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PANJAB UNIVERSITY, CHANDIGARH-160014 (INDIA) (Estd. under the Panjab University Act VII of 1947—enacted by the Govt. of India)
FACULTY OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES
SYLLABI
FOR
B. Pharm. for the Examination of 2010-2011
i.e.
1st Semester, November/December, 2010
2nd
Semester, April/May, 2011
3rd
Semester, November/December, 2010
4th
Semester, April/May, 2011
AND
3rd
Year and 4th
Year for Examination of 2011
--:o:--
© The Registrar, Panjab University, Chandigarh.
All Rights Reserved.
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APPLICABILITY OF REGULATIONS FOR THE TIME
BEING IN FORCE
Notwithstanding the integrated nature of a course spread over more than one academic year, the
regulations in force at the time a student joins a course shall hold good only for the examinations held
during or at the end of the academic year. Nothing in these regulations shall be deemed to debar the
University from amending the regulations subsequently and the amended regulations, if any, shall
apply to all students whether old or new.
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SEMESTER-WISE DISTRIBUTION OF MARKS
Semester
Theory
Marks
Practical/Report
Marks
Total
First Semester
5 500/450 4/5 400/450 900
Second Semester
5 500 4 400 900
Third Semester
6 600 6 600 1200
Fourth Semester
6 600 5 500 1100
Fifth Semester
6 550 6 550 1100
Sixth Semester
6 600 5 500 1100
Seventh Semester
6 600 4 400 1000
Eighth Semester 4 400 3 300 700
44
4350/4300
37
3650/3700
8000
(i)
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SCHEME OF EXAMINATION FOR THIRD YEAR AND FOURTH YEAR FOR THE
EXAMINATION, 2011
B. PHARM. THIRD YEAR
301. Pharmaceutical Chemistry :
Paper-I : Biochemistry
Paper-II : Medicinal Chemistry
Paper-III : Analytical Chemistry-II
302. Pharmaceutical Chemistry Laboratory :
Paper-I : Biochemistry
Paper-II : Pharmaceutical Analysis-II
303. Pharmaceutics :
Paper-I : Biological Pharmacy & Biotechnology-II
Paper-II : Pharmaceutical Technology-I
Paper-III : Cosmetics
Paper-IV : Forensic Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Industrial Management.
304. Pharmaceutics Laboratory :
Paper-I : Biological Pharmacy & Biotechnology-II, and Pharmaceutical Technology-I
Paper-II : Cosmetics
305. Pharmacognosy :
Paper : Pharmacognosy-III
Paper : Pharmacognosy-IV
306. Pharmacognosy Laboratory-III
307. Pharmacology-II
308. Pharmacology Laboratory :
Paper : Experimental Pharmacology
(vi)
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B. PHARM. FOURTH YEAR
401. Pharmaceutical Chemistry :
Paper-I : Medicinal Chemistry-II
Paper-II : Medicinal Chemistry-III
Paper-III : Pharmaceutical Analysis-III
402. Pharmaceutical Chemistry Laboratory :
Paper-I : Medicinal Chemistry
Paper-II : Pharmaceutical Analysis-III
403. Pharmaceutics :
Paper-I : Pharmacokinetics & Biopharmaceutics
Paper-II : Clinical Pharmacy
Paper-III : Pharmaceutical Technology-II
404. Pharmaceutics Laboratory :
Paper-I : Pharmacokinetics, Biopharmaceutics & Clinical Pharmacy
Paper-II : Pharmaceutical Technology-II
405. Pharmacognosy :
Paper : Pharmacognosy-V
406. Pharmacognosy Laboratory-IV
407. Pharmacology-III
Paper-I : Biochemical Pharmacology & Toxicology
Paper-II : Clinical Pharmacology
408. Pharmacology Laboratory :
Paper : Experimental Pharmacology
409. (A) Industrial Management.
(B) Computers & Their Applications in Pharmaceutical Sciences.
(vii)
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SYLLABUS FOR BACHELOR OF PHARMACY FIRST YEAR FOR THE
SESSION OF 2010-2011
FIRST SEMESTER
Instructions for the paper setter and the students :
1. Each paper shall be of 100 marks (80 marks for examination, 20 marks for internal assessment).
2. Theory paper shall have 7 questions, 1 question compulsory of objective/short answer type of 20
marks and 6 more questions of 15 marks each.
3. Total five questions are to be attempted.
4. Use of scientific non-programmable calculator is allowed in the examination.
PHARM-1011 : ORGANIC CHEMISTRY-I
3 hours/week
1. Structure and Properties :
(4 Lectures)
Organic chemistry, structural theory, chemical bond, quantum mechanics, atomic
orbitals, electronic configuration, molecular orbitals, bond lengths, bond angles, bond
energy, polarity of bonds, polarity of molecules, dipole moment, structure and physical
properties including melting point, boiling point and solubility, acidity and basicity,
isomerism.
2. Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds : (4 Lectures)
Stereoisomers, enantiomers, diastereoisomers, optical activity, chiral centre, racemic
modification, meso-structures, configuration, reactions involving stereoisomers,
stereoselective and stereospecific reactions.
Geometric isomers, conformational isomers, configurational isomers, conformational
analysis of ethane and n-butane, conformations of cyclohexanes, axial and equatorial
bonds, Newman projections, Fischer and Wedge formula.
Relative and absolute configuration, sequence rules, D & L, R & S and E & Z system
of nomenclature.
3. Alkanes and Cycloalkanes :
(8 Lectures)
Alkanes : Nomenclature of straight and branched chain alkanes and alkyl groups,
classification of carbon atoms of alkanes, isomerism in alkanes, sources, methods of
preparation, physical properties and chemical reactions.
Mechanism of free radical halogenation of alkanes, orientation, reactivity and
selectivity, chlorofluorocarbons and ozone layer.
Cycloalkanes : Nomenclature, methods of preparation, chemical reactions, Bayer’s
strain theory, ring strain, isomerism in cyclopentane and cyclohexane, reactions of
carbenes, cyclic ethers, crown ethers, epoxides.
Quantitative elemental analysis and structure elucidation, empirical formula and
molecular formula.
4. Alkyl Halides : (4 Lectures)
Nomenclature and classes of alkyl halides, methods of preparation, chemical reactions,
mechanisms of nucleophilic substitution reactions, SN1 and SN2 reactions, carbonium
ions, carbenium ions and carbocations, structure, relative stability, ease of formation,
rearrangements and other characteristics of carbocations.
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2 SYLLABUS FOR B. PHARM. (FIRST SEMESTER) EXAMINATION
5. Alcohol, Ethers and Role of the Solvent : (4 Lectures)
Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical properties and chemical reactions.
Role of Solvent: Secondary bonding, solubility of non-ionic and ionic solutes, protic
and aprotic solvents, ion pairs, role of solvent in substitution reactions, phase-transfer
catalysis.
6. Alkenes, Dienes and Alkynes : (8 Lectures)
Alkenes : Nomenclature, methods of preparation, mechanisms of dehydration of
alcohols and dehydrohalogenation of alkyl halides, E1 and E2 reaction mechanisms,
physical properties and relative stabilities of alkenes, chemical reactions, mechanisms
of hydrogenation, electrophilic and free radical additions, Markovnikov’s rule,
hydroboration-oxidation, oxymercuration-reduction, epoxidation, ozonolysis,
hydration, hydroxylation and oxidation with KMnO4.
Substitution at allylic and vinylic positions, theory of resonance and conjugation, free
radical polymerization of alkenes.
Dienes : Nomenclature, structures of isolated, conjugated and cumulated dienes, 1, 2-
and 1, 4-addition reactions, free radical polymerization of dienes.
Alkynes: Nomenclature, structure and bonding in alkynes, method of preparation,
chemical reactions, acidity and electrophilic addition reactions.
7. Benzenes, Arenes and Aromaticity : (8 Lectures)
Nomenclature of benzene and derivatives, structure of benzene, Kekule’s structure,
stability and length of C-C bond of benzene, resonance structure, aromaticity and
Huckel rule.
Aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions, mechanisms of nitration, halogenation,
sulphonation, Friedal-Crafts reaction, activating and deactivating substituents,
orientation and reactivity.
Arenes: Nomenclature, method of preparation and reactions of alkynyl benzenes, alkyl
benzenes, halogenation of alkylbenzenes- ring vs side chain, stability of benzylic free
radical, triphenylmethyl free radical and benzyl cation.
Structure, nomenclature, preparation and reactions of alkenyl and alkynyl benzenes.
Books Recommended :
1. R.T. Morrison and R.N. Boyd, Organic Chemistry, 6th
Edition, Prentice-Hall of India, Private
Limited, New Delhi.
2. G. Solomens, C. Fryhle and R. Johnson, Organic Chemistry, 7th
Edition, John Wiley and Sons
(Singapore).
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SYLLABUS FOR B. PHARM. (FIRST SEMESTER) EXAMINATION 3
PHARM-1022 : PHARMACEUTICAL TECHNOLOGY-I
(General and Dispensing Pharmacy)
3 hours/week
1. Orientation and Historical Background of the Profession : (5 Lectures)
Important historical events which led to the development of this profession from
middle ages to the current era.
Ethics, oath and scope of pharmacy.
Introduction to official compendia with emphasis on Indian Pharmacopeia, British
Pharmacopeia and United State Pharmacopeia.
2. Routes of Drug Administration : (4 Lectures)
Need for dosage forms, therapeutic consideration in dosage form designing. Routes of
drug administration and dosage forms for oral, rectal, parenteral, epicutaneous, ocular,
otic and nasal route.
3. Liquid Orals and Solutions : (6 Lectures)
Official pharmaceutical solutions, products for oral, ENT and topical use including
syrups, elixirs, glycerins, mouth washes, gargles, spirits, nasal drops, ear drops, throat
paints, aromatic waters, lotions and liniments.
4. Powder Dosage Forms : (3 Lectures)
Standards for powders, sieves and their usage in grading. Bulk powders and divided
powders for internal and external use. Special powders including insufflations,
effervescent powders and granules.
5. Metrology : (4 Lectures)
Introduction to units of weights and volume in both metric systems and imperial
systems. Simple calculations involved in preparing solutions of solids in liquids,
liquids in liquids and method of alligation.
6. Extraction and Extractives : (4 Lectures)
Various methods of extraction inculding infusion, decoction, maceration, percolation
and digestion with examples of some official extractives.
7. Prescription : (4 Lectures)
Description and parts of a prescription, handling the prescription, reading the
prescription, checking the written prescription, consulting the prescriber, other
methods of receiving prescription, refusal to accept the prescription; compounding the
prescription, pricing the prescription, delivering the prescription.
8. Pharmaceutical Incompatibilities : (8 Lectures)
Physical and Chemical Incompatibilities: Types and methods to overcome these
Inorganic incompatibilities including incompatibilities of metals and their salts, non-
metals, acids and alkalis.
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4 SYLLABUS FOR B. PHARM. (FIRST SEMESTER) EXAMINATION
Books Recommended :
1. Remington, The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, Mack Publishing Co., U.S.A. (Latest Edition.).
2. J.W. Cooper and G.Gunn, Tutorial Pharmacy, 1st Edition, 1956, Pitman Books Ltd., London, U.K.
3. S.J. Carter, Dispensing for Pharmaceutical Students, 11th
and 12th
Edition, 1967 and 1975, Pitman
Books Ltd., London, U.K.
4. L. Lachman, H.A. Lieberman and J.L. Kanig, The Theory and Practice of Industrial Pharmacy, Lea
and Febiger, Philadelphia, U.S.A. (Latest Edition).
5. G.S. Banker and C.T. Rhodes, Modern Pharmaceutics, 4th
Edition, Marcel Dekker, New York, USA.
6. C. Raymond, J.P. Rowe, and E.M. Sheskey, Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients, 6th
Edition,
Pharmaceutical Press, London, U.K.
7. E.W. Martin, Husa’s Pharmaceutical Dispensing, 7th
and 8th
Edition, 1971 and 1982, Mack
Publishing Co., Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
8. H.S. Ansel and N.G. Popovich, Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery (Latest Edition).
9. E.A. Rowlins, Bentley's Textbook of Pharmaceutics, Bailliere Tindall and Cox, London, Latest
Edition.
10. J.B. Sprowls, Prescription Pharmacy, J. B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia (Latest Edition).
PHARM-1033 : PHARMACOGNOSY-I
3 hours/week
1. Introduction, development, present status and future scope of pharmacognosy.
(2 Lectures)
2. Introduction to following groups of plant constituents (only definition and brief
explanation). Carbohydrates, glycosides, tannins, lipids, volatile oils, terpenes, resins
and resin combinations, steroids, alkaloids, flavonoids, anthraquinones, coumarins,
saponins, gums & mucilages.
(7 Lectures)
3. Classification of drugs: Alphabetical, morphological, taxonomical, pharmacological
and chemical.
(2 Lectures)
4. Biological source, chemical constituents and uses of the following:
(5 Lectures)
Diatoms, agar, alginic acid, ergot, yeast, male fern.
5. Distinguishing characters of the following families and their important medicinal
plants– Apocynaceae, Asteraceae, Convolvulaceae, Lamiaceae, Fabaceae, Liliaceae,
Papaveraceae, Rubiaceae, Rutaceae, Solanaceae, Scrophulariaceae and
Umbelliferae.
(12 Lectures)
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SYLLABUS FOR B. PHARM. (FIRST SEMESTER) EXAMINATION 5
6. Techniques in microscopy of powdered drugs covering use of mountants, clearing
agents, chemomicroscopic reagents, micrometer, quantitative microscopy and a brief
introduction to electron microscope.
(7 Lectures)
7. Study of plant tissues and ergastic cell inclusions with a view to identify and
authenticate powdered crude drugs.
(5 Lectures)
Books Recommended :
1. W. C. Evans, Trease and Evans Pharmacognosy (6th
Edition), W. B. Saunders Limited, 2009.
2. G. E. Trease, A Textbook of Pharmacognosy (7th
Edition), Bailliere Tindall, London, 1957.
3. V. E. Tylor, L. R. Brandy & J. E. Robbers, Pharmacognosy (9th
Edition), K.M. Varghese Company,
Bombay, India, 1988.
4. Trevor Robbinson, The Organic Constituent of Higher Plants, Burge Publishing Co., 1967.
5. B. P. Jackson & D. W. Snowdon, Powdered Vegetable Drugs, Stanley Thomes Ltd., London, 1974.
PHARM.-1054 (M) : REMEDIAL MATHEMATICS
3 hours/week
1. Algebra :
Revision simultaneous equations, partial fractions and resolution of linear and quadratic
(non repeated) equations.
2. Trigonometry :
Revision on angle measurement and T-Ratios, addition, substraction and transformation formulae.
T ratios of multiple, sub-multiple and allied angles; applications of Logarithms.
3. Analytical Plane Geometry :
Cartesian co-ordinates, distance between two points, area of triangle, locus of a point, straight line,
slope and intercept form, double intercept form, general equation of First degree.
4. Calculus :
Differential : Limits and functions, differential coefficient, differentiation of standard functions,
including function of a function (chain rule), differentiation of implicit functions, logarithmic
differentiation, parametric differentiation, element of successive differentiation, application in
Pharmaceutical Sciences & related field.
Integral : Integration as inverse of differentiation, indefinite integrals of standard forms, integration
by parts, partial functions and substitution, formal evaluation of definite integral including definite
integral as area under curve, application in Pharmaceutical Sciences & related field.
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6 SYLLABUS FOR B. PHARM. (FIRST SEMESTER) EXAMINATION
Books Recommended :
1. B. S. Grewal, Higher Engineering Mathematics, Khanna Publishers, New Delhi (Latest Edition).
2. A Textbook of Mathematics for XI-XII Students, NCERT Publication, Volume I-III (Latest Edition).
3. Schaum, Differential Equations, McGraw-Hill, Singapore, 1982.
OR
PHARM-1054 (B) : REMEDIAL BIOLOGY
3 hours/week
A. BOTANY
Part-I
1. General structure of the plant body– Structure and functions of the stem, root and leaf and the
modifications, anatomy of the stem, root and leaf. Cell structure and function, kinds of tissues,
mitosis and meiosis.
2. Structure of the flower with reference to their families, Ranunculaceae. Brassicaceae, Fabaceae,
Malvaceae, Asteracae, Lamiaceae, Liliaceae and Poaceae, description of flower, floral diagram
and floral formulae, Reproduction processes - pollination and fertilization, fruits, seeds structure,
germination and dispersal.
3. Knowledge of physiological processes–transpiration, photosynthesis, respiration and growth,
growth regulators, morphogenesis, heredity and variations, Mendel's Law and evolution.
B. ZOOLOGY
Part-II
1. Classification and general characters of invertebrates and vertebrates up to class with important
examples.
2. Structure and life history of parasites as illustrated by amoeba, entamoeba, trypanosome,
plasmodium, taenia, ascaris and schistosoma.
3. Study of animal cell and its organelles. Study of important animal tissues.
4. Chromosomal theory of inheritance.
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SYLLABUS FOR B. PHARM. (FIRST SEMESTER) EXAMINATION 7
PHARM-1065 : COMPUTER SCIENCE AND APPLICATIONS
3 hours/week
1. Fundamentals : Introduction to computers, I/O devices, operating systems, basics of DOS and
Windows, memory devices, RAM, ROM, storage, Binary system; bits, bytes, ASCII, codes.
2. Software’s : Classification of software, application software, system software, interpreter, compliers,
editor, word processing, PowerPoint presentation, encell : data handling and processing, functions,
charts, computer viruses, worms, trozen.
3. Networking : LAN, WAN, elements of various networks, network security, internet, various topologies
for LAN, websites, LAN setting on PC.
4. Problem Solving : Concept of algorithm and flow charting, Programming : Variables and constants,
Control statement, DO, IF, GOTO. Arrays, Function formatting, files handling. Application of
programming to solve problem (i) largest number of given set of numbers (ii) roots of equation (iii)
handling in built functions (iv) find mean, mode, and standard deviation of given data in a file (v)
correlation and regression (vi) fitting a straight line to given data ((vii) matrics handling (viii)
difference of data (ix) integration (Trapoizoidal rule).
Book Recommended :
V. Rajaraman–Fundamentals of Computers, Prentice-Hall of India Pvt. Ltd.
PHARM-1111 : ORGANIC CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL-I
6 hours/week
1. Introduction of various laboratory techniques including :
a. Calibration of thermometer
b. Determination of melting point
c. Determination of boiling point
d. Determination of mixed melting point.
e. Distillation
f. Crystallization
2. Identification of organic compounds and their derivatization.
3. Introduction to the use of stereomodels to study :
a. R and S configuration of enantiomers.
b. E and Z configuration of geometric isomers.
Books recommended :
1. F.G. Mann and B.C. Saunders, Practical Organic Chemistry, Orient Longman Limited, Hyderabad.
2. B.S. Furniss, A.J. Hannaford, P.W.G. Smith and A.R. Tatchell, Vogel’s Textbook of Practical Organic
Chemistry, 5th
edition, Pearson Education Limited (Singapore).
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8 SYLLABUS FOR B. PHARM. (FIRST SEMESTER) EXAMINATION
PHARM-1122 :
PHARMACEUTICAL TECHNOLOGY PRACTICAL-I
(GENERAL AND DISPENSING PHARMACY)
6 hours/week
Experiments illustrative of the course contents of pharmaceutics as:
1. Dispensing of various prescriptions including liquid orals, antiseptics, disinfectants, styptics,
restoratives, inhalations, liniments, lotions, douches, linctuses and ear/nasal drops.
2. Dispensing of powder dosage forms including bulk and divided powders for internal and external
use, effervescent powders and granules.
3. Dispensing of prescriptions covering various physical and chemical incompatibilities.
4. Extractives including liquid and dry extracts, tinctures and infusions by the techniques of simple,
modified and multiple maceration; simple, intermittent and reserved percolation, repercolation;
decoction, infusion, soxhlation, dilution/ admixture using concentrated preparations.
PHARM-1133 : PHARMACOGNOSY PRACTICAL-I
3 hours/week
1. Taxonomic study of some medicinal plants with at least one representative of each of the families
covered in theory.
2. Use, care and focusing practices of microscope.
3. Microscopic examination of diagnostic tissues in powdered crude drugs.
4. Microscopic and chemical examination of diagnostic ergastic principles in powdered crude drugs.
5. Exercises on quantitative microscopy.
Books Recommended :
1. W. C. Evans, Trease and Evans Pharmacognosy (15th Ed.), W. B. Saunders Limited, 2002.
2. G. E. Trease, A Textbook of Pharmacognosy (7th Edition), Bailliere Tindall, London, 1957.
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SYLLABUS FOR B. PHARM. (FIRST SEMESTER) EXAMINATION 9
PHARM-1154 (B) : REMEDIAL BIOLOGY PRACTICAL
3 hours/week
1. Care, use and type of microscope.
2. Morphology of plant parts indicated in theory.
3. Gross identification of slides of structure and life cycle of lower plants/animals mentioned in theory.
4. Preparation, microscopic examination of stem, root and leaf of monocot and dicot leaves.
5. Structure of human parasites mentioned in theory with the help of specimen.
Books Recommended :
1. A. C. Datta : Botany
2. Dhami & Dhami : Invertebrates.
3. Kotpal Dhami & Dhami, Kotal : Vertebrates
PHARM-1165 : COMPUTER SCIENCE PRACTICAL
3 hours/week
Practical will be conducted based on the programs covered in the theory.
-------------------------
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SYLLABUS FOR BACHELOR OF PHARMACY SECOND SEMESTER FOR THE
SESSION OF 2010-2011
SECOND SEMESTER
Instructions for the paper-setter and the Students :
1. Each paper shall be of 100 marks (80 marks for examination, 20 marks for Internal Assessment).
2. Theory paper shall have 7 questions, 1 question compulsory of objective type /short answer type of
20 marks and 6 more questions of 15 marks each.
3. Total five questions are to be attempted.
4. Use of scientific non-programmable calculator is allowed in the examination.
PHARM-2011 : ORGANIC CHEMISTRY-II
3 hours/week
1. Aldehydes and Ketones :
(4 Lectures)
Nomenclature of aldehydes and ketones (carbonyl compounds), preparation of
aldehydes and ketones, Friedel-Crafts acylation reaction, oxidation of primary
alcohols, oxidation of methyl benzenes and reduction of acid chlorides using
organometallic compounds.
Reactions of aldehyde and ketones : Oxidation, reduction, addition of Grignard
reagents, Cannizaro reaction, synthesis of organic compounds using Grignard
synthesis, planning synthesis starting from alcohols and use of tetrahydropyranyl
ethers as protecting agents.
2. Carboxylic Acids and their Functional Derivatives :
(3 Lectures)
Carboxylic Acids : Nomenclature, preparation, physical properties and chemical
reactions, ionization of carboxylic acids, structure of carboxylate ions, conversion
to acid chlorides, esters and amides, reduction to alcohols, halogenation of aliphatic
carboxylic acids (Hell-Vohlard-Zenisky reaction), dicarboxylic acids.
Functional derivatives of carboxylic acids : Nomenclature, structure, physical
properties and chemical reactions, nucleophilic substitution, acyl substitution,
preparation of acid chlorides and conversion to acid anhydrides, amides and esters,
hydrolysis of these derivatives, transesterification, reaction of esters with Grignard
reagents, reduction of esters, functional derivatives of carbonic acids.
3. Reactions involving Carbanions :
(2 Lectures)
Acidity of α- hydrogens, acid catalyzed and base promoted halogenation of
ketones, Aldol condensation, reactions related to Aldol condensation, Wittig
reaction, Claisen condensation, malonic ester and acetoacetic synthesis, direct and
indirect alkylation of esters and ketones, synthesis of acids and esters via 2-
oxazolines, organoborane synthesis of acids and ketones, alkylation of carbonyl
compounds via enamines.
4. Amines, Diazonium Salts and Phenols :
(8 Lectures)
Amines : Nomenclature, physical properties, salts of amines, stereochemistry of
nitrogen, preparation methods including reduction of nitrocompounds,
ammonolysis of halides, reductive amination, Hoffmann degradation of amides,
Hoffmann rearrangement, preparation of secondary and tertiary amines.
Basicity, effect of structure on basicity, reactions of amines, Hoffmann elimination,
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conversion to substituted amides, sulphonation of aromatic amines, sulpha drugs,
reactions with nitrous acids.
10
SYLLABUS FOR B. PHARM. (SECOND SEMESTER) EXAMINATION 11
Diazonium Salts : Preparation, reactions, replacement with halogens (Sandmeyer
reaction), replacement with –CN (synthesis of carboxylic acids), replacement with
–OH (synthesis of phenols), replacement with H, synthesis using diazonium salts,
coupling reactions and synthesis of azo compounds, analysis of amines (Hinsberg
test), analysis of substituted amides.
Phenols : Nomenclature, structure, physical properties, salts of phenols,
preparation, rearrangement of hydroperoxides, acidity, Fries rearrangement, Kolbe
reaction, Riemer-Tiemann reaction, formation and reaction of aryl ethers, analysis
of phenols.
5. Aryl Halides : (2 Lectures)
Nomenclature, structure, physical properties and chemical reactions, nucleophilic
aromatic substitution reactions, low reactivity of aryl and vinyl halides, reactivity
and orientation in nucleophilic aromatic substitution, benzyne intermediate.
6. α-β- Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds : (2 Lectures)
Structure and properties, preparation, interaction of functional groups, electrophilic
and nucleophilic addition, Michael addition, Diels-Alder reaction, quinolones.
7. Molecular Orbitals : (2 Lectures)
Molecular orbital theory, wave equations, molecular orbitals, bonding and
antibonding orbitals, electronic configuration of selected molecules, aromatic
character, orbital symmetry and chemical reaction, electrocyclic and cycloaddition
reactions, sigmatropic reactions.
8. Symphoria : (2 Lectures)
Symphoria, neighbouring group effects, homogenous hydrogenation,
diastereoselectivity and enantioselectivity, oxo process and enzyme action.
9. Macromolecules : (2 Lectures)
Macromolecules, polymerization, free radical vinyl polymerization,
copolymerization, ionic polymerization and living polymers, coordination
polymerization, step-reaction polymerization, structure and properties of
macromolecules.
10. Stereochemistry : (4 Lectures)
Introduction, biological oxidation and reduction (ethanol-acetaldehyde), deuterium
labelling experiments, enantiotropic and diastereotopic ligands and faces, origin of
enantiospecificity.
11. Carbohydrates (Monosaccarides, Disaccharides and Polysaccharides) : (6 Lectures)
Monosaccharides : Introduction, definition and classification, stereoisomers of (+)-
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glucose, oxidation, osazone formation, lengthening of C-C chain of aldoses (Kiliani-
Fischer synthesis), shortening of aldoses (Ruff degradation), conversion of an aldose
into its epimer, configuration of (+)- glucose, configuration of aldoses, D and L
system of configuration, tartaric acid, families of aldoses and their
absolute
12 SYLLABUS FOR B. PHARM. (SECOND SEMESTER) EXAMINATION
configuration, cyclic structure of D-(+)-glucose and formation of glucosides,
configuration at C-1, methylation reactions, determination of ring size,
conformation.
Disaccharides and polysaccharides-(+)-maltose, (+)-cellulose, (+)-
lactose,
(+)- sucrose, starch, structure of amylose, end group analysis, structure and reaction
of cellulose.
12. Proteins and Nucleic Acid : (4 Lectures)
Structure of amino acids, amino acids as dipolar ions, isoelectric point,
configuration of natural amino acids, preparation and reactions of amino acids,
peptides, geometry of peptide linkage, determination of structure of peptides,
terminal residue analysis, partial hydrolysis, synthesis of peptides, classification,
function and denaturation of proteins, structure of proteins, peptide chain, side
chains, electrophoresis, conjugated proteins, coenzymes, secondary structure of
proteins.
Biochemistry, molecular biology and organic chemistry - mechanism of enzyme
action, chymotrypsin, nucleoproteins and nucleic acids, chemistry and heredity, the
genetic code.
Books recommended :
1. R.T. Morrison and R.N. Boyd, Organic Chemistry, 6th
Edition, Prentice-Hall of India, Private Limited,
New Delhi.
2. G. Solomens, C. Fryhle and R. Johnson, Organic Chemistry, 7th
Edition, John Wiley and Sons
(Singapore).
PHARM-2012 : PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS-I
3 hours/week
1. Quantitative Analysis and Data Handling : (8 Lectures)
Significance of quantitative analysis in quality control, different techniques of
analysis, preliminaries and definition, choice of analytical method, significant
figures, rules for retaining significant figures in multiplication, division, addition
and subtraction, key number, types of errors (Determinate and Indeterminate),
minimization of errors, propagation of errors in addition and subtraction,
multiplication and division, exponents, logarithms, precision and accuracy,
selection of sample.
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2. Acid Base Titrations : (10 Lectures)
Acid base concepts, role of the solvent, relative strengths of acids and bases, Law
of mass action, common ion effect, ionic product of water, pH, hydrolysis of salts,
Handerson – Hasselbach equation, buffer and buffer capacity, acid base indicators,
theory of indicators, choice of indicators, neutralization curves (strong acid strong
base, strong acid weak base, weak acid strong base and weak acid weak
base)
SYLLABUS FOR B. PHARM. (SECOND SEMESTER ) EXAMINATION 13
polyprotic systems, dissociation calculations for polyprotic acids, fractions and
equilibrium concentrations of dissociating species at a given pH, salts of polyprotic
acids, (amphoteric salts and unprotonated salts), buffer calculations for polyprotic
acids, titrations of polyprotic acids, amino acid system and its titrations,
pharmaceutical application in assay of H3B03, HCl, H3P04, NaOH and Na2B03.
3. Oxidation-Reduction Titrations : (10 Lectures)
Concepts of oxidation and reduction, redox reactions, equivalent weights of
oxidizing and reducing agents, electrochemical cells, reduction potential, standard
reduction potential, nemst equation, cell representations, measurement of electrode
potential and its application in determining the equilibrium constant of a reaction,
concept of formal potential, oxidation reduction curves, redox indicators, theory
and principles of potassium permanganate titrations, iodometry and iodimetry, ceric
sulphate titrations, potassium iodate titrations, sodium 2, 6-dichlorophenol-
indophenoltitrations, pharmaceutical applications.
4. Precipitation Titrations : (8 Lectures)
Precipitation reactions, solubility product, effects of common ion, acids,
temperature and solvent upon the solubility of a precipitate, conditional solubility
product, fractional precipitation, argentometric titrations, ammonium or potassium
thiocyanate titrations, mercuric nitrate titrations, Indicators, Gay-Lussac method,
Mohr's method, Volhard's method, Fajan's method, pharmaceutical applications.
5. Gravimetric Analysis : (4 Lectures)
Precipitation techniques, the colloidal state, gravimetric factor, supersaturation,
Von Weimarn ratio, coprecipitation and its types, post precipitation, digestion,
washing of the precipitate, filtration, filter papers and crucibles, ignition,
thermogravimetric curves of copper sulphate, specific examples like barium as
barium sulphate, aluminium as aluminium oxide, calcium as calcium oxalate and
magnesium as magnesium pyrophosphate, organic precipitants.
Books Recommended :
1. J. Mendham, R.C. Denney, J.D. Barnes, M. Thomas, Vogel’s Textbook of Quantitative Chemical
Analysis, Pearson Education Limited, Singapore (Latest Edition).
2. Gary D. Christian, Analytical Chemistry, John Wiley and Sons, New York (Latest Edition).
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3. H. Beckett and J.B. Stenlake, Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Part I, Athlone Press (Latest
Edition).
4. Pharmacopoeia of India.
5. Frank A. Settle, Handbook of Instrumental Techniques for Analytical Chemistry, Pearson Education,
Inc., Singapore (Latest Edition). 14 SYLLABUS FOR B. PHARM. (SECOND SEMESTER) EXAMINATION
PHARM-2023 : PHYSICAL PHARMACEUTICS-I
3 hours/week
1. Solubility and Related Phenomena :
(10
Lectures)
General considerations, solubility expressions, determination of solubility, solvent-
solute interactions, solubility of gases in liquids, and solids in liquids, presentation
of solubility data, solubility parameter, solubility curves, solubility product, effect of
co-solvents, pH & other factors.
2. Interfacial Phenomena :
(9 Lectures)
2.1. Surface & Interfacial Tension : Origin & dimensions, surface free energy,
contact angle, pressure difference across curved surfaces, measurement of
surface and interfacial tensions, spreading coefficient, surface films.
2.2. Adsorption at Liquid : Surface active agents, their classification, HLB,
solubilization and co-solubilization, Gibb's adsorption equation, critical
micellar concentration, emulsification, wetting, imbibition, detergency, etc.
2.3. Adsorption at solid interfaces : Solid-gas interface, Solid-liquid interface,
electric properties of interfaces.
3. Rheology :
(7 Lectures)
Scope and concepts, Newtonian systems and viscosity, Non-Newtonian systems &
flow expressions, thixotropy, determination of viscosity and other rheological
parameters, applications in pharmaceutical product development.
4. Micromeritics and Powder Rheology :
(10
Lectures)
Introduction, importance in pharmacy, particle size and size distribution, particle
shape, particle volume, methods of determining particle size, statistical diameters
from number and weight distributions, Coulter-counter method for determining
specific surface, particle number, particle volume. Derived properties of powders,
porosity, density, angle of repose. Flow properties of powders and factors affecting
these.
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Books Recommended :
1. W. Martin, J. Swarbrick and A. Cammarata, Physical Pharmacy, 4
th Edition Lea and Febiger,
Philadelphia, 1993.
2. Remington : The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, Mack Publishing Co., U.S.A., 2005.
SYLLABUS FOR B. PHARM. (SECOND SEMESTER) EXAMINATION 15
PHARM-2044 :
ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY AND HEALTH EDUCATION-I
(APHE-I CELL BIOLOGY)
3 hours/week
1. Introduction to Human Body :
(4 Lectures)
Levels of body organization, skeleton, fluid, electrolyte and acid-base homeostasis
& its regulation.
2. Cellular Physiology : (8 Lectures)
Structure of cell, plasma membrane, membrane transport processes, subcellular
organelles, cell metabolism, cell division, cell junctions.
3. Molecular Biology and Molecular Genetics : (8 Lectures)
Genes, genetic code, RNA, DNA and the Genome; basic double helix structure;
control of genetic function and biochemical activity in cells, molecular basis of
transcription and protein synthesis.
4. Tissue Physiology : (8 Lectures)
Structure and function of epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous tissues; bone,
skin, tissue repair; molecular mechanism of muscle contraction.
5. Physiology of Blood Cells : (4 Lectures)
Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, blood groups, Rh factor, transfusion,
hemostasis.
6. Cellular Signalling : (8 Lectures)
Neurotransmitters; Receptors: G-proteins coupled and ion channel gated receptors,
electrical signals in neurons, signal transmission at synapses, neural circuits,
neuromuscular transmission, intracellular secondary messengers.
Books Recommended :
1. G.J. Tortora and S.R. Grabowski, Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, 10th
Edition, John Wiley &
Sons, Inc. USA.
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2. A.C. Guyton & J.E. Hall, Text Book of Medical Physiology, 10th
Edition, Prism Books Ltd. on
Arrangement with W.B. Saunders Company, USA.
3. C.A. Keele, E. Neil and N. Joels, Samson Wright’s Applied Physiology, 13th
Edition, Oxford Press.
4. W.E. Ganong, Review of Medical Physiology, 13th
Edition, Appleton and Lange, USA.
5. Gray’s Anatomy Edited by P.L. Williams and R. Warwick, 38th
Edition, Churchill Livingstone.
16 SYLLABUS FOR B. PHARM. (SECOND SEMESTER) EXAMINATION
PHARM-2075 : PHARMACEUTICAL STATISTICS
2 hours/week
1. The concepts, mathematical computation (wherever applicable) and pharmaceutical applications
(wherever possible) on :
Significant digits and rounding of numbers, collection of primary and secondary data through
experiments on surveys, sampling and complete enumeration survey, merits and limitations of
various random and non-random sampling methods, data organization including frequency
distributions and tabulation, diagrammatic representation of data, simple, multiple, sub-divided and
floating bar diagrams, pie diagrams, 2-D and 3-D pictographic representation, graphs of frequency
and cumulative frequency distributions.
(5 Lectures)
2. Measures of central tendency, ideal characteristics, mean, median, mode, GM, HM and weighted
arithmetic mean from discrete and continuous frequency distributions, quartiles, deciles and
percentiles, measures of dispersion, range, quartile deviation, mean deviation, standard deviation,
calculation of standard deviation from discrete and continuous frequency distributions, standard
error of means, coefficient of variation.
(6 Lectures)
3. Probability and events, Baye's theorem, probability theorems, elements of binomial and Poisson
distribution, normal distribution, normal distribution curve and properties, calculation of areas under
normal curve and standard normal variate (Z statistic), confidence limits, deviations from normality,
kurtosis and skewness, elements of central limit theorem.
(7 Lectures)
4. Linear correlation and regression analysis scatter plots, method of least squares, Pearsonian
coefficients of correlation and determination, definitions of amount of explained variance, standard
error of estimate and significance of regression (F).
(5 Lectures)
5. Statistical inference, Type I and II errors, Students' t-test (paired and unpaired), F- test one way and
two way ANOVA. Nonparametric tests, Sign test, Chi-square test, Wilcoxon signed rank test, Mann
Whiteny test, Spearman's rank correlation.
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(7 Lectures)
Books Recommended :
1. S. Bolton, Pharmaceutical Statistics, Practical and Clinical Applications, Marcel Dekker, N.Y., 1990.
2. S.P. Gupta, Statistical Methods, Sultan Chand & Co., New Delhi, 1990.
3. W. W. Daniel, Biostatics : A Foundation for Analysis in Health Science, John Wiley, N. Y., 1983.
SYLLABUS FOR B. PHARM. (SECOND SEMESTER) EXAMINATION 17
PHARM-2111 : ORGANIC CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL-II
3 hours/week
1. Steam distillation technique for
1.1 Separation of o- and p- nitrophenol
1.2 Separation of naphthalene from its suspension in water
2. Synthesis of organic compounds by
2.1 Acetylation (acetyl salicylic acid, acetanilide)
2.2 Benzoylation (benzamide, benzanilide, phenyl benzoate)
2.3 Nitration (p- nitroacetanilide, 2, 4, 6- trinitrophenol)
2.4 Halogenation (p-bromoacetanilide)
2.5 Oxidation (benzoic acid from benzyl chloride)
Books Recommended :
1. F
.G. Mann and B.C. Saunders, Practical Organic Chemistry, Orient Longman Limited, Hyderabad
(Latest Edition).
2. B
.S. Furniss, A.J. Hannaford, P.W.G. Smith and A.R. Tatchell, Vogel’s Textbook of Practical Organic
Chemistry, 5th
Edition, Pearson Education Limited (Singapore).
PHARM-2112 : PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS PRACTICAL-I
6 hours/week
Note :
The students should be introduced to various analytical tools and apparatus used in
analytical
procedures. Exercises covering the following aspects should be covered:
1. Standardization of analytical weights, setting up of an analytical balance and calibration of
volumetric apparatus.
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2. Preparation & standardization of various reagents ; assays of sample given in parentheses
2.1.1. Acid Base Titrations : Hydrochloric acid, sulphuric acid, sodium hydroxide (sodium
carbonate, mixture of sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate, boric acid).
2.1.2. Oxidation Reduction Titrations : Potassium permanganate, potassium dichromate,
iodine, sodium thiosulphate (hydrogen peroxide, copper sulphate, ferrous sulphate,
arsenic trioxide, ascorbic acid).
2.1.3. Precipitation Titrations : Silver nitrate, ammonium thiocyanate (sodium chloride).
3. Gravimetric Analysis : Estimation of sulphate as barium sulphate and magnesium as
magenium pyrophosphate. 18 SYLLABUS FOR B. PHARM. (SECOND SEMESTER) EXAMINATION
Books Recommended :
1. J. Mendham, R.C. Denney, J.D. Barnes, M. Thomas Vogel’s Textbook of Quantitative Chemical
Analysis, Pearson Education Limited, Singapore (Latest Edition).
2. Gary D. Christian, Analytical Chemistry, John Wiley and Sons, New York (Latest Edition).
3. H. Beckett and J.B. Stenlake, Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Part I Athlone Press (Latest
Edition).
4. Pharmacopoeia of India.
PHARM-2123 : PHYSICAL PHARMACEUTICS PRACTICAL-I
3 hours/week
1. To study the particle size distribution of a given powder by optical microscopy.
2. To study the particle size distribution of a given powder by sieve analysis method.
3. To study the particle size distribution of a given powder by Andreasen pipette method.
4. To determine the relative viscosity of the given Newtonian fluids by Ostwald viscometer.
5. To study the working of a rotaviscometer.
6. To determine the critical micellar concentration by drop weight method.
7. To study the working of a DuNouy's tensiometer.
8. To determine the HLB of a given surfactant by saponification technique.
9. To determine the angle of repose of the given sizes of a powder and study the effect of moisture, talc
and magnesium oxide on the angle of repose.
10. To study the effect of particle size and column head on the flow of a given powder through a glass
tube.
PHARM-2144 :
ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY AND HEALTH EDUCATION PRACTICAL-I
(APHE PRACTICAL-I)
3 hours/week
1. Anatomy of Human Skeleton.
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2. Haematology (RBC & WBC counts, haemoglobin concentration, bleeding & clotting time).
3. Anatomy of various cells with the aid of histological slides.
Books Recommended :
1. C.L. Ghai, A Text Book of Practical Physiology, 4th
Edition, Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P.)
Ltd., New Delhi.
2. F.J. Baker and R.E. Silverton, Introduction to Medical Laboratory Technology, 5th
Edition,
Butterworth & Co. Ltd., London.
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SYLLABUS FOR BACHELOR OF PHARMACY THIRD SEMESTER FOR THE
SESSION OF 2010-11
THIRD SEMESTER
Instructions for the paper setter and the students :
1. Each paper should be of 100 marks (80 marks for examination, 20 marks for Internal Assessment).
2. Theory paper shall have 7 questions, 1 question compulsory of objective type/short answer type of
20 marks and 6 more questions of 15 marks each.
3. Total five questions are to be attempted.
4. Use of scientific non-programmable calculator is allowed in the examination.
PHARM-3011 :
CHEMISTRY OF NATURAL PRODUCTS AND HETEROCYCLICS
3 hours/week
The following topics shall be treated in accordance with modern perspectives of structure, stereochemistry
and reaction mechanism and in relation to pharmaceutical and medicinal chemistry :
1. Heterocyclic Chemistry : (15 Lectures)
Nomenclature, structure, reactions and synthesis of different heterocyclic systems:
pyrrole, furan, thiophene, pyridine, pyrazole, imidazole, oxazole, thiazole,
quinoline, isoquinoline, phenothiazine and acridine.
2. Natural Products :
2.1. Glycoside including cardiac glycosides and saponins : Brief introduction,
occurrence, types, general structure and uses.
(2 Lectures)
2.2. Fats and Oils (Phospholipids, Glycolipids and Lipoproteins) : Chemistry,
hydrolysis, detergents, biosynthesis of fatty acids and steroids, acid value,
iodine value and saponification value etc.
(2 Lectures)
2.3. Alkaloids : Isolation and general methods of structure determination,
classification with examples, structure elucidation of Ephedrine and
Nicotine.
(5 Lectures)
2.4. Xanthine Bases (Purine, Uric acid, Alloxane) : Structure elucidation of
methylated xanthine bases i.e. Caffeine, Theophylline, Theobromine.
(5 Lectures)
2.5. Terpenoids : Introduction and general methods of isolation, classification
with examples, structure elucidation of Citral, Menthol and Camphor.
(5 Lectures)
2.6. Flavones and Isoflavones : Occurrence and various methods of synthesis.
(2Lectures)
2.7. Coumarins : Introduction with examples.
(2 Lectures)
2.8. Porphyrines : Introduction with examples.
(2 Lectures)
Books Recommended :
1. I.L. Finar, Organic Chemistry, Vols. I & II, The English Language Book Society, London and
Longman Groups Ltd., London (Latest Edition).
2. R.T. Morrison and R.N. Boyd, Organic Chemistry, 6th
Edition, Prentice Hall of India, Private Ltd.,
New Delhi (Latest Edition).
3. R.N. Acheson, An Introduction to the Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds, Inter-Sciences
Publishers, New York (Latest Edition).
4. J.A. Joule and G.F. Smith, Heterocyclic Chemistry, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, London.
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19
20 SYLLABUS FOR B. PHARM. (THIRD SEMESTER) EXAMINATION
PHARM-3012 : MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY-I
3 hours/week
1. Impurity Testing :
(4 Lectures)
Impurities in pharmaceutical substances and their control (sources and types of
impurities, their limits, limit test for chloride, sulphate, iron, lead and arsenic).
The following topics will be treated covering important methods of preparation,
assay procedures and pharmaceutical uses:
2. Pharmaceutical Aids & Necessities :
(6 Lectures)
2.1. Official inorganic acids (Boric acid, Hydrochloric acid, Nitric acid and
Phosphoric acid), non-official inorganic acid (Sulphuric acid), official
inorganic bases (Strong ammonia solution, Calcium hydroxide, Potassium
hydroxide, Sodium carbonate, Sodium hydroxide and Soda lime).
2.2. Antioxidants : Theory, the selection of antioxidants, official antioxidants
(Hypophosphorous acid, Sodium bisulphite, Sodium thiosulphate, Sodium
nitrite and Nitrogen).
3. Major Intra & Extracellular Electrolytes :
(6 Lectures)
Major physiological ions (Chloride, Phosphate, Bicarbonate, Sodium, Potassium,
Calcium, Magnesium); Electrolytes used in replacement therapy, Sodium
replacement (Sodium chloride), Potassium replacement (Potassium chloride),
Calcium replacement (Calcium chloride, Calcium gluconate); Parenteral
magnesium administration (Magnesium sulphate); Physiological acid base
balance; Electrolytes used in acid base therapy (Sodium acetate, Sodium
bicarbonate, Sodium biphosphate, Sodium citrate, Sodium lactate, Ammonium
chloride); Electrolyte combination therapy.
4. Essential and Trace Ions :
(2 Lectures)
Iron, Copper, Zinc, Molybdenum, Selenium and Sulphur; Official iodine products
(Iodine, Potassium iodide, Sodium iodide).
5. Gastrointestinal Agents :
(8 Lectures)
5.1. Acidifying Agents :
5.2. Antacids : Sodium bicarbonate, Aluminium hydroxide, Aluminium
phosphate, Dihydroxy Aluminium amino acetate, Dihydroxy Aluminium,
Sodium carbonate, Calcium carbonate, Tribasic Calcium phosphate,
Magnesium carbonate, Magnesium hydroxide, Magnesium oxide,
Magnesium phosphate, Magnesium trisilicate and Combination antacid
preparations.
5.3. Protectives and Adsorbents : Introduction; Bismuth subnitrate, Bismuth
subcarbonate, Kaolin, Attapulgite and Activated charcoal.
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SYLLABUS FOR B. PHARM. (THIRD SEMESTER) EXAMINATION 21
5.4. Saline Cathartics : Introduction; Sodium biphosphate, Sodium phosphate,
Potassium Sodium tartrate, Magnesium hydroxide, Magnesium citrate,
Magnesium sulphate, Sulphur, Non-official cathartics (Sodium sulphate,
Potassium phosphate, Potassium bitartrate, Calomel).
6. Topical Agents :
(8 Lectures)
6.1. Protective Topical Agents : Definition; Talc, insoluble zinc compounds
(Zinc oxide, Calamine, Zinc stearate), Titanium dioxide, Aluminium and
Silicone polymer.
6.2. Antimicrobials and Astringents : Antimicrobial terminology, mechanism of
action, control of antimicrobial/astringent action.
6.3. Antimicrobial Astringent Products : Oxidative antimicrobial agents;
Hydrogen peroxide, Zinc peroxide, Sodium carbonate, Potassium
permanganate, Sodium hypochlorite, Iodine preparation and compounds.
6.4. Protein Precipitant Antimicrobial Agents : Silver nitrate, Mild silver protein
and related products, Yellow mercuric oxide, Ammoniated mercury,
Mercuric chloride, Sulphur and sulphur compounds, Sublimed sulphur and
precipitated sulphur, Boric acid and sodium borate, Antimony Potassium
tartrate.
6.5. Astringents: Official compounds of Aluminium and Zinc.
7. Dental Products :
(4 Lectures)
7.1. Anticaries Agents : Fluorides (Sodium fluoride, Stannous fluoride),
phosphates.
7.2. Dentifrices: Dentifrices containing fluorides (Pumice) and desensitizing
agents (Zinc chloride and Zinc-Eugenol cement).
8. Miscellaneous Inorganic Pharmaceutical Agents :
(2 Lectures)
Inhalants, respiratory stimulants, antidotes, expectorants and emetics.
Books Recommended :
1. J.H. Block, E. Roche, T.O. Soine and C.O. Wilson, Inorganic Medicinal and Pharmaceutical
Chemistry, Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, P.A.
2. L.M. Artherden, Bentley and Drivers, Textbook of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, 8th
Edition, Oxford,
University Press, Delhi.
3. Pharmacopoeia of India, Govt. of India, Ministry of Health.
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4. A.H. Beckett and J.B. Stenlake, Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Part-I, 3rd
Edition. 22 SYLLABUS FOR B. PHARM. (THIRD SEMESTER) EXAMINATION
PHARM-3023 : PHYSICAL PHARMACEUTICS-II
3 hours/week
1. Particle Phenomena :
(2 Lectures)
Low & high energy solids, intermolecular forces, particle-particle interactions,
particle interactions in liquids, flocculation kinetics.
2. Colloids :
(10 Lectures)
Dispersed systems, methods of preparation of colloidal dispersions, size & shape
of colloidal particles, pharmaceutical applications, types of colloidal systems,
optical, kinetic & electrical properties, stability of colloidal systems, sensitization
& protective colloid action.
3. Kinetics and Drug Stability :
(10 Lectures)
General considerations and concepts, zero order, first order, second order
reactions, complex reactions, influence of temperature, light, solvent, catalytic
species and other factors, thermodynamic considerations and mechanisms in
general. Degradation of medicinal agents, hydrolysis and oxidation, accelerated
stability (shelf-life determination).
4. Complexation :
(8 Lectures)
Metal complexes, organic molecular complexes, occlusion compounds and
analysis of complexation, protein binding, hydrophobic interaction and self
association.
Books Recommended :
1. W. Martin, J. Swarbrick and A. Cammarata, Physical Pharmacy, 4th
Edition, Lea and Febiger,
Philadelphia, 1993.
2. Remington, The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, Mack Publishing Co., U.S.A., 2005.
PHARM-3024 : PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY
3 hours/week
1. Microbiology :
1.1. Historical development
(2 Lectures)
1.2. General biology of bacteria :
(10 Lectures)
Morphology of bacteria, nutritional requirements of bacteria, different types
media for growth and enumeration of bacteria, physical conditions of
monitoring growth, growth curve, continuous flow culture, synchronous
growth and cytomorphosis, bacterial cell count determination - Direct and
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indirect methods, purification of bacterial cultures, different staining
techniques for characterization and identification of bacteria. SYLLABUS FOR B. PHARM. (THIRD SEMESTER) EXAMINATION 23
2. Preservation and Preservatives :
(8 Lectures)
2.1. Definition of bactericide, bacteriostat, disinfectant, sanitizer and antiseptic.
2.2. Methods of evaluation of disinfectants :
Phenol coefficient tests : Rideal Walker, Chick Martin, Criticisms and
advantages of Phenol Coefficient tests, surface film test, Determination of
minimum inhibitory concentrations:- Liquid & solid dilution methods.
2.3. Dynamics of antimicrobial action of disinfectants :
Mechanistic and vitalistic theories, factors affecting rate of antimicrobial
action.
3. Sterilization :
(8 Lectures)
3.1. Sterilization by heat :
3.1.1. Dry heat–Design of equipment, applications, advantages and
disadvantages.
3.1.2. Moist heat - Factors affecting thermal destruction of
microorganisms, preliminary concept of saturated steam and
superheated steam, design of portable autoclaves, applications,
advantages and disadvantages of method.
3.1.3. Testing the efficiency of sterilizers.
3.2. Chemical methods :
(2 Lectures)
Gaseous sterilization by ethylene oxide and factors affecting its efficiency,
applications.
3.3. Mechanical methods/bacteria proof filtration :
(3 Lectures)
Different devices used (sintered glass, sintered porcelain, fibrous pads,
membrane filter), testing of filters–bubble pressure technique and pore size
determination, advantages and disadvantages of bacterial filtration.
Mechanism of bacterial filtration.
3.4. Radiation methods :
(3 Lectures)
3.4.1. Ultraviolet radiationsSources, penetrating power and
applications.
3.4.2. Ionizing radiations - Mode of action, sterilizing dose, applications,
advantages and disadvantages.
4. Surgical supplies :
(4 Lectures)
Surgical dressings : Definition, classification, primary and secondary dressings, and
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protectives.
Sutures and ligatures : Definition, absorbable, non-absorbable and metallic sutures.
24 SYLLABUS FOR B. PHARM. (THIRD SEMESTER) EXAMINATION
Books Recommended :
1. M.J. Pelczar, Reid and Chan Microbiology, 4th
Edition, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Co., New
Delhi.
2. S.J. Carter, Cooper and Gunn's Dispensing for Pharmaceutical Students, Pitman Medical Publishing
Co., 12th
Edition, Chapters 20 to 28.
3. A.L. Gennaro, Remington : The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, Lippincott Williams and
Wilkins, USA, 2000, Chapter 108.
4. S. J. Carter, Cooper and Gunn, Tutorial Pharmacy, 6th
Edition, Pitman Medical, 1972.
5. W.B. Hugo and A. D. Russel, Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Blackwell Scientific Publications,
Oxford, 1987.
PHARM-3035 : PHARMACOGNOSY-II
3 hours/week
1. Factors involved in the production of drugs from wild and cultivated sources
including cultivation, collection, drying, storage, commerce and quality control.
(4 Lectures)
2. Study of carbohydrate containing drugs dealing with biological source :
Geographical distribution, collection, commercial production, chemical constituents,
chemical tests for identity, substituents, adulterants and uses of the following :
Acacia, Tragacanth, Sterculia, Xanthan, Guar gum, Plantago, Starches and Cellulose.
(8 Lectures)
3. Study of lipids and lipid containing drugs dealing with the general methods of
extraction of fixed oils, biological source, chemical constituents, tests for identity,
and uses of the following : Arachis oil, Castor oil, Sesame oil, Cotton seed oil,
Almond oil and Olive oil.
(5 Lectures)
4. Study of drugs containing resins and resin combinations : Colophony, Podophyllum,
Cannabis, Myrrh, Asafoetida, Balsam of Tolu, Benzoin and Storax.
(9 Lectures)
5. Study of tannins and tannin containing drugs like Gambir, Catechu and Hamamelis.
(5 Lectures)
6. Source, chemical tests for identity and salient microscopic features of the following
fibres : Cotton, Jute, Flax, Silk, Wool, Rayon, Nylon and Glass wool.
(8 Lectures)
7. Study of the biological source, constituents and uses of the following selected drugs
from animal sources : Cantharides, Beeswax, Wool fat, Cod liver oil, Honey and
Gelatin.
(5 Lectures)
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8. Preparation of herbarium specimens of plant drugs.
(1 Lecture)
SYLLABUS FOR B. PHARM. (THIRD SEMESTER) EXAMINATION 25
PHARM-3046 : ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY AND HEALTH EDUCATION-II
3 hours/week 1. Nervous System : (10 Lectures)
Neuron and its neurotransmission, structure of brain & spinal cord, spinal reflexes,
arrangement and functions of autonomic nervous system; basal ganglia, reticular
activating system, hypothalamus, limbic system and cerebral cortex; significance of
electroencephalogram.
2. Cardiovascular Systems : (7 Lectures)
Structure of heart, haemodynamics, cardiac cycle, impulse generation in pacemaker
and cardiac tissue, significance of electrocardiogram, regulation of cardiac output and
blood pressure.
3. Respiratory System : (5 Lectures)
Structure, respiratory volumes and capacities, gaseous exchange and transport in
blood, compliance and resistance, nervous and chemical regulations of respiration,
acid-base balance.
4. Renal System : (5 Lectures)
Structure of kidney and urinary tracts, nephron transport processes, concentration and
dilution of urine, renal control of body fluids, renal plasma clearance, blood urea
nitrogen, plasma creatinine, micturition.
5. Digestive System : (5 Lectures)
Structure of alimentary canal, functions of salivary, gastric, pancreatic and bile
secretions; carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism, structure and functions of
liver.
6. Endocrine and Reproductive System : (6 Lectures)
Endocrine glands, hormone activity, mechanism of hormone action, hormones of
pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, pancreas, ovaries & testes; menstrual cycle, pregnancy,
family planning.
7. Lymphatic System : (2 Lectures)
Function of lymphatic system and lymph nodes, spleen.
Books Recommended :
1. G
.J. Tortora and S.R. Grabowski, Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, 10th
Edition or Latest
Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. USA.
2. A
. C. Guyton & J.E. Hall, Text Book of Medical Physiology, 10th
Edition or Latest Edition, Prism
Books Ltd., On Arrangement with W.B. Saunders Company, USA.
3. C
.A. Keele, E. Neil and N. Joels, Samson Wright’s Applied Physiology, 13th
Edition or Latest
Edition, Oxford Press.
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www.Pharmainfo.Net
4. W
.E. Ganong, Review of Medical Physiology, 13th
Edition or Latest Edition, Appleton and Lange,
USA.
5. G
ray’s Anatomy Edited by P.L. Williams and R. Warwick, 38th
Edition or Latest Edition, Churchill
Livingstone. 26 SYLLABUS FOR B. PHARM. (THIRD SEMESTER) EXAMINATION
PHARM-3111 :
CHEMISTRY OF NATURAL PRODUCTS AND HETEROCYCLICS
3 hours/week
Analysis of fats and oils and extraction of selected natural products; preparative organic pharmaceutical
chemistry.
Books Recommended : 1. B
.S. Furniss, A.J. Hannaford, V. Rogers, P.W.G. Smith and A. R. Tatchell, Vogel's Text Book of
Organic Chemistry, The English Language Book Society, London (Latest Edition).
2. F
.G. Mann and B.C. Saunders, Practical Organic Chemistry, Longman, London (Latest Edition).
3. I
ndian Pharmacopoeia 1996, Govt. of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Delhi.
4. B
ritish Pharmacopoeia 1998, Her Majesty's Stationary Office, London.
PHARM-3112 : MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL-I
3 hours/week
1. Purification of selected inorganic pharmaceuticals : Copper sulphate and Ferrous sulphate.
2. Preparation of selected inorganic pharmaceuticals : Potash alum, Mohr salt, Ferrous oxalate and
Sodium Ferric oxalate.
3. Limit test for impurities in pharmaceutical compounds : Chloride, Sulphate and Iron.
Books Recommended :
1. G. Svehla, Vogel's Textbook of Micro and Semimicro-Qualitative Inorganic Analysis, 5th
Edition,
Orient Longman, Hyderabad.
2. Indian Pharmacopoeia, Govt. of India, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Delhi, Latest Edition.
www.Pharmainfo.Net
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PHARM-3123 : PHYSICAL PHARMACEUTICS PRACTICAL-II
3 hours/week
1. To study the influence of pH on degradation of a drug.
2. To study the solubility of binary system of phenol and water at different temperatures and
concentrations.
3. To study the influence of a third component on the UCT of phenol-water binary system.
4. To study the ternary phase system using given solvent combinations. SYLLABUS FOR B. PHARM. (THIRD SEMESTER) EXAMINATION 27
5. To study the influence of pH on solubility behaviour of a given weak electrolyte.
6. To study the influence of surfactant on the solubility of an insoluble drug.
7. To study the partition coefficient of a given drug.
8. To determine the RHLB value for a given emulsion.
9. To determine the work done in the emulsification process.
10. To study the protein binding of a given drug.
11. To study the phenomenon of complexation.
PHARM-3124 : PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY PRACTICAL
3 hours/week
1. Microscopic examination of living bacterial preparation by hanging drop procedures.
2. Performance of staining procedures such as
(a) Simple staining
(b) Differential staining (Gram’s staining)
(c) Capsule staining
(d) Spore staining
3. Preparation and inoculation of nutrient broth
4. Preparation and inoculation of nutrient agar slants
5. Preparation and inoculation of nutrient agar plates
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6. Enumeration of skin flora
7. Enumeration of laboratory flora
8. Isolation of pure cultures by streaking method
9. To study various biochemical activities of microorganisms
10. To find out the Rideal Walker coefficient of a given disinfectant.
28 SYLLABUS FOR B. PHARM. (THIRD SEMESTER) EXAMINATION
PHARM-3135 : PHARMACOGNOSY PRACTICALS-II
3 hours/week
1. Submission of herbarium sheets and report on common medicinal and poisonous plants collected.
2. Chemical tests of fixed oils studied in theory.
3. Phytochemical screening for alkaloids, polycyclic compounds (saponins, sterols, cardenolides and
bufadienolides), flavonoids, tannins, anthraquinones and carbohydrates (gum and mucilages).
4. Microscopic and chemical examination of drugs containing gums, mucilages, resins and resin
combinations.
5. Microscopic and physico-chemical examination of fibres used as surgical dressing and filtering aids.
6. Study of animal drugs covered in theory.
Books Recommended :
1. T.E. Wallis, Textbook of Pharmacognosy, J. & A. Churchill Ltd., London, 1967.
2. W.C. Evans, Trease and Evans Pharmacognosy (15th
Edition), W.B. Saunders Limited, 2002.
3. V.E. Tyler, L.R. Brady & J.E. Robbers, Pharmacognosy (9th
Edition), K. M. Varghese Company,
Bombay, India, 1988.
PHARM-3146 :
ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY AND HEALTH EDUCATION PRACTICAL-II
3 hours/week
1. Anatomy of various organs with the aid of models and slides.
2. Biochemical indices of liver & kidney.
3. Recording of blood pressure, ECG, lung volume and capacity using Biopac system.
Books Recommended :
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www.Pharmainfo.Net
1. C.L. Ghai, A Text Book of Practical Physiology, 4th
Edition or Latest Edition, Jaypee Brothers
Medical Publishers (P.) Ltd., New Delhi.
2. F.J. Baker and R.E. Silverton, Introduction to Medical Laboratory Technology, 5th
Edition or Latest
Edition, Butterworth & Co. Ltd., London.
3. S.K. Kulkarni, Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, 4th
Edition or Latest Edition, Vallabh
Prakashan, Delhi.
-----------------------
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SYLLABUS FOR BACHELOR OF PHARMACY FOURTH SEMESTER FOR THE
SESSION OF 2010-2011
FOURTH SEMESTER
Instructions for the paper setter and the students :
1. Each paper should be of 100 marks (80 marks for examination, 20 marks for Internal Assessment).
2. Theory paper shall have 7 questions, 1 question compulsory of objective type/short answer type of
20 marks and 6 more questions of 15 marks each.
3. Total five questions are to be attempted.
4. Use of scientific non-programmable calculator is allowed in the examination.
PHARM-4011: PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
3 hours/week
1. Thermodynamics :
1.1. Energy and first law of thermodynamics : Preliminary and definitions of
systems surrounding macroscopic properties and state variables,
thermodynamic equilibria, extensive and intensive properties, first law of
thermodynamics, internal energy and first law, enthalpy of system, heat
capacity, correlation between Cp and Cv for an ideal gas. Work done on
reversible isothermal expansion of an ideal gas. Maximum work. Adiabatic
expansion of an ideal gas, work of expansion, internal energy change and
enthalpy change. Comparison of isothermal and adiabatic changes.
(5 Lectures)
1.2. Second law of thermodynamics : Limitations of first law and need of second
law. Cyclic process, Carnot cycle, definition of second law of
thermodynamics, spontaneous process. Concept of entropy, entropy change
accompanying change of phase, entropy changes in reversible and
irreversible processes. Absolute entropy, determination of absolute entropy
with the help of third law of thermodynamics.
(5 Lectures)
1.3. Free energy and equilibrium : Helmholtz and Gibb's free energy, variation of
free energy with temperature and pressure, Gibb's Helmholtz equation,
thermodynamics of open system, chemical potential, Gibb's Duhm equation,
change of chemical potential with temperature and pressure, Clapeyron-
Clausious equation and its applications. The law of mass action,
thermodynamic treatment of the law of mass action and chemical equilibria,
expressions for equilibrium constants, relation between Kp, Kc, effect of
volume, pressure and temperature.
(5 Lectures)
1.4. Applications of thermodynamics.
(1 Lecture)
2. Solutions :
(7 Lectures)
Solutions : Solutions of liquids in liquids, ideal and real solutions, colligative
properties of dilute solution, lowering of vapor pressure of non-volatile solute,
osmosis and osmotic pressure in terms of chemical potential, Vant-Hoff equation for
osmotic pressure of dilute solutions, elevation of boiling point and depression in
freezing point by a non-volatile solute, determination of molar mass from vapor
pressure lowering, osmotic pressure, boiling point elevation and freezing point
depression, Solute distributing in immiscible solvent, distribution coefficient,
conditions for validity of distribution law and the thermodynamic derivation,
association and dissociation of solute, biological applications.
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29
30 SYLLABUS FOR B. PHARM. (FOURTH SEMESTER) EXAMINATION
3. Electrochemistry : (9 Lectures)
Electrode potential, Nernst equation, standard potential, standard hydrogen electrode,
reference electrodes, indicator electrodes.
3.1. Potentiometry : Theoretical consideration, ion-selective electrodes,
measurement of potential, location of the end point, equipment, analytical
applications, differential curves, determination of Ksp, pH measurements,
dead-stop titrations; pH meter, pH definition, relation of pH to potential,
equipment, applications.
3.2. Electrolyte Solution : Electrolytes and non-electrolytes, activity and activity
coefficients, conductance, molar conductance and its variation with dilution,
Debye Huckle theory of strong electrolyte (interionic effect, asymmetry
effect, electrophoretic effect), mean activity coefficient, limiting law equation,
conductometric titrations and its applications, high frequency titrations and
its applications.
3.3. Polarography and its Applications : Theory, mass transport processes, current
processes, current potential relationship, polarization, choice of electrodes,
effect of oxygen, instrumentation, calculation of concentration.
3.4. Amperometric Titrations and its Applications.
4. Kinetics :
4.1. Reaction Rate : Rate and rate constant, order and molecularity, zero, first and
second order reactions, half life time, integration of rate expressions, methods
of determining order of a reaction, effect of temperature on reaction rates,
Arrhenius equation. Concept of steady state approximation, activation energy,
energy barrier. Collision and activated complex theory of bimolecular
reactions.
(5 Lectures)
4.2. Catalysis : Characteristics of catalyzed reactions; definition of the terms,
autocatalysis, negative catalysis, inhibitors, promoters, homogeneous and
heterogeneous catalysis, acid base catalysis and its mechanism, enzyme
catalysis, Michaelis Menten equation, turn over number, the Line Weaver-
Burk method.
(2 Lectures)
5. Photochemistry : (2 Lectures)
Introduction, consequences of light absorption, the Jablonski diagram, Lambert Beer
law, Grotthus Draper law, the Stark-Einstein law of Photochemical equivalence,
Quantum efficiency of quantum yield, Photochemical reaction.
Books Recommended :
1. K.J. Laidler, Physical Chemistry with Biological Applications, Henjman, 1980.
2. W.S. Brey, Physical Chemistry and Its Biological Applications, Academic Press,1978.
3. J.R. Barrante, Physical Chemistry of the Life Sciences, Printell (Latest Edition).
4. B.R. Puri, L.R. Sharma and M.S. Pathania, Principles of Physical Chemistry, Shoban Lal Nagin
Chand & Co., 1998.
5. L.G. Chatten, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vol. I and II, Marcel Dekker, New York ( Latest edition).
6. A.H. Berkett, J.B. Stenlake, Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vols. I & II, The Athlone Press of
www.Pharmainfo.Net
www.Pharmainfo.Net
the University of London ( Latest Edition). SYLLABUS FOR B. PHARM. (FOURTH SEMESTER) EXAMINATION 31
PHARM-4022 : PHARMACEUTICAL TECHNOLOGY-II
3 hours/week
1. Injection Technology :
(8 Lectures)
Preformulation factors : Aqueous vehicles, non-aqueous vehicles, isotonicity and its
adjustments (based on freezing point data, molecular concentration).
Emulsions and suspensions as parenterals.
2. Containers :
(8 Lectures)
(a)
(b)
Glass and problems associated with its use for paranterals, types of glass, test
for alkalinity, non-actinic glass.
Plastics–an introduction, tests for injection containers.
3. Closures :
(2 Lectures)
Characteristics of good pharmaceutical rubber. Quality control of rubber caps.
4. Prefilling Treatments :
(2 Lectures)
Cleaning containers and glassware, cleaning of closures, preparation of solution.
5. Aseptic Techniques :
(5 Lectures)
Sources of contamination and method of prevention, design of an aseptic area site
size, windows, doors and services, laminar flow hoods and their efficiency tests.
6. Quality Control Tests on Parenterals :
(15 Lectures)
Inspection for particulate matter.
Testing for faulty seals.
Sterility Test : Introduction to the culture media used, testing procedures, controls,
inactivation of antibacterial samples, a brief outline of tests on powders, oils and
ointments.
Pyrogen Tests : A brief outline of the Rabbit test and LAL test.
Books Recommended :
1. S.J. Carter, Cooper and Gunn's Dispensing for Pharmaceutical Students, Pitman Medical Publishing
Co., 12th
Edition, Chapters 20 to 28.
2. A.L. Gennaro, Remington, the Science and Practice of Pharmacy, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins,
USA, 2000, Chapter 108.
3. W.B. Hugo and A. D. Russel, Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Blackwell Scientific Publications,
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Oxford, 1987. 32 SYLLABUS FOR B. PHARM. (FOURTH SEMESTER) EXAMINATION
PHARM 4023 : PRINCIPLES OF PHARMACEUTICAL OPERATIONS
3 hours/week
1. Introduction :
(3 Lectures)
Fundamental principles/laws, simple cases of material balances applied on single
units, unit conversions.
2. Fluid Flow :
(5 Lectures)
Manometers, (U-tube, differential and inclined tube), concept of boundary layer,
basic equations of fluid flow, valves, pumps-gear, reciprocating and centrifugal, flow
meters.
3. Mixing :
(3 Lectures)
Theories of mixing, mixing devices (propellers, turbines and paddles), mixing of
solids.
4. Filtration :
(5 Lectures)
Theory of filtration, filter aids, filtering media and various filters, plate and frame
filter press, rotary drum filters, metafilters, filter candles, ultrafiltration,
nanofiltration.
5. Phase Equilibria for Gas Liquid Systems :
(6 Lectures)
Experimental measurement, estimation using simple laws like Raoult's law, Henry's
law, representation of this data graphically in various forms. Theory of distillation of
mixtures, plate, continuous contact system, differential distillation, vacuum
distillation, molecular distillation (only basic concepts).
6. Basic laws of heat transfer :
(4 Lectures)
Conduction, convection and radiation, concept of fluid film resistances, simple
problems based on these laws, double pipe heat exchanger, shell tube heat exchanger.
7. Evaporation :
(4 Lectures)
Principles, elevation in boiling points, single and multiple effect evaporation
principle, steam economy and evaporator capacity, evaporation still, Introduction to
different types of evaporators.
8 Drying :
(5 Lectures)
Concept of moisture content, bound and unbound moisture, critical and equilibrium
moisture content, drying a batch of solid under constant drying conditions, spray
dryer, drum dryer, rotating drum dryer, fluidized bed dryer and tray dryer,
sublimation and freeze drying.
9. Psychrometry :
(4 Lectures)
Definition of humidification and dehumidification, psychrometric or humidity charts,
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spray chambers for conditioning air for the storage of pharmaceutical materials.
SYLLABUS FOR B. PHARM. (FOURTH SEMESTER) EXAMINATION 33
10. Refrigeration :
(2 Lectures)
Principle of refrigeration and air conditioning equipments and applications in
pharmacy.
11. Materials for pharmaceutical plant construction :
(4 Lectures)
Factors affecting the choice for selection of material, metals, ferrous and nonferrous
metals including alloys, nonmetals including plastics, glass, rubber, wood, etc.
Books Recommended :
1. McCabe and Smith, Unit Operations for Chemical Engineering, 6
th Edition, McGraw Hill, N.Y.
2. G. Gunn and S.J. Carter and Gunn's Tutorial Pharmacy, Pitman Medical Publishing Co., London,
1972.
3. L.A. Lachman, H.A. Liberman and J.L. Kanig, The Theory and Practice of Industrial Pharmacy, 3rd
Edition, Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, U.S.A.
4. Badger, Introduction to Chemical Engineering, McGraw Hill Co., International Student Edition
(Latest Edition).
5. E.A. Rowlins, Bentley's Text Book of Pharmaceutics, Bailliere Tindall and Cox, London (Latest
Edition).
6. K. Sambamurthy, Pharmaceutical Engineering, New Age Int. Publishers, New Delhi, 2003.
PHARM-4034 : PHARMACOGNOSY-III
3 hours/week
Study of drugs given below under section 1.1 and 1.2 for : biological source, chemical constituents and
uses.
For drugs printed in bold and in parenthesis, also include study of cultivation, collection, substitutes,
adulterants, diagnostic macroscopic and microscopic features and chemical tests for identity of drugs.
1. Glycoside containing drugs :
1.1 Saponin drugs : Dioscorea and (Glycyrrhiza).
(2 Lectures)
1.2 Cardioactive drugs : Squill. Strophanthus and (Digitalis).
(3 Lectures)
1.3 Anthraquinone drugs : Rhubarb, Cascara and (Aloe and Senna). (4 Lectures)
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34 SYLLABUS FOR B. PHARM. (FOURTH SEMESTER) EXAMINATION
2. Alkaloid containing drugs :
2.1 Pyridine-piperidine group : Tobacco, Areca and Lobelia.
(2 Lectures)
2.2 Tropane group : Belladonna, Hyoscyamus and (Datura).
(3 Lectures)
2.3 Quinoline, Isoquinoline group : Ipecac and (Cinchona and Opium).
(4 Lectures)
2.4 Indole group : Catharanthus, Nuxvomica, Physostigma, Ergot and
(Rauwolfia).
(5 Lectures)
2.5 Imidazole group : Pilocarpus.
(1 Lecture)
2.6 Steroidal group : Veratrum and Kurchi.
(2 Lectures)
2.7 Alkaloidal amine group : Ephedra and (Colchicum).
(2 Lectures)
3. Study of following plant adaptogens for their chemical constituents and
pharmacological properties : Ginseng, Ashwagandha, Brahmi.
(3 Lectures)
4. Biological source, preparation, Identification tests and uses of the following
Enzymes : Papain, Pepsin, Pancreatin.
(2 Lectures)
5. Study of mevalonic and shikimic acid pathways with special reference to the
biosynthesis of cinchona and tropane alkaloids, digitalis glycosides, flavonoids and
terpenoids.
(12 Lectures)
PHARM-4045 : PHARMACOLOGY-I
3 hours/week
1. Introduction : (1 Lecture)
Definition, historical development, and scope of pharmacology.
2. Pharmacodynamics : (7 Lectures)
Molecular mechanisms of drug action, receptor families and their regulation,
theories of drug-receptor interactions, potentiation and anatagonism.
3. Pharmacokinetics : (5 Lectures)
Drug absorption and its mechanism, factors affecting drug absorption, routes of
drug administration, bioavailability, bioequivalence, distribution, plasma protein
binding, half life of drug, biotransformation and cytochrome P450 monooxygenase
system and excretion of drugs.
4. Pharmacology of Autonomic Nervous Systems : (12 Lectures)
Autonomic neurotransmission, parasympathomimetics, parasympatholytics,
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sympathomimetics, sympatholytics, neuromuscular blocking agents.
SYLLABUS FOR B. PHARM. (FOURTH SEMESTER) EXAMINATION 35
5. Pharmacology of Central Nervous Systems :
(20 Lectures)
Neurohumoral transmission in CNS, general & local anesthetics, alcohol,
hypnotics-sedatives, analgesics (narcotics and NSAIDs), centrally acting muscle
relaxants, CNS stimulants and hallucinogens, drug addiction and drug abuse,
Pathobiological aspects & drug therapy of epilepsy, Parkinson, schizophrenia,
mania, anxiety, depression and Alzheimer disease.
Books Recommended :
1. A.G. Gilman, J.G. Hardman, L.E. Limbird, P.B. Molinoff, R.W. Ruddon Eds. Goodman & Gilman's
The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th
Edition or Latest Edition, Eds. Macmillian Publishing
Co. Inc. (2001).
2. C.R. Craig and R.E. Stitzel, Modem Pharmacology, Little Brown and Company, 6th
Edition or Latest
Edition.
3. B.G. Katzung, Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, Lange Medical Publications, 8th
Edition, or Latest
Edition.
PHARM-4086 : ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
3 hours/week
1. The multidisciplinary nature of environmental studies :
(2 Lectures)
1.1. Definition, scope and importance.
1.2. Need for public awareness.
2. Natural Resources and their conservation :
(6 Lectures)
2.1. Forest resources :
Use and over-exploitation, deforestation, case studies, timber extraction,
mining, dams and their effects on forests and tribal people.
2.2. Water resources :
Use and over-utilization of surface and ground water, floods, drought,
conflicts over water, dams - benefits and problems, water quality
management - management of water resources including rivers, lakes, ground
water, flurosis and arsenic problems.
2.3. Mineral resources :
Use and exploitation, environmental effects of extracting and using mineral
resources, case studies.
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36 SYLLABUS FOR B. PHARM. (FOURTH SEMESTER) EXAMINATION
2.4. Food resources :
World food problems, changes caused by agriculture and overgrazing, effects
of modern agriculture, fertilizer-pesticide problems, water logging, salinity,
case studies.
2.5. Energy resources :
Growing energy needs, renewable and non-renewable energy sources, use of
alternate energy sources, case studies.
2.6. Land resources :
Land as a resource, land degradation, man induced landslides, soil erosion and
desertification.
2.7. Role of an individual in conservation of natural resources and prevention of
pollution.
2.8. Equitable use of resources for sustainable lifestyles.
2.9. Disaster management–floods, earth quakes, cyclone and landslides.
3. Ecology and Ecosystem :
(6 Lectures)
3.1. Definition of ecology.
3.2. Structure and function of an ecosystem.
3.3. Producers, consumers and decomposers.
3.4. Energy flow in the ecosystem.
3.5. Ecological succession.
3.6. Food chains, food webs and ecological pyramids.
3.7. Introduction, types, characteristic features, structure and function of the
following ecosystem :
3.8. Forest ecosystem.
3.9. Grassland ecosystem.
3.9.1. Desert ecosystem.
3.9.2. Aquatic ecosystems (ponds, streams, lakes, rivers, ocean estuaries).
4. Biodiversity and its Conservation :
(6 Lectures)
4.1. Introduction – Definition : genetic, species and ecosystem diversity.
4.2. Value of biodiversity – Consumptive use, productive use, social, ethical,
asthetic and option values.
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4.3. Biodiversity at global, national and local levels.
SYLLABUS FOR B. PHARM. (FOURTH SEMESTER) EXAMINATION 37
4.4. India as a mega-diversity nation.
4.5. Hot spots of biodiversity.
4.6. Threats to biodiversity : Habitat loss, poaching of wildlife, man wildlife
conflicts.
4.7. Endangered and endemic species of India.
4.8. Conservation of biodiversity.
4.9. In-situ and Ex-situ conservation of biodiversity.
5. Environmental pollution :
(6 Lectures)
5.1. Air pollution – Definition, causes, and control measures, air quality
management, air pollution case studies.
5.2. Water pollution.
5.3. Marine pollution.
5.4. Thermal pollution.
5.5. Soil pollution – Definition, causes and control measures, case studies.
5.6. Noise pollution.
5.7. Nuclear hazards waste management.
5.8. Waste management through cleaner technologies, reuse and recycling of
wastes.
5.9. Solid waste management - Causes, effects and control measures of urban and
industrial wastes, hazards waste, biomedical waste.
5.9.1. Role of an individual in prevention of pollution.
5.10. Pollution case studies.
5.11. Disaster management - Floods, earthquake, cyclone and landslides.
6. Social Issues and the Environment :
(5 Lectures)
6.1. From unsustainable to sustainable development.
6.2. Urban problems and related to energy.
6.3. Water conservation, rain water harvesting, watershed management.
6.4. Resettlement and rehabilitation of people : Its problems and concerns, case
studies.
6.5. Environmental ethics - Issues and possible solutions.
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6.6. Climate change, global warming, acid rain, ozone layer depletion, nuclear
accidents and holocaust, case studies.
38 SYLLABUS FOR B. PHARM. (FOURTH SEMESTER) EXAMINATION
6.7. Wasteland reclamation.
6.8. Consumerism and waste products.
6.9. Legislation to protect the environment.
6.10. Environmental Protection Act.
6.11. Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act.
6.12. Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act.
6.13. Wildlife Protection Act, Forest Conservation Act.
6.14. Forest Conservation Act.
6.15. Issues involved in enforcement of environmental legislation.
6.16. Public awareness.
7. Human population and the environment :
(5 Lectures)
7.1. Population growth, variation among nations.
7.2. Population explosion, Family Welfare Programme.
7.3. Enviroment and Human Health.
7.4. Human Rights.
7.5. Value education.
7.6. HIV/AIDS.
7.7. Women and child welfare.
7.8 Role of information technology in environment and human health.
7.9. Case studies.
8. Field work (any two of the following) :
8.1. Visit to a local area to document environmental assets–
river/forest/grassland/hill/mountain.
8.2. Visit to a local polluted site – Urban/Rural/Industrial/Agricultural.
8.3. Study of common plants, insects, birds.
8.4. Study of simple ecosystems – pond, river, hill slopes, etc .
9. Environmental issues related to Pharmaceutical Sciences : (3 Lectures)
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Toxicity of general laboratory chemicals and solvents used in Pharmaceutical
Sciences.
SYLLABUS FOR B. PHARM. (FOURTH SEMESTER) EXAMINATION 39
PHARM-4111 : PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL
3 hours/week
Experiments based on the principle discussed in colligative properties, kinetics, electrochemistry,
thermochemistry, partitioning and additive constitutive properties shall be covered.
Books Recommended : 1. R.C. Dass and B. Behere, Experimental Physical Chemistry, Tata McGraw-Hill, 1983.
2. V.V. Nadkarnay, A. N. Kothore, Y. V. Lawande, Practical Physical Chemistry, Popular Prakashan,
Bombay, 1972.
3. J.A. Kitchener, Ed., Findlay's Physical Chemistry, 8th
Edition, Longmans, Green and Co., London,
1967.
4. A.H Beckett, J.B. Stenlake, Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vol. I & II, The Athlone Press of the
University of London ( Latest Edition).
PHARM-4122 : PHARMACEUTICAL TECHNOLOGY PRACTICAL-II
3 hours/week
1. To carry out the tests for alkalinity on the given injection containers.
2. Preparation of the following Pharmacopoeial injections :
2.1. Water for injection.
2.2. Dextrose saline injection.
2.3. Phenol oily injection.
2.4. Ascorbic acid injection.
2.5. Procaine adrenaline injection.
2.6. Ethanolamine oleate injection.
2.7. Calcium gluconate injection.
2.8. Aminophylline injection.
2.9. Sodium bicarbonate injection.
2.10. Thiamine hydrochloride injection.
3. To carry out tests for sterility on different classes of parenteral preparations :
3.1. Aqueous injections : e.g. Water for injection, Dextrose saline injection.
3.2. Oily injections : e.g. Phenol oily injection.
3.3. Injections containing bactericide : Ascorbic acid injection, Procaine
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adrenative Injection.
3.4. Injections requiring sub-culturing : Ethanolamine oleate injection, Calcium
gluconate injection. 40 SYLLABUS FOR B. PHARM. (FOURTH SEMESTER) EXAMINATION
PHARM-4123 : PHARMACEUTICAL OPERATIONS PRACTICAL
6 hours/week
A. Principles of Pharmaceutical Operations :
1. Learning to plot on simple, semi-log and double log graph papers and calculation of slope in
each case.
2. Calibration of differential headmeters i.e. orificemeter, venturimeter and aerameter i.e.
rotameter installed in laboratory.
3. Determination of the work done by a pump (W) in transferring fluid from the bottom of a tank
to the top of it.
4. Study of the relationship between modified Reynold's number and fluidization porosity using
the provided material.
5. Study of the drying curve through conduct of drying experiment on the provided wet material.
6. Calculation of the vaporization efficiency of a given steam distillation set up and determination
of the effect of lagging.
7. Calculation of the values of Vc and (r) of the given slurry using simple filtration assembly and
calculation of the optimum time of filtration cycle.
8. Study of product after grinding and crushing in a mass and mill.
9. Study on the batch distillation using the provided material.
10. Determination of HETP for distillation column operated at total reflux.
B. Engineering Drawing :
1. Study of orthographic projection, first angle and third angle projection systems, and symbols for
methods of projection.
2. Study of lines, dimensioning, scales and sheet layout.
3. Learning the procedure for preparing a scale drawing.
4. Simple exercises on conversion of pictorial views into orthographic views (in scale drawing at
least 3 exercises).
5. Simple exercises of drawing sectional views (at least 3 exercises).
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Book Recommended :
N.D. Bhat, Machine Drawing, Character Publishing House (2008).
SYLLABUS FOR B. PHARM. (FOURTH SEMESTER) EXAMINATION 41
PHARM-4134 : PHARMACOGNOSY PRACTICAL-III
3 hours/week
1. P
harmacognostic study of some important drugs covered in theory.
2. M
icroscopic study of mixture of powdered crude drugs for identification.
3. G
ross identification of crude drugs.
Books Recommended :
1. V.E. Tyler, L.R. Brady & J. E. Robbers, Pharmacognosy (9
th Edition) K. M. Varghese Company,
Bombay, India, 1988.
2. W.C. Evans, Trease and Evans' Pharmacognosy (15th
Edition), W.B. Saunders Limited, 2002.
3. T.E. Wallis, Text Book of Pharmacognosy, J. & A. Churchill Ltd., London, 1967.
4. C.K. Atal and B.M. Kapur, Cultivation and Utilization of Medicinal Plants, CSIR, India, 1982.
5. The Wealth of India, Vol. I to Vol. XI, CSIR, New Delhi, 1968.
6. G.V. Satyavati and M.K. Raina, Medicinal Plants of India, Vol. 1, ICMR, New Delhi,1976.
7. G.V. Satyavati and M.K. Raina, Medicinal Plants of India, Vol. 2, ICMR, New Delhi,1987.
8. P. M. Dewick, Medicinal Natural Products : A Biosynthetic Approach, (2nd
Edition) 2001, John
Wiley & Sons.
PHARM-4145 : PHARMACOLOGY PRACTICAL-I
3 hours/week
1. Pharmacology of Receptors : Dose response relationship using isolated preparations/biopac system.
2. Studies of various routes of drug administration.
3. Experimental techniques to study analgesics, anticonvulsants, antidepressants, muscle relaxant
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activity (rotarod), local anaesthetics, antiparkinsonian, sleep time.
4. Experiments on nerve conduction and muscle grip strength using Biopac System.
5. Case studies based on diseases discussed in pharmacology theory.
42 SYLLABUS FOR B. PHARM. (FOURTH SEMESTER) EXAMINATION
Books Recommended :
1. M.N. Ghosh, Fundamentals of Experimental Pharmacology, Scientific Book Agency, Calcutta, Latest
Edition.
2. Pharmacological Experiments on Isolated Preparations, Edinburg University Pharmacology Staff,
Livingstone 1971, II Edition.
3. S.K. Kulkarni, Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, Latest Edition, Vallabh Prakashan, Delhi.
-----------------------
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SYLLABUS FOR B. PHARM. THIRD YEAR
FOR THE EXAMINATION OF 2011
Instructions for the paper-setter and the students : [
1. Each paper shall be of 100 marks (90 marks for examination and 10 marks for Internal Assessment).
2. Theory paper shall have 7 questions, 1 question shall be compulsory of objective/short answer type.
3. Total five questions are to be attempted.
4. Use of scientific non-programmable calculator is allowed in the examination.
301. PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY
PAPER I : BIOCHEMISTRY 2 hrs./week
The following topics shall be dealt with restricting the coverage of each topic keeping in view the
requirement of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the biochemical applications in understanding the medicinal
chemistry in its modern perspective :
1. Biochemical organization of the cell and transport processes across cell membrane.
2. The concept of free energy, determination of change in free energy from equilibrium constant and
reduction potential, bioenergetics, production of ATP and its biological significance.
3. Enzymes : Nomenclature, enzyme kinetics and its mechanism of action, mechanism of inhibition,
isozymes, enzymes and isoenzymes in clinical diagnosis.
4. Co-enzymes.
4.1 Vitamins as co-enzymes and their significance.
4.2 Metals as co-enzymes and their significance.
5. Carbohydrate metabolism.
5.1 Conversion of polysaccharide to glucose-1 phosphate.
5.2 Glycolysis and fermentation and their regulation.
5.3 Gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis.
5.4 Metabolism of galactose and galactosemia.
5.5 Role of sugar nucleotides in biosynthesis.
5.6 Pentose phosphate Pathway.
6. The citric acid cycle.
6.1 Significance, reactions and energetics of the cycle.
6.2 Amphibolic role of the cycle.
6.3 Glyoxylic acid cycle.
7. Lipids metabolism.
7.1 Oxidation of fatty acids, beta-oxidation and energetics alpha-oxidation, w-oxidation.
7.2 Biosynthesis of ketone bodies and their utilization.
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7.3 Biosynthesis of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids.
7.4 Control of lipid metabolism.
7.5 Essential fatty acids and eicosanoids.
7.6 Phospholipids, sphingolipids.
43
44 SYLLABUS FOR B. PHARM. (THIRD YEAR) EXAMINATION
8. Biological oxidation.
8.1 Redox-potential.
8.2 Enzymes and co-enzymes involved in oxidation reduction.
8.3 The respiratory chain, its role in energy capture and its control.
8.4 Energetics of oxidative phosphorylation.
8.5 Inhibitors of respiratory chain and oxidative phosphorylation.
8.6 Mechanism of oxidative phosphorylation.
9. Nitrogen and sulphur cycle.
9.1 Nitrogen fixation, ammonia assimilation, nitrification and nitrate assimilation.
9.2 Sulphate activation, sulphate reduction.
9.3 Incorporation of H2S in organic compounds.
9.4 Release of sulphur from organic compounds.
10. Metabolism of ammonia and nitrogen containing monomers.
10.1 Nitrogen balance.
10.2 Biosynthesis of amino acids.
10.3 Catabolism of amino acids.
10.4 Assimilation of ammonia.
10.5 Urea cycle, metabolic disorders of urea cycle.
10.6 Metabolism of sulphur containing amino acids.
10.7 Porphyrin biosynthesis, formation of bile pigments.
10.8 Purine biosynthesis.
10.9 Purine nucleotide interconversion.
10.10 Pyrimidine biosynthesis.
10.11 Formation of deoxyribonucleotides.
11. Biosynthesis of nucleic acids.
11.1 DNA biosynthesis and replication.
11.2 Mutation, physical & chemical mutagenesis/carcinogenesis.
11.3 DNA repair mechanism.
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11.4 Biosynthesis of RNA.
12. Genetic code and protein synthesis.
12.1 Genetic code.
12.2 Components of protein synthesis.
SYLLABUS FOR B. PHARM. (THIRD YEAR) EXAMINATION 45
12.3 Protein synthesis.
12.4 Inhibition of protein synthesis.
13. Regulation of gene expression.
Books Recommended
1. D.W. Martin, P.A. Mays & V.M. Redwell, Harpers Review of Biochemistry, Lange Medical
Publication (Latest Edition).
2. E.E. Conn & P.K. Stumpf, Outlines of Biochemistry, John Wiley & Sons, New York (Latest
Edition).
3. A.L. Lehninger, Biochemistry, Worth Publisher, Inc. (Latest Edition).
4. A.L. Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, CBS Publishers and Distributors (Latest Edition).
5. L. Stryer, Biochemistry, W.H. Freeman & Company, San Francisco (Latest Edition).
6. B. Harrow & A. Mazur, Textbook of Biochemistry, W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia. (Latest
Edition).
7. M.N. Chatterjea & Rana Schinde, Textbook of Medical Biochemistry, Jintender P. Vij, New Delhi
(Latest Edition).
301. PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY
PAPER II : MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2 hrs./week
1. Vitamins excluding detailed study of constitution.
2. Physicochemical and stereochemical aspects in relation to biological activity; Drug receptor
interaction.
3. The following topics shall be treated covering chemical naming, structure-activity relationship,
physico-chemical and steric aspects, mode of action (wherever applicable) and uses. The emphasis
would be mainly on B.P. and I.P. drugs. Synthesis of only those drugs given in parenthesis under
each topic would be covered.
3.1 Adrenergic Hormones and Drugs including biosynthesis, storage, release and metabolism of
catecholamines (Andrenaline, Isoprenaline, Salbutamol, Amphetamine, Naphazoline).
3.2 Cholinergics and Anticholinesterases including biosynthesis, storage and metabolism of
acetylcholine (Methacholine Chloride, Neostigmine Bromide).
3.3 Antispasmodic and Antiulcer Drugs (Cyclopentolate, Propantheline Bromide, Benzhexol).
3.4 Antiparkinsonism Drugs (Apomorphine).
3.5 Neuromuscular Blocking Agents (Gallamine Triethiodide, Succinylcholine chloride).
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3.6 Hypoglycaemic Drugs (Tolbutamide).
3.7 Thyroid Hormones and Antithyroid Drugs (L- Thyroxine, Propylthiouracil).
3.8 Anticoagulants and Haemostatic Agents (Warfarin, Phenindione).
3.9 Oxytocics (includes discussion on Ergot alkaloids also) (Ergometrine).
46 SYLLABUS FOR B. PHARM. (THIRD YEAR) EXAMINATION
3.10 Antihistamines including discussion on Sodium Cromoglycate (Mepyramine, Diphenhydramine,
Chlorpheniramine, Promethazine).
3.11 Non-steroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs (includes anti–gout Drugs also) (Indomethacin,
Phenylbutazone, Allopurinol, Probenecid).
Books Recommended
1. M.E. Wolff, Ed., Burger's Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Discovery, John Wiley & Sons, New York
(Latest Edition).
2. J.N. Delgado and W. A. Remers, Eds., Wilson & Gisvold's Textbook of Organic and Pharmaceutical
Chemistry, J. Lippincott Co., Philadelphia (Latest Edition).
3. W.C. Foye, Principles of Medicinal Chemistry, Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia (Latest Edition).
4. H. Singh and V.K. Kapoor, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vallabh Prakashan, Delhi, 1997.
5. J.E.F. Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, The Pharmaceutical Press, London (Latest
Edition).
301. PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY
PAPER III : ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY-II 2 hrs./week
1. Non-aqueous Titrations
Theoretical consideration, scope and limitations, acid base equilibria in non- aqueous media, titration
of weak bases, titration of weak acids, indicators, pharmaceutical products should be selected for
illustration.
2. Complexometric Titrations
Concept of complexation and chelation, Werner's Coordination number and electronic structure of
complexions, stability constants, titration curves, masking and demasking agents, types of
complexometric titrations, metal ion indicators, factors influencing the stability of complexes,
applications.
3. Miscellaneous Methods of Analysis
Diazotisation titration, Kjeldahl nitrogen determination, Karl–Fischer titration, Oxygen flask
combustion.
4. Extractions Procedures, Separation of Drugs from Excipients Liquid-solid extraction, liquid-liquid
extraction, separation of mixtures by extraction, distribution law, successive extraction, the Craige
method of multiple extraction, continuous counter – current extraction, effect of temperature, pH,
Inert solute, association, ion-pair formation, the emulsion problems in extractions.
5. Radioactivity as an Analytical Tool
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Basic nuclear properties, measurement of radioactivity, analytical applications of radioactivity,
interaction of radiation with matter, counting statistical errors and corrections, radiation safety.
6. Chromatography
Gas chromatography : Introduction; Principles of gas chromatography, basic GLC apparatus, carrier
gases; sample introduction, column, column efficiency, solid support, liquid phases, branches of gas
chromatography; Detectors, temperature effect; Applications of GLC in Pharmaceutical analysis.
SYLLABUS FOR B. PHARM. (THIRD YEAR) EXAMINATION 47
HPLC
Introduction, Theory & nomenclature, instrumentation, liquid–solid chromatography; Liquid- liquid
chromatography, exclusion chromatography; HPLC columns; Solvent selection in HPLC; Data
handling in HPLC, Applications of HPLC.
TLC Quantitative Estimation
Ion-Exchange and Molecular Sieve Processes
Theory of ion-exchange, types of exchangers, ion exchange equilibria, ion-exchange capacity,
ion-exchange separation, applications in pharmaceutical analysis, molecular sieve separation
and applications.
7. Electrochemistry
The electric cell, electrode potential, half cells, types of half cells, sign convention, Nernst equation,
the salt bridge, activity series, standard potential, standard hydrogen electrode, measuring the
relative voltage of half cells, calculations of standard potential, reference electrodes, indicator
electrodes.
A. Potentiometry
Theoretical consideration, ion-selective electrodes, measurement of potential, location of the
end point, equipment, analytical applications, direct measurement of a metal concentration,
differential curves, determination of Ksp, pH measurements, dead-stop titrations; pH meter,
pH definition, relation of pH to potential, equipment, applications.
B. Conductometric and High Frequency Titrations and their Applications.
C. Coulometric Titrations : Its basic principles and Applications.
D. Polarography and Its Applications
Theory, mass transport processes, current processes, current potential relationship,
polarization, choice of eletrodes, effect of oxygen, instrumentation, calculation of
concentration, laboratory design and safety.
E. Amperometric Titrations and Its Applications
8. Phase Solubility Analysis
Theory, experimental procedures, applications in Pharmaceutical analysis.
Books Recommended
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1. A.H. Beckett and J.B. Stenlake, Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vol. I & II, The Athlone Press
of the University of London (Latest Edition).
2. J. Bassett, R.C. Denney, G.H. Jeffery & J. Medhan, Vogel's Textbook of Quantitative Inorganic
Analysis Including Elementary Instrumental Analysis. The English Language Book Society and
Longman (Latest Edition).
3. H. H. Willard, L.L. Merritt; Jr., and J.A. Dean, Instrumental Mehtods of Analysis, Van Nostrand
Reinhold, New York (Latest Edition).
48 SYLLABUS FOR B. PHARM. (THIRD YEAR) EXAMINATION
4. L. G. Chatten, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vols. I and II, Marcel Dekker, New York (Latest Edition).
302. PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY LABORATORY
PAPER I : BIOCHEMISTRY 3 hrs./week
Experiments based on theory Paper I (Biochemistry)
1. Isolation and determination of biomolecules in biological fluids including amino acids and proteins,
carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and enzymes.
2. Biochemical preparations.
Books Recommended :
1. J. Jayaraman, Laboratory Manual in Biochemistry, Wiley Eastern Limited, Delhi (Latest Edition).
2. David T. Plummer, An Introduction to Practical Biochemistry, Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi
(Latest Edition).
302. PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY LABORATORY
PAPER II : PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS-II 3 hrs./week
1. Non-aqueous Titrations
Preparation and standardization of perchloric acid and sodium/potassium/lithium methoxide
solutions; Estimations of some pharmacopoeial products.
2. Complexometric Titrations
Preparation and standardization of EDTA solution, some exercises related to pharmacopoeial assays
by complexometric titrations.
3. Miscellaneous Determinations
Exercises involving diazotisation, Kjeldahl, Karl-Fischer, Oxygen flask combustion and gasometry
methods. Determination of alcohol content in liquid galenicals, procedure (BPC) shall be covered.
4. Experiments involving separation of drugs from excipients.
5. Chromatographic analysis of some pharmaceutical products.
6. Exercises based on acid base titrations in aqueous and non-aqueous media, oxidation, reduction
titrations, precipitation titrations and complex formation titrations using potentiometric technique.
Determination of acid base dissociation constants and plotting of titration curves using pH
meter.
7. Exercises involving polarimetry.
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8. Exercises involving conductometric and polarographic techniques.
Books Recommended
1. L. G. Chatten, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vol. I and II, Marcel Dekker, New York (Latest Edition).
2. A. H. Beckett and J. B. Stenlake, Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vol. I & II, The Athlone
Press of the University of London (Latest Edition).
SYLLABUS FOR B.PHARM (THIRD YEAR) EXAMINATION 49
3. K.A. Connors, A Textbook of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Wiley-Interscience, New York (Latest
Edition).
4. A.M. Knevel and F.E. Digangi, Jenkin's Quantitative Pharmaceutical Chemistry, McGraw-Hill Book
Co., New York (Latest Edition).
5. Indian Pharmacopoeia 1996, Govt. of India, Ministry of Health, Delhi (Latest Edition).
303. PHARMACEUTICS
PAPER I : BIOLOGICAL PHARMACY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY-II (2 hours/week)
1. Microbe-Host Interaction: The process of infection
Sources and vectors of infection, factors influencing infection.
2. Immune Systems and Immunological Preparations
2.1 Structure and functions of PMN and mononuclear (lymphoid) cells such as
lymphocytes (T-cells and B-cells) and plasma cells.
2.2 Non-specific host resistance, natural and specific resistance, mechanical, chemical
and cellular mechanisms of defence. Role of phagocytic cells through chemotaxis migration,
ingestion, phagocytosis and destruction of bacteria through lysosomal enzymes.
2.3 Haemopoiesis and lymphoid organs, stem cells and their differentiation, briefly
about medical applications of stem cells, structure and functions of primary and
secondary lymphoid organs.
2.4 Antigens, haptens, immunoglobulins, humoral and cellular immunity, MHC
antigens and T cell receptor, mechanisms of antibody formation, monoclonal
antibodies, antigen-antibody reaction, hypersensitivity.
2.5 Active-passive immunization, preparation of vaccines and serum, standardization and
storage. Briefly about new trends in vaccine development.
3. Viruses
Classification, structure, methods of their replication, phenomenon of viral interference and
interferons, phages and their multiplication, lysogeny and lysogenic conversion.
4. Genetic Recombination
Introduction to genes, transformation, conjugation, transduction, recombinant DNA tools (gene
cloning). Introduction to polymerase chain reaction, gene therapy and gene delivery systems.
5. Fermentation Technology
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Batch, fed batch and continuous fermentation bioreactors, fermenter and its design, control of
different parameters in fermentation process, use of mutagenic agents, design of the fermentation
process, isolation of fermentation products with special reference to penicillins, streptomycin,
tetracyclines and vitamin B12.
6. Microbial Transformation
Introduction, types of reactions mediated by microorganisms, design of biotransformation processes,
selection of organisms, biotransformation processes and its improvement with special reference to
corticosteroids.
50 SYLLABUS FOR B. PHARM . (THIRD YEAR) EXAMINATION
7. Immobilization Technology
Techniques of immobilization of enzymes, factors affecting enzyme kinetics, bacterial enzymes such
as hyaluronidase, penicillinase, streptokinase, streptodornase, amylases and proteases,
Immobilization of bacteria and plant cells.
8. Biotechnology
Introduction, biotechnology drugs, antisense nucleotides, pharmacognostical applications,
pharmacological applications, pharmaceutical manufacturing applications, organic synthesis
applications, list of biotechnology medicines approved and in development state.
Books/references recommended :
1. S. J. Carter, Cooper and Gunn, Tutorial Pharmacy, 6th
edition, Pitman Medical, 1972.
2. T.D. Brock and M.T. Madigan, Biology of Microorganisms, Chapter 12, Prentice Hall, NJ, 1988.
3. G.J. Tortora, B. S. Funke, C. L. Case, Microbiology : An introduction, Addison Wesley Longman,
Inc., California, 1997.
4. W.B. Hugo and A.D. Russel, Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Blackwell Scientific Publications,
Oxford, 1987.
5. K. Kieslich (Editor) Biotechnology, Vol. 6a, Verlag Chemie, Basel, Switzerland, 1984.
6. S. Sell, Basic Immunology, Elsevier, 1987.
7. W. A. Volk, D. C. Benzamin, R.J. Kander and J. T. Parsona, Essentials of Medical Microbiology,
Chapters 4 and 7, JB Lippincott, Pa, 1991.
8. Remington, The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 19th
edition, Mack Publishing Co., USA,
1995.
9. C. Semsarian, Stem Cells in Cardiovascular Disease : From Cell Biology to Clinical Therapy,
Internal Medicine Journal, 2002; 32 : 259-265.
303. PHARMACEUTICS
PAPER II : PHARMACEUTICAL TECHNOLOGY-I (2 hours/week)
1. Aerosols
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Definition, advantages of aerosol dosage forms, propellants, containers, valves, mode of operation,
formulation of pharmaceutical aerosols, types and systems, selection of components, manufacture,
labelling, quality control and testing of pharmaceutical aerosols.
2. Microencapsulation
Fundamental considerations: Core and coating materials, application, methodology coacervation- phase
separation, air suspension, multiorifice-centrifugal process, pan coating, spray drying and spray congealing,
polymerization, solvent evaporation and multiple phase emulsion.
SYLLABUS FOR B.PHARM (THIRD YEAR) EXAMINATION 51
3. Emulsions
General consideration, types of emulsion, test for identification of emulsion type, theory of emulsification,
formulation of emulsion, mechanical equipments for emulsification, stability of emulsions, assessment of
emulsion shelf-life.
4. Suspensions
Practical considerations, pharmaceutical applications, formulation of suspensions- flocculated and
deflocculated systems, evaluation of suspension stability, gels, magmas.
5. Semisolids
Percutaneous absorption (structure, function and topical treatment of human skin), basic principles of
diffusion, through membranes, skin transport, factors affecting percutaneous absorption, types of vehicles,
preservation, evaluation and methods for studying percutaneous absorption, pastes, creams, ointments and
contraceptive products.
6. Suppositories
Introduction, anatomy and physiology of rectum, absorption of drugs from the rectum, factors affecting
drug absorption from rectum, types of suppository bases, formulation/manufacturing processes, specific
formulation problems, packaging/storage of suppositories, testing and QC of suppositories.
7. Ophthalmic Preparations
Introduction, ocular bioavailability, and classification of ophthalmic products- eye drops, semisolid dosage
forms: ophthalmic ointments and gels, intraocular dosage forms, formulation and manufacturing
considerations, contact lenses and lens care products.
8. Capsules
Advantages and disadvantages of capsule dosage forms, materials for the production of hard gelatin
capsules, size of capsules, methods of capsule production, soft gelatin capsules and methods of their
manufacture, nature of capsule shell and capsule content, importance of base adsorption and minim/gm
factor on soft capsules, quality control, capsule physical stability and storage.
9. Blood and glandular products, and enzymes
Whole human blood, concentrated RBC, dried human plasma, dried human serum, liquid plasma and
serum, fabrication of plasma protein fraction, human fibrinogen, human thrombin, human fibrin foam,
human normal immunoglobulin: control for blood products, plasma substitutes: properties of an ideal
plasma substitute, dextran, absorbable haemostat, absorbable gelatin, sponge, oxidized cellulose, calcium
alginate, pituitary, thyroxin, pancreatin, pepsin.
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Books Recommended
1. Remington, The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, Mack Publishing Co., U.S.A (Latest Edition).
2. L. Lachman, H.A. Lieberman and J.L. Kanig, The Theory and Practice of Industrial Pharmacy, Lea
and Febiger, Philadelphia, U.S.A. (Latest Edition).
3. S.J. Carter, Dispensing for Pharmaceutical Students, 11th
and 12th
edition, 1967 and 1975, Pitman
Books Ltd., London, U.K.
4. H.S. Ansel and N.G. Popovich, Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems, Lea and
Febiger, Philadelphia (Latest Edition).
52 SYLLABUS FOR B. PHARM. (THIRD YEAR) EXAMINATION
5. E.A. Rowlins, Bentley's Textbook of Pharmaceutics, Bailliere Tindall and Cox, London, (Latest
Edition).
303. PHARMACEUTICS
PAPER III : COSMETICS (2 hours/week)
1. Sensitivity Testing: Diagnostic Sensitivity Testing: Techniques for both covered and uncovered patch
tests, interpretation of patch test, patch testing with nail lacquers, lipsticks, lanolin and hair dyes,
photosensitivity testing of cosmetics. Predictive Sensitivity Testing of humans for irritancy, predictive
testing for allergic contact sensitization and photosensitization capacity.
2. Basic Skin care products- Ethnic skin and its cosmetic requirements, emerging cosmetic
products, use of drug delivery systems like liposomes, microcapsules, cosmetic patches,
elastic vesicles as topical/transdermal drug delivery systems e.g., topical delivery by lontophoresis,
cleansing products, skin toners, emollients, moisturizers, cold creams, vanishing creams, hand and
body creams and lotions, hormone creams and lotions, barrier creams.
• Antiwrinkle Products.
• Skin Whitening Products.
• Anticellulite Products.
• Sun burn and sun screen preparations.
• Foundation makeup including face powders and rouges
3. Cosmetics for Nails
Nail Lacquers and Removers: Raw materials, Formulation and Manufacture, Evaluation of Nail
lacquers.
4. Pre-shave and After-shave Preparations: Purpose, Types and Forms, Formulation.
5. Antiperspirants and Deodorants: Product forms, Active ingredients, Formulations.
6. Lipsticks: Product characteristics, Raw materials, Formulation and Manufacture, Quality
Assurance.
7. Hair Cosmetics
• Shampoos: Function, Types and Forms, Raw materials, Evaluation.
• Hair Oils: Natural and Synthetic Oils.
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• Hair colorings/dyes: Bleaching agents, Temporary, Semi-permanent,
Permanent, Miscellaneous coloring agents.
• Dye Removers.
• Depilatories: Chemical Depilatories and Epilatory Compositions.
Books Recommended :
1. Remington, The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, Mack Publishing Co., U.S.A.
(Latest Edition).
SYLLABUS FOR B .PHARM. (THIRD YEAR) EXAMINATION 53
2. Poucher's perfumes, Cosmetic and Soaps, Vol. 3 (Cosmetics), 9th
edition, 1992.
3. M. S. Balsan and E. Sagarin, Cosmetics : Science and Technology, Vol. 1-3, 2nd
edition, 1974, Wiley Interscience, N. Y
303. PHARMACEUTICS
PAPER IV : FORENSIC PHARMACY AND PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIAL MANAGEMENT
(2 hours/week)
(Equal number of questions may be set from each part)
A. Forensic Pharmacy
1. Study of Drugs and Cosmetic Act 1940 and rules made thereunder, Pharmacy Act
1948.
2. The Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985 and rules made
thereunder.
3. Medicinal and Toilet preparation (excise duties) Act and rules made thereunder.
4. Drugs and Magic Remedies (Objectionable Advertisements) Act.
5. The Drug (Price Control) Order.
6. Amendments to the above mentioned Acts.
7. Introduction to the Patent Act.
8. Pharmaceutical Ethics.
B. Pharmaceutical and Industrial Management
1. Concept and philosophy of management, development of management principles,
nature and scope of management.
2. Functions of management, planning, organization, co-ordination, motivation and
control.
3. Management systems and processes, tasks and responsibilities of a professional
manager.
4. Decision-making : Organization context of decision making, decision making models,
decision making tools and techniques, management by objectives.
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5. Dynamics of behavioral sciences: Interpersonal relations, leadership styles, group
dynamics.
6. Personnel Management : Recruitment, selection and training of employees, career
planning, compensation and retiral benefits, fiscal procedures.
7. Principles of account; ledger posting and journal entries, preparation of trial balance,
bank reconciliation statement, profits and loss account, balance sheet, bills of
exchange.
8. Principles of economics with special reference to the laws of demand and supply, demand
schedule, demand curves, factory acts, Labour welfare general principles of insurance and inland
and foreign trade, Procedure of exporting and importing goods.
54 SYLLABUS FOR B. PHARM. (THIRD YEAR) EXAMINATION
9. Overview of cost benefit and other economic methods, cost benefit analysis (CBA), cost
effectiveness analysis (CEA), economic perspectives, quality of life outcome and patient decision.
10. Community Pharmacy, economics and management: Economics of health care,
community pharmacy-establishment of Community pharmacy, organization and
role of top management.
Books Recommended:
1. B.M. Mithal, Text Book of Forensic Pharmacy, National Book Centre, Dr. Sundari
Mohan Avenue, Calcutta (Latest Edition).
2. N.K. Jain, A Text Book of Forensic Pharmacy, Vallabh Prakashan, New Delhi (Latest
Edition).
3. Relevant Acts and Rules published by The Government of India (Latest Edition)
4. Remington : The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, Mack Publishing Co., U.S.A. (Latest Edition).
5. Koontz and O'Donnell, Principles of Management, Tata McGraw Hill Inc., New Delhi (1999) (Latest
Edition).
6. K.K. Dewett, Economics (1997) (Latest Edition).
7. T.S. Grewal, Introduction to Accounting, (1996) (Latest Edition).
304. PHARMACEUTICS LABORATORY
PAPER I : BIOLOGICAL PHARMACY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY-II, AND PHARMACEUTICAL
TECHNOLOGY-I (3 hours/week)
A. Biological Pharmacy and Biotechnology-II
1. Find out the viable bacterial count of the bacterial culture by pour plate technique.
2. Find out the total bacterial count by turbidimetry and microscopy.
3. Screen the organism for amylolytic activity.
4. Carry out the microbiological assay of the provided antibiotic.
5. Find out the amylase activity of pancreatin.
6. Find out the proteolytic activity of pancreatin.
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7. Find out the lipase activity of pancreatin.
B. Pharmaceutical Technology-I
Formulation of various formulations like suspensions, emulsions, multiple emulsions, semisolids,
suppositories, capsules and microcapsules (using various polymer and techniques) and evaluation of the
above mentioned products.
304. PHARMACEUTICS LABORATORY
PAPER II : Cosmetics (2.5 hours/week)
Cosmetic products such as cold and vanishing creams, all purpose creams, emollient creams and lotions,
hand cream and lotion, deep cleansing milk, moisturizing cream and lotion, face powder, talcum powder, .
SYLLABUS FOR B. PHARM. (THIRD YEAR) EXAMINATION 55
nail lacquer remover, nail enamel, lipstick antiperspirants and deodorant preparations, toothpastes,
shampoos, hair oil, shaving creams, after shave preparations.
305. PHARMACOGNOSY
PAPER : PHARMACOGNOSY-III 2 hrs./week
1. Study of the biological sources, chemical constituents and uses of drugs given under 1.1 and 1.2 and
study of cultivation, collection, substitutes, adulterants, diagnostic macroscopic and microscopic
features and chemical tests for identity of drugs printed in bold and in brackets.
1.1 Glycoside Containing Drugs.
1.1.1 Saponin containing drugs : Senega, Dioscorea and (Glycyrrhiza).
1.1.2 Cardioactive drugs : Squill, Strophanthus, Thevetia and (Digitalis).
1.1.3 Anthraquinone cathartics : Rhubarb and Cascara, (Aloe and Senna).
1.2 Alkaloid Containing Drugs.
1.2.1 Pyridine-piperidine group : Tobacco, Areca and Lobelia.
1.2.2 Tropane group : Belladonna, Hyoscyamus, Coca and (Datura).
1.2.3 Quinoline, isoquinoline group : Ipecac, (Cinchona and Opium).
1.2.4 Indole group : Catharanthus, Nuxvomica, Physostigma, Erqot and (Rauwolfia).
1.2.5 Imidazole group : Pilocarpus.
1.2.6 Steroidal group : Veratrum Kurchi Bark and Guggulu
1.2.7 Alkaloidal amine group : Ephedra and (Colchicum).
2. Volatile Oils
2.1 Biological sources, chemical constituents, substitutes, allied drugs, adulterants and uses of the
following drugs : Orange peel, cinnamon, nutmeg, eucalyptus, cardamom, fennel, dill and
clove.
2.2 Biological sources, chemical constituents and uses of the following volatile oils used in
perfumery : Rose oil, lavender oil, patchouli oil, sandalwood oil, vetiver oil, lemongrass oil,
orange oil, jasmine oil, geranium oil.
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2.3 Study of botanical sources including alternative controversial sources, chemical constituents
and therapeutic uses of the following indigenous traditional drugs :
Amla, Behera, Harad, Ashwagandha, Babchi, Brahmi, Vasaka, Bach, Tulsi, Shatavar,
Shankhpushpi, Kutaki, Kalmegh, Gokhru, Chirata, Ashoka, Jatamansi, Kuth and Gilo.
Books Recommended
1. V.E. Tyler, L.R. Brady & J. E. Robbers, Pharmacognosy (9th
Edition) K. M. Varghese Company,
Bombay, India, 1988.
2. W. C. Evans Trease and Evans’ Pharmacognosy (15th
Ed.), W.B. Saunders Limited, 2002.
3. T. E. Wallis, Text Book of Pharmacognosy, J & A Churchill Ltd., London, 1967.
4. C. K. Atal and B. M. Kapur, Cultivation and Utilization of Aromatic Plants, CSIR, India, 1982.
56 SYLLABUS FOR B. PHARM. (THIRD YEAR) EXAMINATION
5. C.K. Atal and B. M. Kapur, Cultivation and Utilization of Medicinal Plants, CSIR, India, 1982.
6. The Wealth of India, Vol. I to Vol. XI, CSIR, New Delhi, 1968.
7. G. V. Satyavati and M.K. Raina, Medicinal Plants of India, Vol. 1, ICMR, New Delhi, 1976.
8. G.V. Satyavati and M.K. Raina, Medicinal Plants of India, Vol. 2, ICMR, New Delhi, 1987.
9. Sukh Dev, A Selection of Prime Ayurvedic Plant Drugs: Ancient-Modern Concordance, Anamaya
Publishers, New Delhi, 2006.
10. P.C. Sharma, M. B. Yeine, T. J. Dennis, Database of Medicinal Plants used in Ayurveda, all volumes
published from 2000 onwards, Central Council for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha, New Delhi.
305. PHARMACOGNOSY
PAPER : PHARMACOGNOSY-IV 2 hrs./week
1. Study of mevalonic and shikimic acid pathways with special reference to the biosynthesis of :
Cinchona and tropane alkaloids, digitalis glycosides, flavonoids and terpenoids.
2. Biological sources, preparation, identification tests and uses of the following enzymes : papain,
pepsin, pancreatin.
3. Plant derived insecticides.
4. Introduction to plant tissue culture techniques.
5. Introduction to different classes of plant growth regulators and their physiological role.
6. Study and applications of following chromatographic techniques :
Thin-layer chromatography, column chromatography, paper chromatography and droplet counter-
current chromatography.
7. Role of organoleptic and microscopic characters, ash values and extractive values in standardization
of crude drugs.
8. Plant adaptogens.
306. PHARMACOGNOSY LABORATORY-III 3 hrs./week
1. Pharmacognostic study of some important drugs covered in theory.
2. Microscopic study of mixture of powdered crude drugs for identification.
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3. Gross identification of crude drugs.
4. Exercises on chromatographic techniques.
Books Recommended :
1. V.E. Tyler, L.R. Brady & J.E. Robbers, Pharmacognosy (9th
Edition), K.M. Varghese Company,
Bombay, India, 1988.
2. T.E. Wallis, Text Book of Pharmacognosy, J. & A. Churchill Ltd., London, 1967.
3. W.C. Evans, Trease and Evans, Pharmacognosy (14th
Ed.), Gopsons Papers Limited, Noida, India,
1997.
4. Egon Stahl, Thin-Layer Chromatography, 2nd
Ed., Springer Verlag, New York, 1969.
SYLLABUS FOR B. PHARM. (THIRD YEAR) EXAMINATION 57
5. E.J. Shellard, Quantitative Paper and Thin Layer Chromatography, Academic Press, New York
(Latest Edition).
6. C.K. Atal & B.M. Kapur, Cultivation and Utilization of Medicinal Plants, CSIR, India, 1982.
7. J.L. Real & E. Reinhard, Natural Products as Medicinal Agents, Hippocrates Verlag Shuttgart, 1981.
8. H. Wagner, S. Bladt, E.M. Zgainski, Plant Drug Analysis, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1984.
9. Yeshajahu Pomeranz and Clifton, E. Meloan, Food Analysis : Theory and Practice, The AVI
Publishing Co. Inc., West Port, 1971.
10. Paul M. Dewick, Medicinal Natural Products : A Biosynthetic Approach, 2nd Edn. 2001, John
Wiley & Sons.
307. PHARMACOLOGY-II 2 hrs./week
1. Pharmacology of Cardiovascular System:
Cardic glycosides and other drugs used in treatment of congestive heart failure, anti-hypertensive
drugs, antiarrhythmic agents, anti-anginal drugs and drugs used in atherosclerosis.
2. Drugs Acting on Blood & Blood Forming Agents :
Coagulants and anticoagulants, antiplatelet and fibrinolytic drugs, haematinics (iron, Vit. B12 folic
acid, Vit. C).
3. Diuretics.
4. Pharmacology of Endocrine System :
Introduction to endocrine pharmacology, thyroid and antithyroid agents, hormones of pancreas and
oral hypoglycemics, adrenocorticosteroids and adrenocortical antagonists, pituitary hormones,
gonadal hormones and their inhibitors, oral contraceptives and hormones regulating calcium
homeostasis.
5. Chemotherapy :
Chemotherapy of Microbial Diseases : General principle of chemotherapy, Sulphonamides,
quinolones, pencillins, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, protein synthesis inhibitors (tetracyclines),
antimalarial drug, drugs for amoebiasis, helminthiasis. Chemotherapy of tuberculosis, leprosy and
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chemotherapy of antiviral agent including drugs for HIV infection, anticancer drugs, multidrug
resistance (MDR).
6. Drugs Acting on Gastrointestinal Tract :
Emetics, antiemetics, prokinetic agents, agents used in the treatment of constipation, diarrhea and
ulcer.
Books Recommended
1. B. G. Katzung, Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, Lange Medical Publications, 2000.
2. Goodman & Gilman's, The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, Ninth edition, Eds. A. G.
Gilman, J. G. Hardman, L. E. Limbird, P. B. Molinoff, R. W. Ruddor, Macmillan Publishing Co.,
Inc., (2001).
3. C. R. Craig and R. E. Stitzel, Modern Pharmacology, Little Brown & Co., (1994).
58 SYLLABUS FOR B.PHARM. (THIRD YEAR) EXAMINATION
308. PHARMACOLOGY LABORATORY
PAPER : EXPERIMENTAL PHARMACOLOGY 3 hrs./12 weeks
1. To record few parameters of cardiac function in rats such as ECG, heart rate and blood pressure of
anaesthetized rats.
2. Effect of various agonists on rat fundus, colon, and uterine preparations.
3. To study the ulcer healing properties of drugs in pylorucs ligated rats.
4. To study the effect of antidiarrhoel drugs on gastric motility using charcoal meal test in mice.
5. Preparations of clinical manual for the treatment of cardiovascular, endocrine and microbial diseases
(At least 4 case preparations for each student).
Books Recommended
1. M.N. Ghosh, Fundamentals of Experimental Pharmacology, Scientific Book Agency, Calcutta
(1984).
2. Pharmacological Experiments in Intact Preparations, Edinburgh University Pharmacology Staff,
Livingstone, (1968).
3. S.K. Kulkarni, Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, Vallabh Prakashan, Delhi, 3rd Edition,
(1999).
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SYLLABUS FOR B. PHARM. FOURTH YEAR
FOR THE EXAMINATION OF 2011
Instructions for the paper-setter and the Students : [
1. Each paper shall be of 100 marks (90 marks for examination and 10 marks for Internal Assessment).
2. Theory paper shall have 7 questions, 1 question shall be compulsory of objective/short answer type.
3. Total five questions are to be attempted
4. Use of scientific non-programmable calculator is allowed in the examination.
401. PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY
PAPER I : MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY-II 2 hrs./week
1. Steroids
1.1 Introduction : Nomenclature, stereochemistry, simple reactions of cholesterol, stigmasterol,
ergosterol, diosgenin, solasodine, bile acids; biosynthesis of testosterone, 17 β-estradiol and
aldosterone form cholesterol.
1.2 Estrogens : Synthesis of estradiol from cholesterol and diosgenin, ethinylestradiol from estrone;
nonsteroidal estrogens; synthesis of diethylstilbesterol, SAR among estrogens; progestational agents;
synthesis of progesterone from diosgenin and stigmasterol, ethisterone from
dehydroepiandrosterone, oral contraceptives, SAR of progestins.
1.3 Androgens and Anabolic Agents : Synthesis of testosterone from diosgenin; methyltestosterone from
dehydroepiandrosterone, methandienone from methy1 testosterone, stanozolol from testosterone.
1.4 Aderenocorticoids : Glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, modifications in structure of
hydrocortisone, SAR among glucocorticoids.
The chemical naming and uses of compounds official in IP/BP in all the classes will be covered.
The following topics shall be treated covering chemical naming, structure Activity Relationship,
physicochemical and steric aspects, mode of action (wherever applicable) and uses. The emphasis
would be mainly on B.P. and I. P. drugs. Synthesis of only those drugs given in parenthesis under
each topic would be covered.
2. General Anaesthetic Agents
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Introduction, medicinal aspects of anaesthetics, mode of action; gases and volatile liquid
anaesthetics, intravenous anaesthetics or fixed anaesthetics, toxicity of general anaesthetics
(Diviny1 ether, Ethyl chloride, Cyclopropane, Thiopentone Sodium).
3. Local Anaesthetic Agents
Introduction : Structure-activity relationships, benzoic acid derivatives, aminobenzoic acid
derivatives, lidocaine derivatives; miscellaneous; toxicity; mode of action (Benzocaine, Procaine
Hydrochloride, Lidocaine Hydrochloride, Ainchocaine Hydrochloride).
4. Sedatives-Hypnotics
Introdution; classification of sedative-hypnotics; structure-activity relationships; barbiturates;
amides and imides; alcohols and their carbamate derivatives; aldehydes and their derivatives;
mode of action; pharmacological properties and side effects [Barbitone, Phenobarbitone;
Cyclobarbitone; Pentobarbitone Sodium; Thiopentone Sodium); non-barbiturates (Official drugs).
5. Anticonvulsants
Introduction, epilepsy and its types; structure activity relationships; barbiturates (official products);
hydantoins, Oxazolidinediones, Succinamides; miscellaneous drugs; (Phenytoin Sodium;
Troxidone). 59
60 SYLLABUS FOR B. PHARM. (FOURTH YEAR) EXAMINATION
6. Opioid Analgesics
6.1 Morphine and related drugs, synthetic modifications of morphine, codeine and thebaine.
6.2 Totally synthetic analgesics: Morphinans (N-Methylmorphinan and 3-hydroxy N-methylm-
orphinan); 6, 7-benzomorphans; 4-phenylpiperidines (Pethidine, Methadone and Isomethadone);
endogenous opioid peptides; opioid antagonists (Nalorphine).
7. Antitussives
7.1 Centrally acting antitussives, opium alkaloids and their modifications; synthetic antitussives.
7.2 Peripherally acting antitussives.
7.3 Expectorants.
8. Central Nervous System Stimulants
8.1 CNS stimulants of natural origin.
8.2 Synthetic CNS stimulants (Nikethamide).
8.3 Methylxanthines and modified Methylxanthines (Theophylline).
9. Psychopharmacological Agents
9.1 Antipsychotics, Phenothiazines (Chlorpromazine; Trifluperazine; Butyrophenones, Miscellaneous).
9.2 Antidepressants : Tricyclic antidepressants (Amitripyline); monoamine oxidase inhibitors; atypical
antidepressants.
9.3 Antianxiety drugs : Meprobamate and related drugs; Benzodiazepines (Diazepam).
10. Hallucinogens
Hallucinogenic agents related to indoles, phenethylamines, and Cannabinoids.
11. Diuretics
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11.1 Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (Acetazolamide and Dichlorphenamide).
11.2 Thiazides and related drugs (Bendrofluazide).
11.3 High-ceiling diuretics.
11.4 Aldoterone antagonists.
11.5 Other postassium – sparing diuretics.
11.6 Osmotic diuretics.
12. Cardiovascular Agents
12.1 Introduction; cardiac glycosides, structure-activity relationship; mechanism of action; toxic effects.
12.2 Antihypertensive agents; introduction; etiology; ganglion blocking agents; antiadrenergic agents,
drugs acting directly on smooth muscles, drugs acting on CNS. (Propranolol).
12.3 Antianginals and vasodilators; introduction; mechanism of smooth muscle vasodilation, esters of
nitrous and nitric acid, side-effects. (Nitroglycerine)
SYLLABUS FOR B.PHARM (FOURTH YEAR) EXAMINATION 61
12.4 Antiarryhthmic and antifibrillytic drugs classification of antiarrhythmic drugs, mechanism of action,
side effects.
12.5 Antilipemic drugs.
Books Recommended
1. M.E. Wolff, Ed., Burger's Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Discovery, John Wiley and Sons, New
York, (Latest Edition).
2. J.N. Delgado and W.A. Remers, Eds., Wilson and Gisvolds Textbooks of Organic Medicinal and
Pharmaceutical Chemistry, J. Lippincott Co., Philadelphia ( Latest Edition).
3. W.C. Foye, Principles of Medicinal Chemistry, Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia (Latest Edition).
4. J.E.F. Reynolds, Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopocia, The Pharmaceutical Press, London ( Latest
Edition).
5. H. Singh and V. K. Kapoor, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vallabh Prakashan, Delhi
(Latest Edition).
401. PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY
PAPER II : MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY-III 2 hrs. /week
1. Drug Metabolism
Introduction : general pathways of drug metabolism; Phase I (Functionalization) and Phase II
(Conjugation).
Phase I
Oxidative reactions, cytochrome P-450 and Flavin monoxygenases electron transport systems; the
following oxidation reactions will be discussed giving suitable examples of xenobiotics: Aromatic
hydroxylation, alkene epoxidation, oxidation of carbon adjacent to sp2
centers, oxidation of aliphatic
and alicyclic carbon atoms; oxidation of carbon-nitrogen systems; oxidation of carbon-oxygen
systems, oxidation of carbon-sulphur systems; oxidation of halogenated compounds having α-
hydrogen; (Halothane, Chloroform, Chloramphenicol etc.); Oxidation of alcohols and aldehydes.
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Reductive Reactions; Reduction of Carbonyl function; Nitro group; A20 function. Tertiary amine
oxides, Reductive dehalogenation.
Hydrolytic Reactions.
Phase II
Glucuronic acid conjugation, sulphate conjugation, amino acid conjugation, glutathion conjugation,
acetyl conjugation and methyl conjugation.
2. Metabolite Antagonism
Basic concepts, active site directed irreversible enzyme inhibitors, mechanism based enzyme
inhibitors, dihydrofolate synthetase inhibitors, dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors, amino acid
antagonists, antagonists directed against nucleic acides, β-lactamase inhibitors.
3. The following topics shall be treated covering chemical naming, structure activity relationship,
physicochemical and stero aspects, mode of action (whereable applicable) and uses. The emphasis
would be only on B.P. and I.P. compounds. Syntheisis of only those drugs given in parentheses
under each topic would be covered.
62 SYLLABUS FOR B. PHARM. (FOURTH YEAR) EXAMINATION
3.1 Sulphonamides; development nomenculature and classification, antimicrobial spectrum, drug
resistance, synergism with dihydrofolate reductaste inhibitors, toxicity and side effects, reduction of
crystal uria, physicochemical properties and biological activity, protein binding and distribution,
metabolism, sulphamides and trimethoprim combination (Sulphanilamide, Sulphacetamide,
Sulphadiazine, Sulphadimethoxine, Sulphamethazole and Sulphamethoxazole)
3.2 Antibiotics : Classification, cycloserine, chloramphenicol, penicillins, cephalosporins,
aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, polypeptides (Chloramphenicol).
3.3 Antimycobacterial agents : Introduction to mycobacterium, development of antimycobacterium
agents and their use in therapeutics (dapsone Sulfoxone Sodium and Solapsone; Isonicotinic acid
hydrazide, para Aminosalicylic acid, Pyrazinamide and Ethionamide).
3.4 Antimalarials quinoline and analogues, 8-amino quinolines, 9-amino acridines, 4-amino quinolines,
diamino pyrimidine, and biguanides (Primaquin, Mepacrine, Chloroquin and Pyrimethamine).
3.5 Antiamoebic agents; emetine hydrochloride, quinoline derivatives, metal free substances; diloxanide
furoate, metronidazole, organometallic compounds, acetarsol (Diodohydro-xyquinoline, Diloxanide
Furoate, Metronidazole and Acetarsol).
3.6 Drugs used for trypanosomiasis and other protozoal diseases.
3.7 Anthelmintics drugs used in cestode infections; drugs used in trematode infections, drugs used for
intestinal nematode infections; antifilarial agents (Niclosamide, Hexylresorcinol,
Diethylcarbamazine citrate, Thiabendazole).
3.8 Antifungal agents; antibiotics, griseofulvin, amphotericin, candicidine, Nystatin, Synthetic
antifungal agents, salicyclic acid, miconazole Elconazole, Tolanflate, Flucotosine, Dithranol and
Chlorphenesin.
3.9 Urinary antiseptics quinolones, Nalidixic acid, Nitrofurantion (Nalidixic acid, Nitrofurantan).
3.10 Disinfectants and antiseptics
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3.11 Antineoplastic agent : Introduction, characteristic of cancer cell, cell growth cycle, causes of cancer,
antimetabolites; 6-thioguanine, methotraxate, 6-mercaptopurine, cytarabine, 5-flurouracil and
dacarbazine, alkylating agents, mechlorethamine, melphalan, busulphan mitomycin, cisplatin,
thiotepa (chlorambucil Carmustine, Lomustine, Cyclophosphamide), DNA intercalating agents
Doxorubicin, Daunorubicin, Mitoxantrone, Antibiotics, Daitionmycin, bleomycin, mithramycin and
anthramycin, Antimitotic agents, vineustine and vinblastin; miscellaneous agents, procarbazine,
asparazinase, interferones and hydroxyurea (Hydroxyurea).
3.12 Antiviral agents : Introduction to DNA, RNA and retroviruses, viral application, amantidine
hydrochloride, interferones, acyclovir, idoxuridine, trifluorothymidine, vidarabine, cytarabine,
ribavirin, methisazone, zidovdine and 2, 3-dideoxycitidine.
4. Diagnostic agents
5. Surface active agents
Books Recommended
1. M.E. Wolff, Ed., Burger's Medicinal Chemistry, John Wiley and Sons, New York (Latest Edition).
2. J. N. Delgado and W. A. Remers, Eds., Wilson and Gisvold's Textbook of Organic Medicinal and
Pharmaceutical Chemsitry, J. Lippincott Co., Philadelphia (Latest Edition).
3. W. C. Foye, Principles of Medicinal Chemistry, Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia (Latest Edition).
SYLLABUS FOR B. PHARM. (FOURTH YEAR) EXAMINATION 63
4. J. E. F. Reynolds, Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, The Pharmaceutical Press, London (Latest
Edition).
5. H. Singh and V.K. Kapoor Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vallabh Prakashan, Delhi
(Latest Edition).
401. PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY
PAPER III : PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS III 2 hrs./week
1. Electromagnetic Radiations
Nature of electromagnetic radiations, the interaction between energy and matter, applications of
quantum mechanic theory, the absorption of energy by atoms and molecules, the emission of radiant
energy by atoms and molecules; refraction and diffraction.
2. Ultraviolet and Visible Spectrophotometry
Electronic excitation, quantitative laws, deviations from Beer's law, graphical presentation of data,
chromophores, photometric error, instrumentation (light sources, prism and grating
monochromators, photoemissive and photomultiplier tubes), single and double beam instruments,
Steps in spectrophotometric measurements (sample handling; amplifications and radiation of
detectors, selection of wavelength and band width), concentration and optimum absorbance value,
applications (direct and indirect methods, analysis of mixture).
3. Fluorometric Analysis
Theory, quantitative description, experimental factors affecting fluorescence intensity, factors
affecting Io and F directly, relationship of fluorescence to molecular structure, instrumentation
(cells, light sources, wavelength selection, detectors), correction of spectra, pharmaceutical
applications.
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4. Infrared Spectrophotometry
Theory, characteristic absorption bands of organic functional groups, interpretation of infrared
absorption Spectra; Frequency range, bandwidth and scan speed, concentration range and aborbance
value, preparation of sample, sample cell, IR instrumentation, (light sources, monochromator
detectors), qualitative and quantitative applications in pharmaceutical analysis, analytical
shortcomings.
5. X-Ray Spectroscopy
An introduction to the theory of x-ray spectroscopy (Miller indices, Space lattice and unit cell,
Bravais lattices). Interplanar spacing in crystal system. Diffraction of x-ray by brystals, Bragg's
equation, powder method, x-ray diffraction pattern of cubic system (NaCl), applications in
pharmaceutical analysis.
6. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
An introduction to the theory of NMR, magnetic properties of the nuclei, nuclear magnetic moments,
absorption of energy, chemical shift, shielding and deshielding, spin-spin coupling, NMR
instrumentation, typical spectra, analytical application in pharmaceutical analysis.
64 SYLLABUS FOR B. PHARM. (FOURTH YEAR) EXAMINATION
7. Mass Spectrometry
Instrumentation, Basic principle determination of the molecular formula, recognition of the molecular
ion peak, fragmentation, mass spectra of simple compounds (saturated hydrocarbons).
8. Flame Photometry
Origin of spectra, atomization and ionization, instrumentation (nebuliser, mirrors, burners, slits,
monochromator, detector, background emission, interferences, qualitative and quantitative
applications in pharmaceutical analysis).
9. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
Theory of absorption of radiant energy by atoms, equipment, analytical applications.
10. Polarimetry, its Principles and Applications
Plane of Polarization, types of molecules analysed, optical rotation, optical rotatory dispersion,
circular dichroism, the effect of concentration, wavelength, solvent, temperature on optical rotation,
the polarimeter, light sources, sample cells, determination of optically active substances,
determination of an optically active impurity in an optically active drug.
Books Recommended
1. L.G. Chatten, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vol. 1 and 2, Marcel Dekker, NY (Latest Edition).
2. A. H. Beckett and J. B. Stenlake, Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry,Vol. 1 and 2, Athlone Press of
the University of London (Latest Edition).
3. H. Willard, L.L., Marriott; Jr., J. A. Dean, Instrumental Methods of Analysis, Van Nostrand
Reinhold, N.Y. (Latest Edition).
4. J. W. Robinson, Undergraduate Instrumental Analysis, Marcel and Dekker Inc., NY, 1970 (Latest
Edition).
5. V. M. Parikh, Absorption Spectroscopy of Organic Molecules, Addison-Wesley Publishing Co.,
London, 1974 (Latest Edition).
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6. D. A. Skoog, E. J. Holler and T. A. Nieman, Principles of Instrumental Analysis, Saunders Golden
Sunburst Series, Saunders College Publishing Harcourt Brace College Philadelphia, Fort Worth,
Chicago (Latest Edition).
402. PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY LABORATORY
PAPER I : MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 3 hrs./week
1. Synthesis of selective drugs involving more than two steps.
2. Establishing the Pharmacopoeial standards of the drugs synthesised (selected examples).
3. Experimentation on drug metabolism.
4. Workshop on spectral interpretation and stereo model use of some selected drugs.
402. PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY LABORATORY
PAPER II : PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS-III 3 hrs./week
1. Determination of number and percentage of hydroxyl groups in the given sample of polyhydric
alcohols or phenols.
2. Determination of percentage and number of amino groups in the samples.
3. Determination of percentage of the carboxylic acid by iodometric titration.
4. Determination of aldehyde and ketones by hydroxylamine hydrochloride, pyridine procedure.
5. Estimation of amino acids in the given sample. SYLLABUS FOR B.PHARM. (FOURTH YEAR) EXAMINATION 65
6. Estimation of nitrogen in organic compounds by Kjeldahl method.
7. To find out the λmax and E (1%,1cm) of potassium nitrate.
8. Find out the amount of methyldopa in the given sample of methyldopa tablets.
9. Find out the λmax and E (1%, 1cm )of paracetamol.
10. Estimate the content of sulphonamides by colorimetric methods.
11. Determine the content of diazepam in the given sample.
12. Estimate the content of paracetamol in the given sample.
13. Estimate the content of choramphenicol in the given sample.
14. Estimate the amount of riboflavin and thiamine in the given sample by fluorometric method.
15. Perform the assay of chlorpromazine hydrochloride and promethazine hydrochloride by official
methods.
16. Identify the compound by I.R. spectrophotometry.
17. Find out the concentration of sodium ions in the given sample by flame photometry.
18. Find out the concentration of potassium ions in the given sample by flame photometry.
Books Recommended
1. L.G. Chatten, ATextbook of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vol.1 and 2, Marcel Dekker, NY (Latest
Edition).
2. A.H. Beckett and J.B. Stenlake, Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vol. 1 and 2, The Athlone
Press of the University of London (Latest Edition).
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3. H.H. Willard, L.L. Marriott, Jr. J. A. Dean, Instrumental Methods of Analysis, Van Nostrand
Reinhold, N.Y. (Latest Edition).
4. J.W. Robinson, Undergraduate Instrumental Analysis, Marcel and Dekker Inc., N.Y. (Latest
Edition).
5. V.M. Parikh, Absorption Spectroscopy of Organic Molecules, Addison – Wesley Publishing Co.,
London (Latest Edition).
403. PHARMACEUTICS :
PAPER I : PHARMACOKINETICS AND BIOPHARMACEUTICS (2 hours/ week)
1. Introduction to pharmacokinetics and biopharmaceutics including history and their role in related
disciplines.
Pharmacokinetics
Compartment models
Modeling, basics of compartmental modeling including numeric applications (wherever possible)
of :
One compartment open body model, pharmacokinetics of single dose administration following
intravenous (rapid), oral and intravenous transfusion administration, Wagner Nelson method and
method of residuals as applied to plasma concentration profiles following oral intake, multiple dose
kinetics following intravenous (rapid) and oral administration, superposition principle, steady state
kinetics.
66 SYLLABUS FOR B. PHARM. (FOURTH YEAR) EXAMINATION
2.1.2 Urinary excretion, merits and shortcomings, Sigma- minus plot, method of residuals as applied to
cumulative and rate of excretion curves.
2.1.3 Two compartment open body model, pharmacokinetics of single dose administration as applied to
intravenous (rapid), oral and intravenous transfusion administration, method of residuals as applied
to plasma concentration profiles following intravenous (rapid) administration.
3. Biopharmaceutics
3.1 Physicochemical factors affecting biopharmaceutical performance of drugs, with special emphasis
on pH- partition hypothesis, adsorption of ionic drugs in light of unstirred water layer, dissolution
rate, drug stability in gut, adsorption, complexation, etc.
3.2 Physiological considerations affecting biopharmaceutical performance of drugs including membrane
and G.I. physiology, effects of food, gastric emptying, G.I. motility etc.
3.3 Bioavailability and equivalence concepts, significance, methods of determination of bioavailability
using blood level and urinary excretion data, protocol, federal requirements.
4. Recent trends in pharmacokinetics and biopharmaceutics, pharmacokinetic basis of sustained release
formulations.
Books Recommended :
1. W.A. Ritschel, Handbook of Basic Pharmacokinetics, Drug Intelligence, 4th
Ed., Hamilton III, 1992.
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2. J.G. Wanger, Fundamentals of Chemical Pharmacokinetics, Drug Intelligence, Hamilton, 1975.
3. A. Gennaro (ed.), Remington : The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, Mack Publishing Company,
Pennsylvania, 2005.
4. Shargel, L. and Yu, A., Applied Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, Appleton and Large,
Norwalk, (CT, 1993).
5. M. Gibaldi, Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacokinetics, 4th
Ed., Lea & Febiger, 1990 M.
Gibaldi and D. Perrier, Pharmacokinetics, J. Swarbrick ed., Marcel Dekker, NY.
403. PHARMACEUTICS
PAPER II : CLINICAL PHARMACY (2 hours/week)
1. Clinical Pharmacokinetics, dosage regimens and utilization of drug therapy
1.1 Basic pharmacokinetics: An introduction to clinical pharmacokinetics,
definition, basic considerations and its applications. Drug concentration versus time
profile, introduction to the concept of volume of distribution, half life and clearance and
their importance in clinical pharmacokinetics.
1.2 Elimination:- Concept of clearance, hepatic clearance, renal clearance, dependence of
elimination kinetics on clearance and distribution.
1.3 Dosage regimens :
1.3.1 An introduction to dosage regimens and the concept of response and concentration
1.3.2 Multiple dose regimens:- Drug accumulation, relationship between initial and
maintenance doses, maintenance of the drug in the therapeutic range, practical
aspects of multiple dose administration, design of dosage regimens from plasma
concentrations.
SYLLABUS FOR B. PHARM. (FOURTH YEAR) EXAMINATION 67
1.4 Individualization of therapy
1.4.1 Variability- Reasons for variability, Accounting for variability
1.4.2 Influence of Age and Weight
1.4.3 Disease State- Drug therapy in Hepatic and Renal disease
1.4.4 Concentration monitoring - Target concentration strategy, target concentration, pertinent
information, evaluation procedures, dosing scenario
1.4.5 Therapeutic drug monitoring
1.5 Clinical laboratory tests for Liver function and Kidney function.
1.6 Drug Interactions
1.6.1 Factors- Drug determinants, Host determinants, Multiple drug therapy
1.6.2 Methods of investigating drug interactions
1.6.3 Clinical investigation of specific drug interactions
1.6.4 Pharmacokinetic aspects of drug interaction- Drug elimination, distribution and absorption
1.6.5 Prevention of drug interactions in general practice
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2. Drug information services, documentation and counselling of patients
2.1 Ambulatory patient care: Pharmacist's responsibility, proper use of medication, patient
counselling, drug utilization review, medication profiles, non-prescription drug usage, health
education, new and expanded dimensions, health care delivery systems.
2.2 Patient compliance-Non compliance, factors associated with non compliance, improving
compliance.
3. Procurement and distribution of drugs in an Institution (Hospital Pharmacy)
Hospital - Definition of hospital pharmacy, organization, facilities provided, pharmacist's
responsibility - technical responsibilities (procurement, storage, dispensing, control, stock and
inventory control, manufacturing sterile products, investigational drugs, I.V. admixtures,
radiopharmaceuticals, assay and quality control, bioavailability), administrative and academic
responsibilities.
4. Intravenous admixtures
Intravenous fluids-packaging systems, administrative sets, administration procedures including
volume control method, piggyback method, patient controlled analgesia, final-filter devices,
intravenous admixtures—additives, parenteral incompatibility, total parenteral nutrition.
Books Recommended
1. M. Rowland and T.N. Tozer, Clinical Pharmacokinetics: Concepts and Applications, Lea and
Febiger, Philadelphia, 2nd
edition, 1989.
2. M.C. Allwood and J.T. Fell, Textbook of Hospital Pharmacy, Blackwell Scientific Publications,
Oxford, London, 1980.
3. Remington, The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 19th
edition, 1995, Mack Publishing Co., U.S.A.
68 SYLLABUS FOR B. PHARM. (FOURTH YEAR) EXAMINATION
4. E.V. Klejin and J.R. Jonders, Clinical Pharmacy, Elsevier/North Holland Biomedical Press, NY,
1977.
5. E.T. Herfindal, D.R. Gourley and L.L. Hart, Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Williams and
Wilkins, 4th
edition, London, 1988.
6. D. Lawson and R.M.E. Richards, Clinical Pharmacy and Hospital Drug Management, Chapmann
and Hall, London, 1982.
7. L.E. Cluff and J.C. Petrie, Clinical Aspects of Interaction between Drugs, American Elsevier
Publishing Co., NY, 1974.
8. R.J. Greene and N.D. Harris, Pathology and Therapeutics for Pharmacists, The Pharmaceutical
Press, 1st edition, 1988.
403. PHARMACEUTICS
PAPER III: PHARMACEUTICAL TECHNOLOGY-II (2 hours/week)
1. Preformulation studies
Goals of preformulation studies, Designing of preformulation evaluation principle areas
of preformulation research, Bulk characterization – crystallinity, polymorphism, hygroscopicity,
fine particle characterization, bulk density, fine powder flow properties; Solubility Analysis – pKa,
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solubility and solubilization, thermal effects, partition coefficient dissolution; Stability – Stability in
formulations, solution stability, solid state stability and compatibility studies.
2. Various forms of tablets
Coated and compressed layer tablets, effervescent, sublingual, buccal and chewable tablets,
medicated lozenges, sustained release tablets.
3. Tablet formulations
Properties of compressed tablets, systematic approach to tablet product design, components and
additives of tablets, production of tablets, methods of manufacture of tablets. Problems in tablet
manufacture.
4. Evaluation of tablets
Tablet Diameter and thickness, Hardness, Uniformity of weight test, Friability, Disintegration Test,
Dissolution Test, Potency and Content uniformity.
5. Tablet Coating
Sugar coating, processing steps, equipments; film coating, film formers, methods of evaluating film
coating, film coating defects; compression coating; and particle coating techniques.
6. Compression and consolidation
Properties of tablets influenced by compression, measurement of transmission and distribution of
forces in a compressed tablet, effect of pressure on relative volume, lubrication, adhesion and
cohesion of particles, strength of granules, factors affecting strength of tablets.
7. Pharmaceutical tablet compression tooling
Terminology, tablet design, specification and information required, use and care of the tooling,
problem solving.
SYLLABUS FOR B. PHARM. (FOURTH YEAR) EXAMINATION 69
8. Quality Assurance
Quality assurance system, Raw material quality assurance monographs, Container, Before start
checking – Environmental control and Sanitation, Manufacturing working formula procedures, raw
materials, Manufacturing equipment, statistical quality control, Sampling procedures (Single
sampling plan, Double sampling plan, Multiple sampling plans), After start checking, Finished
product testing, quality assurance during packaging, Auditing.
9. Pilot plant scale-up techniques
Introduction, factors to be considered during development, types of organizational structures
responsible for pilot operations, educational backgrounds of pilot plant personnel, pilot plant design
for tablets.
10. cGMP
Organization and personnel, general facilities, environmental factors, pharmaceutical manufacturing
facilities.
11. Sustained release drug delivery system
Sustained release drug therapy, advantages, drug properties relevant to sustained release,
Introduction to sustained release oral dosage forms; parenteral dosage forms; implants; ocular
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inserts; transdermal systems. Delivery systems like nanoparticles, microspheres, liposomes niosomes
and nanoemulsions.
12. Pharmaceutical Packaging (excluding parenterals)
Definition, regulatory requirements in pharmaceutical packaging, primary and secondary packaging,
packaging materials, containers and closures; and tamper-evident packaging.
Books Recommended :
1. Herbert, A., Lieberman and Leon Lachman, Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Tablets, Vol. I, II, III,
Marcel Dekker Inc., NY (Latest Edition).
2. L. Lachman, H.A. Liebermann and J.L. Kanig, The Theory and Practice of Industrial Pharmacy, Lea
and Febiger, Philadelphia (Latest edition).
3. Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, Mack Publishing Company, Easton,
Pennsylvania (Latest Edition).
4. A.N. Martin, J. Swarbrick and A. Cammarati, Physical Pharmacy, Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia
(Latest edition).
5. H.S. Ansel and N.G. Popovich, Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems (Latest
edition).
6. R.L. Juliano, Drug Delivery Systems, Oxford University Press, Oxford (Latest edition).
7. V.R. Sinha, R. Kumria and O.P. Katare, Pharmaceutical Packaging in Pharmaceutical Products
Development, Ed. by N.K. Jain, 2006. LBS, New Delhi.
404. PHARMACEUTICS LABORATORY
PAPER I : PHARMACOKINETICS, BIOPHARMACEUTICS AND CLINICAL PHARMACY
(3 hours/week)
Experiments illustrative of theory papers I (Pharmacokinetic & Biopharmaceutics) and II (Clinical
Pharmacy) such as study of absorption mechanisms by everted sac technique, blood Saliva level profiles in
man/rabbits and pharmacokinetic analysis, sulfonamide levels in rats, in vitro drug interactions, study
problems and case studies .
70 SYLLABUS FOR B. PHARM. (FOURTH YEAR) EXAMINATION
PAPER II: PHARMACEUTICAL TECHNOLOGY (3 hours/week)
Diagram and working of single punch tablet machine, Rotary tablet press and other equipments;
manufacturing of compressed tablets by direct compression and by dry and effervescent and/or soluble
tablets and their evaluation parameters; tablet coating processes—sugar coating and film coating tablet
processes and preparation of microcapsules and their release rate studies.
405. PHARMACOGNOSY
PAPER : PHARMACOGNOSY-V 2 hrs./week
1. Procurement of raw material, its authentication and standardization. Extraction procedures and
operations involved in the isolation of phytopharmaceuticals.
2. Worldwide trade in plant and plant derived products with special reference to Dioscorea
(Diosgenin), Digitalis, Tropane alkaloid containing plants, Rauwolfia, Cinchona (Quinine and
quinidine), Ipecac (Emetine). Glycyrrhiza, Ginseng, Plants containing laxatives and Valerian.
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3. Scope and development of phytochemical industry in India. Industrial utilization of medicinal plants
and production of phytoconstituents.
3.1 Poppy, Cinchona, Catharanthus, Ipecac and Colchicine.
3.2 Aloes, Senna, Rutin, Catechin and Isabgol.
3.3 Utilization of plants as source of raw material for the production of steroids.
3.4 Photosensitizing agents including furanocoumarins from plants.
3.5 Utilization of aromatic plants and plant derived products with special reference to the following:
Menthol, Sandalwood oil, Vetiver oil, Rose oil, Eucalyptus oil, Pine oil and Cedar wood oil.
3.5.1 Essential oil production by different methods.
3.5.2 Utilization of waste of essential oil industry.
3.6. Natural colourants, plant bitters and plant sweeteners.
4. Recent developments in medicinal agents from plants.
406. PHARMACOGNOSY LABORATORY-IV 3 hrs./week
1. Isolation of some selected phytoconstituents studied in theory viz., quinine, caffeine, piperine, rutin,
diosgenin and menthol.
2. Extraction of volatile oils and its chromatographic studies.
3. Authentication and standardization of curde drugs.
4. Project report.
Books Recommended
1. C.K. Atal and B.M. Kapur, Cultivation and Utilization of Medicinal Plants, CSIR, India, 1982.
2. C.K. Atal and B.M. Kapur, Cultivation and Utilization of Aromatic Plants, CSIR, India, 1982.
SYLLABUS FOR B. PHARM. (FOURTH YEAR) EXAMINATION 71
3. W.C. Evans, Trease and Evans' Pharmacognosy (15th
Ed.), W.B. Saunders Limited, 2002.
4. Natural Colourants and Dyestuffs, FAO, Rome, 1995.
5. Quality Control Methods for Medicinal Plant Materials, WHO, Geneva, 1998 or revisions thereafter.
6. European Medicines Evaluation Agency guidelines on Quality of Herbal Medicinal Products issued
from time to time and available at http://www.emea.eu.int
7. Trade and Production of Herbal Medicines and Natural Health Products, K. Vasisht and V. Kumar,
ICS-UNIDO, Trieste, 2002.
8. Intensely Sweet Compounds of Natural Origin, A.D. Kinghorn and D.D. Soejarto, Medicinal
Research Reviews, vol 9 (1), p 91-115, 1989.
407. PHARMACOLOGY-III
PAPER I : BIOCHEMICAL PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY 2hrs./week
1. Bioassays
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Basic principles of bioassays, radioimmunoassay, enzyme immunoassays, official bioassays of
oxytocin, vasopressin, insulin and digitalis and statistics employed in biological experiments.
2. Biochemical Pharmacology
2.1 Subcellular structures and biological membranes, receptor occupancy and cellular signalling
systems, (cyclic nucleotides, calcium, calmodulin, phosphatidyl inositol, EDRF and arachidonic acid
metabolites) apoptosis.
2.2 Cardiac injury and myocardial enzyme leakage, carnitine, oxygen free radical, its scavengers and
role in cardiovascular and other disorders.
2.3 Biochemical aspects of neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, anxiety, neurosis, mental
depression and Alzheimer's disease, drug addiction.
2.4 Autocoids and arachidonic acid metabolites (Prostaglandins, thromboxane, leukotrienes, lipoxins
and platelet activating factor).
3. Toxicology
3.1 Concept, development and scope of toxicology, behavioural and neurotoxicity, teratology,
endotoxin, pesticides, cardiac, hepatic, renal and pulmonary toxicity. Industrial, environmental and
forensic toxicology.
3.2 Clinical Toxicology
Principles and management of different types of poisoning and toxicity reactions.
Books Recommended
1. P.K. Gupta, Modern Toxicity, Vol. 1-3, Metropolitan, New Delhi, 1985.
2. J. Doull, C.D. Klaasen and M.A. Amdur, Casarett and Doul's Toxicology, 2nd
Edition, McMillan
Publishing Co., Inc, 1980.
3. B. Ballantyne, T. Marrs. P. Turner, General and Applied Toxicology, Macmillan Press Ltd., 1995.
72 SYLLABUS FOR B. PHARM. (FOURTH YEAR) EXAMINATION
407. PHARMACOLOGY III
PAPER II : CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY 2 hrs./week
1. Clinical Pharmacology : Definition, concept and scope of clinical pharmacology.
2. Drug development process: Definition, scope and preclinical evaluation of drugs, safety evaluation,
clinical trials and post marketing surveillance of new drugs. Contract Research Organization, its
concept and scope.
3. Basic principles of drug therapy monitoring in paediatric and geriatric patients. Drug therapy in
pregnancy and lactation.
4. Adverse drug reactions (incidence, importance and surveillance) their monitoring, drug interactions.
5. Rational use of drugs, Essential medicine list and national drug policy.
6. Epidemiology of drug use and organization of drug information services/center.
7. Drug therapy of specific disorders with special consideration to pathophysiology and drug treatment
(a) infectious diseases (b) cardiovascular and renal disorders (c) psychiatric disorders (d) endocrine
disorders (e) GI tract disorders (f) AIDS.
8. Immunopharmacology : Definition, scope and application of Immunopharmacology,
Immunomodulators and Immunosuppressants.
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Books Recommended
1. T.M. Speight, N. H. G. Holford, Aveery's Drug Treatment, 4th
edition, Adis International.
2. R. Walker and C. Edwards, Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Churchill Livingstone, London,
1999.
3. D. G. Grahaems Smith and J. K. Aronson, Oxford Textbook of Clinical Pharmacology and Drug
Therapy, Oxford University Press, 1984.
4. B. G. Katzung, Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, Lange Medical Publications, 8th
Ed. (2000).
5. E. Braunwald, K. J. Isselbucher, J.B. Martin, A. S. Faue, J. D. Wilson Harrisons, D.L. Kasper,
Principles of Internal Medicine, 13th
edition, McGraw Hill International Book Co., 1994.
6. Drug, Facts and Comparisons, Facts and Comparisons, St. Louis, USA, 1995.
7. D.R. Laurence, Clinical Pharmacology, 5th
edition, Churchill Livingstone, 1985.
408. PHARMACOLOGY LABORATORY
PAPER : EXPERIMENTAL PHARMACOLOGY 3 hrs./week
1. Bioassays
Bioassays designs using various isolated preparations (frog rectus abdominis, rat colon, fundus,
uterus, anococcygeus, vas deferens).
2. Experimental Toxicology
Calculation of LD 50 values and therapeutic index (statistical approach).
3. Clinical Pharmacology
Study and analysis of clinical problems including case history and drug therapy. Critical appraisal of
drug advertisements. Exercises on effective pharmacist- patient communication.
Books Recommended
1. Fundamentals of Experiment Pharmacology, M. N. Ghosh, Scientific Book Agency, Calcutta, 1984.
SYLLABUS FOR B. PHARM. (FOURTH YEAR) EXAMINATION 73
2. Pharmacological Experiments in Intact Preparations, Edinburgh University Pharmacology Staff,
Livingstone, 1968.
3. Pharmacological Experiments on Isolated Preparations, Edinburgh University Pharmacology Staff,
Livingstone, 1968.
4. S.K. Kulkarni, Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, Vallabh Prakashan, Delhi, 3rd edition,
1999.
409. (A) INDUSTRIAL MANAGEMENT
(B) COMPUTER AND THEIR APPLICATIONS IN PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES . 2 hrs./week
(Equal number of questions may be set from each part)
A. INDUSTRIAL MANAGEMENT
1. Introductory, Philosophy and nature of management. Importance of management. Limitations of the
science of management.
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2. Production, planning and control : Types of production, scheduling and control of production.
3. Inventory control : Objectives, inventory classification, ABC analysis, EOQ models, inventory
control procedures.
4. Plant layout and line balancing : Concept and factors governing plant layout, process layout and
product layout, methods of plant layout, storage space requirement, line balancing, linear
programming methods.
5. Work-study : Need for work study, objectives, method study procedure, flow process charts, design
of work place, time study, performance appraisal.
6. Programming and Budgeting : Programming, zero based budgets, types and uses of budgets,
preparation of budget, forecasting techniques.
7. Principles of quality management : Benchmarking and re-engineering principles.
8. Marketing management, marketing planning and organization, marketing research and its
applications in Pharmacy, new product development and launch, sale and distribution management.
B. COMPUTERS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS IN PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES
1. Introduction
Introduction of computers, hardware and software, different components (various input/output
devices), brief history (Alken, ENIAC, UNIVAC etc.), classification by generations, various areas of
applications particularly in pharmaceutical sciences.
2. Fundamentals
2.1 Types of computer memories, RAM and ROM (Auxillary storage and primary storage), concept of
BITS and Bytes, binary number systems, character codes (EBCDIC and ASCII).
2.2 Data processing : Computer network, elements of various network, topologies for LAN and WAN.
74 SYLLABUS FOR B. PHARM. (FOURTH YEAR) EXAMINATION
2.3 Software concept : Types of computer software, operating system software, control software and
application software with reference to word-processor, DEMS, proper care, computer viruses, basics
of MS-office software package.
2.4 Problem solving : Procedure for problem solving.
3. Fortran Language
3.1 DATA types, variables and constants (Numeric, character), type specification statement, implicit
statements, undeclared variables.
3.2 Arithmatic expressions and FORTRAN equivalents. Arithmatic operations, relational expressions,
precedence of relational and logical operations, Truth tables.
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3.3 Input/output statements : Read/write statements, stop statement, end statement. List directed
input/output statements. FORMAT statement, I, E, F, T, A, H, slash (1) and Apostrophe Format’
specifications.
3.4 Control statement : IF statement (Logical IF, Block IF, Arithmetic IF, nested block IF) computed go
to statement.
3.5 Do Loop (Do Statement, Do Loop body, Terminal statement of Do Loop) Rules for Do Loop,
Nested Do Loops.
3.6 Subscripted Variables : Subscript notations, Arrays (Two dimensional), input/output of arrays using
Array name, using Do Loop, Parameter statement.
3.7 Brief introduction to subroutines and functions. Simple exercises illustrating the use of various
FORTRAN statements.
-------------------------
Published by : Prof. S. S. Bari, Registrar, Panjab University, Chandigarh.
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