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Social Studies 8

Practice Test

P

2

3

Social Studies

Section 1

Social Studies

Directions:

Today you are going to take Section 1 of the Social Studies 8 Practice Test.

Read each question and the information from any source provided. Then, follow the directions to answer each question. Mark your answers by completely filling in the circles in your test book. Do not make any pencil marks outside of the circles. If you need to change an answer, be sure to erase your first answer completely.

One of the questions will ask you to write a response. Write your response in the space provided in your test book. Only responses written within the space provided will be scored.

If you do not know the answer to a question, you may go on to the next question. If you finish early, you may review your answers and any questions you did not answer in this Section ONLY. Do not go past the stop sign.

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1 Read the excerpt.

The powers not delegated [given] to the United Statesby the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states,are reserved to the states respectively [each state], orto the people.

—U.S. Constitution, Amendment 10

Which principle is supported by this constitutional amendment?

A checks and balances

B separation of powers

C federalism

D judicial review

2 Which of the following was a precedent established by George Washington?

A running for vice president

B serving on the Supreme Court

C serving two terms as president

D being elected to the Senate

3 What was the subject of the federal court case Ex parte Merryman (1861)?

A the president’s power to suspend the writ of habeas corpus

B the judicial branch’s ability to determine the constitutionality of laws

C the government’s power to create a national bank

D the government’s ability to regulate economic transactions

Social Studies

B

C

D

A

B

C

D

A

B

C

D

A

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4 Read the excerpt.

Liberty of the press and of opinion is calculated[designed] to destroy all confidence between man andman.

—U.S. Congressman

What was the result of the concern raised by this congressman?

A passage of the Sedition Act of 1798

B passage of the Intolerable Acts of 1774

C expansion of the abolitionist movement

D expansion of prison reforms

5 Which three actions correctly describe the goals and colonial response to theSugar Act of 1764?

A boycotted British goods

B dumped food into a harbor

C stopped illegal smuggling

D established new courts in America

E forced the quartering of soldiers

F lowered taxes

G raised money for the British

Social Studies

B

C

D

A

B

C

D

A

E

F

G

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6 Read the excerpt.

The 15th Amendment to the Constitution states that the“right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not bedenied or abridged by the United States or by any stateon account of race, color, or previous condition ofservitude.”

—U.S. Constitution, National Archives

What action was intended to deny this right to African American males?

A the use of the sharecropping system

B the impeachment of Andrew Johnson

C the adoption of literacy tests at polling places

D the creation of the Freedmen’s Bureau

7 Read the list.

?

• viewed as property• families often separated• received harsh punishments for disobedience

Which title completes this list?

A Treatment of American Indians by White Settlers

B Life for Enslaved African Americans

C Experiences of Women Suffragists

D Management of Workers by Factory Owners

Social Studies

B

C

D

A

B

C

D

A

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8 Study the diagram.

Trade betweenthe East and theWest increases.

The Erie Canalopens.

?

Which statement completes this cause-and-effect diagram?

A The cost of shipping goods decreases.

B Steamboats are invented.

C The National Road opens.

D Interchangeable parts are invented.

9 What was one effect of the Civil War on the Northern economy?

A Agricultural production decreased.

B Factory production increased.

C Inflation decreased.

D Unemployment increased.

Social Studies

B

C

D

A

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C

D

A

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10 Use your knowledge of U.S. history to answer the constructed responsequestion.

• Identify the reasons for Pontiac’s Rebellion following the French andIndian War.

• Explain how Pontiac’s Rebellion affected relationships between theBritish and the colonists.

• Use details and examples to support your response.

Enter your answer in the space provided.

Social Studies

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11 Study the timeline.

The Enforcement Acts of 1870 and 1871

May 1870

February 1871

April 1871

Congress prohibits the formation of groupsthat use secret memberships and disguisesin public to limit the constitutional rightsof others.

The federal government is given the powerto control national elections and superviselocal polling locations.

The president is authorized to use themilitary to stop people from trying to denyequal protection of the laws to other people.

Which group’s actions led to the passage of these laws?

A the Freedmen’s Bureau

B the Ku Klux Klan

C the Republican Party

D the Know-Nothing Party

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B

C

D

A

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12 Which event most contributed to the United States’ declaration of war onMexico in 1846?

A the movement of settlers into the Oregon Territory

B the discovery of gold in California

C disputes along the border of Texas

D disputes along the border of the Louisiana Territory

13 Which two phrases describe the negative impacts of Manifest Destiny?

A the reduction of the buffalo population

B the increase in the amount of available farmland

C the increase in conflicts with American Indians

D the reduction in the number of railroads built

E the increase in dependence on foreign trade

14 Which statement describes an obstacle that President Thomas Jefferson facedwhen making the Louisiana Purchase?

A The Constitution was unclear about whether the United States couldpurchase the territory.

B The purchase would violate the Northwest Ordinance’s process of creatingnew states.

C Great Britain still held control over the majority of the area beingpurchased.

D The purchase would reduce the country’s ability to settle boundarydisputes.

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B

C

D

A

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C

D

A

E

B

C

D

A

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15 Read the list.

?

in the American Revolution

• represented about 15 to 20 percent of the colonial population• were treated harshly by colonists• sometimes tarred and feathered• many fled from the colonies after the war

Which term best completes the title of this list?

A British Soldiers

B Loyalists

C Patriots

D American Indians

16 The initial task of delegates to the 1787 Philadelphia Convention was to

A address the problems of government under the Articles of Confederation.

B negotiate trade agreements among the established American colonies.

C create a document listing the grievances against Great Britain.

D determine how to address slavery when conducting the United Statescensus.

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B

C

D

A

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C

D

A

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17 Read the excerpt.

We know our lands are now become more valuable: thewhite people think we don’t know their value; but we aresensible that the land is everlasting, and the few goodswe receive for it are soon worn out and gone.

—Canassatego, Onondaga Chief, speaker for theIroquois Confederacy, 1742

Based on the excerpt, what was one source of conflict between American Indiansand European colonists?

A American Indians preferred European currency rather than goods.

B American Indians refused to teach the colonists how to farm.

C American Indians refused to learn European languages.

D American Indians wanted to retain their land.

Social Studies

B

C

D

A

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Social Studies


Declaration of Rights and Sentiments

women mustobey laws

2

1however

womencannot get

an educationtherefore

Part A

Which statement described in the Declaration of Rights and Sentiments goesin box 1?

A women have no voice in the government

B colleges do not admit women

C women are not allowed to serve in the military

D state constitutions are written

E women abolitionists fight for equality

Part B

Which statement described in the Declaration of Rights and Sentiments goes inbox 2?

A women have no voice in the government

B colleges do not admit women

C women are not allowed to serve in the military

D state constitutions are written

E women abolitionists fight for equality

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B

C

D

A

E

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C

D

A

E

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19 Which example best demonstrates the idea of promoting the general welfareas described in the Preamble to the U.S. Constitution?

A Congress passes the Alien and Sedition Acts.

B George Washington is inaugurated as the first president.

C The Constitution gives Congress the power to tax.

D James Madison writes essays supporting ratification.

I honor those good men and women for their nobledaring, and applaud them for willingly subjectingthemselves to bloody persecution [mistreatment], byopenly avowing [stating] their participation in the escapeof slaves . . .

—Frederick Douglass, Narrative of the Life ofFrederick Douglass, An American Slave

Which action is Frederick Douglass referring to in this excerpt?

A the establishment of the Ku Klux Klan

B the decision in the Dred Scott case

C the passage of the Missouri Compromise

D the use of the Underground Railroad

Social Studies


B

C

D

A

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C

D

A

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21 Study the map.

Trail of Tears, 1830s

N

E

S

W

N

E

S

W

= Indian reservations

= Chickasaw and

Choctaw Indian Lands

= Cherokee and

Creek Indian Lands

= routes

LEGEND

= Seminole Indian Lands

Which event caused the movement of people shown on this map?

A the passage of the Indian Claims Limitations Act

B the enforcement of the Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act

C the enforcement of the Indian Removal Act

D the adoption of the Indian Reorganization Act

Social Studies

B

C

D

A

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22 Which two statements best reflect the main goals of the HomespunMovement during the American Revolution?

A We must protect our right to free speech.

B We will not accept this new tax on tea.

C We must remain loyal to Great Britain and to King George.

D We must make our own coats to protect our freedom.

E We will not buy goods imported from Great Britain.

23 Which of the following had the greatest influence on the factory system inthe United States during the 1800s?

A the introduction of the mechanical reaper

B the development of interchangeable parts

C the expanded use of antiseptics

D the invention of the telegraph

Social Studies

B

C

D

A

E

B

C

D

A

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Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned[assigned] . . . according to their respective Numbers,which shall be determined by adding to the wholeNumber of free Persons, including those bound toService for a Term of Years, and excluding Indians nottaxed, three fifths of all other Persons [enslaved AfricanAmericans].

—U.S. Constitution, Article 1, Section 2, Clause 3

During the Constitutional Convention, which group was satisfied by the addition ofthis clause?

A factory owners in the North

B railroad workers in western territories

C plantation owners in the South

D settlers in the western territories

25 What was the goal of King Cotton Diplomacy?

A to negotiate terms of surrender for the Civil War

B to force Great Britain into an alliance with the Confederacy

C to allow southern states to nullify federal laws

D to prevent northern states from exporting manufactured goods

Social Studies

B

C

D

A

B

C

D

A

STOP

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You have come to the end of Section 1 of the test. Review your answersfrom Section 1 only.

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STOP

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GO ON TO NEXT PAGE

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Social Studies

Section 2Directions:



Some of the questions will ask you to write a response. Write your response in the space provided in your test book. Only responses written within the space provided will be scored.


22

Social Studies

1 Read the excerpt.

One section of our country believes slavery is right andought to be extended, while the other believes it iswrong and ought not to be extended. This is the onlysubstantial dispute.

—Abraham Lincoln, First Inaugural Address, 1861

Lincoln’s idea expressed in this excerpt eventually led to the

A Mexican-American War.

B Fugitive Slave Act.

C Missouri Compromise.

D Civil War.

2 Which statement about Jacksonian Democracy in the 1830s is correct?

A The Constitution was amended to limit the power of the president.

B Voting rights were expanded to include most white men.

C The federal government guaranteed the sovereignty of American Indians.

D Congress outlawed the importation of enslaved Africans.

Social Studies

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B

C

D

A

B

C

D

A

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3 Which group is best known for promoting education for African Americansduring Reconstruction?

A members of the Federalist Party

B members of the Sons and Daughters of Liberty

C members of the Freedmen’s Bureau

D members of the Temperance Movement

4 Read the excerpt.

The second question, whether the judges are investedwith [given] exclusive authority to decide on theconstitutionality of a law, has been . . . a subject ofconsideration with me. . . . Certainly there is not a wordin the constitution which has given that power to themmore than to the executive or legislative branches.

—Thomas Jefferson to W.H. Torrance, 1815

Which two items are associated with the decision discussed in this excerpt?

A federalism

B McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

C judicial review

D popular sovereignty

E Marbury v. Madison (1803)

Social Studies

B

C

D

A

E

B

C

D

A

24


Introduction

Introduction

A student is researching the Lewis and Clark Expedition for a project. Thecompelling question is:

What was Sacagawea’s most important contribution to theLewis and Clark Expedition?

The student has found the following sources. Use the sources and sourceinformation to answer the questions.

Background Information

In 1803, after purchasing the Louisiana Territory, PresidentThomas Jefferson asked Congress to fund an expedition to explore theAmerican West. Captain Meriwether Lewis and Lieutenant William Clarkled a group of about 35 men on this journey. Between May 1804 andSeptember 1806, the Corps of Discovery, as the expedition company wascalled, traveled nearly 8,000 miles from St. Louis, Missouri, to the PacificOcean and back.

In April 1805, the Corps of Discovery proceeded up the Missouri River.The group included soldiers, civilians, and two newly-hiredmembers—Sacagawea, a Shoshone Indian, and her husband,Toussaint Charbonneau, a French-Canadian fur trader.

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Route of the Lewis and Clark Expedition

N

E

S

W

MissouriRiver

ColumbiaRiver

AtlanticOcean

PacificOcean

St. Louis

KEY

Expedition Route

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. . . [I]n the evening our Instruments, Medicine,merchandise provision [goods]. . . were perfectlydried, repacked and put on board . . . . our medicinesustained the greatest injury, several articles of whichwere entirely spoiled, and many others considerablyinjured; the balance of our losses consisted of somegarden seeds, a small quantity of gunpowder, and afew culinary [cooking] articles which fell overboard andsunk, the Indian woman [Sacagawea] . . . caught andpreserved most of the light articles which were washedoverboard . . . all matters being now arranged for ourdeparture we lost no time in setting out.

Social Studies

Source A

Source Information: This is an excerpt from Captain Lewis’s journalfrom May 16, 1805. The day before, the expedition was hit by a windstorm which flipped over their boat. On the boat was important scientificinformation gathered in journals as well as medicine and tools.

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Source B

Source Information: This article titled “The Challenge of Sacagawea” isfrom the North Dakota Historical Society’s website. In addition to offeringnews and events, this website has online exhibits about North Dakota’spast. Their mission is to “identify, preserve, interpret, and promote theheritage of North Dakota and its people.” The article was published in2003 and the website is updated regularly.

Sacagawea wrote nothing herself. She was almostcertainly illiterate. . . .Had Sacagawea recorded herown history it seems certain that our understanding ofher would be significantly . . . different. . . The journalkeepers . . . five of whose journals are extant[surviving] for the Sacagawea phase of the expedition,did not routinely report her activities. Sacagawea gotnoticed when she fed the expedition, when shebecame ill, . . . when her beads were needed for aneconomic transaction, when she showed extraordinaryresourcefulness . . . and when she interpreted amongher people. . . .She was mentioned . . . only a handfulof times in the journals.

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Source C

Source Information: This painting, Lewis and Clark at Three Forks, waspainted by Edgar S. Paxson in 1912. Paxson was an American frontierpainter who documented the disappearance of the Old West and themistreatment of natives. He knew many American Indians and wassympathetic to the poor ways they had been treated. His paintingspresented a romantic, but sometimes inaccurate view of westernsettlement. This painting shows Lewis and Clark to the left of Sacagaweaand her husband, Toussaint Charbonneau, to the right. In the painting,she is identifying American Indian hunting grounds at the Three ForksRivers that led into the Missouri River.

"Lew

is a

nd C

lark

at

Thre

e F

ork

s"

by

Edgar

S.

Paxson,

Oil o

n C

anvas,

1912,

Mura

l in

the M

onta

na S

tate

Capitol,

Court

esy o

f th

e M

onta

na H

isto

rical Socie

ty,

Don B

eatt

y,

photo

gra

pher

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Source D

Source Information: This is an excerpt from William Clark’s journalfrom October 19, 1805, less than one month before reaching the PacificOcean. He describes the first interaction with the Umatilla Indians alongthe Columbia River in present-day Oregon. They were one ofapproximately 50 native tribes that the Corps met on their journey. Afterfailed attempts to communicate with hand gestures, Clark entered theirhomes uninvited, emptied his pockets, and provided gifts to convincethem of the expedition’s peaceful intentions, but could not persuade themen to come outdoors to talk.

. . . [T]he sight of This Indian woman [Sacagawea],wife to one of our interpreters confirmed those peopleof our friendly intentions, as no woman everaccompanies a war party of Indians in this quarter—Capt Lewis joined us and we Smoked with thosepeople in the greatest friendship, during which timeone of our Old Chiefs informed them who we werefrom whence [where] we Came and where we weregoing giving them a friendly account of us, . . . I SawSeveral Horses and persons on horseback in the plainsmany of the men women and children Came up fromthe Lodges below; all of them appeared pleased to Seeus, we traded some few articles for fish and berries,Dined, and proceeded on past a Small rapid and 15Lodges . . . .

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5 Consider the Source Information provided for Source C.

What information raises concerns about Source C’s usefulness as evidence forlearning about Sacagawea’s contributions to the Lewis and Clark Expedition?

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6 Part A

Do Source B and Source D provide similar or different viewpoints aboutSacagawea’s most important contribution?

A similar

B different

Part B

Briefly explain your answer with evidence from both sources.

31

Social Studies

Enter your response in the space provided.

MCAP

B

A

32

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7 The Lewis and Clark Expedition would not have been successful withoutSacagawea.

Explain how evidence from Source A supports the statement.

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GO ON TO NEXT PAGE

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Social Studies

8 Part A

Consider the Source Information provided for Source B.

Select one detail from the Source Information that shows why a historianmight choose to use the North Dakota Historical Society website for learningmore about Sacagawea’s contributions to the Lewis and Clark Expedition.

This article titled “The Challenge of Sacagawea” is from the North DakotaHistorical Society’s website. In addition to (A) offering news and events, thiswebsite has (B) online exhibits about North Dakota’s past. Their mission is to(C) “identify, preserve, interpret, and promote the heritage of North Dakotaand its people.” The (D) article was published in 2003 and the website isupdated regularly.

Social Studies

A “. . . offering news and events . . .”

B “. . . online exhibits about North Dakota’s past.”

C “. . . ‘identify, preserve, interpret, and promote the heritage ofNorth Dakota and its people.’”

D “. . . article was published in 2003 . . .”

B

C

D

A

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Part B

Explain why the detail you chose in Part A shows why a historian might choose to use the North Dakota Historical Society website for learning more aboutSacagawea’s contributions to the Lewis and Clark Expedition.


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9 The information provided in Sources A through D is credible. Use thesesources to respond to the compelling question.

What was Sacagawea’s most important contribution to the Lewis andClark Expedition?

Develop a claim that responds to the compelling question.

• Explain how one source supports your claim.• Explain how one source does not support your claim.• Use details and examples from the selected sources to support your

response.


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STOP

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STOP

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One of the questions will ask you to write a response. Write your response in the space provided in your test book. Only responses written within the space provided will be scored.


40

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1 What was one event that led to the defeat of the British during theWar of 1812?

A The United States bought the Louisiana Territory from France.

B The concept of Manifest Destiny was abandoned.

C The American Navy won control of the Great Lakes.

D The United States experienced draft riots across the country.

2 Read the information.

Resources of the Union and Confederacy

Resource Union Confederacy

Population21 million freeand 500,000

enslaved

5.5 millionfree and 3.5

millionenslaved

Number ofFactories 110,000 21,000

Miles ofRailroad 21,700 9,000

Source: National Park Service

Which conclusion is supported by the table?

A The Confederacy had a larger army and a greater number of weapons thanthe Union.

B The Union had a greater ability to move troops and supplies than theConfederacy.

C The Confederacy had a greater number of factories that employed themajority of its citizens.

D The Union had a larger number of enslaved people that could work in thefactories.

Social Studies

B

C

D

A

B

C

D

A

41

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3 Why was the Louisiana Territory important to France, the United States, andSpain?

A increased access to farmland

B reduced conflict with American Indians

C increased access to trade routes

D decreased reliance on British goods

4 What was the outcome of the impressment of sailors by the British?

A the issuing of the Proclamation of 1763

B the start of the War of 1812

C the passage of the Missouri Compromise

D the start of the Nullification Crisis

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B

C

D

A

B

C

D

A

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1

2

establishes aprotective

tariff

reestablishesa federal

bank

The U.S.governmentdecides to

transform theeconomy.

The Warof 1812ends.

Part A

Which outcome of the War of 1812 goes in box 1?

A suffrage for women expands

B abolishes slavery

C improves transportation systems

D nationalism increases

E passes laws protecting workers

Part B



B abolishes slavery




42


1

2


tariff


bank



The Warof 1812ends.

Part A



B abolishes slavery




Part B



B abolishes slavery




42

Social Studies


1

2


tariff


bank



The Warof 1812ends.

Part A



B abolishes slavery




Part B



B abolishes slavery




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B

C

D

A

E

B

C

D

A

E

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6 Which action demonstrated one of George Washington’s strengths as amilitary leader during the American Revolution?

A He provided effective naval strategies against the British.

B He inspired the Continental army to continue to fight the British.

C He incorporated the use of new technologies against the British.

D He warned the colonists that the British army was advancing on Boston.

7 Which of the following actions is an example of colonists protesting Britishpolicies?

A refusing to settle west of the Appalachian Mountains

B following British laws rather than colonial laws

C dumping of British tea into Boston Harbor

D helping enslaved African Americans escape to Canada

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B

C

D

A

B

C

D

A

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8 Read the excerpt.

Let us then, fellow citizens, unite with one heart and onemind, let us restore . . . that harmony and affectionwithout which liberty, and even life itself, are but drearythings. . . . We have called by different names brethren[brothers] of the same principle. We are all republicans:we are all federalists.

—President Thomas Jefferson, Inaugural Address, 1801

Which precedent set by George Washington was Jefferson promoting in thisexcerpt?

A a strict interpretation of the Constitution

B a peaceful transition of power

C the creation of an executive cabinet

D the establishment of a two-term limit

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B

C

D

A

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Selected Events Under the Articles of Confederation

TheContinentalCongressprintedpaper

money topay for the

RevolutionaryWar.

The valueof moneydropped.

People madecounterfeit

money.

People beganto demand a

strongernational

government.

?

Which action correctly completes this diagram?

A The government abolished national banks.

B States nullified federal tariffs.

C The government set up a barter system.

D States issued their own currencies.

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B

C

D

A

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10 Read the excerpt and use it to answer the constructed response question.

After freedom . . . . we couldn’t make nothing, justoveralls and something to eat. Half [your crop] went tothe [farm owner] . . . . A man that didn’t know how tocount would always lose . . . . No matter how goodaccount you kept, you had to go by their account . . . . Ifyou didn’t make no money . . . they would advance[give] you more. But . . . you better not try to leave andget caught. They’d keep you in debt.

—Henry Blake, former enslaved African American, oralinterview, 1936 to 1938

• Identify the system described in this excerpt.• Explain how the system denied economic freedoms to African Americans

after the Civil War.• Use details and examples to support your response.


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11 What was a purpose of the Freedmen’s Bureau?

A to prevent freed African Americans from being drafted into the military

B to assist with the removal of Union soldiers from the South

C to prevent former Confederate soldiers from being elected to political office

D to provide freed African Americans with access to formerly denied services

12 Read the information.

On March 3, 1863, Congress passed the Enrollment Act.It called for all male citizens and immigrants betweenthe ages of 20 and 45 to register in a national militarydraft system. The act allowed for a person to be exemptfrom registering if he paid $300 or found a person toreplace him.

What was one reaction to the Enrollment Act?

A President Andrew Johnson was impeached.

B Riots broke out in several Northern cities.

C Fewer Union troops deserted.

D States seceded from the Union.

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B

C

D

A

B

C

D

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13 Study the map.

United States in the Mid‑1800s

1

2

3

5

4 N

E

S

W

In which two regions did the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 address the issueof slavery and lead to violence in Kansas?

A 1

B 2

C 3

D 4

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B

C

D

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14 Why was the Preamble included in the United States Constitution?

A to provide a common vision of the purpose of government

B to define the role of the judicial branch

C to explain the levels of government

D to identify the system of checks and balances


In 1860, Elizabeth Burkett . . . with her husband, HenryBurkett . . . and . . . fellow slaves Thomas Sipple, hiswife Mary Ann Sipple, John Purnell, and Hale Burton,holding a total of thirty dollars and looking to cross theDelaware Bay into freedom . . . purchased a small vesselfor six dollars and began their journey up the coast ontheir way to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. En route, theyencountered a group of white men who attempted toovertake the slaves’ boat. The fugitives, however,defended their vessel and continued on, despite injury tothe passengers.

—Archives of Maryland

What form of resistance to slavery is described in this excerpt?

A running away

B sabotage

C faking illness

D working slowly

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B

C

D

A

B

C

D

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Article VIII. All charges [costs] of war, and all otherexpenses that shall be incurred [raised] for the commondefense or general welfare . . . shall be defrayed [paid]out of a common treasury. . . .

—Articles of Confederation, 1781

Which limitation of the Articles of Confederation made this provision difficult toenforce?

A the inability to collect taxes

B the absence of an executive branch

C the absence of a national court system

D the inability to print a national currency

17 Dorothea Dix led a successful campaign to help people with mental illnessesand promote

A the abolition of slavery.

B the adoption of temperance.

C reforms to prison systems.

D mandatory school attendance.

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B

C

D

A

B

C

D

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19 According to the Declaration of Independence, people are able to alter orabolish the government when the government

A no longer protects the natural rights of the people.

B stops collecting taxes from people.

C no longer allows the quartering of soldiers.

D stops trading with foreign countries.

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America is destined for better deeds. . . . We have nointerest in (A) the scenes of antiquity [the ancient past],only as lessons of avoidance of nearly all their examples.(B) The expansive future is our arena, and for ourhistory. . . . We are the nation of human progress, andwho will . . . set limits to our onward march? . . . Wepoint to the everlasting truth on (C) the first page of ournational declaration. . . . (D) The far-reaching, theboundless future will be the era of American greatness.In its magnificent domain of space and time, the nationof many nations is destined to manifest to mankind . . .divine principles; to establish on earth the noblesttemple . . . to (E) the worship of the Most High—theSacred and the True.

—John L. O’Sullivan, 1839

Which two statements reflect the key components of Manifest Destiny asdescribed in this excerpt?

A “ . . . the scenes of antiquity [the ancient past]. . . .”

B “The expansive future is our arena. . . .”

C “. . . the first page of our national declaration. . . .”

D “The far-reaching, the boundless future will be the era of Americangreatness.”

E “. . . the worship of the Most High. . . .”

B

C

D

A

B

C

D

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20 Read the lyrics.

Oh! times are tough, amazing rough,Expenses are alarming,I will go West, it’s far the best,Try my luck at farming.For the idea, of staying hereTo just earn your gruel,Makes me feel sad and sometimes mad‘Tis so awful cruel.Goods are so high, I heave a sigh,At the cost of living,My loving wife, she sees the strifeAnd has a spell of crying.

—“I Will Go West!” by J.P. Barrett, 1875

Which group’s views are best represented by these song lyrics?

A American Indians

B Mexican ranchers

C Enslaved African Americans

D White settlers

21 Which event exposed one limitation of the Articles of Confederation?

A Shays’s Rebellion

B Pontiac’s Rebellion

C Nat Turner’s Rebellion

D Whiskey Rebellion

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B

C

D

A

B

C

D

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AmericanIndians

had to choosebetween

Loyalists andPatriots.

2

American Indian goalsduring the American

Revolution:

hold ontohomelands

●

● 1

Part A

Which action about American Indian involvement in the American Revolutiongoes in box 1?

A maintain access to trade and supplies

B obtain citizenship and voting rights

C establish reservations

D American Indian confederacies break down.

E American Indian nations allied with the French.

Part B

Which action about American Indian involvement in the American Revolution goesin box 2?

A maintain access to trade and supplies

B obtain citizenship and voting rights

C establish reservations

D American Indian confederacies break down.

E American Indian nations allied with the French.

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B

C

D

A

E

B

C

D

A

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23 What was one effect of the rapid population growth in California during thelate 1840s on the sectionalism debate?

A Congress tried to maintain the balance between free and slave states.

B The slave trade was expanded in Washington, D.C.

C The Supreme Court declared the Fugitive Slave Act to be unconstitutional.

D Congress finalized the terms of the Gadsden Purchase.

24 Which situation prompted the use of the convict labor lease system?

A Northern states needed people to harvest cash crops.

B Northern states needed people to work in factories.

C Southern states needed money to establish sharecropping.

D Southern states needed money to rebuild infrastructure.

25 What was one result of the Bargain of 1877?

A The Radical Republicans impeached President Andrew Johnson.

B Ulysses S. Grant was promoted to General in the Union Army.

C Rutherford B. Hayes became President of the United States.

D The Supreme Court ruled in favor of Dred Scott.

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B

C

D

A

B

C

D

A

B

C

D

A

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Some of the questions will ask you to write a response. Write your response in the space provided in your test book. Only responses written within the space provided will be scored.


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1 Which Supreme Court case established that Congress had implied powersunder the necessary and proper clause?

A McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

B Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

C Marbury v. Madison (1803)

D Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)

2 How did President Andrew Jackson’s veto of the Second Bank of theUnited States demonstrate the ideals of Jacksonian Democracy?

A by giving more economic power to northern industrial states

B by increasing the political influence of wealthy citizens

C by strengthening southern and western agricultural states

D by increasing the profits and production levels of factories

4 What is one part of the Constitution that limits freedoms and one part of theConstitution that limits the government?

A Northwest Ordinance

B Three-Fifths Compromise

C separation of powers

D ability to sign treaties

E Electoral College

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3 Which statement was most likely made by a Federalist during the debatesover the ratification of the U.S. Constitution?

A “A bill of rights is necessary to protect people’s liberties.”

B “A strong central government is necessary for our country.”

C “The states must retain their original powers.”

D “The states must determine whether slavery will exist.”
















E Electoral College

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E Electoral College

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E Electoral College

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B

C

D

A

B

C

D

A

B

C

D

A

B

C

D

A

E

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Introduction

Introduction

The student has found the following sources. Use the sources and sourceinformation to answer the questions.

Background Information

America’s economic transformation in the 1800s was linked to dramaticchanges in transportation networks. The development of canals,steamboats, roads, and railroads led to the expansion of economicmarkets, westward migration, and modification of the physical landscape.

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A student is researching changes in transportation in the 19th century.The compelling question is:

Did the benefits of transportation changes in the 19th centuryoutweigh the costs?

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Source A

Source Information: This excerpt is from an advertisement by theIllinois Central Railroad Company. The advertisement was posted inChicago, Illinois in 1855. The Illinois Central was the first railroad thatwas granted free land by the federal government on which to build. Whenit was completed, the Illinois Central was the longest railroad in theworld.

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FARM LANDS FOR SALE.

THE ILLINOIS CENTRAL RAILROAD COMPANY Is nowprepared to Sell OVER TWO MILLIONS OF ACRES of PRAIRIEFARM LANDS, In Tracts of 40 Acres or upward, ON LONGCREDITS AND AT LOW RATES OF INTEREST!

They were granted by the Government, to encourage thebuilding of this Railroad, which runs from the extreme Northto the extreme South of the State of Illinois. The Roadpasses, from end to end, through the richest and most fertilePrairies of the State. . . . The recent opening of nearly sixhundred miles of the Company’s Railroad throws open theirlands for cultivation, they being scattered for several miles inwidth, on each side of the Road, throughout its entire length.

The soil is a dark, rich mold, from one to five feet in depth, isgently rolling, and peculiarly fitted for grazing cattle andsheep, or the cultivation of wheat, Indian corn, etc.

The economy in cultivating and the productiveness of Illinoislands are well known. Trees are not required to be cut down,stumps grubbed, or stone picked off, as is generally the casein the cultivation of new land in the older States. . . . Wheatsown on the newly-turned sod is sure to yield very largeprofits. . . .

Corn, grain, cattle, etc., will be forwarded at reasonable ratesto Chicago, for the Eastern market, and to Cairo for theSouthern. . . . The rapid increase and growth of flourishingtowns and villages along the line afford a substantial andgrowing home demand for farm produce.

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Source B

Source Information: The excerpt is from the Annual Report of theCommissioner of Indian Affairs accompanying the Annual Report of theSecretary of the Interior for the year 1856. The report was authored byGeorge Washington Manypenny, who served as Commissioner of IndianAffairs from 1853–1857. He was responsible for settling 52 treaties duringhis tenure, many of them in Kansas and Nebraska.

It is impossible to avoid the conclusion that in a few years, ina very few, the railroads of the east . . . will be extendedwestwardly . . . [and] an active population will keep up withthe advance of the railroads—a population that will openfarms, erect workshops, and build villages and cities. Whenthat time arrives, and it is at our very doors—where will bethe habitation [housing] and what the condition of the rapidlywasting Indian tribes of the plains, the prairies, and of ournew States and Territories?

As sure as these great physical changes are impending[about to happen], so sure will these poor [inhabitants] ofthe forest be blotted [wiped] out of existence, and their dustbe trampled under the foot of rapidly advancing civilization,unless our great nation shall generously determine that thenecessary provision shall at once be made, and appropriatesteps be taken to designate . . . reservations of land, inproper localities, for permanent homes for, and provide themeans to colonize, them thereon. Such reservations shouldbe selected with great care . . . to protect them fromencroachments [intrusions] of every kind. . . .

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Source C

Source Information: The maps are the first and the last of a seriescreated by Charles O. Paullin and John K. Wright to show rates of travel,or the amount of time it took to travel from one of the starting points of aroad to its end. The maps were published in the Atlas of the HistoricalGeography of the United States in 1932. This was the first majorhistorical atlas to be published in the United States.

Sourc

e:

Public D

om

ain

LEGEND

weeks

days

1 day

1 day

1d

23

4

4

3

3

2

5

5

5

6

6 days

6 days

1 wk

1 wk

2 wks

2 wks

2 wks3 wks

3 wks

4 wks

4wks

5 wks

5 wks

6

5 w

ks

5wks

6 wks

6 wks

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Source D

Source Information: The wood engraving entitled “Slaughter of Buffaloon the Kansas Pacific Railroad” was created by Ernest Griset. The date ofcreation is not known. The engraving was published in the 1877 book,The Hunting Grounds of the Great West: A Description of the Plains,Game, and Indians of the Great North American Desert written by ColonelIrving Dodge. In the book, Col. Dodge describes his experience serving inthe United States Army.

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5 Consider the Source Information provided for Source D. Why might a historianquestion Source D’s usefulness for weighing the costs and benefits oftransportation changes in the 19th century?


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6 Part A

Source C was published in the 20th century. Does this make it more or lessuseful as evidence to determine the benefits of the 19th century changes intransportation?

A more useful

B less useful

Part B

Briefly explain your answer to Part A.

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MCAP

B

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7 Part A

Do Sources A and C provide similar or different evidence on the effects of thechanges in transportation?

A similar

B different

Part B

Briefly explain your answer with evidence from both sources.

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MCAP

B

A

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8 George Washington Manypenny was concerned about the impact of railroadson American Indians.

Support this claim with two pieces of evidence from Source B.

A “. . . the railroads of the east . . . will be extended westwardly . . .”(Paragraph 1)

B “. . . an active population will keep up with the advance of therailroads . . .” (Paragraph 1)

C “. . . a population that will open farms, erect workshops, and build villagesand cities.” (Paragraph 1)

D “. . . what the condition of the rapidly wasting Indian tribes . . .”(Paragraph 1)

E “. . . so sure will these poor [inhabitants] of the forest be blotted [wiped]out of existence . . .” (Paragraph 2)

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B

C

D

A

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9 The information in Sources A–D is credible. Use these sources to respond tothe compelling question.

Did the benefits of transportation changes in the 19th centuryoutweigh the costs?

Develop a claim that responds to the compelling question.

• Explain how one source supports your claim.• Explain how a different source also supports your claim.• Use details and examples from the selected sources to support your

response.


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Practice Test

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1126667 1 2 3 4 5 A B C D E Printed in the USA ISD34101

Documents

B Last Name First Name MI Social Studies 8 Practice Test