B2.2 Unit 1

8/10/2019 B2.2 Unit 1

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InglésB2

B2.1 Unit 1

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Warm up video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=15Av0DLUQNk

Tra!cr"pc"#:

$ow to pract"ce proper bu!"e!! meet"% et"&uette

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cotr"bute to the meet"%.

ract"ce attet"o to (eta"* )or meet"%! !o that you (ot have to *eave the room )or

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ovey! appropr"ate )ocu! a( re!pect.

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!*"%hte!t chace o) ("ver!"o or "terrupt"o

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break! up or wa"t ut"* the pr"c"pa* "v"te! commet!

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mater"a*- or ca!t *ook! arou(

tep 8: 9o ea!y o a*coho* a( )oo( at catere( meet"%! a( co)erece!. ,ou are there to (o

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tep : ma"ta" et"&uette eve a)ter the meet"% by comp*et"% ta!k! a!!"%e( a! %oa*! (ur"%

the ("!cu!!"o a! &u"ck*y a! po!!"b*e. ;"*e meet"% ote! a)terwar(! to keep track o) a( report

o here

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D"( you kow? The )"r!t bu!"e!! car(! ca**e( <v"!"t"% car(! aouce( the arr"va* o) the

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Past perfect vs Past perfect continuous

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IMPERSONAL PRONOUNS / VERBS

◙ La forma impersonal es aquella que no hace referencia a un sujeto determinado,

sino que simplemente omite el sujeto intencionadamente porque carece de

importancia. Existen varias formas de expresar la forma impersonal en inglés:

- Usando el pronombre you:

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Hace referencia a la segunda persona del singular (tú) en sentido general, sin

referirse al interlocutor, o equivale a las oraciones impersonales que en español

se construyen con se .

If you are clever person, you know what to do in such situations.

(Si eres una persona lista, sabes qué hacer en ese tipo de situaciones).

How do you play chess?

(¿Cómo se juega al ajedrez?)

- Usando el pronombre they:

Hace referencia a un grupo de personas entendido como colectivo o equivale a

las oraciones impersonales que en español se construyen con se .

They drink a lot of beer in Germany.

(Beben mucha cerveza en Alemania).

(Se bebe mucha cerveza en Alemania).

- Usando el pronombre one:

Equivale a las oraciones impersonales que en español se construyen con

uno/a.

One never knows what to wear. (Uno/a nunca sabe qué ponerse).

- Usando la voz pasiva:

Equivale a las oraciones impersonales que en español se construyen con se ;

es importante no traducirlas literalmente con la estructura de oración pasiva.

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The castle was built in the 16th century.

(El castillo se construyó en el siglo XVI).

English (is) spoken. (Se habla inglés).

It is said that the new secretary will be fired.

(Se dice que van a despedir a la nueva secretaria).

- Usando el pronombre it:

Éste no actúa como pronombre personal, ya que no hace referencia a nada,

simplemente ocupa la posición de sujeto (obligatorio en inglés) en las oraciones

sin agente que realice la acción del verbo.

It’s freezing! (¡Hace muchísimo frío!)

It’s getting late. (Se está haciendo tarde.)

- Usando la partícula there seguida del verbo to be:

Cabe destacar que el verbo to be debe conjugarse según el número

(singular/plural) y tiempo verbal de la oración: is,are – was,were .

There is/was a cockroach in my hamburguer!

(¡Hay/Había una cucaracha en mi hamburguesa!).

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There are many things I don’t understand about his life.

(Hay muchas cosas que no entiendo de su vida).

- Usando la partícula there seguida de los verbos seem y appear.

There seems to be very little money left.

(Parece quedar muy poco dinero.)

There appears to be no difference between twin brothers.

(No parece haber mucha diferencia entre los hermanos gemelos.)

Exercise9. Translate the following sentences into English:

a. América se descubrió en 1492.

b. Se está haciendo de noche, ¿nos vamos a casa?

c. Hay una cosa que te quiero decir, que es importante al menos para mí.

d. A uno le gusta estar solo a veces.

e. Si el reloj no funciona, ¿cómo sabes cuándo entregar el examen?

PHRASAL VERBS

◙ Un verbo frasal es un verbo seguido de una partícula que puede ser una preposición

o un adverbio, y que cambia el significado para crear un verbo nuevo.

She’s looking after her little sister ( look + after = cuidar de)

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I will give up smoking next week (give + up = dejar de…)

If he find out, he will feel very sad (find + out = descubrir)

◙

Alguno verbos frasales son Intransitivos > esto significa que no puede ir seguido deun objeto.

He suddenly showed up. [‘Show up’ no puede llevar objeto]

◙ Algunos verbos frasales son Transitivos > esto significa que puede ir seguido de unobjeto.

I made up the story . [‘The story’ es el objeto de ‘make up’]

◙ Algunos verbos frasales transitivos pueden llevar el verbo y la preposición

separados. Podemos colocar el objeto entre el verbo la preposición.

I talked my mother into letting me borrow the car. [‘my mother’ es el objeto de

la oración].

She looked the phone number up. [‘the phone number’ es el objeto de la

oración].

◙ Algunos verbos frasales transitivos no se pueden separar. El objeto tiene que ir

detrás de la preposición.

I ran into an old friend yesterday. [‘an old friend’ es el objeto].

They are looking into the problem . [‘the problem’ es el objeto].

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Aunque muchos verbos frasales pueden llevar objeto tanto delante como detrás de la

preposición, cuando el objeto es un pronombre, éste tiene que ir siempre entre el

verbo y la preposición, nunca detrás de la preposición.

I looked the number up in the phone book. (Correcta)

I looked up the number in the phone book. (Correcta)

I looked it up in the phone book. (Correcta)

I looked up it in the phone book . (Incorrecta)

◙ A continuación mostramos una lista con algunos de los verbos frasales más

frecuentes. Es sólo una muestra porque existen cientos de verbos frasales.

Be about to Be on the point of (doing

something)

We’re about to take the train to York. (Estamos

a punto de coger el tren a York).

Be againstBe opposed to Some members of the Parliament are against

the new law.(Algunos miembros del

Parlamento están en contra de la nueva ley).

Be away Be far from home, from

this place (for at least a

night)

Mark will be away on holidays until next week.

(Mark estará fuera de vacaciones hasta la

próxima semana).

Be back Have returned after a

long or short absence

I don’t really know when he will be back from

his journey to Australia, I’ll tell you as soon as I

know. (En realidad no se cuándo volverá de su

viaje a Australia, te lo diré tan pronto como lo

sepa).

Be off Be free from duty

Be cancelled

He’s having a day off tomorrow because of his

daughter’s wedding. (Él no trabaja mañana por

la boda de su hija.)

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Leave Liz is off at the moment, would you like to leave

a message for her? (Liz no está ahora, ¿le

gustaría dejarle un mensaje?)

Be over Be finished You need’t worry any longer, now it’s all over.(Ya no tienes que preocuparte más, ahora todo

ha terminado).

Be up to Be somebody’s

responsibility

Be doing or thinking of

doing something bad

“Should I apply for the job at the consultancy?”

“I don’t know; it’s up to you” (“¿Debería solicitar

el empleo en la asesoría?” “No se, lo que tú

quieras”).

What are they up to? (¿Qué están tramando?).

Blow up Explode

Inflate.

Become angry

The policemen prevented the bombs from

blowing up. (Los policías impidieron que

estallaran las bombas).

Break down Stop working

Lose control and cry

Sue is having a nervous breakdown; she fears

she has failed the final exam. (Sue tiene un

ataque de nervios; teme haber suspendido el

examen final).

Break inEnter by force (also break

into)

The burglars broke into the house and stole all

their jewels and valuables. (Los ladrones

entraron por la fuerza en la casa y robaron

todas sus joyas y objetos de valor).

Break off

Separate by breaking Some big pieces of ice are breaking off from

the iceberg. (Trozos grandes de hielo se están

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Stop, disrupt desprendiendo del iceberg).

Break up End They didn’t get on, so they finally broke up. (No

se llevaban bien, finalmente rompieron).

Bring about Cause to happen

Mention a subject

I’m sure she will bring the subject about inorder to get our attention. (Estoy seguro de que

sacará el tema para conseguir nuestra

atención).

This situation will bring about some problems

for us. (Esta situación nos traerá algunos

problemas).

Bring up Take care of children until

they are adults

He was brought up by his mother’s sister, who

lived in Rome. (Fue criado por la hermana de

su madre, que vivía en Roma).

Brush up Revise something you

have nearly forgotten

I haven’t studied French for years; I need to

brush it up. (Llevo años sin estudiar francés,

necesito repasarlo.)

Call back Return a phone call, or call

later

If you call me and I’m not in, I will call you back.

(Si me llamas y no estoy en casa, te devolveré

la llamada).

Calm down Relax Now you must calm down or you won’t get

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better. (Ahora debes calmarte o no te pondrás

mejor).

Carry onContinue (with) Carry on! You can do it! (¡Continúa! ¡ tú puedes

hacerlo!)

You should carry on having the pills. (Deberías

seguir tomando las píldoras).

Carry out Do a task He can’t carry out this task; it’s too complicated

for him. (Él no puede llevar a cabo esa tarea,

es demasiado complicada para él).

Catch up

Reach somebody or reach

certain level

I was always above his level in Maths but in the

end he caught me up. (Yo siempre estaba por

encima de su nivel en Matemáticas pero al final

me alcanzó).

Check in Report that you have

arrived at a hotel or airport

You will have to show the receptionist you

passport when you check in. (Tendrás que

mostrarle al recepcionista tu pasaporte cuando

llegues al hotel).

Check out Check that something is

true

Pay your bill and leave

Could you please make sure that this is the

hotel address? I forgot to check it out.

(¿Podrías asegurarte de que esta es la

dirección del hotel? Olvidé comprobarlo).

You have to check out before 12:00. (Debes

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dejar el hotel antes de las 12).

Cheer up Feel happier Cheer up! You’ll get well soon! (¡Anímate! ¡te

pondrás bien pronto!).

Come across Find (something/

someone) by chance

I came across him at the supermarket and he

pretended not to remember me. (Me lo

encontré en el supermercado y fingió no

recordarme).

Come back Return to the place where

you are now

Helen will come back here in two or three days.

(Helen volverá aquí en dos o tres días).

Come round Visit

Recover consciousness

When will you come round? I’d like to show you

my new furniture. (¿Cuándo vendrás a

visitarme? Me gustaría enseñarte mis mueblesnuevos).

When she came round she didn’t remember

what had happened.

(Cuando recuperó el conocimiento no

recordaba lo que había pasado).

Come up Ascend, rise to the surface

Be mentioned

Arise

Approach

I’ve been waiting years for this issue to comeup. (He estado años esperando que surgiera

este tema)

He came up to me and asked me my name.

(Se acercó a mí y me preguntó mi nombre).

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Come up with Think of

Produce

If you can come up with a better idea don’t

hesitate to tell us. (Si se te ocurre una idea

mejor no dudes en decírnoslo).

Count on Rely on someone You can always count on me to help you.(Siempre puedes contar conmigo para que te

ayude)

Cut down Reduce The level of pollution must be cut down. (El

nivel de contaminación debe reducirse).

Cut off Disconnect

Stop providing something

If you cannot pay they will cut off the electricity

supply. (Si no puedes pagar cortarán el

suministro de electricidad).

Do up Fasten

Make improvements

Refurbish

The little boy can dress up and do up his

shoelaces by himself. (El pequeño sabe

vestirse y atarse los cordones de los zapatos él

solo).

Drop off Take somebody in your car

Decrease

You needn’t take the bus, I’ll drop you off. (No

necesitas coger el autobús, yo te llevaré).

Sales have dropped off this month.

(Las ventas han disminuido este mes).

Fall over Fall to the ground He stepped on something slippery and fell

over. (Pisó algo resbaladizo y se cayó).

Fill in Complete If you haven’t filled in the application form, you

still have time to do it. (Si no has rellenado la

solicitud, todavía tienes tiempo de hacerlo).

Fill up Become full Don’t fill up my glass, I’m not very thirsty (No

llenes mi vaso, no tengo mucha sed).

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Find out Discover He looked amazed when he found out that he

had been chosen for the new quiz. (Pareció

asombrado cuando descubrió que había sido

elegido para el nuevo concurso).

Get in /into Enter ( a place, car, plane) Get into the plane and look for your seat (Sube

al avión y busca tu asiento).

Get in they are waiting for you there! (¡Entra, te

están esperando ahí!).

Get out (of) Leave (a place, car, plane) Get out of here; I don’t want to see you again

(Sal de aquí, no quiero volver a verte).

Get on Have a good relationship

Go aboard a train,

plane…)

Mary and Elisabeth never argue, they get on so

well!! (Mary y Elisabeth nunca discuten, ¡sellevan tan bien!).

Get on or the bus will leave without you!

(¡Súbete o el autobús se irá sin ti!).

Get off Leave a vehicle Get off my car right now!

(¡Sal de mi coche ahora mismo!).

Get over Recover If you take care of her she will soon get over.

(Si la cuidas se recuperará pronto).

Get up Get out of bed What time did you get up?

(¿A qué hora te levantaste?).

Give away Give something for free If you don’t need those clothes, give them

away. (Si no necesitas esa ropa, dala).

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Give in End resistance to

something/someone

Try to convince your friend. Sooner or later he

will give in. (Intenta convencer a tu amigo.

Tarde o temprano, cederá).

Give off Emit (smell, light,radiation…)

These exotic flowers give off a very sweetsmell. (Estas flores exóticas desprenden un

olor muy dulce).

Give out Distribute Tom, will you please help the teacher give out

the notebooks? (Tom, ¿ayudas al profesor a

repartir las libretas?).

Give up Leave a habit

Stop using something

Stop trying to do

something

I’ll try to give up smoking next month. (Intentaré

dejar de fumar el mes que viene).

He finally gave up trying to find a job abroad.

(Al final dejó de intentar encontrar un empleo

en el extranjero).

Go back Return to another place

where you were before

I forgot to take my wallet, I have to go back

home. (Olvidé coger mi cartera, tengo que

volver a casa).

Go off Not being good anymore This milk has gone off, don’t drink it. (Esta

leche se ha estropeado, no te la bebas).

Grow up Develop from child to adult When you grow up you’ll be able to do it.

(Cuando seas mayor, podrás hacerlo).

Hold on Wait I’ll put you through with Mr. Roberts, please

hold on. (Le paso con el sr. Roberts, espere

por favor).

Hold up Delay The release of the much awaited film has been

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held up by the court.

(El estreno de la muy esperada película ha

sido retrasado por los tribunales).

Let down Disappoint He is a good friend who has never let me

down. (Él es un buen amigo que nunca me ha

decepcionado).

Look after Take care of

someone/something

You should tell someone to look after your

belongings. (Deberías decirle a alguien que

cuide tus pertenencias).

Look down on Regard as inferior His older brother always looked down on him

when he gave his opinion about anything. (Su

hermano mayor siempre lo despreciabacuando daba su opinión sobre cualquier cosa).

Look for Search for something/

someone

I will move next month and I have to look for a

flat near the city centre. (Me mudaré el mes

que viene y tengo que buscar un piso cerca del

centro de la ciudad).

Look into Investigate, consider,

study

I’ll look into your proposal as soon as I have

time. (Estudiaré tu propuesta en cuanto tenga

tiempo).

Look up Search for information I have to look a few words up in the dictionary

before doing the exercises. (Tengo que buscar

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en el diccionario unas cuantas palabras antes

de hacer los ejercicios).

Look up to Respect someone James looked up to his father; he always paid

attention to his advice.

(James respetaba a su padre, siempre hacía

caso a sus consejos).

Look

forward to

Be excited about

something that's going to

happen (followed by a

noun or “ing”)

The children are looking forward to the trip.

(Los niños están deseando ir de viaje).

John’s looking forward to meeting my friends.

(John está deseando conocer a mis amigos).

Make up Invent Why did you make up such a bad story? (¿Por

qué te inventaste esa historia tan mala?).

Pick up Lift someone or something

Collect

Win something

You shouldn’t have picked up the phone. (No

deberías haber cogido el teléfono).

Will you pick me up at about 9? (¿Me

recogerás sobre las 9?).

Put down Stop holding Put the phone down and come here to help me!

(¡Cuelga el teléfono y ven aquí a ayudarme!).

Put off Postpone The meeting has been put off until tomorrow

morning. (La reunión se ha pospuesto hasta

mañana por la mañana)

Put on Wear something Why don’t you put on your new dress? It really

suits you. (¿Por qué no te pones tu vestido

nuevo? Te queda muy bien)

Put up with Stand

something/somebody

I’m sorry, I can’t put up with her.

(Lo siento, no puedo soportarla).

Run acrossFind accidentally

Find by chance

Laurie run across Paul near here and asked

him about his new apartment. (Laurie se

encontró a Paul por aquí cerca y le preguntó

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por su nueva casa).

Run down Express a negative

opinion of someone

He loves to run everyone down. (Le encanta

criticar a todo el mundo).

Run intoCrash, collide

The taxi run into another car and three people

were injured. (El taxi chocó con otro coche y

tres personas resultaron heridas).

Run out (of)Finish

Use the last of

I can give you a cup of tea, I run out of coffee.

(Puedo darte una taza de te, se me ha

acabado el café).

Set off. Start on a journey

Leave

Start a chain of events

Start someone doing

something

When will we set off to France? (¿Cuándo

saldremos para Francia?).

Tony is too lazy. Why don’t you set him off to

clean his bedroom? (Tony es demasiado vago.

¿Por qué no lo pones a limpiar su cuarto?).

Set up Place in position

Erect

Establish, open

We have to set up the tents before dusk.

(Tenemos que montar las tiendas antes de queanochezca).

Slow down Reduce speed, go more

slowly

Slow down! You drive very quickly! (¡Ve más

despacio! ¡Conduces muy deprisa!).

Show up Arrive She showed up very late, we were about toleave. (Ella apareció muy tarde, estábamos a

punto de irnos).

Show off Act ostentatiously He loves to show off, but he is not as rich as he

pretends to be. (Le gusta alardear pero no es

tan rico como aparenta).

Sort outOrganize

Michelle is only 4 years old but she loves to

sort out all her picture cards and her dolls.

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Arrange or order by

classes

or categories

Solve a problem

(Michelle tiene solo 4 años pero le encanta

ordenar sus cromos y sus muñecas).

Do you think we could sort out the question

somehow? (¿Crees que podemos resolver la

cuestión de algún modo?).

Speak up Speak loudly, clearly Speak up or no one will be able to understand

you! (¡Habla más alto/claro o nadie podrá

entenderte!).

Take afterResemble an ancestor

Patrick looks after his mother and Sylvia looks

after her father. (Patrick se parece a su padre y

Sylvia se parece a su madre).

Take off Remove

Leave the ground, rise into

the air

You must take your hat off before getting into

the church. (Debes quitarte el sombrero antes

de entrar en la iglesia).

What time will the plane take off?

(¿A qué hora despega el avión?).

Talk into Persuade (followed by

noun or “ing”)

He talked me into this journey. (Me convenció

para hacer este viaje).

Tell off Reprove, scold If you don’t behave, mum will tell you off,

Johnny. (Si no te portas bien, mamá te

regañará, Johnny).

Throw away Get rid of

(someone/something)

Throw away all this rubbish!! (¡Deshazte de

toda esa basura!).

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Turn back Turn in a reverse or

contrary direction

Suddenly, he turned back and approached me.

(De repente se dio la vuelta y se acercó a mí).

Turn down Reduce or make lower by

turning (a switch, a tap)

It’s too hot in here; I’ll turn the heating down.

(Hace demasiado calor aquí dentro, bajaré lacalefacción).

Turn onAllow water, electric

current to flow by using a

switch

Will you please turn on the lights, Paula? (Por

favor, ¿enciendes las luces, Paula?).

Turn offPrevent water, electric

current from flowing byusing a switch

Turn the tap off, you are wasting water. (Cierra

el grifo, estás desperdiciando agua)

Turn over Turn upside down

Move by rotating

Show another side of

something

Turn the omelette over and cook it until light

golden. (Dale la vuelta a la tortilla hasta que se

dore un poco).

Wake up Stop sleeping I woke up because there was a lot of noise inthe street. (Me desperté porque había mucho

ruido en la calle).

Work out Find the solution to a

problem or question

Elaborate something

Before we work it out, we will need your help.

(Antes de que lo solucionemos, necesitaremos

tu ayuda).

Write down Record something bywriting

As he was talking to me, I was writing downeverything he was saying. (Mientras él me

hablaba, yo estaba escribiendo todo lo que

estaba diciendo).

Write up Write fully, copy Rose, write up all the names in the list and add

their e-mail addresses and phone numbers.

(Rose, copia todos los nombres en la lista y

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añade sus direcciones de correo electrónico y

teléfonos.).

Exercise10. Fill in the gaps with a phrasal verb.

Example:

I feel sleepy; I ______up very early today. > I feel sleepy; I got up very early today.

a) Peter, stop__________ the little girl off! She didn’t break anything!

b) The play will start at seven, so I will __________you up at half past six and we will

arrive at the theatre on time.

c) Don’t __________her down, she needs you.

d) Mark got really angry, he __________up and said something terrible to Susan.

e) I don’t know what you __________up to, but please be careful.

f) “Could I speak to Walter, please?” “Sorry, he __________away on a business trip.

He will __________back in three or four days.”

g) I would never live in this area; there are factories with chimneys that __________off

noxious fumes.

h) I think Alice is not reading, she __________over the pages of the magazine too

quickly.

Exercise11. Replace each underlined words with a phrasal verb.

Example:

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She is always criticising me. I don’t like her. = She is always criticising me. I can’t put

up with her.

a) They didn’t answer the phone when you called them.

b) The students are copying the text that their teacher wrote on the blackboard.

c) Frank has to make sure that he will earn enough money if he accepts the new job

they offered him.

d) Harry will soon open his new shop in Australia.

e) We must give each person the materials for the course.

f) Diplomatic relations between the two countries ended due to the conflict.

g) Sarah convinced us to organize the party in her house.

Exercise12. Translate into English:

a) No me gusta Jenny, ella considera inferior a todo el mundo en la oficina.

b) ¡No tires mis libros viejos! Quizá los necesite algún día.

c) Mira a Marianne, está a punto de llorar.

d) Necesito que alguien me anime hoy.

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Exercise:

U!e the )o**ow"% verb! (believe, fill, get, look, put, switch, take, throw, turn, try) a( the

prepo!"t"o! (away, down, for, in, off, on, out) a )orm mea"%)u* !etece!.

1> Qu"ck the bu!. @t! rea(y to *eave.

4> @ (ot kow where my book "!. @ have to "t.

6> @t! (ark "!"(e. a you the *"%ht- p*ea!e?

7> the )orm- p*ea!e.

5> @ ee( !ome ew c*othe!. 'hy (ot you the!e ea!?

8> @t! warm "!"(e. your coat.

> Th"! pec"* "! rea**y o*(. ,ou ca "t .

B> @t! !o *ou( here. a you the ra("o a *"tt*e.

C> The )"reme were ab*e to the )"re " hurch treet.

10> Doe! your *"tt*e brother %ho!t!?

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http://www.e%*"!he+erc"!e!.or%/makea%ame/v"ew%ame.a!p?"(=66C

Watch the video and put the lines in each stanza in the

correct order.

Prevent the dog from barking with a juicy bone,

Bring out the coffin, let the mourners come.

Stop all the clocks, cut off the telephone,

Silence the pianos and with muffled drum

-------------

Let the traffic policemen wear black cotton gloves.

Scribbling on the sky the message He is Dead.

Let aeroplanes circle moaning overhead

Put crepe bows round the white necks of the public doves,

--------------------------------

My noon, my midnight, my talk, my song;

I thought that love would last forever: I was wrong.

He was my North, my South, my East and West,

My working week and my Sunday rest,------------------------

For nothing now can ever come to any good.

Pour away the ocean and sweep up the woods;

Pack up the moon and dismantle the sun,

The stars are not wanted now; put out every one,

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Vocabulary - Phrasal Verbs

Match the columns.

(1) bring out to collect things and put them where you keep them

(2) cut off to remove

(3) pack up to expose; reveal

(4) pour away to remove people from an area

(5) put out to halt the operation of; disconnect

(6) sweep up to (cause to) flow quickly and in large amounts

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COMMON PHRASAL VERBS 3

13 $a% :'a"t a !hort t"me ")orma*>

43 Eeep :ot"ue (o"%

63 Let :A**ow to eter

73 $a% :pe( t"me re*a+"%/w"th )r"e(! ")orma*>

53 Look : @ve!t"%ate

83 $a% :F( a phoe ca**

3 Look : Take care o) !omeoe/!th.

B3 Eeep :ot"ue at the !ame rate.

C3 a!! : D"e

103 Look : $ave a *ot o) re!pect/A(m"re. GLook HHH to !omeoeG

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VOCABULARY - PRESENTATIONS

3. PRESENTATIONS

3.1 OPENINGS

For most of us, giving presentations is important for our professional career. Presentingour products, challenges and solutions – this is the key element of businesscommunication, where money is often made or lost. And, in today’s internationalbusiness environment, we are increasingly required to give presentations in English.

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INTRODUCTION

A. Welcoming the audience

Good morning / afternoon ladies and gentlemen. Hello / Hi everyone.

First of all, let me thank you all for coming here today. It’s a pleasure to welcome you today. I’m happy / delighted that so many of you could make it today. It’s good to see you all here

B. Introducing yourself

Let me introduce myself. I’m Diane Ross from... For those of you who don’t know me, my name is ... Let me just start by introducing myself.

My name is ...

C. Giving your position, function, department, company

As some of you know, I’m the purchasing manager. I’m the key account manager here and am responsible for ... I’m here in my function as the head of ... I’m the project manager in charge of …

D. Introducing your topic

What I’d like to present to you today is...I’m here today to present ...Today’s topic is...The subject / topic of my presentation is ...In my presentation I would like to report on ...In my talk I’ll tell you about ...Today I’m going to talk about ...I’ll be talking about ...

E. Saying why your topic is relevant for your audienceToday’s topic is of particular interest to those of you / us who ...My talk is particularly relevant to those of us who ...

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My topic is / will be very important for you because ...By the end of this talk you will be familiar with ...

F. Stating your purpose The purpose / objective / aim of his presentation is to ... Our goal is to determine how / the best way to ... What I want to show you is ... My objective is to ... Today I’d like to give you an overview of ... Today I’ll be showing you / reporting on ... I’d like to update you on / inform you about ... During the next few hours we’ll be ... Structuring I’ve divided my presentation into three (main) parts. In my presentation I’ll focus on three major issues.

G. Sequencing Point one deals with ... , point two ... , and point three... First, I’ll be looking at... , second... ,and third ... I’ll begin / start off by ... . Then I’ll move on to ... Then / Next / After that ... I’ll end with ...

E. Timing My presentation will take about 30 minutes. It will take about 20 minutes to cover these issues. This won’t take more than...

F. Handouts Does everybody have a handout / brochure / copy of the report? Please take one and pass them on. Don’t worry about taking notes. I’ve put all the important statistics on a handout

for you.

I’ll be handing out copies of the slides at the end of my talk. I can email the PowerPoint presentation to anybody who wants it.

G. Questions There will be time for questions after my presentation. We will have about 10 minutes for questions in the question and answer period. If you have any questions, feel free to interrupt me at any time. Feel free to ask questions at any time during my talk.

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H. Rhetorical questions

Is market research important for brand development? Do we really need quality assurance?

I. Interesting facts According to an article I read recently, ... Did you know that ...? I’d like to share an amazing fact / figure with you.

J. Stories and anecdotes I remember when I attended a meeting in Paris, ...

At a conference in Madrid, I was once asked the following question: ... Let me tell you what happened to me ...

K. Problem to think about Suppose you wanted to ... . How would you go about it? Imagine you had to .... What would be your first step?

3.2 THE MIDDLE / MAIN PART

A. Saying what is coming In this part of my presentation, I’d like to talk about.. So, let me first give you a brief overview.

B. Indicating the end of a section This brings me to the end of my first point. So much for point two. So, that’s the background on ... That’s all I wanted to say about ...C. Summarizing a point Before I move on, I’d like to recap the main points. Let me briefly summarize the main issues. I’d like to summarize what I’ve said so far ...

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D. Moving to the next point This leads directly to my next point. This brings us to the next question. Let’s now move on / turn to ... After examining this point, let’s turn to ... Let’s now take a look at ...

E. Going back

As I said / mentioned earlier, ... Let me come back to what I said before ... Let’s go back to what we were discussing earlier. As I’ve already explained, ... As I pointed out in the first section, ...

F. Referring to other points I have a question in connection with / concerning payment. There are a few problems regarding the quality. With respect / regard to planning, we need more background information. According to the survey, our customer service needs reviewing.

G. Adding ideas In addition to this, I’d like to say that our IT business is going very well. Moreover / Furthermore, there are other interesting facts we should take a look

at. Apart from being too expensive, this model is too big. Talking about (difficult) issues I think we first need to identify the problem. Of course we’ll have to clarify a few points before we start. We will have to deal with the problem of increasing prices. How shall we cope with unfair business practices?

The question is: why don’t we tackle the distribution problems? If we don’t solve this problem now, we’ll get / run into serious trouble soon. We will have to take care of this problem now. We are currently having difficulties with ...

H. Rhetorical questions What conclusion can we draw from this? So, what does this mean? So, just how good are the results? So, how are we going to deal with this increase? So, where do we go from here? Why do I say that?

Because... Do we really want to miss this opportunity to ... ?

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3.3 CONCLUSION

A. Indicating the end of your talk I’m now approaching / nearing the end of my presentation. Well, this brings me to the end of my presentation. That covers just about everything I wanted to say about ... OK, I think that’s everything I wanted to say about ... As a final point, I’d like to ... Finally, I’d like to highlight one key issue.

B. Summarizing points Before I stop, let me go over the key issues again. Just to summarize the main points of my talk ... I’d like to run through my main points again ... To conclude / In conclusion, I’d like to ... To sum up (then), we ...

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3.4 GRAPHS – BRINGING VISUALS TO LIVE

We’ve all taken part in some quite boring presentations. And in those cases, we’ve allseen complex charts and graphs that tell us either way too much or absolutely nothingat all. For the most part, visuals aren’t naturally interesting or informative. It’s what wedo with them that is important.

You can’t just put a graph on a screen and then explain each point on the graph. Andyou can’t put up a table of figures and then read out each column and row.

What you really need to do is tell the story of the data and to bring the visuals to life.What should people focus on? What is the important number on the screen? Whatdoes the graph actually tell us?

Bringing visuals to life is necessary if you want to give effective presentations. We’lllook at how to do this. In this lesson, we’ll cover several important functions, includingusing analogy, defining terms, using rhetorical questions, and highlighting keynumbers.

Charts and graphs are very useful for presenting information, especially numbers. Butyou must learn how to use them properly. If you don’t, your presentation might not havethe expected effect. That might mean it’s seen as dull, but it could also mean that youfail to convince someone of your idea.

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TYPES OF CHARTS:

Pie chart

Bar chart

Line graph

USEFUL VOCABULARY TO DESCRIBE CHARTS:

ADJECTIVE + FALL:

Dramatic fall

Market fall

Gradual fall

Rapid fall

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Moderate fall

Significant fall

Slight fall

Sharp fall

Sudden fall

ADJECTIVE + INCREASE

Gradual increase

Market increase

Rapid increase

Moderate increase

Significant increase

Slight increase

Steady increase

Steep increase

DESCRIBING POSITION

Highest level

Lowest level

Peaked

Reached a peak

Stood at

NOUNS OF MOVEMENT

Decline

Decrease

Drop

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Fall

Fluctuation

Improvement

Increase

Recovery

Reduction

Rise

VERBS OF MOVEMENT

Bottom out

Doubled to

Fluctuate

Level off

Plunge

Soar

Go up`

Rise

Jump

TRENDS

Upward trend

Downward trend

GLOSARY:

Benefit – an advantage or something that brings positive effects

Commute - to travel to and from workConsolidate – to combine many small things into one larger system or unit

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Flow chart – a drawing that shows steps, stages or a process

Focus on – to concentrate on or to pay attention to

Handle – to deal with or manage some activity

Logistics – management of the storage and movement of goods, materials and

information

Make sense – to be reasonable, practical, or easy to understand

Numbers don´t lie - we say ´the numbers don´t lie when we believe that somestatistics or numbers show or highlight an important fact

Plant – a factory or facility that produces or processes something

Point to – to draw attention to, especially by using a finger

Port – a town, city or place where ships load and unload their cargo

Pretty much - mostly

Pull up – to show on a video monitor or computer screen

Reimagine – to imagine or think about something in a new way

Route – a way that someone or a vehicle travels to get somewhere

Shipping line – a business that operates ships either for freight or passengers

Warehouse – a large house where goods are stored

.

3.5 TIPS FOR SUCCESSFUL PRESENTATIONS:

A good presentation is one that connects to your audience with a clear, organized

message that can be easily understood. So, what can we do to make an impact? Howcan we connect our message to the audience? What do we need to think about whenpreparing our presentation? And how do we work to our strengths and minimize thechallenges of presenting in English?

Keep it SHORT, SIMPLE, ENGAGING and REAL

SHORT: Try this: after you prepare your presentation, go through and cut out 30%. You should be able to do that without damaging your central message. What

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remains will have much more impact because it’s not surrounded by fluff. This appliesto PowerPoint slides, charts, and diagrams as well. As a general rule, try to limit

slides to one per minute.

SIMPLE: Simple means organized and clear. Start with the purpose of your

presentation, which you should be able to summarize in one sentence. “Simple” alsoapplies to your language and visuals. Don’t try to impress people with technical

lingo. It won’t work. And keep PowerPoint slides simple. No confusing charts orgraphs. Only the essential information, in simple form. The text on your slidesshould not be too hard to see, no smaller than a 30-point font. This will force you tokeep the text simple. I promise you, people will appreciate that.

ENGAGING: You need to catch and hold people’s attention. You want them to beinterested. And how do we do that? They include repetition, rhetorical questions,

metaphors, and visualizing facts and figures. One thing that is not engaging isinformation overload. Don’t overwhelm your audience. Use pictures and other

visual aids to illustrate your points. If you’re doing a PowerPoint, don’t put two“informational” slides right after each other. Mix it up. Give some information, then usea picture to help people understand what you’re saying, then give more information.Being engaging also means being interactive. Ask questions. Look at people. Ask

for input. Get people to do something besides just listen to you talk.

REAL: Try using an anecdote or story – a story that everyone can connect with,something that everyone experiences. Tell them why your topic matters. Tell them howit affects them, their jobs, and their lives. Connect yourself with the people and

connect the people with the topic. Another part of keeping it real is working withinyour abilities. If you’re not comfortable telling a joke in English, don’t tell a joke. Ifyou have to keep the words simple, keep them simple. Presentations are hard enoughas it is. Don’t try to push yourself too far outside your normal communication

style.

SPEAKING PRACTICE:

1. Do you think PowerPoint is used effectively?2. How long can you keep an audience focused during a presentation?3. Think about the good presentations you’ve seen. What qualities did the

speaker have?4. What is the most difficult part of speaking in front of a group of people?

5. What different types of visual aids are commonly used in presentations?6. When you give a presentation, do you usually stand in one place ormove around?

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VOCABULARY:

Take a look at the words below:

Body language – the ideas or feelings you communicate with your body, gestures,

and facial expressions. NOTE: During a presentation make sure yourbody language shows confidence and interest

Drone on – to talk about something for a long time in a boring way

Dynamic – constantly changing or very active

Engage – to attract or hold someone´s attention

Get on someone´s nerves – to annoy or bother someone

Illustrate a point – to make an idea clear by using examples, pictures or

comparison

Input – information, opinion or viewpoint given to a person or process

Know your stuff – to understand a certain subject very well

Move on – to continue to the next topic

Prop – an object or thing that helps you during a presentation

Scan – to look over quickly

Shoot up – to increase suddenly and a lot

Short attention span – if you have short attention span, you can´t focus on a

topic for a very long time

Sink in – if a message or point ´sinks in´ it means the listener understands it

completely

Tune someone out- to stop listening to someone, especially because you are

bothered or bored.

Universal – true about everyone in all places

Wander – to move around without a clear purpose; if your mind or attention

wanders, it means you stop focusing on one thing.

Work into – to insert or use something within something else

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4.1 DEALING WITH QUESTIONS

Business people often have to answer questions. You may have to respond toquestions during a meeting or negotiation or after you have given a presentation. Thereare several possible responses to such questions. You can:

1. answer directly ("Yes", "No", "I'm..", etc)

2. ask for clarification of the question

3. reassure the questioner

4. give yourself time to think

5. avoid answering

The language you use becomes very important. It can provide you with certain helpful

tactics to use in various situations. Look at these useful phrases:

Reactions to questions

Would you mindrephrasing the

Have I understoodyou correctly?

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question? I didn'tquite understand it.

||

||

SEEKING CLARIFICATION

||

If I understand youyou're asking...

||

When you say...do you mean...?

I'd like to reassureyou about that

||

There is no need forconcern on thatpoint

||

GIVING REASSURANCE

|

|

You need have noworries on that front

|

|

I can understandyour concern but...

GIVING YOURSELF

TIME TO THINK

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||

I'm glad you asked

that question

||

That's a very

interesting question

I'm afraid I can'tgive you an answerto that questionat the moment

||

I'd prefer not tocomment on thatfor the moment

||

AVOIDANCE

|

|

Perhaps I couldanswer thatquestion later

|

|

Well, that woulddepend onvarious factors

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4.2 AGREEING AND DISAGREEING

Many business people have to participate in business meetings conducted in English.There are various aspects of language involved in meetings. These range from theformal language of chairing and controlling official meetings, to the language of opinion

giving, agreeing, disagreeing, persuading, etc. In this lesson, we look at the languageof opinions.

Here are some useful phrases.

1. Asking for opinions

a. What are your feelings on ... ?

b. What do you think of ... ?

c. What's your opinion of ... ?

d. Could we hear your opinion of ... ?

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2. Giving opinions

a. I'm inclined to think ...

b. I think ...

c. My opinion is ...

d. It's my feeling that ...

e. I'm absolutely sure that ...

f. I tend to think ...

3. Agreeing

a. I completely agree with you.

b. I agree.

c. Well, yes.

d. That's right.

e. I couldn't agree more.

f. That seems reasonable.

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4. Disagreeing

a. I agree up to a point, but ...

b. I don't agree at all.

c. I'm afraid I don't entirely agree with you.

d. I totally disagree with you.

e. I disagree.

f. That's completely wrong.

VOCABULARY: (agreement)

Ways to agree:

So do I / I do too = I think so too (strong agreement)

Standard phrases to agree

You are quite right!

I couldn´t agree more!

That´s exactly how I see it / feel about it

Absolutely!

Using synonyms:

´That was just a miserable day!´ Áwful´

By using an example:

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´This food is great´ ´ Especially the chicken´

Using a general comment:

Ćhinese food is delicious.´ Ýes, all Asian food is. ´

PRACTICE – WRITING

You are a boss and one of your employees calls you and asks for the following

things very politely.• An extra day to finish the report

• To go home early because he has a headache

• To go to a conference in the USA

• To leave early in order to pick up his sister at the airport

Decide whether or not to agree with each one!

Documents

B2.2 Unit 1