b Sensationandperception 110817052633 Phpapp01 Copy

8/12/2019 b Sensationandperception 110817052633 Phpapp01 Copy

1/62


2/62

Refers to the process of receiving stimulusenergies from the external environment.

The registry of stimulus to any of our senseorgans.


3/62

The process of organizing and interpretingsensory information to give it meaning.

The process of analyzing information that wentthrough the process of sensation.

Note:

the purpose of perception is to representinformation from the outside world.


4/62

DETECTING PROCESSING INTERPRETING

where TRANSDUCTION

happens

information travels throughneural networks (AFFERENT)

information reaches the

brain for PERCEPTION


5/62

begins with sensory receptors registeringenvironmental information and sending it to

the brain for integration and cognitiveprocessing.


6/62

processing of perceptual information thatstarts out with cognitive processing at the

higher levels of the brain.


7/62

All sensations begin with SENSORY RECEPTORS

SENSORY RECEPTORS are specialized cells that detect

and transmit stimulus information to the sensory

nerves and the brain.


8/62

1. Photoreceptors (detection of light, perceived as

sight)

2. Mechanoreceptors (detection of pressure, vibration,and movement perceived as touch, hearing, andequilibrium)

3. Chemoreceptors (detection of chemical stimuli

detected smell and taste)a. Odor Receptors

b. Taste Receptors


9/62

SENSORYNEURON

SENSORY

RECEPTOR CELL

BRAIN

ENERGY

STIMULUS


10/62

studies the link between physical properties ofa stimuli and a persons experience of them.

THRESHOLD


11/62

the strength at which a stimuli is justperceived;

refers to the minimum intensity or value of asignal.


12/62

the minimum amount of energy a person candetect.


13/62


14/62

the ability to detect information below thelevel of conscious awareness.


15/62

orJust Noticeable Difference

the smallest difference in stimulationrequired to discriminate one stimulusfrom another 50 percent of the time.


16/62

the principle that two stimuli mustdiffer by a constant minimum percentage(rather than a constant amount) to be

perceived as different.


17/62

The theory that focuses on decision makingabout stimuli in the presence of uncertainty.

Detection depends on a variety of factorsbesides the physical intensity of the stimulusand the sensory abilities of the observer.


18/62


19/62

Selective Attention

attending to a specific stimuli at a givensituation and time;

focusing on a specific aspect of experience

while ignoring others.

Divided Attention

attending to two or more different stimulus

simultaneously.


20/62

predisposition or readiness to perceive

something in a particular way.


21/62


22/62

Light-is a form of electromagnetic radiation

that can be described in terms of wavelengths.

Light waves have hue (color), amplitude(height), and purity (saturation).


23/62


24/62

Sclerais the white outer part

of the eye that shapes and

protects the eye.

Irisis the colored part of theeye.

Pupilis the opening in thecenter of the iris. It functions

to control the amount of

light entering the eye.


25/62

Corneais the clear curved

membrane just in front of the

eye, covering the pupil and

iris. It functions to focus lighton the retina.

Lensis located behind the

pupil and iris. It fine-tunesthe focus of the image by

flexing its curvature

(accommodation).


26/62

Retinais the light-sensitive

surface in the back of the eye

that houses light receptorcells: the rods and the cones.

Note:

Transduction takes place when aneural impulse travels throughlayers of cells in the retina.


27/62


28/62

Rods are receptors in theretina that are sensitive tolight but not very sensitive

to color.

Rods function well underlow-light conditions and in

peripheral vision.


29/62

Conesare the receptor

cells that detect color and

require large amounts of

light.

Cones are compacted in aminute area in the center

of the retina called the

fovea.


30/62


31/62


32/62


33/62


34/62


35/62

Meaning shape, configuration, and pattern.

the whole is better than the sum of its parts

The gestalt principles of closure, proximity,and similarity demonstrate our ability toorganize visual exerience.


36/62


37/62


38/62


39/62


40/62


41/62

Motion is perceived both through motion-detecting

neurons and feedback from our bodies.

Stroboscopic motionis the illusion of movement

created when a rapid stimulation of different parts ofthe retina occurs. Movement aftereffects happenwhen we watch continuous movement.


42/62


43/62


44/62

Perceptual constancy is the recognition thatan objects size, shape, or brightness remainsthe same despite changes in the actual image

cast on the retina.


45/62


46/62


47/62


48/62


49/62

The Ear

Pinnaeare the earlobes; theyhelp to localize sound andchannel it to the ear via theexternal auditory canal.

The Outer Ear


50/62

The Ear

The eardrumis a membranethat vibrates in response tosound.

The middle-ear bones(hammer, anvil, and stirrup)

amplify sound waves andtransmit them to the fluid-filledinner ear.

The Middle Ear


51/62

The Ear

The stirrupis connected to theoval window, which transmitssound waves to the cochlea.

The cochleais a fluid-filled, coiledstructure that is lined by thebasilar membrane.

Sound waves traveling in thefluids of the cochlea stimulatehair cells to move and generate

nerve impulses.

The Inner Ear


52/62


53/62


54/62

Touchis the detectionof mechanical energy or

pressure against theskin.

Our sensitivity to touch

varies depending on thearea of the body.


55/62

Thermoreceptors, located just under the skin,respond to increases or decreases in

temperature.

Warm and cold are the two types ofthermoreceptors.


56/62

Pain receptors are dispersed widelythroughout the body and come in several

types.

Mechanical receptors respond to pressure. Heat receptors respond to strong heat.

Many pain receptors respond to both pressureand heat.


57/62


58/62


59/62

The surface of the tongue is

covered with papillae that

contain taste buds.

The taste buds respond to four

types of tastes: sweet, sour,

salty, bitter.

Different regions of the tongue

are more or less sensitive to the

four types of tastes.


60/62


61/62

The olfactory epithelium lines the roof of thenasal cavity and contains a sheet of receptorcells for smell.

b. Receptors are covered with millions ofminute hair-like antennae that contact theair.

c. Smells often trigger memories andemotions because they are processed by thelimbic system.


62/62

Study the following:1. Memory

The Atkinson-Shiffrin Model

Long term, short term, and sensorymemory

2. MotivationHierarchy of Needs by MaslowMc ClellandsTheory of MotivationMc GregorsTheory of MotivationThe ERG Model of Motivation

Documents

b Sensationandperception 110817052633 Phpapp01 Copy