B Unclassi Unc F Of UseU OnO IrW: Training Plans: OPS · USPACOM AOR– IED & Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures Trends* Adversary TTPs and IED trends are dynamic and will adjust

B

Unclassifi ed//For Offi cial Use Only

Unclassifi ed//For Offi cial Use Only BBB

Unc Unc Unc Unc Unc Unc Un UUUUnclas las las las las llasasassifi sifi sifi sifi sifiifi ssifi sifiededededededededededd//F//F//F//F//F//F//F//F//F//or or or or or oooorOffi Of Offi Offi OOffi Offi Offiffiffici ci ci ci ci ccial al al al al alUse Use Use Use Us Use UseseOn On On On On On On Onnlylylylylylylyyyyy

Unc Unc Unc Unc Unc Unc Unc Unclas las las las las las lassifi sifi sifi sifi sifii sifi sififiededededeededededd//F//F//F//F//F//F//F/For or or or or or orrOffi Offi Offi Offi Offi Offi Offi Of Offi Ofci ci cci ci cciial al al al alUse Use Use Use Use Use UUseOn On On On OOn Onlylylylylylylylyy

USARPAC OPDAPCFC

EOD / C-IED293 Bonney Loop

Bldg FS505Fort Shafter

Honolulu, HI 96818

OPS: 808 438 5822Plans: 808 438 2173

Training: 808 438 5821IrW: 808 438 0108

1st Ed., March 2014

1

USPACOM - Improvised Explosive Device Recognition GuideUnless otherwise stated, the images of IEDs and IED Components in this guide are representative

of what’s been detailed in USPACOM Area of Responsibility (AOR) reporting.

• An IED is a weapon fabricated or emplaced in an unconventional manner that incorporate destructive, lethal, noxious, pyrotechnic, or incendiary chemicals, and is designed to kill, destroy, incapacitate, harass, deny mobility, or distract. It can incorporate military munition and hardware, but is generally constructed from components that are non-military in nature.*

• This Recognition Guide provides photographs and descriptions of IEDs and IED components, descriptions of sensory observables (visual indicators), and Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures (TTPs) the adversaries engage in to manufacture and employ IEDs.

• IEDs have fi ve principle components: switch, initiator, main charge, power source, and container (Figure 1).* Common IED observables (indicators) and Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures (TTPs) are listed and when found and indicate a high probability of IED activity.

*Sources: U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff, Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms, Joint Publication 1-02, Washington, DC, November 8 2010, as amended July 15, 2012, pg. 135; U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff, Counter-Improvised Explosive Device Operations, Joint Publication 3-15.1,

Washington, D.C., January 9, 2012, pg. vii; JIEDDO Weapons Technical Intelligence Handbook – Final 01 March 2014

Container

Power Source

SwitchMain ChargeInitiator

Fig. 1. Principle IED Components Diagram (Figure Credit: JIEDDO)

38

Notes

3737337

Glossary of TermsTerm* Acronym Defi nition Page #

Urea A white crystalline solid containing 46% nitrogen, is the precursor material for Urea Nitrate (UN) homemade explosive (HME). Other than agricultural (fertilizer) uses, urea has a number of other uses in smaller quantities, such as: manufacture of plastics, dyeing and printing. (Source: DIA Homemade Explosives, August 2012

8, 13

Vehicle-borne VBIED An IED delivered by or concealed in a ground-based vehicle. 13, 22,24, 28

Victim Operated Switch VOIED A type of switch that is activated by the actions of an unsuspecting individual. These instruments rely on the intended target to carry out some form of action that will cause it to function.

3, 18,19

Weapons Technical Intelligence

WTI Intelligence derived from the processes and capabilities that collect, exploit and analyze asymmetric threat weapons systems to enable material sourcing, support to prosecution, force protection and targeting of threat networks.

* Terms are derived from the Weapons Technical Intelligence (WTI) Lexicon, 4th Ed. Oct 2012, unless otherwise noted.

2

If suspected Improvised Explosive Devices are found, execute the 5 C’s*:

WARNING!!!!

1. CHECK - All personnel should check their immediate area for secondary/tertiary devices by conducting 5/25/200 meter checks from their positions. If Soldiers suspect an IED while performing the 5/25/200 meter checks, they should assume it could detonate at any moment, even if the suspected IED turns out to be a false alarm. (The ratios of the 5/25/200 meter check must be adaptive to environmental and terrain conditions.)

2. CONFIRM - The unit MUST confi rm the existence of a suspected IED from a safe distance using any available standoff means (robot, Buffalo, optics, etc). Once confi rmed, the unit calls in an explosives hazard spot report and requests Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD).

3. CLEAR - The unit clears the area around the device of all personnel, working from the device outwards. If an IED has been confi rmed, the unit must clear the area. The safe distance is determined by several factors: the tactical situation, avoiding predictability, and moving several hundred meters away from the IED.

4. CORDON - Establish a security cordon around the danger area by setting up blocking positions to prevent foot and vehicle traffi c from approaching the IED. An effective cordon will deny the Adversaries observation of friendly TTPs, along with denying them IED effectiveness. Continue to check for secondary/tertiary IEDs, make use of available cover, and establish an Incident Control Point (ICP). (Cordons must adapt to environmental and terrain conditions.)

5. CONTROL - The unit must control the area inside the cordon to ensure authorized access. Since the distance of all personnel from the IED directly affects their safety, Soldiers should control the site to prevent someone from straying dangerously close to the IED.

• EOD response (vice using combat engineers or other units to destroy the IED) ensures the proper and safe disposal of the immediate threat. More importantly, the ability to do forensic analysis helps gather intelligence that may help disrupt the IED network and possibly prevent future IED attacks!

• Handling of IED components, and/or materials may contaminate forensic evidence.• Mishandling of IED components and/or main charges may result in bodily harm or death.

*STP 3-CIED –SM-TG , Pg 5-1, DEC2011

3

USPACOM AOR– IED & Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures Trends*Adversary TTPs and IED trends are dynamic and will adjust and adapt to Blue Force Counter Improvised Explosive Device TTPs

Overview• Countries with Highest IED Activity: India, Thailand, the

Philippines, and Bangladesh• Common targets: government and civilian buildings and

infrastructure, military and security personnel, educators, non-Muslims and non-Muslim structures, fi rst responders

• Internet and information sharing help migrate advancements in IED technologies throughout AOR

•Traditional smuggling routes and domestic black markets in AOR will continue to accommodate transfer of HME precursors, IED components, materials, and technologies

Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures (TTPs)• Multiple IEDs emplaced in small geographic area and

detonated within 24 hours targeting fi rst responders• Suicide operations, e.g. Person Borne IED (PBIED) and

Suicide Vehicle Borne IED (SVBIED), are not common tactics in AOR

• Radio Controlled switch types (e.g. mobile phones, vehicle alarms) are common

• Anti-Armor purposed devices using a directional explosive are common• Sub-surface roadway (underbelly) IED emplacements are common in AOR

IED Components• Common IED types:

- Radio Controlled (RCIED)- Command Wire (CWIED)- Victim Operated (VOIED)

• Common main charges: - HME- Commercial Explosives- Munitions

• Common enhancements: - Fragmentation- Fuels

• Common initiators: - Commercial Electric Blasting Cap

*Source: Multiple Sources, Information is based on limited reportingSource Credit: Google Images

3636336


Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures

TTP Using the lessons learned from an IED attack to refi ne and improve the tools and methods used during all missions in which an IED may be encountered (e.g. convoys, tactical suppression efforts, IST, Counter-IED (C-IED) missions, etc.).

1

Tension / Pull A victim operated device that triggers an explosion when tension is applied to a fi ring mechanism - such as pulling a trip wire. The tension causes an action that releases a fi ring pin or activates an electrical or electronic switch.

18

Tiffi n Metal Pale (Carrier) Tiffi n carriers or dabbas are a kind of lunch box used widely in India for tiffi n meals. They are also widely used in Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore. Normally they come in two to three tiers, and generally made out of steel and sometimes of aluminum. (Source: Wikipedia)

21

Time A type of switch that functions after a set time. Used widely against infrastructure targets. 17Time Electric A timing switch using a commercial or improvised electric timer or integrated circuit to start the

initiation train. 17

Time Mechanical A timing switch constructed or modifi ed so that physical contact between two parts of the timing mechanism complete an electrical circuit. 17

Transceiver A transceiver is a device comprising both a transmitter and a receiver which are combined and share common circuitry or a single housing. (Source: Wikipedia) 14, 17

Transmitter An electronic device which, with the aid of an antenna, produces radio waves. The transmitter itself generates a radio frequency alternating current, which is applied to the antenna. (Source: Wikipedia) 14, 17

Trip A victim operated device that triggers an explosion when tension is applied to a fi ring mechanism - such as pulling a trip wire. The tension causes an action that releases a fi ring pin or activates an electrical or electronic switch.

18, 19

Underbelly A type of IED attack in which the devise is intended to target the underside of a vehicle. 3Unknown Bulk Explosives UBE Unidentifi ed explosive material that has been removed from its original packaging, or that has been

removed from weapons or munitions, or that is homemade explosive (HME). 7, 9, 11

3535335


Projectile An object, projected by an applied exterior force and continuing motion by virtue of its own inertia. Projectiles can have a variety of fi llers including explosives or chemicals.

Pull A switch that functions when a person applies tension to a fi ring mechanism - such as pulling a spring. The tension causes an action that releases a fi ring pin or activates an electrical or electronic switch.

16, 19

Radio Control Controller RC The transmitting device, e.g. radio control (RC) toy, of a radio controlled system. 14Radio Controlled IED RCIED A switch initiated electronically by wireless means consisting of a transmitter / receiver. 3,

10,11, 13 - 15

Radio Controlled Receiver RC An electronic device that receives radio waves and converts the information carried by them to a usable form. It is used with an antenna. (Source: Wikipedia) 11

Receiver An electronic device that receives radio waves and converts the information carried by them to a usable form. It is used with an antenna. (Source: Wikipedia)

11, 14, 17

Safe to Arm Switch A device used to arm the IED to ensure that the emplacer can safely employ or emplace the IED. 19Socket Bomb Improvised hand grenade fabricated from metal pipe. 11Sub-surface IED emplaced under the surface or below the intended target, (i.e. buried, in a culvert, underwater). 3Suicide An IED initiated by the attacker at a time of their choosing in which they intentionally kill themselves

as part of the attack, or possibly to deny capture.3, 11,13, 23

Suicide Vehicle Borne SVBIED Vehicle laden with explosives detonated by driver; an IED initiated by the attacker at a time of their choosing in which they intentionally kill themselves as part of the attack, or possibly to deny capture. 3

Switch A device for making, breaking, or charging a connection in an IED. A single switch can have multiple functions (i.e. arming and fi ring).

1, 5, 13 - 19

4

A Device That Either Stores or Releases Electrical or Mechanical Energy.*

Power Source - Electric, Direct Current (DC), Batteries

Photograph Sources: Improvised Explosive Device: Trends & Analysis, India, IIR 7 321 0186 11; RAPID, TGA 0159; EOD Battalion, Army Support Command, Philippine Army; EOD Unit, Anothai Task Force, Thailand; http://www.indianexpress.com/videos/national/6/7-maoists-with-huge-cache-of-explosives-arrested-in-odisha/15256;

*Weapons Technical Intelligence (WTI) Improvised Explosive Device (IED) Lexicon, 4th Edition, October 2012

D-Cell Batteries Taped / Wires Soldered to Terminals - India

12v Vehicle Battery, Circuit Breaker - Thailand

“D” Cell Improvised Battery Pack - Philippines

Capacitor, Camera Flash, Firing Device - IndiaCapacitors, Camera Flashes, Firing

Device - India

9v Batteries - Thailand 9v & AA Batteries - Philippines

Disposable batteries are a common power source

in PACOM AOR

5

Indicators (Observables): Any of the Following are Potential Indicators for Use with IEDs; May be Co-Located with IED Devices or Components or ToolsBatteries – Motor vehicle batteries (6v & 12v); color predominantly black (colors vary)Batteries - Wires soldered / glued to battery terminals; taped together; sealed in plastic / cloth / tapeBatteries - Disposable batteries - 1.5v “AA”, “C”, “D”, 9v cells; multiple batteries used to build “Battery Pack” / uncharacteristic for location (e.g. cache)Batteries - Contained / concealed in battery cradles; battery / project boxes; taped together forming “Battery Pack”Camera / Camera Flashes – External switch (e.g. rocker, push button) attached; electrical cord receptacle attached; protruding wiresCamera / Camera Flashes – Components in state of disassembly / assembly / state of “repair”; protruding wiresPower Sources attached to other IED components with tape or glue

Insurgent Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures (TTP), Limited Power Source TTP ReportingAdversaries off-set power source (battery) from switch and main charge to avoid detectionAdversaries deep bury the power source (battery) / place under main charge to avoid detectionCamera and camera fl ash capacitors are used as dual role power source and fi ring devices for Command Wire IEDsPower Source may be attached to main charge in order to be consumed by blast, reducing recoverable evidence

A Device That Either Stores or Releases Electrical or Mechanical Energy.*

Power Source – Indicators & Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures

Notes:

3434334


Non-Electric Initiator An initiator that functions by other than electric means (friction, chemical, impact).Oxidizer The dangerous materials defi nition of an oxidizing agent is a substance that is not necessarily

combustible, but may, generally by yielding oxygen, cause or contribute to the combustion of other material. (Source: Wikipedia) Example: Nitric Acid

13

Person-borne IED PBIED Person wearing a hidden belt or vest laden with explosives and either command triggered by the bomber or remotely triggered. 3, 28

Platter Charge The use of an explosive to propel a metal plate toward a target in a manner where the plate remains intact. 12

Plunger A switch utilizing a shaft, like that found in a syringe, where application of pressure on the head of the device will force the shaft downward, functioning the IED. 18, 19

Power Source A device that either stores or releases electrical or mechanical energy. The key elements of information about a power source are its type / source, number of batteries and their confi guration (series or parallel), its voltage (if electrical) and how it is connected to close an IED switch.

1, 4, 5,15, 17,19, 28

Precursor A compound that participates in the chemical reaction that produces another compound. (Source: Wikipedia) Example: Urea fertilizer 3, 8, 13

Pressure A switch designed to function when pressure is applied in a predetermined direction (plate, tube, plunger, crush wire).

Pressure and Pressure Release

A method for activating the device that occurs as a result of either application or reduction of pressure. 18, 19

Prills A small aggregate of a material, most often a dry sphere, formed from a melted liquid. Prilled is a term used in mining and manufacturing to refer to product that has been pelletized. (Source: Wikipedia)

8

Project Box A manufactured or improvised box in which electronic components of an IED are typically stored 5, 14,15, 17

3333333


Improvised Rocket An improvised weapon, using military or homemade components, designed to propel an explosive charge to the target.

10, 11,13

Incendiary Chemical mixtures and fl ammable liquid that cause fi re.Initiator Any component that may be used to start a detonation or defl agration. An initiator will be categorized

as either a detonator or an igniter. 3, 6, 7

Light / Flash Bulb Initiator Devices used as electric initiators that incorporate an improvised use of the bulb fi lament to initiate primary or low explosives. 7

Loop Switch A victim operated device that triggers an explosion when tension is applied. Tension causes exposed energized wires to make contact and closing the switch circuit. 16 - 19

Low Explosive A chemical compound or moisture that is designed to defl agrate (rapid burn) and generally require confi nement to explode. 28

Magnetic Attachment A type of IED employment in which the device is attached to the target using magnets 11Main Charge The explosive charge which is provided to accomplish the end result in a munitions. Examples for

end results are: bursting a casing to provide blast and fragmentation; splitting a canister to dispense sub-munitions; or producing other effects for which it may be designed.

3, 5, 7,8 - 11,13, 17,19 - 22,24, 28

Military Explosives Explosives manufactured for military use. 9Mine In land mine warfare, an explosive munitions designed to be placed under, on or near the ground

or other surface area and to be actuated by the presence, proximity or contact of a person, land vehicle, aircraft or boat, including landing craft.

10, 11

Munitions A complete device charged with explosives, propellants, pyrotechnics, initiating composition or chemical, biological, radiological or nuclear material, for use in military operations, including demolitions.

3, 10,13

6

Initiator – Commercial & ImprovisedAny Component That May be Used to Start a Detonation or Defl agration.*

Photograph Sources: Improvised Explosive Device: Trends & Analysis, India, IIR 7 321 0186 11; RAPID, TGA 0139; Royal Thai Police, Bomb Data Center; EOD Battalion, Army Support Command, Philippine Army; EOD Unit, Anothai Task Force, Thailand


Commercial Electric Blasting Cap - India

Aluminum Blasting Cap Casings - Philippines

Improvised Electric Blasting Caps – Philippines

Improvised Electric Blasting Cap with Improvised Booster - Thailand

Improvised Electric, Dry Erase Pen Casings - ThailandChemical Pen - India

Commercial electric blasting

caps are commonly used

throughout USPACOM

7

Any Component That May be Used to Start a Detonation or Defl agration.*

Initiators – Indicators & Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures

Indicators (Observables): Any of the Following Materials May be Used in Initiators; May be Co-Located with Other IED Devices or Components or Tools Commercial Blasting Cap – Plastic or aluminum casing; thin gauge wire (colors vary); crimped end; stamp or marking on casing; physical size varies Improvised Blasting Cap – Quantity of metal / plastic tubing (casing), shelling casing, medical syringe; small light bulb; thin gauge wire (colors vary); plastic straw; explosive materials: black powder / HME / CGE / Unknown explosive / chemicalSupplies & Tools – Electrical tape / epoxy glue / hot glue / glue gun / tubing (aluminum / copper / plastic) / thin insulated wire / small light bulbs / Christmas tree lights / small canisters (metal pen bodies, etc.); crimper / pliers / wire cutter; unusual quantities / uncharacteristic materials for location

Insurgent Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures (TTP), Limited Initiator TTP ReportingAdversaries may employ main charge boosters that incorporate an improvised blasting cap inserted into secondary container fi lled with HME / CGE / MGEAdversaries modify small aluminum containers (dry erase markers / deodorant spray cans) for main charge booster casing for commercial / improvised initiatorsSmall light bulbs may be modifi ed to be used as improvised electric initiators with HME / CGE / Chemical charge

Photograph Sources: Improvised Explosive Device: Trends & Analysis, India, IIR 7 321 0186 11; Evidence Developing Investigation Team, SPK.TR.SN – National Police Operation Center, Thailand; *Exemplar Photograph Source: Google.com; SE ASIA Regional Improvised Explosive Device Awareness Seminar, Roayl Thai Police; THE CURRENT THREAT FROM IMPROVISED

EXPLOSIVE DEVICES IN THAILAND; *Weapons Technical Intelligence (WTI) Improvised Explosive Device (IED) Lexicon, 4th Edition, October 2012

Improvised Electric, Small Light Bulb - Thailand

Improvised Electric, Small Light Bulb - Thailand

Improvised Electric, Small Light Bulb, Plastic Straw, Black Powder - Thailand

Improvised Electric, Small Light Bulb - Philippines

Improvised Electric, Plastic Cap Body, Unknown White Explosive - Thailand

3232332


Enhancements An optional, deliberately added component as opposed to a secondary hazard which modifi es the effects of the IED. The IED would be effective, yet produce a different measurable result if this material were not added.

3, 12,13

Find / Cache An IED related incident that involves the discovery and / or recovery of an IED not yet emplaced or employed, IED components, and / or IED paraphernalia. 5

Firing Switch The component that initiates the explosive train. 4, 5,15 - 17

Fragmentation Small object designed to be accelerated by explosive forces. 3,10, 1220 - 24

Fuel An incendiary material designed to enhance the burning and visual effect of the device. 3, 12,13

Improvised Explosive Device IED An IED incident that involves a device placed or fabricated in an improvised manner incorporating destructive, lethal, noxious, pyrotechnic, or incendiary chemicals and designed to destroy, incapacitate, harass, or distract. It may incorporate military stores, but is normally devised from non-military components. Refers to a type of IED incident that involves a complete, functioning device.

1

Improvised Claymore An improvised weapon, military or homemade, designed to explosively propel a pattern of ball bearings or other fragmentation in an aimed direction.

20, 24, 25

Improvised Explosives / Homemade Explosives

IE / HME Non-standard explosive mixtures / compounds which have been formulated / synthesized from available ingredients. Most often utilized in the absence of commercial / military explosives.

3, 7, 8, 13, 24,

25 Improvised Grenade An improvised weapon, using military or homemade components, designed to explode when a

restraint is removed (usually hand held, but can be projected). 11, 21

Improvised Initiator An improvised detonator, using military and / or homemade components, is designed to initiate the detonation of the explosive. 3, 7

3131331


Custom Radio Controlled RC An improvised switch initiated electronically by wireless means consisting of a transmitter / receiver that has been built for a specifi c purpose. 15

Deep Tunnel A deep tunnel is typically dug from a point of concealment and runs from there to a point under a road. These tunnels can be several feet below the surface but are not typically long due the potential for collapse. (Source: 521st EHCC and JT Paladin-S)

26

Detonating Cord A waterproof, fl exible fabric tube containing a high explosive designed to transmit the detonation wave. 13, 24

Direct Current DC Electric current that fl ows through a circuit in just one direction. 4Directional Effect Type of main charge confi guration where the explosive effect is channeled to an intended area. 3, 13,

20Directional Fragmentation Charge

DFC A device that explosively propels fragmentation (e.g. ball bearings, nuts, bolts, etc.) in a narrow pattern in an aimed direction. (Source: Intellipedia) 20

Electric Initiator An initiator whose functioning is initiated by an electrical impulse that creates heat or a spark. 3, 6, 7Elevated IED emplaced above the surface: hanging from an overpass, on a roof, etc. 13, 15,

17, 19,26, 28,

Emplacement A description of where a device was placed to attack the intended target. 13, 15, 17, 26 - 28

Emulsion A stable type of commercial explosive that is less susceptible to sympathetic detonations. Emulsions contain both a dispersed and a continuous phase, with the boundary between the phases called the “interface”. (Source: Wikipedia)

9

8

The Explosive Charge Which is Provided to Accomplish the End Result in a Munition.*

Main Charge – Improvised Explosives / HME

Photograph Sources: Royal Thai Police, Bomb Data Center**Exemplar Photograph Source: Google.com


Ammonium Nitrate - Thailand

AN Fertilizer Prills- Thailand

Sodium Chlorate - Thailand

Aluminum (AL) Powder**

Urea Fertilizer Prills- Thailand

Ammonium Nitrate - Thailand

Urea Fertilizer – Thailand

Ammonium Nitrate and Urea fertilizers are

HME precursor materials

9


Main Charge – Commercial / Military Explosives

Photograph Sources: Improvised Explosive Device: Trends & Analysis, India, IIR 7 321 0186 11; Photograph Sources: EOD Battalion, Army Support Command, Philippine Army; EOD Unit, Anothai Task Force, Thailand


Military Explosives – PETN - Thailand

Unknown Bulk Explosive - India

PE-3A - India

Dynamite - Thailand

Emulex - Thailand

Emulsion Explosives - Thailand

TNT - Thailand

Commercial Explosives – SUPERDYNE - Philippines

3030330


Bulk Explosives Manufactured explosive charges in their original packaging or that have been removed from weapons or munitions. 9, 11

Calcium Ammonium Nitrate CAN Calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) is an alternative formulation for fertilizer-grade ammonium nitrate where the ammonium nitrate (AN) is coated or mixed with calcium carbonate. The carbonate additive is to dilute the explosive effects of AN and provide relatively inert characteristics. (Source: DIA, Homemade Explosives Handbook, Aug 2012)

13

Capacitor A device for accumulating and holding a charge of electricity, consisting of two equally charged conducting surfaces having opposite signs and separated by a dielectric. (Source: www.dictionary.com)

4, 5,15, 17

Chemical Charge (Agent) A chemical substance which is intended for use in military operations to kill, seriously injure, or incapacitate mainly through its physiological effects. The term excludes riot control agent when used for law enforcement purposes, herbicides, smoke, and fl ames.

7

Pencil Detonator (a.k.a. Chemical Pen)

A pencil detonator or time pencil is a time fuze designed to be connected to a detonator or short length of safety fuse. They are about the same size and shape as a pencil, hence the name. (Source: Wikipedia)

6

Command Switch A type of switch that is activated by the attacker in order to control the moment of initiation. 14-17Command Wire IED CWIED A switch where the fi ring point and contact point are separate but joined together by a length of wire.

A Command Wire may contain multiple power sources located near both the fi ring point and the contact point to overcome the resistance in the length of the wire.

3, 16,17

Commercial Explosives Explosives produced and used for commercial, industrial, or recreational applications. 3, 9, 13Concealment Container A vessel commonly used to prevent the discovery of an IED by visual inspection. May also be used

to add fragmentation. 22, 23

Confi nement Container A vessel commonly used to hold the main charge together. May also be used to add fragmentation. 20, 21Container A vessel commonly used to house or conceal the principle components of an IED. 20 - 24

2929229


Anti-Armor AA An IED that utilizes a directional explosive effect primarily intended to penetrate armored vehicles. 3, 28Anti-Infrastructure An IED primarily intended to damage or destroy physical infrastructure such as pipelines,

communications towers, bridges, buildings, utility lines and / or facilities such as electrical transformers or water pump houses.

27

Anti-Personnel AP An IED primarily intended to kill or wound people. 11, 13,19, 28

Ammonium Nitrate AN The chemical compound ammonium nitrate, the nitrate of ammonia with the chemical formula NH4NO3, is a white crystalline solid at room temperature and standard pressure. It is commonly used in agriculture as a high-nitrogen fertilizer, and it has also been used as an oxidizing agent in explosives, including improvised explosive devices. (Source: Wikipedia)

8, 13

Ammonium Nitrate and Aluminum

AN+AL Ammonium nitrate-aluminum is the simple mixture of ammonium nitrate (AN) fertilizer and powdered aluminum (Al). (Source: DIA, Homemade Explosives Handbook, Aug 2012) 8, 13

Ammonium Nitrate and Fuel Oil

ANFO Ammonium nitrate-aluminum is the simple mixture of ammonium nitrate (AN) fertilizer and fuel oil. Both AN and fuel oil are precursor materials for homemade explosives. (Source: DIA, Homemade Explosives Handbook, Aug 2012)

12

Anti-Tank Mine AT An anti-tank mine (AT mine), is a type of land mine designed to damage or destroy vehicles including tanks and armored fi ghting vehicles. (Source: Wikipedia) 10

Battery Pack A battery pack is a set of any number of (preferably) identical batteries or individual battery cells. They may be confi gured in a series, parallel or a mixture of both to deliver the desired voltage, capacity, or power density. (Source: Wikipedia)

4, 5

Blasting Cap / Detonator A device containing an sensitive explosive intended to produce a detonation wave. Can be either electric or nonelectric (plain).

3, 6,7, 24

Booster A high explosive element suffi ciently sensitive so as to be actuated by small explosive elements and powerful enough to cause detonation of the main charge fi lling (initiator >> booster >> main charge). 6, 7

10


Main Charge – Military Munitions

Photograph Sources: Improvised Explosive Device: Trends & Analysis, India, IIR 7 321 0186 11; 7EODD, EOD Battalion, Army Support Command, Philippine Army; THE CURRENT THREAT FROM IMPROVISED EXPLOSIVE DEVICES IN THAILAND; EOD Unit, Anothai Task Force, Thailand


Artillery Shells – Philippines

AT-Mine - Philippines

Rocket - India

Fragmentation Grenades - Philippines

RCIED Taped to Mortar - India

Mortars - Philippines

Various Munitions - Philippines

Military munitions: artillery rounds, mortars, rockets, RPGs, grenades,

aerial bombs, and mines

11


Main Charge – Improvised/Munitions

Photograph Sources: Improvised Explosive Device: Trends & Analysis, India, IIR 7 321 0186 11; 7EODD, EOD Battalion, Army Support Command, Philippine Army; THE CURRENT THREAT FROM IMPROVISED EXPLOSIVE DEVICES IN THAILAND; EOD Unit, Anothai Task Force, Thailand


Improvised Container - India

Suicide Vest - India

Magnetically Attached IED, RC Receiver- India

Magnetically Attached IED, RC Receiver- Thailand “Socket Bomb”, Improvised

Hand Grenade - NepalImprovised

Hand Grenade - Thailand

Anti-Personnel Mine - IndiaUnknown Bulk Explosive - India

Improvised Rockets - Philippines

28

Indicators (Observables): Any of the Following May be Indications of an IED EmplacementAbsence of civilian foot / vehicular traffi c; avoidance of areas; evidence of alternate / detoured routes of travelDebris / Trash Piles – Look out of place / suspicious objects / signs of being recently disturbed; lack of civilian foot / vehicular traffi c in immediate area Disturbed Earth – Signs of recently dug earth; raised earth (bumps) or sunken earth in roads / paths / trails / paved roads / dirt roads / dirt trails IED Placement Markers – Stacked rocks/ painted rocks / sticks / branches laying on ground / stuck in ground; rocks in road / pathway; clothing / plastic bags hanging or “stuck” in foliage; graffi ti; suspicious / obscure objects or symbols appear out of place; tape / string / clothing tied / wrapped around poles or trees; markings on doorways / walls / entry ways / etc.Person Borne IED (PBIED) – Person appears nervous; avoids eye contact; praying / chanting / mumbling; wearing inappropriate clothing for weather conditions; wearing baggy clothing; looks / acts out of place; bulges in clothing around the waist / chest / groin areas; ignores directions / ordersString, Twine, or Wire - Appears to be laying on ground / elevated off ground / placed between two objects / tied or anchored to stationary object / appears or disappears into ground / wall / foliage / debris pilesVehicle Borne IED – Sagging rear-end; objects inside are concealed; exposed wires, buttons / switches; driver looks nervous / praying / chanting / mumbling; car or driver appears lost / out of place; driver hastily leaves area after parking vehicle; erratic driving; avoids check points; ignores traffi c signals and patterns

Insurgent Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures (TTP)Adversaries have concealed IED emplacements in animal and human corpses Adversaries will elevate / angle emplacement of Anti-Armor IED and Anti-Personnel IED to increase lethality of IEDsAdversaries will emplace multiple IEDs in small geographic area and detonate within a 24 hour period in order to overwhelm fi rst responders; disrupt commerce; bring media attention to their cause“Civilians” loitering may be acting as look-outs; may look nervous or out of place / avoiding eye contact / talking on radios / cell phonesComplex attacks against fi rst responders at the site of IED attack using secondary IEDs and small arms fi reEmplacement locations: road surface / roadside / tunnels / culverts / bridges / railways / schools / markets /shops / choke points / utility poles / trees Emplacers gain tactical advantage by using environment and surroundings to emplace and conceal IEDs and IED componentsIED components (main charge, switch, power source) may be emplaced separately (phased emplacement) overtime to minimize possibility of detectionLow explosives (grenades) may be thrown by hand into crowds to cause panic / chaos / confusion / hysteriaRC and Command device triggermen may require line of sight to IED; triggermen may loiter in area until target enters kill zone

Emplacement – Indicators & Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures

27

A Description of Where a Device was Placed to Attack the Intended Target.*

IED Emplacement

Emplacement TTPs are dictated by target,

environment, time, material, and knowledge

Photograph Sources: Royal Thai Police, Bomb Data Center; EOD Battalion, Army Support Command, Philippine Army; THE CURRENT THREAT FROM IMPROVISED EXPLOSIVE DEVICESIN THAILAND


Emplacement, Anti-Infrastructure, Roadway Bridge – Philippines

Emplacement, Anti-Infrastructure, Electrical Tower - Philippines

Post-Blast, Anti-Infrastructure, Railroad Bridge - Thailand

Emplacement, Anti-Infrastructure, Railroad Tracks - Thailand

Emplacement, Anti-Infrastructure, Industrial - Philippines

12

An Optional, Deliberately Added Component as Opposed to a Secondary Hazard Which Modifi es the Effects of the IED.*

Enhancements – Improvised, Fragmentation & Fuel

Photograph Sources: Royal Thai Police, Bomb Data Center; EOD Battalion, Army Support Command, Philippine Army; Philippine IED Trend Brief, Philippine Army*Weapons Technical Intelligence (WTI) Improvised Explosive Device (IED) Lexicon, 4th Edition, October 2012

Small Pieces of Metal Rod – Philippines

Ball Bearings Glued to Platter - Philippines

Nails and Ball Bearings – Thailand

Bike Chain & Nuts – Thailand

Flammable Fuel - Thailand

Rebar and Ball Bearings in ANFO – Philippines

13

Indicators (Observables): Any of the Following Materials May be Used in Explosives & Main Charges; May be Co-Located With Other IED Components or Tools

Ammonium Nitrate (AN) Fertilizer – White / off-white; prills / crystals / granules; waxy / oily / dry; 1-3 mm size; odorless to slight ammonia Ammonium Nitrate (AN) Packaging – Blue / White; 25kg / 50kg bags; nitrogen content / chemical formulation printed on bags: 34-0-0, 34%, or 34Aluminum (AL) Paste – Silver to dark gray; thick paste; packaged in pint / quart / gallon metal cansAluminum (AL) Powder - Silver to dark gray; fi ne powder; odorless; sticks to everything; hard to wash off; packaged in plastic bags / jars / metal cansCommercial / Military Explosives – SUPERDYNE / Dynamite / TNT / C-4; off-white color; brick (rectangular) / stick (cylindrical); discarded packagingEnhancements – Fuel Oil: petroleum jelly / diesel fuel / engine oil / gear oil / other carbon based fossil fuels; Chemicals – sulfur / phosphorus; Carbohydrates – wheat / corn / meal powders / sugars; paraffi n wax – soft white wax, odorless; cellulous – material, color, texture varyEnhancements – Fragmentation: nails / screws / ball bearings / nuts / bolts / washers / scrap metal / car parts /rebar or metal rods cut to length of ½ to 2 inches Grinder - Mechanical / hand grinder to grind HME precursors (fertilizers) to powder Improvised Munitions – RPG type rockets / modifi ed propane tanks / metal or plastic pipe and end caps / cut pipe / rocket motors / unassembled componentsMilitary Munitions – All types: fuse / explosive may be missing; fi lled with HME / CGE; multiple munitions bound with tape; primed with detcord / initiator; detcord / wire protruding outTools – Band / hack saw; electric drill / grinder; bolt / metal cutters; hammer / pliers / wire cutter / screw driver / wrenches / welding equipment / tapeUrea Fertilizer - Appearance – prills / granules / crystals; oily / waxy / dry; package labeling: 46 – 0 –0, 46% Nitrogen Urea Nitrate (UN) Oxidizer: Nitric Acid – Strong acidic odor, colorless to transparent yellow; storage container – black / blue plastic jugs 20L to 40L with red caps; nitric acid will burn the skin and stain a yellowish brown

Insurgent Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures (TTP)“Cook” Calcium Ammonium Nitrate (CAN) to extract Ammonium Nitrate (AN); AN dried on tarps (plastic color / sizes vary); drying occurs inside but usually outsideDirectional Effect: Directional Fragmentation Charge (DFC) – defensive / offensive weapons; common in rural areas; embankment / elevated emplacement; target vehicles / dismounts; common switch type CW / RC; explosive charges AN based, and SUPERDYNEDirectional Effect: Anti-Personnel IEDs typically concealed in brush / vegetation along roadside / in or on trees along trails / pathsFragmentation added to improvised anti-personnel main charges to increase lethalityHME production likely occurs in remote locations / abandoned / isolated structuresHME precursors (i.e. fertilizers) may be concealed within other bags or containersVBIEDs to date - non-suicide against high profi le targets; trucks / bikes / motorcycles / cars / buses / animals; usually RC switched; static / non-static placement

There is NO reason to grind, crush, or cook any fertilizer, discovery of these processes indicates HME production.

Main Charge – Explosives, Munitions, Enhancements - Indicators & Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures

26

A Description of Where a Device was Placed to Attack the Intended Target.*

IED Emplacement

Placement of foliage, sticks / branches, etc. at IED emplacement sites are friendly force TTPs to mark and warn of IED placements

Photograph Sources: Royal Thai Police, Bomb Data Center; EOD Battalion, Army Support Command, Philippine Army; THE CURRENT THREAT FROM IMPROVISED EXPLOSIVE DEVICES IN THAILAND *Weapons Technical Intelligence (WTI) Improvised Explosive Device (IED) Lexicon, 4th Edition, October 2012

Elevated Emplacement, Trees - Thailand

Buried Emplacement, Dirt Road, Small Tree IED

Placement Marker - Philippines

Buried Emplacement, Dirt Road, Foliage IED Placement

Marker - Philippines

Concealed Emplacement, Trash Pile- Philippines

Concealed Emplacement, Foliage - Philippines

Culvert, Roadway - ThailandDeep Tunnel, Roadway - Thailand

25

Common Hand / Power Tools are Often Used in the HME and IED Manufacturing Process

Indicators (Observables): Any of the Following Indicators May be Evidence of IED Construction; May be Co-Located With IED Components Tools – Hammers / pliers / screw drivers / wrenches / soldering iron / hot glue gun / circuit tester / volt meter / blow torch / welding equipment / hand saws and drills / power saws and drills; any tool co-located with HME or IED materials / components indicate HME or IED manufacturing activity is occurringScales – Analog (mechanical) / digital (electronic); co-located with HME / IED materials and / or components; Supplies – Electrical tape / packing tape / personal protective equipment / plastic bags or sheeting / string / wire

Insurgent Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures (TTP)HME and IED manufacturing occurs in homes / businesses / warehouses / compounds / indoors or outdoors / concealed or unconcealed locationsIED bomb makers fabricate improvised tools to satisfy manufacturing needsIED “factories” are typically disorderly and unorganized; may have security measures protecting themIED components may be constructed in multiple disparate locations; bomb makers are typically geographically segregated for security operation reasons

HME & IED Bomb Maker Tools - Indicators & Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures

Photograph Sources: Indian Maoist Tradecraft, Patrick Henry College, Evan Johnson; EOD Battalion, Army Support Command, Philippine Army

Fabricated Claymore Mine Molds - Philippines

Improvised Circuit Tester - Philippines Mechanical Scale -

PhilippinesIED Factory – Hand Tools and

IED Supplies - India

14

A Switch Initiated Electronically by Wireless Means Consisting of Transmitter and Receiver.*

Switches – Command, Radio Controlled (RC)

Photograph Sources: Improvised Explosive Device: Trends & Analysis, India, IIR 7 321 0186 11; EOD Unit, Anothai Task Force, Thailand, Royal Thai Police, Bomb Data Center; EOD Battalion, Army Support Command, Philippine Army


Mobile Phone, (Transceiver), Project Box - India

Key Fobs, (Transmitters) -

Thailand Toy RC Controller, (Transmitter) -

India PMR, (Transceiver) – Philippines

Receiver, with External Antenna - Thailand

Receiver - India

Wireless Doorbell System (Transmitter and Receiver) - Philippines

Circuit Board, Receiver - Thailand

ICOM Radio, (Transceiver) IED Components - Philippines

15

Any of the Following Materials in Any State of Assembly May be Used for IED Switches; May be Co-Located With Other IED Components or ToolsCircuit Boards – Removed from electronic devices; wires / circuits may be attached; various states of disassembly / assemblyElectronic Components – Circuit boards / circuits / wire / relays / timers / switches; uncharacteristic / out of place (key fobs / wireless devices / etc.)Firing Device – Camera fl ash / Cell Phone, etc.; integrated power source (capacitor / battery); possible multi-switch (rocker / toggle / push-button); wiresPossession of RC electronic devices may be uncharacteristic based on person’s job / status / education / incomeProject Box – Plastic / cardboard / wood; unusual / uncharacteristic for location; may contain RC components (circuit boards); wires may protrude from boxProject Box – Numbers / letters on box; may indicate pairings / dial codes / frequenciesRC Device Modifi cations – Alterations to components; wires protruding out; attached power source / circuit boards (taped / glued); disassembled devicesSupplies & Tools - Solder iron / solder / hot glue gun / glue / battery(ies) / epoxy / electronic circuitry / circuit boards / small boxes (plastic, cardboard, wood) / wire / voltage or Ohm meter; hand tools (screw drivers, pliers, hammer, etc.)

Insurgent Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures (TTP)“Civilians” loitering may be acting as look-outs; may look nervous or out of place / avoiding eye contact / talking on radios / cell phonesRC component emplacement typically ground level or elevated off ground; concealed with debris / trash / trees / shrubberyRC and Command device triggermen usually require line of sight to IED; triggermen may loiter in area until target enters kill zone

Switches – Command, RCIED – Indicators & Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures

Circuitry Components - Philippines Improvised Circuit Board - Philippines Relay Switch - India Custom Dual Switch - Thailand

Photograph Sources: Improvised Explosive Device: Trends & Analysis, India, IIR 7 321 0186 11; Operation Odessa, Maluso, Basilan, RPI, EODC Fisher JSOTF-P EOD Task Unit; THE CURRENT THREAT FROM IMPROVISED EXPLOSIVE DEVICES IN THAILAND

24

Indicators (Observables): Any of the Following May be Used as Containers; May be Co-Located With IED Components or Tools. Anything that can hold material is used as Main Charge container; vehicle brake drum / Pringles potato chip can / hollowed out fruit / beverage canCement blocks / curbs / bricks that look out of place from surroundings / new / odd shaped; detcord or wire protruding outCommercial packaging appearing to be altered / objects attached to outside of container; detcord or wire protruding outContainer sealed in: plastic bag / sheeting; packing tape / electrical tape; hot glue / epoxy Cooking Pots / mixing bowls / pressure cookers; aluminum / steal / plastic; may be sealed with wire / bolts / fasteners; detcord or wires protruding outImprovised Plastic Containers – Supplies of PVC pipe and end caps; shape / length / size / color vary; not always used as main charge container Improvised Metal Containers - Metal pieces welded together; shape / size / color vary; detcord or wires protruding outMetal Cans – Size / shape / color vary; may be taped closed; fragmentation inside / glued to outside / glued to top; detcord or wires protruding outMetal Tanks – Modifi ed propane / fi re extinguisher / oxygen etc.; detcord or wires protruding out; objects attached to outside surface with tapeMilitary Munitions – All types: fuse, explosives may be missing; fi lled with HME / CGE; primed with detcord / blasting caps; detcord / wire protruding outPackages, objects, and vehicles that look abandoned / out of place may conceal IEDsSupplies – (Unusual quantities / out-of-character for surroundings) glue / hot glue gun / packing / electrical tape / plastic bags or sheeting / wire / fasteners / various hand tools / welding equipment and supplies

Insurgent Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures (TTP)Adversaries may conceal main charge in container that won’t arouse suspicion, e.g. fi re extinguisher or propane tankAdversaries may fabricate tools in order to assist in manufacture of large quantities of same containerAdversaries may collect containers / containers that look out-of-place / out of character may be an Indication that HME or IED production is taking place Containers concealed / emplaced in trash dumps, foliage, debris piles, dirt, walls; placed in bags set on roadside or path

All Types of Containers Are Used to Hold Explosives

Containers – Indicators & Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures

Photograph Sources: Royal Thai Police, Bomb Data Center; EOD Battalion, Army Support Command, Philippine Army; *Weapons Technical Intelligence (WTI) Improvised Explosive Device (IED) Lexicon, 4th Edition, October 2012

Vehicle Brake Drum - Philippines

Pringles Potato Chip Can - Philippines

PVC, Improvised Claymore Mine - Philippines

23

A Vessel Commonly Used to Prevent the Discovery of an IED by Visual Inspection. May Also be Used to Add Fragmentation.*

Containers – Concealment Container

Photograph Sources: EOD Unit, Anothai Task Force, Thailand; NGIC; Royal Thai Police, Bomb Data Center; EOD Battalion, Army Support Command, Philippine Army; THE CURRENT THREAT FROM IMPROVISED EXPLOSIVE DEVICES IN THAILAND


Mosquito Bat - India

Cardboard Box - Thailand

Beverage Can –ThailandSuicide Belt - India

Hollowed Out Fruit - Philippines Back Pack - Philippines

Lunch Box – Philippines Lunch Box – Indonesia

16

A Switch Where the Firing Point and Contact Point are Separate but Joined Together by a Length of Wire. *

Switches – Command, Command Wire

Photograph Sources: EOD Unit, Anothai Task Force, Thailand, EOD Battalion, Army Support Command, Philippine Army; http://www.indianexpress.com/videos/national/6/7-maoists-with-huge-cache-of-explosives-arrested-in-odisha/15256


Pull Loop Switch - Philippines

Insulated Wire - Philippines

CW with Dual Rocker Switches - Thailand

Firing Devices - Philippines

Firing Devices - ThailandFiring Device, Camera

with Integrated Receptacle and Doorbell

Switch - India

Clothes Pin Pull Switch - Thailand

17

Any of the Following Materials in Any State of Assembly May be Used for IED Switches; May be Co-Located With Other IED Components or ToolsClothes Pin Switch – Generally plastic, can be wood; wires secured to contact points; may be attached to other IED componentsClothes Pin Switch Insulator Block (plastic / wood / cardboard); string tied to one side; string may be on spool; strings vary by color and thicknessCommand Wire – length / color / gauge varies; insulated single wire or double wire (speaker / lamp cord);Firing Device – Integrated power source (capacitor / battery); possible multi-switch (rocker, toggle, push-button); circuit board; wiresLoop Switch – Two insulated wires with ends looped around each other; possibly connected to split rings; may be placed in plastic bottle / pipeModifi ed clocks / watches (electric or mechanical); integrated with switches (safe / arm, fi ring); power source / circuit board may be attached; state of disassembly / assemblyQuantity of electronic components that are uncharacteristic / out of place for location (key fobs / wireless devices / circuit components)Supplies & Tools - Solder iron / solder / hot glue gun / glue / battery(ies) / tape / electronic circuitry / circuit boards / switches (rocker / toggle / slide) / small boxes (plastic / cardboard / wood) / wire / voltage or Ohm meter; screw driver / wire cutter or stripper / pliers / drill

Insurgent Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures (TTP)Adversaries have elevated command wire to avoid ground based detection methods Command wire is often buried at / near the main charge emplacement to avoid detection Suspicious looking individuals loitering / observing / appear out of place may be spotters or triggermen Triggermen using command wire IEDs may emplace aiming markers for targeting over long distances; objects that appear out of place or character / inconsistent with surroundings should be considered suspicious

Switches – Command, Timer – Indicators & Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures

Photograph Sources: Improvised Explosive Device: Trends & Analysis, India, IIR 7 321 0186 11; EOD Unit, Anothai Task Force, Thailand, EOD Battalion, Army Support Command, Philippine Army; SE ASIA Regional Improvised Explosive Device Awareness Seminar, Royal Thai Police,

Digital Watches with Dual Switches - Thailand

Digital Watch, Project Box - India

Clock with Rocker Switch - Philippines

22

A Vessel Commonly Used to Prevent the Discovery of an IED by Visual Inspection. May Also be Used to Add Fragmentation.*

Containers – Concealment Container

Photograph Sources: Improvised Explosive Device: Trends & Analysis, India, IIR 7 321 0186 11; Royal Thai Police, Bomb Data Center; EOD Battalion, Army Support Command, Philippine Army; THE CURRENT THREAT FROM IMPROVISED EXPLOSIVE DEVICES IN THAILAND


Concrete Encased - Thailand

Concrete “Rock” – India

Log - India

Egg Crates - Philippines

Hollowed Out Book - Thailand

Vehicle Borne, Motor Scooter - Thailand

Vehicle Borne, Car - Philippines

21

A Vessel Commonly Used to Hold the Main Charge Together. May Also be Used to Add Fragmentation.*

Containers – Confi nement Container

Photograph Sources: EOD Unit, Anothai Task Force, Thailand; The Presence of Explosive Devices In Nepal, UNICEF; Mindanao IED Trends; Philippine IED Trend Brief, Philippine Army; http://www.indianexpress.com/videos/national/6/7-maoists-with-huge-cache-of-explosives-arrested-in-odisha/15256;


Beverage Cans, Improvised Grenades - Philippines

“Tiffi n” Metal Pales - India “Tiffi n” Metal Pale - India

Glass Bottle - PhilippinesFire Extinguishers –Thailand Plastic Food Container –Thailand

Metal Glue Can–Thailand

Metal Cooking Pot - ThailandAnything that can hold or conceal

explosives will be used as a concealment or confi nement container

18

A Type of Switch that is Activated by Actions of an Unsuspecting Individual. *

Switches - Victim Operated, Tension & Pressure

Photograph Sources: Improvised Explosive Device: Trends & Analysis, India, IIR 7 321 0186 11; EOD Unit, Anothai Task Force, Thailand; Royal Thai Police, Bomb Data Center; EOD Battalion, Army Support Command, Philippine Army; Mindanao IED Trends; THE CURRENT THREAT FROM IMPROVISED EXPLOSIVE DEVICES IN THAILAND;


Loop Switch - Philippines

Wood Clothes Pin, Trip - Philippines

Loop Switch - Thailand

Plastic Clothes Pin, Trip - Thailand

Plunger Switch, Wood Log - India

Metal Contact Pressure Plates - Philippines

Plastic Bottle, Metal Contact Pressure - Philippines

PVC, Push Button Pressure - ThailandPlunger Switch, Nail & Tin Can - Thailand

19

Indicators (Observables): Any of the Following May be Used for IED Switches; May be Co-Located With Other IED Components or ToolsClothes Pin Switch – Generally plastic, can be wood; wires secured to contact points; attached to other IED componentsClothes Pin Switch Insulator Block (plastic / wood / cardboard); string tied to one side; string may be on spool; strings vary by color and thicknessLoop Switch – Two insulated wires with ends looped around each other; possibly connected to split rings; may be placed in plastic bottle / pipePressure Plate with metal contacts – Nail inserted in metal can; wire probably attached to can and nail; supply of cans; size of beverage / soup canPush Button / Rocker / Toggle Switch – On / off switch; color and size vary; wires connected; may be attached to IED componentsPVC Pipe Sections with rocker / toggle / push button switch wired / attached to device; LED light may be attached.Sheet Metal - Co-located with wood boards / wire / tape / nails / plastic bottles / foamSupplies & Tools – Glue / wire / hammer / tin snips / hack or wood saw / wire cutter / stripper / screw driver / electrical / packing tape / foam / sheet metal / wood / nails / screws / plastic sheetWood - wood boards / wood blocks; nailed to each end or with foam glued or nailed to each end; sheet metal attached; wire attached to contacts

Insurgent Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures (TTP)Clothes Pin Switches can function as Command Pull / Arming / Victim Operated Trip Wire; anchored to heavy or stationary object (e.g. rock / tree / stake)Plunger IEDs are Anti-Personnel and emplaced along trails / dirt paths typically concealed in foliage / dirt Pressure devices may be Offset from Main Charge and or Power Source to Target Underbellies of Vehicles Rocker Switches used as arming switch for Victim Operated devices; accompanied by small LED lightSafe arm / separation switch may be incorporated into to the device allowing emplacer to egressTrip Lines may be elevated in roadways targeting vehicles; concealed in shrubs / bushes / tall grasses targeting dismounted patrols

Switches – Victim Operated – Indicators & Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures

Notes:

20

A Vessel Commonly Used to Hold the Main Charge Together. May Also be Used to Add Fragmentation.*

Containers – Confi nement Container

Improvised Claymore Mines – Burma

Cooking Pot - Thailand Modifi ed Propane Gas

Tank - ThailandDirectional Fragmentation

Charge - ThailandPVC Pipe - Philippines

Metal Pipe - Thailand

Improvised Welded Metal Box - Thailand Improvised Welded Metal

Container –Thailand

Photograph Sources: Royal Thai Police, Bomb Data Center; EOD Battalion, Army Support Command, Philippine Army; EOD Unit, Anothai Task Force, Thailand*Weapons Technical Intelligence (WTI) Improvised Explosive Device (IED) Lexicon, 4th Edition, October 2012

Documents

B Unclassi Unc F Of UseU OnO IrW: Training Plans: OPS · USPACOM AOR– IED & Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures Trends* Adversary TTPs and IED trends are dynamic and will adjust