Background Guide

California Exit

2Dear Delegates,

It is my honor to welcome you to GatorMUN XV and the California Exit committee (Calexit). Myname is Tana Konda, and I will serve as your Director. I am a fourth year Computer Science major at the University of Florida (UF). My passion for Model United Nations (MUN) was sparked during my freshman year of high school when I attended OakMUN 2011. My interest in international affairs developed in subsequent years through competing in and staffing MUN conferences on the high school circuit in Hyderabad, India and the Florida collegiate circuit. Since joining UF MUN my freshman year, I have staffed five conferences and served as the Director of NATO at GatorMUN XIV.

In the wake of Brexit and the possibility of France leaving the EU, I was inspired to create a unique crisis committee to explore what it would be like if a similar decision was made in the current climate by a state in the U.S., specifically California. Secession has been a part of U.S. politics since the founding of the nation, with the most notable attempt being that of the Confederate forces in 1861. There are several obstacles to secession such as disagreement within the state, legality (Texas v. White) and possible military retaliation from the federal government. Establishing a new country entails difficult tasks such as dealing with international relations, setting up trade agreements, solving currency issues, managing resources, creating immigration policy and compensating for lack of federal aid and federal agencies.

In order for California to secede peacefully and successfully, delegates must implement early planning, consider possible repercussions for their actions and be more proactive than reactive. It will be important to work toward the interests of the people your position represents but to also consider the balance of power that must be maintained in order to have stability. Collaboration will be key to tackling difficult tasks and dealing with the non-local issues.

This committee requires that all delegates submit position papers to info@gatormun.org prior to the conference. Position papers will be used to assess your primary understanding of the issues described in this background guide, your knowledge and ideas regarding your assigned position and the direction of the committee. You may refer to the ‘Questions to Consider’ for guidance. Further instructions for formatting and the Delegate Handbook can be found on the GatorMUN website under Delegate Resources in Conference Information.

I look forward to working with all of you and sincerely hope that everyone comes prepared with anunderstanding of California as well as the responsibilities and policy stances of their respective position, so that we may have a realistic and comprehensive simulation of the secession of California. If you have any questions or concerns, do not hesitate to contact me at info@gatormun.org. Best of luck in your research. See you in January!

Yours truly,Tana KondaCrisis Director

3Rules of ProcedureQuorumA majority of voting members answering to the roll at each session shall constitute a quorum for that session. This means that half plus one of all voting members are physically present. Quorum will be assumed consistent unless questioned through a Point of Order. Delegates may request to be noted as “Present” or “Present and Voting.”

Motion to Set Speaking TimeThis motion must accompany any motion for a Moderated Caucus. In a Motion to Set Speaking Time, a delegate may also specify a number of questions or comments to automatically affix to the Speaking Time. These designated questions or comments may also have Speaking Time or Response Time (in the case of a question) limits, but these are not required. The Director may rule any Motion to Set Speaking Time dilatory. This motion requires a simple majority. Any delegate may make this motion between formal speakers in an effort to change the Speaking Time.

Motion to Suspend the Rules for the Purpose of a Moderated CaucusThis motion must include three specifications

a. Length of the Caucusb. Speaking Time, andc. Reason for the Caucus

During a moderated caucus, delegates will be called on to speak by the Committee Director. Delegates will raise their placards to be recognized. Delegates must maintain the same degree of decorum throughout a Moderated Caucus as in formal debate. This motion requires a simple majority to pass.

Motion to Suspend the Rules for the Purpose of an Unmoderated CaucusThis motion must include the length of the Caucus. During an unmoderated caucus, delegates may get up from their seats and talk amongst themselves. This motion requires a simple majority to pass. The length of an unmoderated caucus in a Crisis committee should not exceed fifteen minutes.

Motion to Suspend the MeetingThis motion is in order if there is a scheduled break in debate to be observed. (ie. Lunch!) This motion requires a simple majority vote. The Committee Director may refuse to entertain this motion at their discre-tion.

Motion to Adjourn the MeetingThis motion is in order at the end of the last committee session. It signifies the closing of the committee until next year’s conference.

Points of OrderPoints of Order will only be recognized for the following items: a) To recognize errors in voting, tabulation, or procedure, b) To question relevance of debate to the current Topic or

4 c) To question a quorum.A Point of Order may interrupt a speaker if necessary and it is to be used sparingly.

Points of InquiryWhen there is no discussion on the floor, a delegate may direct a question to the Committee Director. Any question directed to another delegate may only be asked immediately after the delegate has finished speaking on a substantive matter. A delegate that declines to respond to a question after a formal speech forfeits any further questioning time. The question must conform to the following format: Delegate from Country A raises placard to be recognized by the Committee Director. Committee Director: “To what point do you rise?” Country A: “Point of Inquiry.” Committee Director: “State your Point.” Country A: “Will the delegate from Country B (who must have just concluded a substantive speech) yield to a question?” Committee Director: “Will the Delegate Yield?” Country B: “I will” or “I will not” (if not, return to the next business item) Country A asks their question (it must not be a rhetorical question.) Country B may choose to respond or to decline.If the Delegate from Country B does not yield to or chooses not to answer a question from Country A, then he/she yields all remaining questioning time to the Committee Director.

Points of Personal PrivilegePoints of personal privilege are used to request information or clarification and conduct all other business of the body except Motions or Points specifically mentioned in the Rules of Procedure.

Please note: The Director may refuse to recognize Points of Order, Points of Inquiry or Points of Personal Privilege if the Committee Director believes the decorum and restraint inherent in the exercise has been violated, or if the point is deemed dilatory in nature.

Rights of ReplyAt the Committee Director’s discretion, any member nation or observer may be granted a Right of Reply to answer serious insults directed at the dignity of the delegate present. The Director has the ABSOLUTE AUTHORITY to accept or reject Rights of Reply, and the decision IS NOT SUBJECT TO APPEAL. Delegates who feel they are being treated unfairly may take their complaint to any member of the Secretariat.

DirectivesDirectives act as a replacement for Draft Resolutions when in Crisis committees, and are the actions that the body decides to take as a whole. Directives are not required to contain operative or preambulatory clauses. A directive should contain: a. The name(s) of the author(s), b. A title, and c. A number of signatories/sponsors signatures’ necessary to introduce, determined by the DirectorA simple majority vote is required to introduce a directive, and multiple directives may be introduced at once. Press releases produced on behalf of the body must also be voted on as Directives.

5Friendly AmendmentsFriendly Amendments are any changes to a formally introduced Directive that all Sponsors agree to in writ-ing. The Committee Director must approve the Friendly Amendment and confirm each Sponsor’s agreement both verbally and in writing.

Unfriendly AmendmentsUnfriendly Amendments are any substantive changes to a formally introduced Directive that are not agreed to by all of the Sponsors of the Directive. In order to introduce an Unfriendly Amendment, the Unfriendly Amendment must the number equivalent to 1/3 of Quorum confirmed signatories. The Committee Director has the authority to discern between substantive and nonsubstantive Unfriendly amendment proposals.

PlagiarismGatorMUN maintains a zero-tolerance policy in regards to plagiarism. Delegates found to have used the ideas of others without properly citing those individuals, organizations, or documents will have their creden-tials revoked for the duration of the GatorMUN conference. This is a very serious offense.

Crisis NotesA crisis note is an action taken by an individual in a Crisis committee. Crisis notes do not need to be intro-duced or voted on, and should be given to the Crisis Staff by sending the notes to a designated pickup point in each room. A crisis note should both be addressed to crisis and have the delegate’s position on both the inside and outside of the note.

Motion to Enter Voting ProcedureOnce this motion passes, and the committee enters Voting Procedure, no occupants of the committee room may exit the Committee Room, and no individual may enter the Committee Room from the outside. A member of the Dias will secure all doors.

• No talking, passing notes, or communicating of any kind will be tolerated during voting procedures.• Each Directive will be read to the body and voted upon in the order which they were introduced. Any

Proposed Unfriendly Amendments to each Directive will be read to the body and voted upon before the main body of the Directive as a whole is put to a vote.

• Delegates who requested to be noted as “Present and Voting” are unable to abstain during voting proce-dure. Abstentions will not be counted in the tallying of a majority. For example, 5 yes votes, 4 no votes, and 7 abstentions means that the Directive passes.

• The Committee will adopt Directives and Unfriendly Amendments to Directives if these documents pass with a simple majority. Specialized committees should refer to their background guides or Committee Directors for information concerning specific voting procedures.

Roll Call VotingA counted placard vote will be considered sufficient unless any delegate to the committee motions for a Roll Call Vote. If a Roll Call Vote is requested, the committee must comply. All delegates must vote: “For,” “Against,” “Abstain,” or “Pass.”

During a Roll Call vote, any delegate who answers, “Pass,” reserves his/her vote until the Committee Director has exhausted the Roll. However, once the Committee Director returns to “Passing” Delegates, they must vote: “For” or “Against.”

6Accepting by AcclamationThis motion may be stated when the Committee Director asks for points or motions. If a Roll Call Vote is requested, the motion to Accept by Acclamation is voided. If a delegate believes a Directive will pass without opposition, he or she may move to accept the Directive by acclamation. The motion passes unless a single delegate shows opposition. An abstention is not considered opposition. Should the motion fail, the commit-tee will move directly into a Roll Call Vote.

7History of CaliforniaPrior to European colonization, California had a Native American population of 100,000 to 300,000 which included 70 distinct tribes. Spaniards began to colonize the area in the 17th century and it remained under their control, with some Russian presence, until the 1821 Mexican War of Independence (Starr, Kevin).

As a part of Mexico, the territory of Alta California became home for ranchers producing cattle hides and tallow as well as immigrants from beyond the California Trail (“California”). After Mexico abolished the Spanish policy of no trading with foreigners, a large tariff was charged on import to create revenue. As a result, many ships evaded customs and no property tax was implemented (Dana, Richard H.).

The Mexican War broke out in 1846 as a result of territorial conflicts, including the annexation of Texas. With the exception of the Bear Flag Revolt, most California ports were surrendered without resistance. It is the South that undertook minor armed resistance, but U.S. forces captured these cities as well as Baja California points of interest. The war ended in February of 1848 when the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo yielded Southwest territory that included Alta California to the United States and Baja California was retained by Mexico. The Gold Rush followed soon after and its resulting population increase allowed California to apply for statehood in 1849. California became the 31st state once it was granted entry as a free state by the Compromise of 1850 (California Department of Parks and Recreation).

Californians drew their own state lines to include both sides of the Sierra Nevada range (as gold was abundant here) as well as ensure access to the Colorado river (water planning) (History.com, n.d.). They also chose to adopt a version of the Bear Flag and made Eureka their state motto (in reference to the Gold Rush) (California Department of Parks and Recreation).

Map of the Mexican Cession (Kballen)

8 Relevant MovementsIndependence Movements1st Republic of California: The first revolt against Mexican rule and revolution for independence occurred in 1836 and was led by Juan Bautista Alvarado. He captured the Capitol building of Monterey and deported most of the Mexican officials. On November 7, 1836, California was declared a “free and sovereign state.” However, Mexico offered Alvarado the Governorship and he accepted. This revolt provided the Lone Star Flag (Mexican California: The Heyday Of The Ranchos).

2nd Republic of California: 1846 saw the Bear Flag revolt. In the town of Sonoma on June 14, 30 American settlers seized Colonel Vallejo, commander of Mexican forces in Northern California. They declared the California Republic with William B. Ide as president and raised the Bear Flag. The Republic lasted until July 7th when American ships arrived at Monterey with U.S. Navy Captain Fremont and raised the American Flag (Mexican California: The Heyday Of The Ranchos).

Splitting MovementsThe 1950s saw a number of attempts at splitting the state. In 1855, the State Assembly passed a plan to trisect the state creating the states of Colorado (south), Shasta (north) and retaining (central) California in order to increase representation in congress. It died in the Senate as a low priority issue. In 1859, the legislature and governor approved the Pico Act to split the state in half so the south would become the territory of Colorado. The primary reasoning was the difference in culture and geography. However, the secession overshadowed the matter at the federal level (Guinn, J. M.).

During the Civil War, even though California was a free Union state, it had strong Confederate sympathies, especially in the southern part of the state. The Confederacy considered its addition as it would give them

Juan Alvarado (University of California, Berkeley)

Lone Star Flag (Gene Autry Museum of Western History)

Original Bear Flag (Society of California Pioneers, San Francisco)

9gold and access to ports, increasing its trade and legitimacy (California’s Role In The Civil War).

In 1941, several counties of North California and Oregon came together to form “Jefferson State” as these heavily rural areas felt ignored by their respective state governments, evidenced by crumbling infrastructure. The movement died as World War II got underway with the attack on Pearl Harbor but briefly had a Governor in DA John Childs. Other leaders of the movement included the mayor of Port Orford, Oregon, Gilbert Gable, and California State Senator Randolph Collier (Tickner, Bernita, and Gail Fiorini-Jenner).

What makes this movement unique is that it has been re-visited several times in history. The modern revival began in 2013

with the board of supervisors of several counties voting to leave California and form a proposed Jefferson state (St. John, Paige). Others soon followed with some submitting the question to voters (Goodyear, Sarah). The California Secretary of State has received declarations for independence and a lawsuit claiming lack of representation and dilution of vote (Citizens For Fair Representation V. Secretary Of State Alex Padilla).

Jefferson State was even part of the “Six Californias”, measures launched by Venture Capitalist Tim Draper in December 2013. Although it failed to make the 2016 ballot, the idea behind it was to create more efficient governments. Opponents of the measure felt it was resource consuming, dividing on line of wealth and affected national politics by diminishing “blue state” status (““Six Californias” Initiative (2016)”).

In 1992, there was an advisory vote, proposed by State Assemblyman Stan Statham, for 31 counties that found the counties to be split in favor of leaving (Warren, Jenifer). However, the bill he introduced to allow a referendum vote on creating three new states of North, Central, and South California later died in Senate.

Other proposal have been made in recent years to create 4 new states, a state for Coastal California or a South California state (Allen, Nick).

Partition of IndiaWhen the British Empire was ready to grant self-rule to India, they sent the Cabinet Mission of 1946 led by Lord Mountbatten, who proposed several provinces of a united India in the hopes that the Indian army would remain an Imperial defense force. However, the Indian National Congress (Hindu) and the All-India Muslim League could not accept this arrangement of shared power, leading to the partition of Muslim-majority India into Pakistan. This was hastily done to avoid further communal clashes and border tensions between the two nations remain active until present day (Darwin, Dr. John).

Jefferson State Flag, including seal

State of Jefferson Map

International Historical Precedent

10Name Dispute Between Macedonia and GreeceIn 1991, when Macedonia broke off from Yugoslavia, Greece objected to its name as it implied a claim to Greece’s province of the same name. This forced Greece to join the UN with a prefix of “Former Yugoslavic” and, although many nations recognize it today as the “Republic of Macedonia,” the dispute with Greece is ongoing and is an obstacle to joining NATO (Central Intelligence Agency).

Scotland After BrexitSixty-two percent of Scots voted to remain in the EU and their opposition to Brexit is complicating legal matters as well as political and trade negotiations (Mccafferty, Ross). Some Scottish politicians are seeking a referendum for Scotland to be a part of the EU while others are leveraging the situation to demand more power at the central level in Britain (Johnson, Simon) (Ross, Tim).

A 2017 Reuters survey found that one of every three Californians support succession, a sharp increase from 2014 when only 20% did (Bernstein, Sharon). Following the election of Donald J. Trump as the 45th President of the United States, a group called Yes California has proposed a CalExit Referendum for the 2018 ballot. The text of the referendum can be found in the Appendix of this guide.

Due to one founder having ties with Russia, the group has been relaunched under a new President (Yes California Independence Campaign). The measure has gained support from media coverage and seems to have the signatures needed to make the ballot. Off years tend to have lower turnout but this may work to the referendum’s advantage if the initiative’s campaign is handled the right way and gains powerful backers.

Civil WarIn 1861, the Confederate states seceded from the Union, leading to the American Civil War. Upon their defeat in 1865, the movement became null and void. While many scholars argue that it was illegal regardless, some say that a victory for Confederate forces would have meant successful secession, so the question was not truly resolved until the outcome of the military conflict (Bump, Philip).

SCOTUS VerdictsIn 1869’s Texas v. White, the Supreme Court found that states did not have a Constitutional right to secede from the union. However, it noted that possible exceptions were through revolution or consent of the States (Congress) (Texas V. White).In 1878’s Williams v Bruffy, the Court explained that the Confederate government was neither a de facto nor an independent government, because it failed to establish itself permanently, implying its acts would have been legitimate if it has gained such recognition (Williams V. Bruffy).

CalExit Referendum

Legality of Secession

11Armed conflict usually breaks out over territorial disputes between seceding forces and the nation they are withdrawing from when borders are not agreed upon by both parties in a peaceful secession (Tir, Jaroslav). This land may be of strategic importance or contain valuable resources. Thus, the established country may try to suppress this movement by force or military occupation while it is still a domestic matter (before foreign powers get involved).

If the United States government used military force to retain California, this would weaken its global strength and create fractures on the domestic front. Instead, the US could simply refuse to negotiate an exit deal or acknowledge a declaration of independence from California. Its motivations may range from the economic losses to fear of domino effect. Viable avenues to bring the U.S. to the negotiating table include obtaining Congressional consent, Presidential consent or International support.

Recognition is one of the greatest challenges a new nation could face because lack thereof jeopardizes its legitimacy. It is also creates an obstacle for the rump state to occupy the territory with military forces.

Historically, the international community has recognized countries mainly if it is in their self interest to do so, as it was after the dissolution of the USSR in 1991 and Yugoslavia in 1992. Countries tend to weigh the possible future relations, likelihood of abidance to international agreements and negative reactions of other nations before formally recognizing a new state (Hillgruber, Christian).

In 2008, Kosovo received a mixed response with the US and several European powers recognizing its declaration of independence, Serbia showing strong opposition, some countries refusing based on international law, China warning Taiwan that it may face military action if it does the same and Russia seeking to leverage this for annexing parts of Georgia namely South Ossetia (Kulish, Nicholas, and C.J. Chivers). Despite international condemnation, Russia went on to occupy this region and recognize its independence in the same year as well as annex Crimea from Ukraine in 2014 (Joyce, Stephanie).

Other lesser forms of recognition include ‘belligerent’ status which indicates significant international presence during armed conflict.

Diplomatic relations are essential to setting up embassies and VISA arrangements. They can pave the way for trade partnerships.

Before a new nation can enter the global marketplace, it must establish trade agreements with other countries. Otherwise the transactions may heavily favor the other side. This may in the form of bilateral agreements, gaining membership to an existing trade union or joining a free-trade bloc. Tariffs on imports into California and its exports to other nations would have to be negotiated with the dual goals of making California goods competitive in foreign markets and generate substantial tax revenue for California’s GDP.

Possible Armed Conflict

International Relations

Trade Agreements

12As a large producer of goods and services, California has the potential to be a strong contributor to the international market. On the other hand, delays in gaining market access will hurt industries from farming to manufacturing if products have to be held as this wastes shelf life and creates storage costs. It will also need imports to replace the many resources currently provided via interstate commerce (in the US). It will be a challenge to simultaneously meet time constraints and negotiate favorable deals that will help California prosper.

Import taxes are not enough to support a nation’s government as Mexico learned in the 19th century. California’s existing taxation laws may have to be re-evaluated to support the new infrastructure it will have to set up to replace federal agencies and services. At the same time, corporations will need to be incentivized to not shift offshore.

One big question to consider is the matter of currency. While several countries have switched to the U.S. dollar as their primary currency (known as dollarization), monetary policy is outside of their control as it is determined by the Federal Reserve board. In times of financial crisis, decisions taken for the benefit of the U.S. may negatively impact these countries. Another option is to join a currency union which tend to be grouped by geopolitical regions. Currency unions include the Euro (neighbours of the EU), the East Caribbean dollar (in the Caribbean) and the CFA franc (in Africa). Accepting more than one currency as legal tender is also practiced by several nations (Chibber, Kabir).

In order to start producing its own currency, California would need to establish credibility as a lender of resort. This means building up a large currency reserve (can be comprised of foreign currency) and creating a government organization to administer it. Several Baltic states hold 25% of their GDP while the Hong Kong Monetary Authority holds 120% of its GDP [8]. Lastly, if it chose to pursue its own currency, California would have to decide if it would peg their currency to a larger country’s. This would help create a stable trade environment but exposes California to that country’s financial risks (“How Does A Currency Peg Work?”).

Immigration will affect the economy as it will be required to increase the workforce as labor needs increase as well as cater to the multi faceted tourism industry (natural, historic and entertainment).

A VISA system will need to be established through diplomatic channels and exemptions may be granted to certain countries (their citizens will not need pre-authorization for short stays). Ideally agreements with other countries would established promptly so California citizens may travel to the same foreign countries under similar conditions as U.S. citizens. Some of these countries may seek incentives such as extradition agreements. Customs and security at airports would also need to be addressed.

An even more essential matter to address is how someone becomes a citizen of California. Will all current residents gain citizenship automatically? Do they need to apply for it? Will California follow a system of birthright citizenship (jus soli) as the U.S. does or adopt descendant citizenship (jus sanguinis)? Will dual citizenship with the U.S be an option for Californians?

Economy

Immigration

13Another issue that would need to be planned out is California’s border policy and how it will be secured on land and sea.

California currently imports one third of electricity and some of its water from other states since despite its advanced water delivery systems, it has a great deal of uncertainty regarding its yearly supply. Importing is cheaper than producing its own through existing electric and desalination plants (Clemente, Jude). If access to the Colorado river is lost, this will be devastating to South California and farmers.

California has a high disaster risk ranging from earthquakes that can destroy infrastructure to tsunamis that can take out nuclear energy facilities (California Department of Public Health). What steps can be taken to help it recover from these incidents financially and aid-wise without federal assistance?

It will be essential to plan for compensating for the lack of the U.S. Federal Government for their respective role and in a general sense. There will be many gaps left in the roles carried out by federal agencies, funds provided by the federal budget and legal matters dealt with in federal courts. If left unaddressed, these shortcomings may lead to major issues for the citizens of California.

The Governor of California, Jerry Brown, has asked you all to serve on his advisory committee. The primary goal of this gathering, at a government building in Sacramento, will be to ascertain if the secession of California is both viable and beneficial in the long term for the varied interests of its residents. Based on the committee’s recommendation, the Governor will throw his considerable weight either for or against the referendum.

With the ballot vote fast approaching, running a successful campaign, whether in support or opposition of CalExit, will be a massive undertaking. At the same time, these committee members have their own demanding careers and obligations to carry out. Furthermore, Brown is reaching his term limit and must be replaced as Governor in the upcoming election. While only one member of this committee has announced their candidacy thus far, there is speculation in the media that several others could throw their hat in the race.

Questions to Consider1. What kind of policies has your position publically supported and what areas of expertise can they offer

to the committee?2. What challenges will your industry or department specifically face in the event of secession and how can

Resource Management andEnvironmental Concerns

Lack of Federal Government

CalExit Committee

14these be tackled?

3. After evaluating the pros and cons of CalExit and researching your position, does your position lean towards staying or leaving and why?

Helpful Linkshttp://www.netstate.com/economy/ca_economy.htm http://sk.sagepub.com/reference/download/the-encyclopedia-of-political-science/n1408.pdfhttp://www.npr.org/2017/01/27/512055991/after-trump-inauguration-calexit-ballot-measure-builds-steam

California’s Future: A Path To Independence

The purpose of this measure is to put California on the path towards becoming a fully-functioning sovereign and autonomous nation, whether within continued association with the United States of America, or as an independent country. If passed, Article XXXVI will be added to the California Constitution as follows:

ARTICLE XXXVI AUTONOMY AND INDEPENDENCE

Sec. 1. It is the intent of the People of the State of California that California become a fully-functioning sovereign and autonomous nation, preferably through negotiation with the federal government of the United States.2. The Governor shall lead these negotiations to discuss the terms of a final settlement allowing California to become an independent nation.3. The Governor shall regularly coordinate with California’s Congressional delegation regarding these negotiations.4. Other details of these negotiations may be provided by statute.5. The People of the State of California call upon our state and federal elected officials:(a) to support California in negotiations with the federal government, and tomaximize its leverage in these negotiations.(b) to help foster a sense of common identity and shared interests among allCalifornians that transcends the political divisions of the United States.6. The People of the State of California call upon our state elected officials:(a) to buffer Californians against chaos, dysfunction, and uncertainty at thefederal level.(b) to pursue reforms to California’s system of government which wouldreasonably allow California to operate as an independent country.7. Sections 5 and 6 of this Article are advisory in nature and are meant solely to be enforced by the voters, at their own discretion.

Appendix

15PositionsSenator Dianne FeinsteinShe is a United States Senator with 26 years of experience in the position. She is not only the Sr. Senator from California but the senior-most in the entire Senate. She was also the mayor of San Francisco for 10 years. The Governor has requested the Senator to get a feel for where Congress stands and how they may react to a possible secession. The Senator also serves on the Intelligence, Appropriations and Judiciary Senate committees and addresses the needs of constituents like farmers and immigrants with the help of their staff. Her current term is over in 2018 and she has yet to formally announce her re-election campaign but has hinted at running for a fifth term.

Major General David S. BaldwinMajor General Baldwin is a Two Star General in charge of the California National Guard (CNG) which is comprised of both Army and Air components with a total authorized strength of 23,000 soldiers- the largest in the country. The CNG serves a dual mission, mobilizing on both federal and state command. This means they aid in disaster relief by working alongside the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection. Baldwin is both a popular commander who has served in this capacity for seven years and is very loyal to his commander in chief, the Governor. He must work closely with Brigadier general Frank D. Emanuel who is in charge of the California State Military Reserve and the newly reactivated Naval Militia.

Senator Kevin de LeónLeón is the President pro Tempore of California Senate. He also serves as the Chair of the Rule Committee and the leader of the majority party. The Senate, along with the House, can raise taxes, place measures on the statewide ballot, enact laws immediately with an “urgency” clause and override a Governor’s veto. León coordinates with Speaker of the House and can strongly influence which bills become law. He has stated that he will not stand in the way of pro-secession bills.

Attorney General Xavier BecerraThe Attorney General of California runs the state’s Justice Department which consists of 1,110 attorneys and 3,700 other employees. He oversees law enforcement agencies and acts as the primary legal advisor for the Governor. Becerra must also budget the funding given to Justice. While he must act as a neutral authority in matters of law, he has been vocal in his passion for the rights and freedom of citizens.

Treasurer John ChiangCalifornia’s Treasurer is responsible for managing the State’s finances and is crucial to creating a Budget. Chiang’s Council of Economic Advisors have a sharp focus on finding emerging strengths and vulnerabilities in California’s economy. Chiang is also running in the Gubernatorial race and will have to balance his campaign with his duties as Treasurer. His vision for California is financial stability, investing in its future and treating its citizens and environment fairly. If CalExit passes, his biggest challenge will be figuring out how to make the best use of limited government revenues and resources

Secretary Alex PadillaThe Secretary of State is the California’s Chief Elections Officer, overseeing all federal and state elections in the state and maintaining a database of registered voters. He is also responsible for disclosure of campaign and lobbyist financial information, under the California Political Reform Act of 1974. Their office also maintains records related to business entities conducting business in California, various registries and safeguards the California State Archives. Padilla has received multiple communications from North California counties regarding their dissatisfaction with their representation.

16Secretary Diana DooleyDooley is the head of the California Health and Human Services Agency which is tasked with administration and oversight of “state and federal programs for health care, social services, public assistance and rehabilitation”. It has several departments underneath its umbrella and operate on an annual budget of $88.2 billion.

Secretary Karen Ross She is the Secretary of Agriculture and in charge of the California Department of Food and Agriculture (CDFA). The CDFA works with private industry, academia and public sector agencies to promote agriculture and ensure food safety and security. Ross must interact with farmers associations like the California Farm Bureau Federation who will play a key role in making the state self sufficient if need be. Agriculture is not only a major source of revenue, it is also highly variable based on factors such as weather, market conditions, transport costs, etc. Ross is apprehensive of how these factors would fare in the event of CalExit.

Mr. Mike HondaThe IT industry in California employs 3% of the total private workforce and generates 8% of gross state product. These companies also create demand for electronics manufacturing and this sub industry has a growth rate of 7.3%. In anticipation of increasing globalization and automation, the Governor has created a special committee that is meant to use the domain expertise of technology companies to foster the growth and expansion of the industry. Members of the Technology Committee include Apple, Hewlett-Packard, Intel, Google, Facebook, several smaller companies and some venture capital firms. The Governor has appointed Mike Honda to serve as his liaison with this committee.

Chairman Robert B. WeisenmillerHe is Chairman of the California Energy Commission- the state’s primary energy policy and planning agency. It’s goal is to reduce energy costs and environmental impacts of energy use while ensuring a safe, resilient, and reliable supply of energy. It also annually revises the Energy Code, which details the standards of energy efficiency for buildings, which helps California meet its energy needs in a cost effective and environmentally sound manner. The state currently imports one third of its electricity from neighbouring states. CalExit would thus create an immediate energy deficit would be created which must be addressed with short and long term planning. He can coordinate with utility companies and power supply plants on the state’s behalf. California only receives 12% of its energy funding from the federal level. As a leader in environmental conservation efforts, it disagrees with the present U.S. Administration regarding climate change.

Superintendent Tom TorlaksonHe is the Superintendent of Public Instruction in California and serves as the state’s chief spokesperson for public schools, and provides education policy and direction to local school districts. He also serves as an ex officio member of governing boards of the state’s higher education system. Torlakson is discussing finances with his office and gathering input from State Universities and School Commissioners regarding the substantial impact that CalExit would have on students and faculty across the State.

12. Mr. Wayne SausedaSauseda is the Deputy Regional Administrator of the US Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) based in San Francisco. There are HUD offices in Los Angeles and Santa Ana as well. HUD currently plays a huge role in getting housing funds for those who need assistance in California which is in Region IX (out of ten). They also help with disaster assistance. Sauseda is a member of a federal agency but he has been asked by the Governor to help shift these responsibilities to a state agency (like the California Department of Housing and Community Development) and setup a regulatory body to handle housing.

17Mr. Chris DoddIn the Western markets there are six diversified media conglomerates whose various film production and distribution subsidiaries collectively command approximately 80 to 85 percent of U.S. and Canadian box office revenue. The “Big Six” consist of Walt Disney Studios, Warner Bros., Fox, Universal, Sony and Paramount. They are represented by the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA)- a trade association formed to advance their business interests. It is well known for its film rating system and advocating against piracy. Dodd is the Chairman and CEO of the MPAA. He is tasked with representing the film giants interests in the state of California as the future of Hollywood itself is shaken by CalExit.

Director Lisa MangatShe is the head of the Department of Parks and Recreation. She works in coordination with the wildlife and park rangers associations to manage the natural preserves of California and the budget for these operations. It is her job to oversee the conservation of California – ensuring a balance between protection and over-regulation. The fate of the National parks in California is a key issue for her regarding Calexit.

Mayor Ed LeeLee is the Mayor of the city of San Francisco, the centerpiece of the Bay Area and the only consolidated city-county of California. Despite being in the North, it is a beacon of liberal activism. It is also home to many big web based companies and banking institutions. A large amount of its revenue stems from tourism and its port is mainly used for cruise ships. San Francisco challenged the federal govt in court with regard to their attempt to strongarm sanctuary cities.

Mayor Eric GarcettiGarcetti is the Mayor of the city of Los Angeles. LA is the 2nd most populous city in America and the most populous city and county in California with large city departments. Its metropolitan area ranks 3rd after New York and Tokyo. This is partly due to the wealth generated as the capital of the Entertainment and Fashion worlds. However, it is starkly contrasted by staggering crime and poverty statistics in the city. Furthermore LA’s smog (and lack of rain to clear it) and huge oil fields raise health and environmental concerns.

Commissioner Joseph FarrowFarrow runs the California Highway Patrol (CHP). It is the largest state police agency in the United States, with more than 10,500 employees, 7,200 of whom are sworn officers. In addition to its highway patrol duties, the CHP protects state facilities, bodyguards state officials and works with local police departments. Farrow hopes to continue maintaining the peace with minimal casualties and continue to advocate for his officers.

Mr. Lucian GriangeHe is the CEO of the Universal Music Group (UMG) since January 2011 and also serves as its Chairman of Management Board. As a result of more than 25 years of experience in the music and entertainment businesses, Sir Grainge has extensive knowledge of and invaluable influence in the entertainment industry. UMG is one of the “big three” record labels alongside Sony Music and Warner Music Group. The music industry employs a significant slice of the workforce in the state as a long list of people must be involved to produce commercial music or give stage performances. It is a highly lucrative industry grossing $16 Billion in sales in 2016 with a rapid growth through streaming services like Spotify. Furthermore, performing arts are vital to creating a holistic and cultured atmosphere.

18Mayor Darrell SteinbergDarrell is the Mayor of California’s capital Sacramento, a city of rapid growth and diversity. Its largest employers are state agencies and federal agency offices there. Although it is dependant on this revenue, Sacramento was once the crown jewel of California during the gold rush and may seek to become the true seat of power again. These proud historical aspects of the city are restored and maintained by the Department of Parks & Recreation. Sacramento remains fairly dry for the summer which is not conducive for agriculture.

Chairman Robert A. LovingoodChairman of the Board of Supervisors for San Bernardino County. San Bernardino is not only the most populous County in America, it received the National spotlight after the devastating terror attack of Dec 2015 on its county seat. The Board of Supervisors would like to ensure San Bernardino maintains a safe state and good public relations.

Brigadier General Frank D. EmanuelIn April 2016, Emanuel took charge of the California State Military Reserve (CSMR). The CSMR acts as a voluntary trained force under the exclusive control of the Governor who can activate the reserves to handle State emergency responsibilities instead of or alongside the CNG. Thus the Brigadier General coordinates with Major General Baldwin on these matters. Emanuel has had three decades of operational and command experience including assignments as Director of Facilities and Infrastructure as well as Army Operations in California. As an experienced leader with strong ethics, he is well respected. Additionally, he was recently appointed to acting Admiral of the newly reactivated Naval Militia.

Senator Kamala HarrisShe is currently serving her first term as the Jr. US Senator from California after defeating Loretta Sanchez to replace outgoing senator Barbara Boxer. Harris served as the District Attorney of San Francisco for eight years and two terms as California’s Attorney General. As a senator, she has gained a reputation as a ‘tough fighter’ opposing President Trump’s policies and there is media speculation for her potential presidential candidacy in 2020. However, she is still just beginning to establish herself in Washington circles and is still considered untested by many. Harris is on the Homeland Security, Environment and Public Works, and Budget Senate committees. She is passionate about issues of injustice and fights for the rights of her constituents.

Pastor Rick WarrenHe is the Head Pastor and Founder of Saddleback Church, an evangelical megachurch in Lake Forest, California and the eighth largest in the US. His style is charismatic, comedic and friendly. Nearly half of California’s population is religious with a supermajority of Christians and Pastor Warren is very influential among the many denominations, including Christian Celebrities. His sermons are available through social media platforms and radio. He has written a best selling book titled ‘The Purpose Driven Life’ and gained national exposure during the 2008 Presidential race when he hosted a Civil Forum for the main candidates. While Pastor Warren has been loosely linked to several scandals like suspected Scientology ties to the Boston Globe expose, he has denied these claims and has never been charged in any investigation. He maintains good relations with the religious community and has international influence due to the wide reach of his sermons.

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