 2018. • Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) RO payload, TriG (Tri-GNSS), will be

capable of tracking 12,000 profiles per day once both constellations deployed.

GNSS constellations: GPS and Galileo [R] and [G], GLONASS and BeiDou [G]

MetOp-SG: improved performance cf GRAS on MetOp• L1(1575.42MHz) and L5(1176.45MHz) frequency selection compatible with GPS and

Galileo and will be compatible with future GLONASS and BeiDou in 2020 timeframe → 8-fold increase in acquisitions


B. Kerridge

Surface Reflectometry

GPS reflections possible from ocean, ice and land surfaces Received signal is“affected” by surface type and traversed atmosphere→ Possibility to use reflected signal for sea surface topography, wind vector (or “roughness”), ice topography/thickness, soil moisture, eg TechDemoSat


B. Kerridge

5. Summary

• UAVs, HAPs & CubeSats have great potential for remote-sensing

• Range of applications spans EO disciplines:– atmosphere, land surface, ocean, cryosphere

• Relevant sensors potentially include CEOI technology: – Compaqs (uv/vis), GHOST(swir), LHR (ir) & mm for atmospheric composition; canopy lidar

• UAV for long flights, at high-altitude, with access to remote or hazardous locations – eg forests, polar ice, storms/hurricanes, volcanic plumes – GlobalHawk prominent in NASA & NOAA campaigns (including lidar & SAR), targeted by NERC

CAST and also potential alternative to Geophysika for UTLS limb-sounding

• HAP attractive future platform for monitoring on regional scale – eg pollution, surface emissions, vegetation stress, soil moisture & soil temperature; agriculture;

hydrology (flooding); coastal zone

• CubeSat constellations offer dense coverage– eg GNSS RO profiling and sea-surface reflectometry


Documents

B. Kerridge 10 th July 2012 Applications for UAVs, HAPs & CubeSats B.Kerridge U.Nottingham Applications for UAVs, HAPs and CubeSats Presentation by B.Kerridge,