Babu Ram dawadi

e-Governance: reengineering Perspectivee-Government systeme-Readyness

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Engineering?Engineering is the application of science to

the needs of humanity.

This is accomplished through the application of knowledge, mathematics, and practical experience to the design of useful objects or processes.

Professional practitioners of engineering are

called engineers.

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e-government Vs e-governance?E-governance is a broader topic that deals with the whole

spectrum of the relationship and networks within government regarding the uses of application of ICTs.

E-governance is a wider concept that defines and assesses the impacts technologies are having on the practices and administration of governments and the relationship between public servants and the wider society, such as dealing with elected bodies, or outside groups such as NGOs or private sector organization.

E-government is a narrower discipline dealing with the development of online services to the citizen , more on e on any particular government services – such as e-tax, e-transportation, e- health.

E-government is the use of information and communication technologies ( ICTs ) to improve the activities of public sector organization – brings with it the promise of greater efficiency and effectiveness of public sector operations.

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Forward & Re-Engineering

SystemSpecification

NewSystem

Design &Implementation

Existing System

Re-Engineering

Target System

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Re-Engineering

Re-Engineering

Software Re-Engineering

Business ProcessReengineering

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Re-EngineeringRe-design of the processes and the associated system

and organizational structures to achieve a dramatic improvement in performance.

The outcome of the Re-Engineering is to modify the processes, resulting in fewer steps and limiting the number of people

Phases of re-engineeringTeam formationFeasibility analysisAnalysis and planning ImplementationTesting and Maintenance

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Team FormationThe selection of member in the team is very

challenging. Each should be ready to change them as per the

need. They should be motivated throughout the life

cycle of the system.They should have at least concept of software

development skills, basic knowledge on business process and upcoming technology.

In the e-government project, to get such members is very difficult, especially in the underdeveloped countries like Nepal.

Frequent change of entire team as per the government change is the bad side of any system.

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Feasibility AnalysisThis is the task of team members.They have to understand the objective of the

organization, nature and the strength of the organization before deciding anything.

Existing software has to be analyzed. Expectations from the target system have to be

listed outAnalyze whether it is possible to get the

expectations or not. This is more valid in developed country where most

of the processes are software controlled.In Nepal, where the use of standard software is very

limited, has a big challenge to do the analysis. The team has to think or visualize the system from

scratch to the target.

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Analysis & PlanningThe legacy system has to be analyzed. The key

features of the target system have to be analyzed and properly planned to get these. A quality factor also has to be considered

ImplementationThe reengineered system has to be in operational state

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Testing and MaintenanceAll the listed features of target system are to be

evaluated.

Proper documentation is to be prepared so that if some of the features are not incorporated then other new team members should know it in future.

The cost of maintenance should be emphasized because maintenance cost should not be more than legacy system.

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Why Reengineering in E-Governance System?These are the prime reasons:

To make existing system more effective.To reduce the risk ; in redeveloping software.To reduce the cost. Ulrich ( 1990 ) quotes an

example of a commercial system where the implementation costs were estimated at $50 million. The system was successfully re-engineered for $12 million. It is about four times cheaper to re-engineer than to re-write ; maintenance cost of system.

To increase the reliability of the system.Software Reengineering is the solution for the

system evolution, specially for the e-government system.

To reduce the “time to market”And more…..

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Continue…Reengineering the Human Resources:

We have only emphasized other parts of reengineering.

Have we ever thought of human resource reengineering?

In e-governance, we believe on moving information and responsibilities down to the local level, but the key question is “ How can we be sure that people will behave appropriately”?

e-Government System……

Pillars of e-government system

Electronic GovernmentChallenges

Awareness Hardware Human Resources

Software Communication

Determination

Software Software is one of the pillars in developing e-government

project.

Software is everywhere !!!

A simple cell phone contains 2 million lines of source code; by 2010, it will likely to have 10 times as many.

General Motors Corporation estimates that by 2010, its cars will each have 100 million lines of code.

Likewise, each and every corner of e- project we find the significant role of software

Challenges: Most of the systems depend upon proprietary software till today.

But…The cost of proprietary software is

rising up.

As per the report developed by UNDP-ARDIP and e-ASEAN Task Force, In Europe, local, state, and federal governments spent US$ 7.8 billion in 2000 and Brazilian government spent US$200million for the proprietary software.

Can Nepal spend such amount of money to purchase software?

No ! Not at all!!!

In 2004, many viruses and security holes hacking the proprietary operated computers.

The Blaster. B caused a loss of US $ 1.3 Billion in US alone. Can Nepal sustain when hit by a virus at this large scale? The software in e-project requires frequent updates or changes.

And… Altogether the cost of proprietary software is very high. Because of the software cost the developing countries like Nepal

cannot take action against the software piracy. Solution:

These challenges can be addressed with the use of Open Source Software.

Free/Open Source software is software that is made available along with source code at no cost.

Users can use and distribute the software and if they wish, they can study the source code and modify it as per the need.

The modified version can be redistributed.

Why Open Source Software? Open source software provides many features for e- systems, like

the lower cost of software, software reliability, performance and security, blocking the virus attack alternative to illegal copying, possibility of localization, learning from source code.

The quality of open source software is superior to the proprietary software.

The approach of open source software also solves the problem of software piracy.

Success Story: e-Macao project E- System in Singapore Many Indian e- system Beaumont Hospital in Ireland. The first phase of OSS implementation is estimated to lead to

cost saving of Euro 13 million over five years.

Open Source CampaignSchool of Linux

Awareness and Training to FOSS (free and open source software)

Communication Communication is another pillar of e-government projects Communication should be reliable, cost effective, and easy to

access. Challenges:

Penetration of Internet access services, the Internet subscriber is about 48,000. [ As per eGMP]

The number of Internet user is 240,000.[ As per eGMP] 5.86% telephone penetration rates in 100 populations. [ As per NTA

MIS Report] 1152 VDC’s are without connectivity out of 3914 VDC’s in Nepal [As per

NTA MIS Report]

Solution: All 3914 VDC’s should be well connected. The charge of connectivity should be very nominal to motivate the

people in using the system. Telephone penetration should be higher than present data. The type of connectivity and its impact should be analyzed and based

upon this each and every part of the country should be connected.

Hardware It is very difficult for the citizen of underdeveloped countries

to purchase it. The penetration rate of personal computer (PCs) is 6.2 units

per 1,000 people.

Challenge/s Cost [ Apply all the developing countries : As per the report

produced by UNESCO in 2002 on “ Internet Infrastructure and e-Governance in Pacific Islands Countries, cost has identified as a main barrier in using ICT]

Solution: Good scheme or policy should be made to motivate people to

use PC. Many organizations are removing the old machines and

replacing it with new one. The general public could use the old machines.

Human Resources Human resource is one of the key factors in e-system. Qualified people are the driving force of any system. As per the nature of e-system, qualified people are required right

from the starting of the project till the end.

Solution: Human resource can be classified as per the skills like high skill, semi

skill and low skill. A good survey is to be done to find out the number of different types of

skills and their placement in the organization. As per the demand, university has to provide the high skill and semi

skill manpower to the nation and training center or poly technique should provide low skill manpower.

A salary structure is required to be revised. A strong tie up between university and industry!!!

Awareness A system is developed by the people for the people. There is no point of developing any system if the people

are not aware of it or convinced with it. In the developing countries, people in the rural area as

well as in urban area are not very much convinced with the proposed system.

In Nepal, people do not believe on system, they believe on the significant influences by the reputed figure

Challenges: ICT awareness and motivating local people to use the system

is big challenge. The literacy rate is about 50%. The ICT literacy rate is [4 to 5] percent and the English

language literacy rate is about 10%. Awareness is also requiring for the high-level policy maker.

Determination It is well recognized that the high-level decision

maker should be committed to make the project successful.

Challenges: In the underdeveloped countries like Nepal, policy

maker or the politicians give the less priority to the ICT development and e-government system.

They do not believe that each such task require ICT.

Solution: The people in the policy level should be committed to use

ICT in development The ICT should be under higher priority.

Other Challenges Sustainability

Each system requires some updates and changes as per the changes in technology and demand of user.

E- projects are, more often than not, long-term activities, requiring large capital combination in software, hardware, infrastructure and training and maintenance.

The budget for starting e-commerce system is not only enough; a long term financing option is to be considered for the sustainability of the system.

Roll of academia Doing Research! A good amount of research is required on each

mentioned pillars. Research can be :

Preliminary Research Research in E-government Pillars[ Secondary Research]

e-Readyness for e-Government….Political ReadynessRegulatory ReadynessOrganizational ReadynessHuman & Cultural ReadynessFinantial ReadynessCommunication ReadynessInfrastructure ReadynessData & Information Readyness

Political Readiness

checklist:

awareness of the political value e-commerce

commitment to e-commerce.

leadership skills

national identity and perception of government

citizen and civil society’s participation in government affairs

e-Commerce requires strong commitments from political leaders, private sector and civil society to achieve the necessary transformations

Regulatory Readiness

checklist:

security standards

privacy legislation

degree of liberalization of the telecommunication market

positive fiscal environment for acquiring ICT equipment

1) essential for secure information exchange within government and between government, citizens, and businesses

2) necessary for creating economic conditions for accessible ICT infrastructure, services and equipment

Organizational Readiness

checklist

administrative structures and legacies

public administration reform

civil service reform

central coordination support unit

inter-governmental or business relations

change agent and management

1) e-Commerce requires and causes evolutionary changes of institutional arrangements

2) guiding such transformations requires appropriate management and coordination

Human and Cultural Readiness

checklist:culture, traditions and languageseducational levels ICT literacy and online usersculture of information and knowledge sharingprevailing organizational cultureattitude to changemanagerial skill in the public sectorservice orientation of public administration to citizens

1) positive orientation, knowledge and skills are required within the public sector to initiate, implement and sustain e-commerce.

2) cultural aspects may cause general resistance to change and information sharing

Nepal – Human Readiness

29%

28%

17%

14%

2%

2%

2%

2%

2%

1%

1%

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30%

Operators

ICT Lecturers, Trainers, Instructors

IT Directors, Managers

IT Technicians

Database Administrators

Web Developers

Computer and Electronic Engineers

IT Marketers

Programers

Network Engineers

Developers, System Analysts

[courtesy eGMP proposal]

Financial Readiness

checklist:

resource allocation process

national income structure

access to alternative funding mechanisms

partnership with private sector

access to capital market

mechanism for venture investment

available financial resources

1) initial costs related to e-commerce can be high

2) proper resource planning and access to innovative financing mechanisms is important and critical for e-commerce sustainability

Communication Readiness

checklist:

awareness and understanding of ICT and e-commerce.

communication culture and channels

information and knowledge sharing

1) communication with citizens is an important duty for government or business organization.

2) e-Commerce needs to be accepted and understood by all stakeholders to ensure that its benefits flow to the society as a whole

Infrastructure Readiness

checklist:

telecommunication infrastructure

penetration rates of telecommunication

urban versus rural demographic bias

software and hardware

IT standards

1) lack of technological infrastructure is a major bottleneck for countries aiming to implement and maintain e-commerce.

2) legacy systems present significant challenges

3) demographic and geographic conditions affect distribution of economic activities and strong bias in the provisioning of ICT infrastructure is left to market

Infrastructure..Adaptability to New Technology

Is ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line) a New Technology??

NO!! its new only in Nepal. But old internationally

Data and Information Readiness

checklist:

legacy systems

available and accessible data

data collection procedures and data/information standardization

data and information quality and data security

capacity for data analysis and information utilization

information policy

Information systems, records and work processes must be in place to provide the necessary data to support e-commerce.

VisionAn e-commerce vision is a medium or long term statement concerning broad goals which provides a roadmap and general guidance for institutional change.

1) must be clear

2) can be central or agency specific

3) considers needs and opportunities

4) must be aligned with national development strategy

5) involves consensus building by stakeholders

VisioningTypical steps include:

identifying and inviting stakeholders for the session

obtaining the concerns, issues and problems from stakeholders

allowing stakeholders to present or explain their own vision for e-commerce

identifying common themes in vision

aligning vision with more general national and local development needs and opportunities

Goals

Goals typically include:

social and economic development using ICT

increased satisfaction of stakeholders through increased accountability, higher efficiency, improved effectiveness, increased cost reduction and better policy coordination

effective delivery of quality, accessible and affordable public services

improved capacity of business organization in participatory and consultative decision making processes

Statements that set the direction for e-commerce based on the vision.

Nepal - GoalsCitizens Provide citizen-centered services for improving citizens’

convenience, including:● provision of on-line public service● provision of multi-channel delivery

Businesses Provide transparent services for facilitating business activity, including:● provision of one-stop public service● disclosure of administrative information and processes

Government Provide networked services for efficient administration, including:● computerization and integration● standardization of government administration

[courtesy eGMP proposal]

Regulatory Framework

Legal and regulatory measures typically cover:

data integration and sharing

use of public information by third parties, especially private sector, safeguarding privacy and security

digital exchange and transactions between government agencies, citizens and businesses

recognition of digital exchange of information and digital transactions

reaching citizens affordably and enabling citizens to reach government affordably

New laws and regulations are required for e-commerce adoption.

Nepal - RegulationsThe legal framework for Nepali ICT industry is developed based on the key findings as well as lesson learned from Korean legal framework.

Legal Framework

Law on NationalInformatization Promotion

Law on ICT Industry Promotion

ICT Infrastructure Promotion

● law on informatization promotion

● law on e-Government● law on disclosing

administrative information

● law to promote software industry

● law to promote on-line digital contents industry

● law on e-transaction● law on automation of

trading● law on intellectual

property rights

● law to narrow the information gap

● law on protection of personal information

● law on e-signature● law on protection of

telecommunication secrecy

● law on ICT network usage promotion and information protection

to be model

[courtesy eGMP proposal]

Developing Human Capacity

Skills required by government or business agencies:

IT system development

programme management

change management

ICT procuring and outsourcing management

IT service maintenance and operations

customer relations management

Public administration, Citizens, Businesses and local IT community must be equipped with skills required for e-commerce.

Nepal – Human CapacityStrategy ● Introduce a computer-related curriculum for the

secondary education and above.● Introduce an internationally certified ICT certificate.● Introduce a training program to develop ICT experts.● Expand the provision of e-Learning.● Conduct ICT training on public servants according to

their level and improve computer literacy.● Establish ICT-related departments at universities and

provide supports.● Introduce programs for the elderly, housewives and

handicapped people.● Introduce the Informatization Village and improve

computer literacy.

curriula ● basic IT courses for region residents, students, public staff, etc.

● system administrator courses● multimedia specialist courses● mastery courses● e-Government courses

e-Gov Budget FiguresUnited States ● USD 48.6 billion on ICT, 2002

● 0.5% of GDP

United Kingdom

● GBP 12.4 billion (~USD 22 billion) on ICT, 2003 ● 1% of GDP

EU ● USD 1.3 billion, 2000 est. to rise to USD 4 billion in 2005

Singapore ● SD 1.30 (USD 822, 369 million), 2003● 0.8% GDP

Taiwan ● NTD 36.2 billion (USD 1.04 billion), 2003● 0.4% of GDP

Russia ● Rubbles 1.3 billion (~ USD 531, 353 million), 2003● 0.01% of GDP

Nepal ● 5 Crore, international (Korean) fund …running

[Courtesy Michael G. Mimicopoulos, UNDESA 2004]