Baclayon Sustainable Devevelopment GB_Handbook_04Sep09

Philippine Copyright 2009

Manila Observatory

Ateneo de Manila University Campus Loyola Heights, Katipunan Rd. 1101 Quezon City, MM

Philippines

Ayala Foundation Inc. 10th Floor, Ayala Wing BPI Building

6768 Ayala Ave. cor. Paseo de Roxas Makati City, MM

Philippines

This publication was made possible through funding support provided by the Ayala Foundation, Inc. (AFI). The opinions expressed herein do not necessarily reflect views of the AFI nor the Municipality of Baclayon,

Bohol.

ISBN:

“Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the

ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” - Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change (IPCC)

3

Sustainable Development Handbook for Baclayon, Bohol

Foreword

This handheld tool represents a disaster risk and vulnerability decision-support system for Baclayon Municipality in the island of Bohol. It is a result of local stakeholders seeking alternative futures for their historic community. In

response to their appreciation of the vulnerability of their municipality to physical and socio-economic pressures, Baclayon’s Local Government Unit began to weigh its development options and found a staunch partner in the Ayala Foundation Inc., who sought to assist in conserving built heritage, preserving rich marine ecosystems and

diversifying livelihoods. The Ayala Foundation, under the leadership Ms. Bea Zobel de Ayala, Mr. Joel Uichico, and their network of community and civil society partners have remained a significant driving force towards the

sustainable development of Baclayon. In mid 2008 Ayala Foundation partnered with the Manila Observatory to produce the Sustainable Development Guidebook for Baclayon, Bohol to complement the efforts of the local government unit towards adequate environmental governance.

This Handbook provides a qualitative rating system which considers present and probable future conditions surrounding Baclayon’s development. This system consists of four categories of interrelated factors, namely: Climate, Land, Marine and Socio-Economic, when considered together can approximate risk. It aids its users in

evaluating development plans to optimize gains and ensure sustainability, but does not prescribe development

options or offer solutions.

4


When evaluating the sustainability of a development option, an integrated assessment is an essential

part of the decision-making process. The sections in this Handbook represent categories fundamental

to sustainable development.

How to use this Handbook:

Step 1. Read through sections in their order of appearance.

The categories are as follows: Climate, Land, Marine, and Socio-Economic.

Step 2. Review each category to become familiar with their descriptions.

Step 3. Assign +1 (yes) or -1 (no) to each question under the corresponding categories and mark them

on the overlaid transparencies. If the question is not applicable, mark both columns with an N/A.

Step 4. Use the Tally section of the Handbook to sum up scores by category.

Step 5. A higher positive (+) score affirms that more factors have been considered for the feasibility of an environment-friendly and risk sensitive project; a negative (-) score reflects the presence of

gaps that need to be addressed.

5


CLIMATE

5

Climate


1. Temperature (Historical/ Projected)

The degree of hotness or coldness of the environment. (Source: http://

www.answers.com/topic/temperature - 244k - Cached)

Warmer months are from April to October with temperature from 27C

or higher. November temperature starts to go down with February

coolest. Temperature ranges from 25.5 C (February) to 28 C in May.

Projections indicate a progressive rise in temperature in the next 50

years.

Some impacts of increased temperature are:

•  Greater demand for water

•  More algal blooms

•  Increased exposure to mosquito and water-borne

illnesses

Factors

Has possible temperature change been considered?

Have the impacts of potential increasing temperatures been

considered?

Would project activities/ plans withstand increasing

temperatures?

+ -

7

Climate


Factors + - 2. Rainfall (Historical/ Projected)

The amount of water falling as rain within a given time and area.

(Source: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Rainfall)

Based on data from 1961-1990, rainfall is more pronounced from

October to December with highest monthly average of 193 mm

occuring in November. Recorded rainfall from February to May is

relatively low at 72 mm. Annual average rainfall is 1,229 mm.

Rainfall projections show a progressive decrease in precipitation in

the next 50 years.

Some impacts of decreased average rainfall are:

•  Reduced water supply for domestic use.

•  Low crop yields due to reduced water supply for agricultural use.

•  Possible power disruptions due to less water for hydropower

generation.

•  More diseases and health problems due to the deterioration of water

quality (especially well water), and an increase in air pollutants.

Have possible changes in rainfall been considered?

Will development plans be resilient to potential increasing

temperatures?

Have the potential impacts of less rainfall been considered?

8

Dry Land Inquirer News Service, Philippine Daily

Inquirer, 2003 (Edwin Bacasmas)

Climate


Factors + -

3. Extreme Events

•  Drought

A period of dry weather, esp. a long one that is injurious to crops.

(Source: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Drought)

Some impacts of decreased rainfall are:

•  Damage to crops and livestock

•  Stressed water supply

•  Increased risk of food and water shortage

•  Increased risk of food and water-borne diseases

•  Energy disruptions - due to weakened water supply needed for

power generation ….

Has the possibility of drought been considered?

Have the potential impacts of drought been considered?

Would project plans/ activities withstand the impacts of

drought?

9

Drought Inquirer News Service, Philippine Daily

Inquirer, 1997

Climate


Factors + -

•  Typhoon

A cyclone that originates over a tropical ocean area and can develop into

the destructive storm known in the … western Pacific region as a typhoon.

(Source: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Tropical%20Cyclone)

On the average, the whole province experiences an average of 1 to

2 tropical cyclones annually.

A study by Dr. Emman Anglo in 2005 reveals a downward shift in

the path of typhoons crossing the Philippines, which may imply that

more typhoons will pass through the Visayas Region where Bohol

is situated.

Has the possibility of increased typhoon frequency and

strength been considered?

Have potential impacts due to high winds been considered?

Have potential impacts due to more associated rainfall been

considered?

Have ways to address impacts been considered?

Will plans/ activities withstand frequent typhoons?

10

Climate


Factors + - •  El Niño/ La Niña

El Niño

A warm ocean current of variable intensity that develops after late December

along the coast of Ecuador and Peru and sometimes causes catastrophic

weather conditions. (Source: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/El%20Ni%C3%B1o)

La Niña

A cooling of the ocean surface off the western coast of South America,

occurring periodically every 4 to 12 years and affecting Pacific and other

weather patterns.

(Source: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/La%20Ni%C3%B1a)

Historically, Bohol is at high risk to El Niño. In particular, rice is highly

vulnerable while corn is moderately vulnerable. Typically, an El Niño

period in Bohol is marked by drought while a La Niña period is marked

by heavy rains and flooding.

Has the possibility of El Niño/ La Niña been considered?

Have impacts due to El Niño/ La Niña been considered ?

Have ways to address impacts of El Niño/ La Niña been

considered?

Will plans/ activities withstand the effects of El Niño/ La Niña?

11

Fig.7

Climate


Factors

Has the possibility of flooding been considered?

Have the potential impacts of flooding been considered?

Have solutions been sought to address potential impacts?

Will plans/ activities withstand the effects of flooding?

+ -

•  Flooding

A great flowing or overflowing of water, esp. over land not usually

submerged.

(Source: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Flooding)

Flooding causes damage to crops, properties and

infrastructure.

12

Flooding in Iloilo during Typhoon Frank Christian Aid UK, 2008

Lake Lu-yola, Baclayon 1 MO Project Team (Joan M. Reotita), 2009

Climate


Factors + -

•  Storm Surge

Rise in water level due to the passage of a typhoon.

Gently sloping coastal areas are most prone to storm surge

Have the potential impacts of storm surge been considered?

Have solutions been sought to address potential impacts?

Will plans/ activities withstand the impacts of storm surge?

13

Exposed Talisay Roots in Pamilacan Island MO Project Team (Emmi B. Capili), 2009

Storm Surge Model NOAA Comet Program

Climate


Factors + - •  Sea Level Rise (Projected)

An increase in sea level due to expansion of water due to warming and local

factors such as sinking land.

A 1-m SLR will enhance erosion potential, inundate low-lying areas along the shore and may completely inundate Pamilacan. According to IPCC

findings, SLR will gradually increase from .3 to .65m between now and

2100.

Other impacts of future SLR are as follows:

•  Salinization of fresh and salt water for agriculture and human use

•  Migration

•  Damage to infrastructure

•  Coastal erosion (tens to hundreds of times the rate of sea-level rise)

•  Increasing sea levels + potential increases in the number of intense

tropical cyclones = increase risk of major flooding events and loss of life

in the future

Has the possibility of future Sea Level Rise been considered?

Have potential impacts of SLR been considered?

Have solutions been sought to address potential impacts of SLR ?

Will plans/ activities withstand the effects of future SLR?

14


LAND

15


Factors + - Land

1. Geology

Geology

The science that deals with the dynamics and physical history of the

earth, the rocks of which it is composed, and the physical, chemical, and

biological changes that the earth has undergone or is undergoing. (Source: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Geology)

Baclayon is underlain by young coralline limestone and has many

fractures and caves, making it highly porous and permeable. Its

coastal plain is underlain by coralline sand and gravel. (Source: 2002-2011 CLUP)

Pamilacan island does not efficiently retain water being a small

island and being underlain by permeable rocks.

Has geology been considered?

Has the project adequately considered the geomorphology of

the site (e.g. Faults, seismicity, geohazards, soil type and

composition?

16

Tidal Notch in Pamilacan Island MO Project Team (Fernando P. Siringan), 2009

Structure on top of Fracture MO Project Team (Fernando P. Siringan), 2009


Factors + - Land

2. Elevation/ Slope

Elevation

The altitude of a place above sea level or ground level. (Source: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Elevation)

Slope

Ground that has a natural incline, as the side of a hill.

Inclination or slant, esp. Downward or upward.

(Source : http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Slope)

Baclayon is an undulating to moderately steep terrain. The

eastern portion is undulating to moderately steep. The central

portion is gently sloping. The coastal area is flat to nearly level

terrain with ground elevation ranging from 50 to 30 meters average

mean sea level. (Source: 2002-2011 CLUP)

Pamilacan is an uplifted coral reef. Its sandy shores stand about

2 meters above sea level. Over the recent years, there have been

simultaneous occurrence of erosion (northern shore) and accretion

(all over the island).

Have topography, elevation and slope been taken into

consideration?

Have ways to prevent erosion and landslides been

considered?

17

Baclayon Mainland Coast MO Project Team (Joan M. Reotita), 2009

Marine Sanctuary, Pamilacan Island MO Project Team (Fernando P. Siringan), 2009


Factors + - Land

3. Soil Chemistry

Soil

A particular kind of earth. (Source: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Soil) Chemistry

The science that deals with the composition and properties of

substances and various elementary forms of matter. (Source : http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Chemistry)

Baclayon is predominantly of clay soil type, making it susceptible

to soil logging or holding water and expanding. This condition

together with faults render the upper slopes prone to landslides. (Source: 2002-2011 CLUP)

The slopes of Pamilacan are rocky while the lower coastal plain

is sandy with a lot of coral sediments, so the island not very

suitable for extensive agriculture.

Have soil type and chemistry been considered?

Have wastewater and sewage treatment systems been

designed appropriately?

18

Substrate in Pamilacan Island MO Project Team (Fernando P. Siringan), 2009

Chocolate Hills, Bohol MO Project Team (Joan M. Reotita), 2009


Factors + - Land

4. Hydrology/ Drainage

Drainage

The act or process of draining.

A system of drains, artificial or natural. (Source: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Drainage)

Hydrology

The science dealing with the occurrence, circulation, distribution, and

properties of the waters of the earth and its atmosphere.

(Source: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Hydrology)

Baclayon is located within 2 river basins. Well developed river

systems running around it provide its aquifers with an ample

supply of water. (Source: 2002-2011 CLUP). In the year 2000,

former rice paddy fields were turned into lakes after an

earthquake. These are now known as Lake Tiray and Luyola.

Scientists suppose that outlets of small rivers (surface and sub-

surface) may have been plugged by debris mobilized by the

earthquake.

Pamilacan has very limited natural water source because of the

size of the island and permeable substrate of young coralline

limestone and sand.

Has a hydro-geological study of the site been reviewed or

undertaken?

19

Lake Lu-yola, Baclayon 2 MO Project Team (Joan M. Reotita), 2009

Near the Marine Sanctuary, Pamilacan Island MO Project Team (Fernando P. Siringan), 2009


Factors + - Land

4. Hydrology/ Drainage Cont’d

Have site drainage and hydrology been considered?

Will plans/ activities impact drainage and hydrology

positively?

Have alternatives been considered to improve water supply,

such as rainwater harvesting and reforestation?

Have projections on water demand been studied and

applied?

Have alternative ways to collect water been considered?

Have projections on wastewater generation been studied

and applied?

Have different ways to treat sewage/ wastewater been

considered?

Have steps been taken for the proper treatment and/ or

discharge of effluents?

20

Lake Tiray, Baclayon MO Project Team (Joan M. Reotita), 2009

Lake Lu-yola, Baclayon 3 MO Project Team (Fernando P. Siringan), 2009

Lake Lu-yola, Baclayon and Tarsier MO Project Team (Joan M. Reotita), 2009


Factors + - Land

5. Biodiversity

Biodiversity

Diversity among and within plant and animal species in an environment. (Source: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Biodiversity)

Baclayon and Pamilacan have rich flora and fauna in terms of

terrestrial resources.

Efforts have been made to preserve existing mangrove stands in

Poblacion, San Roque, Montana, Taguihon and Laya, as it serves

as breeding ground for marine species. (Source: 2002-2011 CLUP)

Will biodiversity withstand adverse changes in climate/

weather?

Will resources that support biodiveristy withstand the

impacts of climate change?

Will biodiversity withstand growing tourism?

Have ways to protect and enhance biodiversity been studied?

21


MARINE

22


Factors + - Marine

1. Marine Geology/ Bathymetry

Marine Geology

The branch of geology dealing with the rocks, sediments, and processes

of the floors and margins of the oceans. (Source: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Marine%20Geology)

Bathymetry

The measurement of the depths of oceans, seas, or other large bodies

of water.

The data derived from such measurement, esp. as compiled in a

topographic map. (Source : http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Bathymetry)

Bathymetric surveys of Pamilacan shows steep sea floor

gradients around the island, which are probably fault-controlled. (Source: 2002-2011 CLUP)

Has the stability of the shoreline been considered?

Has the possible penetration of large waves – attributed to

storm surge and tsunami - been considered?

Has the possibility of strong ground shaking been

considered?

23

Underwater Slope in Pamilacan Island MO Project Team (Riovie D. Ramos), 2009


Factors + - Marine

3. Spatial Distribution

It is important to note the spatial distribution of marine resources to

ensure that these are not compromised by development and that

interventions are consistent with resource conservation and

management.

Will marine ecosystems and/ or marine protected areas be protected from the impacts of human encroachment?

Have measures to protect and conserve marine resources and

habitats been explored?

24

Mangrove Areas in Mainland Baclayon MO Project Team (Joan M. Reotita), 2009

Seagrass Beds in Pamilacan Island MO Project Team (Joan M. Reotita), 2009


Factors + - Marine

4. Biodiversity

Biodiversity

Diversity among and within plant and animal species in an environment. (Source: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Biodiversity)

Baclayon features mangroves, coral reef flats, seagrass beds, beaches,

estuaries and marine protected areas.

Pamilacan is one of the country’s richest scuba diving sites, noted for

its huge whales and manta rays…Beautiful colored fishes and shells

abound…It has coral reef flats, seagrass beds, beaches and 2 marine

protected areas. The harvesting of mollusks, the degradation of

seagrass beds and coral reefs contributed to coastal erosion…human

activities along the shoreline and on the beaches removed the features

that promoted the deposition of sand and made the coast more prone to

erosion. (Source: 2002-2011 CLUP)

Coral reefs…enhance fisheries, provide sediments and serve to buffer

wave action, thus promoting ecotourism. (Source: 2002-2011 CLUP)

Will activities interact positively with marine resources?

Have measures to protect and preserve existing marine

biodiversity been included?

25

Marine Diversity in Pamilacan Island MO Project Team (Riovie D. Ramos), 2009

Starfish in Pamilacan Island MO Project Team (Riovie D. Ramos), 2009


Factors + - Marine

5. Water Chemistry

The science that deals with the composition and properties of substances

and various elementary forms of matter [in water]. (Source : http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Chemistry)

•  Wastewater Discharge and Pollution

Wastewater

Water that has been used in washing, flushing, manufacturing, etc. (e.g.

sewage), [which has been released]. (Source : http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Waste%20Water)

Pollution

The introduction of harmful substances or products into the environment. (Source: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Pollution)

Will activities preserve the quality of water resources?

Has the preservation of water quality been considered?

Have steps to prevent water contamination/ pollution been

considered?

Have solid and/ or wastewater management systems been

considered?

26

Pamilacan Island M O Project Team (Emmi B. Capili), 2009

Waste Materials along the coast of Pamilacan Island MO Project Team (Emmi B. Capili), 2009

Shellfish

Eatingasia.typepad.com/…/2007/02/index.html


Factors + - Marine

•  Red Tide

Occurs when algae, simple plants that live in the sea,

produce toxic or harmful effects on people, fish, shellfish,

marine mammals, and birds. (Source: NOAA)

Has possible red tide been considered?

Will project activities withstand possible red tide?

Have solutions been included to address the

possibility of red tide?

27

Beach Area in Pamilacan Island MO Project Team (Emmi B. Capili), 2009


Factors + - Marine

28

•  Ocean Acidification

Takes place when carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere is absorbed by

oceans resulting in more acidic waters. The corrosive nature of acidic ocean

waters decreases the ability of many marine organisms to build their shells

and skeletal structure. More CO2 in warming oceans may also slowdown the

overall growth of marine organisms, slowdown reproduction and thus reduce

abundance. It can also suppress reef formation and production.

Field studies suggest that impacts of acidification on some major marine

resources may already be detectable, and naturally high-CO2 marine

environments exhibit major shifts in marine ecosystems following trends

expected from laboratory experiments. (Source: UNESCO Symposium 2004 “The Ocean in a High CO2 World” )

Fishing is one of the major livelihood activities in Baclayon and the

source of significant revenue for its residents (see Livelihood Section).

As fishing is carried out by fishermen vs. commercial fishers, the

impact of reduced marine food supply and livelihood that ocean

acidification can create brings with it profound socio-economic

implications for Baclayon.

Will activities interact harmoniously with the marine ecosystem?

If so, can they withstand changes brought on by possible ocean

acidification?

Have ways to adapt to changes in marine ecosystems been

considered?

Source: http://www.sciencedaily.com/


Factors + - Marine

29

•  Coral Bleaching

Warming waters, heavy rains flooding the reef, pollution or improper fishing

practices can put stress on coral reefs and interrupt necessary processes

required for food production resulting in bleaching. (Source: www.science.org.au/nova/076/076key.htm)

Coral reefs provide habitats and shelter for many organisms and are the

source of nitrogen and other nutrients essential for the food chain. Hundreds

of thousands of marine species live in coral reefs. (Source: www.science.org.au/nova/076/076key.htm)

The Philippines is one of the world’s richest marine biodiversities and has 400

different species of corals. These are threatened by global warming because

corals have a limited tolerance to changes in temperature and do not recover

easily once they experience bleaching. (Source: Greenpeace)

Do activities interact harmoniously with coral reefs?

If so, do they include measures that ensure their preservation?

Jane Thomas, IAN Image Library

(www.ian.umces.edu/imagelibrary)

Source:

news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7709103.stm


SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILES

30


Factors + - Socio-Economic Profiles

1. Demography

The science of vital and social statistics, as of the births, deaths, diseases,

marriages, etc., of populations. (Source: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Demography)

The population of Baclayon has grown since 1995 by 3.21%

annually. This is higher than the provincial average. The highest

population densities are found in barangays closest to the Provincial

Capital and Town Center.

Majority of Baclayon’s population is rural. Increased population

growth in rural areas puts stress on limited agricultural land and

natural resources. (Source: 2002-2011 CLUP)

Baclayon’s population is largely young (50% under 25 years old),

limiting their contribution to local income and demanding greater

government subsidies for basic education and health. (Source: 2002-2011 CLUP)

Are human settlements safely located in relation to existing/

potential environmental hazards?

Have local stakeholders and communities been consulted in

identifying existing/ potential environmental hazards?

Have local populations been assessed with regards to their

level of awareness to existing/ potential environmental

hazards?

31

Children Playing in Pamilacan Island MO Project Team (Emmi B. Capili), 2009



32

Do local adaptation and risk reduction strategies already

exist?

Have ways to incorporate local knowledge with disaster

preparedness and adaptation strategies been studied?

Have cultural attitudes and beliefs that could undermine

disaster preparedness and resiliency been studied?

Does the project contribute to raising local awareness of

existing/ potential environmental hazards?

Have requirements to meet the demands of a growing

population been considered, such as in land-use plans and

facilities? (e.g. Housing, food and water security, social

services, etc.)

Is there an emergency plan in place in case of a disaster?

Have temporary relocation sites and services been identified?

Have command and early warning protocols for disaster

preparedness been established?

Children of Pamilacan Island MO Project Team (Fernando P. Siringan), 2009



2. Poverty Incidence and Income

Poverty Incidence

The proportion of individuals whose income cannot provide for the basic food

and non-food requirements called the poverty threshold to the total number of

individuals. (Source: http://dirp.pids.gov.ph/cgi-bin/dd?PHILIPPINES+eds.dict)

Income

The monetary payment received for goods or services, or from other sources,

as rents or investments.

(Source: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Income)

The barangays in Baclayon with the highest poverty incidence are:

Buenaventura (87.5), San Roque (87.21), Dasitam (77.30), Pamilacan

(75.82), Tanday (67.38) and Guiwanon (66.90). (Source: 2002-2011 CLUP)

Education

The municipality has an average literacy rate of 95.69%, higher in rural

areas where most institutions of higher learning are located. Only 8.89%

of the population have college and/or post graduate degrees. (Source: 2002-2011 CLUP)

Have the poor in the community been identified?

Have the poor been situated away from existing/ potential

environmental hazards?

33

Busy Children in Pamilacan Island MO Project Team (Emmi B. Capili), 2009

Fishery in Pamilacan Island MO Project Team (Joan M. Reotita), 2009



34

•  Livelihood: Agriculture and Fisheries

A means of supporting one's existence, esp. financially or

vocationally; living. (Source: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Livelihood)

Agriculture

The science, art, or occupation concerned with cultivating

land, raising crops, and feeding, breeding, and raising

livestock; farming.

The production of crops, livestock, or poultry. (Source: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Agriculture)

Fisheries

The occupation or industry of catching, processing, or

selling fish or shellfish.

(Source : http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Fisheries)

758.5 has of Baclayon’s land area is planted to crops. Most

farms are made up of small parcels at 0.62 has on average.

Agricultural productivity is low due to poor resource

endowment attributed to poor soil conditions and depth. (Source: 2002-2011 CLUP)

Farming in Baclayon MO Project Team (Joan M. Reotita), 2009



Majority of farm families earn incomes below the poverty

threshold of 5,900 PhP per household per month. (Source: 2002-2011 CLUP)

Municipal fishing is one of Baclayon’s major economic

activities. The estimated value of production from fisheries

per year is Php 12.48M. Most fishing is done on a small scale

along sandy beaches, seagrass beds, coral reefs,

mangroves and mudflats. These activities are threatened by

commercial fishing “using super lights and destructive fishing

methods, fishing gear conflicts, waste dumping and

mangrove conversion”. Despite the value of total annual

production, most fishermen are poor. Coastal water

fishermen are 1,074 in total number. For the years 2002 and

2011, there is a deficit in fish supply to meet demand for food

in Baclayon. (Source: 2002-2011 CLUP)

Have impacts of climate change on the marine

ecosystem and associated geohazards in relation to

livelihoods been considered?

Have adaptation and risk reduction options addressing

reduced or lost livelihood brought on by climate change

been explored?

Have programs that develop new skills for alternative

means of livelihood been considered?

35

Boys with Fishing Nets in Pamilacan Island MO Project Team (Fernando P. Siringan), 2009



3. Heritage and Culture

The behaviors and beliefs characteristic of a particular social, ethnic, or age

group.

(Source: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Culture)

Among the significant efforts to preserve Baclayon’s cultural heritage, the

“Bahandi” Heritage Homestay Project promotes the adaptive re-use of Ancestral

Homes (Spanish colonial houses). This is in conjunction with the development

of ecotourism activities, such as scuba diving.

The Baclayon Church, established in 1596, is the best preserved Jesuit built

church in the region. It was declared as a National Historical Landmark in 1995.

Holy Name University has created a Cultural Map that locates the sites where

different crafts are produced and the areas where raw materials come from.

Have susceptibilities of heritage sites to climate change and

associated geohazards been studied?

Have innovations been made to protect/ preserve heritage sites?

Have programs that raise funds to maintain and preserve heritage

sites been considered?

Have raw materials for local arts and crafts been located?

Will the production of raw materials remain unaffected by climate

change and associated geohazards?

If affected, have measures been taken to cultivate them in a

protected location?

36

Baclayon Church MO Project Team (Joan M. Reotita), 2009



4. Ecotourism

Tourism to places having unspoiled natural resources, with minimal impact

on the environment being a primary concern. (Source : http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Ecotourism)

Tourism that promotes the appreciation of nature in their natural

habitat, ex. coral reefs, forests.

Baclayon has the potential to become a top tourist destination

because of its heritage sites and its convenient location to the airport

in Tagbilaran and Panglao Island where most beach resorts are found. (Source: 2002-2011 CLUP)

Marine Sports and Recreation

Pamilacan is one of the country’s riches scuba diving sites and noted

for beautiful prized colored fishes and Gloria Maris shells. It is also

known for manta ray, dolphin and whale sitings. (Source: 2002-2011 CLUP)

Revenue from ecotourism would be adversely affected by changes in

climate and by unmanaged disaster risk.

Have impacts of climate change and associated geohazards on

terrestrial and marine ecotourism been considered?

Have strategies to preserve terrestrial and marine biodiversity

been taken into account?

Have climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction

options been explored?

37

Sunny Day in Pamilacan Island MO Project Team (Joan M. Reotita), 2009

Almost Sunset n Pamilacan Island MO Project Team (Joan M. Reotita), 2009


Project Name:

+ - + -

CLIMATE MARINE

Temperature Marine Geology/ Bathymetry

Rainfall Spatial Distribution

Extreme Events Biodiversity

•  Drought Water Chemistry

•  Typhoon •  Wastewater Discharge

•  El Niño/ La Niña •  Pollution

•  Flooding •  Red Tide

•  Storm Surge •  Ocean Acidification

•  Sea Level Rise (SLR) •  Coral Bleaching

Sub-Total Sub-Total

LAND SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILES

Geology Demography

Elevation/ Slope Poverty Incidence/ Income

Soil •  Livelihood

Hydrology/ Drainage Heritage and Culture

Biodiversity Ecotourism

Sub-Total Sub-Total

38

Total Tally

Total Tally = 67 (+), 13 (-)


Project Name: Pamilacan Coastal

Resource

Management + - + -

CLIMATE MARINE

Temperature 2 1 Marine Geology/ Bathymetry 3

Rainfall 3 Spatial Distribution 2

Extreme Events Biodiversity 2

•  Drought 3 Water Chemistry

•  Typhoon 5

•  Wastewater Discharge and Pollution 4

•  El Niño/ La Niña 4

•  Red Tide 3

•  Flooding 4

•  Ocean Acidification

•  Storm Surge 4 •  Coral Bleaching

•  Sea Level Rise (SLR) 4

Sub-Total 22 4 Sub-Total 14 0

LAND SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILES

Geology 3 1 Demography 6 3

Elevation/ Slope 2 Poverty Incidence/ Income 2

Soil 2 •  Livelihood 3

Hydrology/ Drainage 2 3 Heritage and Culture 4 2

Biodiversity 4 Ecotourism 3

Sub-Total 13 4 Sub-Total 18 5

39

SAMPLE


40

Notes

1.  This Handbook is part of 2 volumes comprising the SD Guidebook for Baclayon, Bohol. The complete findings of this scientific research project may be found in the SD Technical Report.

2.  To facilitate understanding, an attempt was made to utilize open source and non-technical definitions

for scientific terms; the technical explanations and definitions for these terms are contained in the SD Guidebook Glossary annexed to the Technical Report.


41

Cross Reference of SD Handbook Sections to the SD Guidebook Technical Report

Page No. Page No.

CLIMATE Temperature 5 MARINE Marine Geology/ Bathymetry 18

Rainfall 4 Spatial Distribution 24

Extreme Events Biodiversity 3

•  Drought 5, 27 Water Chemistry

•  Typhoon 7, 29 •  Wastewater Discharge and

Pollution

•  El Niño/ La Niña 51, 55 •  Red Tide

•  Flooding 4, 27 •  Ocean Acidification

•  Storm Surge 7, 29 •  Coral Bleaching

•  Sea Level Rise (SLR) 30, 31

LAND Geology 10, 13 SOCIO-

ECONOMIC Demography 1, 33

Elevation/ Slope 10, 13 Poverty Incidence/ Income 1, 33, 35, 42, 52, 55

Soil 13, 21 •  Livelihood 1, 24, 32, 34, 37, 39,

46, 51, 52

Hydrology/ Drainage 19 Heritage and Culture

Biodiversity 3 Ecotourism 54, 55, 59


Acknowledgments

We would like to acknowledge the following institutions and individuals for their valuable contributions.

A. Alvin J. Uy, Mayor of Baclayon

Joy Arado and Arnulfo C. Mangyao, Mayor’s Office

Marilyn R. Uy, Vice-Mayor of Baclayon

Baclayon Sanggunniang Bayan

Marvin Apale, Baclayon MPDO

Bezo Recreational and Aquatic Activities for Bohol (BRAABO)

Ruth T. Siringan

Celina Y. Loyzaga

42


43

Project Team

Ayala Foundation Incorporated

Beatriz Zobel Jr.

Joel Uichico Guillermo Luz

Ma. Paz Baylon Edgar Baylon Ces Nazareno

Manila Observatory

Antonia Y. Loyzaga – Executive Director, Manila Observatory

Rosa T. Perez, PhD – Team Leader May Celine T.M. Vicente, PhD - Co-Investigator, Risk Mapping

Gemma T. N. Narisma, PhD - Co-Investigator, Climate Analysis Fernando P. Siringan, PhD - Co-Investigator, Geophysical and Coastal Geology Emmi B. Capili – Project Research Assistant

Joel de Mesa – Geomatics Specialist Deborah B. Tolentino – Communications

Joan M. Reotita and Riovie D. Ramos, Field Assistants

Resource Persons

Renato Solidum – Director, PHIVOLCS Leah P. Castro - Economist


44

Figure Caption Page No.

1 Temperature Profile for Bohol. The trends indicate hotter summer months from April to May. The temperatures from April to October range from

27°C or higher. By November, the temperature starts to go down with February coolest. From February to May, the temperature ranges from 25.5°C

to 28°C. The data was taken from the Climate Research Unit (CRU) of the University of East Anglia and processed by the Manila Observatory - Regional Climate Systems.

6

2 Temperature Projections for Bohol. The projections indicate a progressive rise in temperature in the next 50 years. The data was taken from the

Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and processed by the Manila Observatory - Regional Climate Systems.

6

3 Rainfall Profile for Bohol. Based on data from 1961-1990, rainfall is more pronounced from October to December, with highest monthly average of

193 mm in November. The recorded rainfall from February to May is relatively low at 72 mm. The annual average rainfall is 1,229 mm. The data

was taken from the Climate Research Unit (CRU) of the University of East Anglia and processed by the Manila Observatory - Regional Climate Systems.

7

4 Rainfall Projections for Bohol. The rainfall projections show a progressive decrease in precipitation in the next 50 years. The data was taken from

the Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and processed by the Manila Observatory - Regional Climate Systems.

7

5 A. Typhoon Nida churning in the waters 414 miles east-southeast of Manila. The image was taken on May 17, 2004 by the Moderate Resolution

Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) onboard NASA’s Aqua Satellite (http://visibleearth.nasa.gov/view_rec.php?id=6746). B. Hundreds of people are

feared dead in the eastern Philippines, after a powerful typhoon hit the country. C. Rescuers are finding it difficult to reach isolated villages as many roads are inaccessible. Photos courtesy of BBC News (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_pictures/6199318.stm).

9

6 Typhoon Trends in the Western Pacific (1945-2003). The number of tropical cyclones appearing in the Western Pacific has been increasing. In the

Philippines, the rise in typhoon crossings is most pronounced over Visayas. The analysis was done by Dr. Emmanuel G. Anglo.

9

7 Rice Vulnerability to El Nino. The province of Bohol is classified as high risk when it comes to El Nino based on the map generated by the Manila

Observatory in partnership with the Department of Environment and Natural Resources.

10

8 Areas at Risk to 1m Sea Level Rise in Mainland, Baclayon, Bohol. The areas along the coast are most vulnerable to 1m sea level rise in mainland

Baclayon.

13

9 Areas at Risk to 1m Sea Level Rise in Pamilacan Island, Baclayon, Bohol. The entire island is vulnerable to 1m sea level rise. 13

10 Bathymetry Profile of Pamilacan Island, Baclayon, Bohol. The bathymetry profile was generated using datum taken at Mean Low Low Tide. The

steep flanks on the Northwest and Southwest sides of the island are probably fault controlled.

23

11 Population of Baclayon, Bohol by Age Group (2000) 31

12 Barangays with Highest Poverty Incidence in Mainland Baclayon, Bohol, Philippines 33

13 Built Heritage Map for Pamilacan Island, Baclayon (map courtesy of Holy Name University). 36


45

Title Credits Page No.

Dry Land Philippine Daily Inquirer, 2003 8

Drought Philippine Daily Inquirer, 1997 8

Flooding in Iloilo during Typhoon Frank Christian Aid UK, 2008 11

Lake Lu-yola, Baclayon 1 MO Project Team (Joan M. Reotita), 2009 11

Exposed Talisay Roots in Pamilacan Island MO Project Team (Emmi B. Capili), 2009 12

Storm Surge Model NOAA Comet Program 12

Tidal Notch in Pamilacan Island MO Project Team (Fernando P. Siringan), 2009 15

Structure on top of Fracture MO Project Team (Fernando P. Siringan), 2009 15

Baclayon Mainland Coast MO Project Team (Joan M. Reotita), 2009 16

Marine Sanctuary, Pamilacan Island MO Project Team (Fernando P. Siringan), 2009 16

Chocolate Hills, Bohol MO Project Team (Joan M. Reotita), 2009 17

Substrate in Pamilacan Island MO Project Team (Fernando P. Siringan), 2009 17

Lake Lu-yola, Baclayon 2 MO Project Team (Joan M. Reotita), 2009 18

Near the Marine Sanctuary, Pamilacan Island MO Project Team (Fernando P. Siringan), 2009 18

Lake Tiray, Baclayon MO Project Team (Joan M. Reotita), 2009 19

Lake Lu-yola, Baclayon and Tarsier MO Project Team (Joan M. Reotita), 2009 20


46


Lake Lu-yola, Baclayon 3 MO Project Team (Fernando P. Siringan), 2009 20

Underwater Slope in Pamilacan Island MO Project Team (Riovie D. Ramos), 2009 23

Seagrass Beds in Pamilacan Island MO Project Team (Joan M. Reotita), 2009 24

Mangrove Areas in Mainland Baclayon MO Project Team (Joan M. Reotita), 2009 24

Starfish in Pamilacan Island MO Project Team (Riovie D. Ramos), 2009 25

Marine Diversity in Pamilacan Island MO Project Team (Riovie D. Ramos), 2009 25

Pamilacan Island MO Project Team (Emmi B. Capili), 2009 26

Waste Materials along the coast of Pamilacan Island MO Project Team (Emmi B. Capili), 2009 26

Beach Area in Pamilacan Island MO Project Team (Emmi B. Capili), 2009 27

Shellfish Eatingasia.typepad.com/…/2007/02/index.html 27

Underwater Life http://www.sciencedaily.com/ 28

Bleached Staghorn Corals Jane Thomas, IAN Image Library (www.ian.umces.edu/imagelibrary) 29

Bleached Corals covered with Seaweeds News.bbc.co.uk/2hi/science/nature/7709103.stm 29

Children Playing in Pamilacan Island MO Project Team (Emmi B. Capili), 2009 31

Children of Pamilacan Island MO Project Team (Fernando P. Siringan), 2009 32

Busy Children in Pamilacan Island MO Project Team (Emmi B. Capili), 2009 33


47


Farming in Baclayon MO Project Team (Joan M. Reotita), 2009 34

Fishery in Pamilacan Island MO Project Team (Joan M. Reotita), 2009 34

Boys with Fishing Nets in Pamilacan Island MO Project Team (Fernando P. Siringan), 2009 35

Baclayon Church MO Project Team (Joan M. Reotita), 2009 36

Almost Sunset n Pamilacan Island MO Project Team (Joan M. Reotita), 2009 37

Sunny Day in Pamilacan Island MO Project Team (Joan M. Reotita), 2009 37


48

Ayala Foundation Incorporated

The Ayala Foundation, Inc. (AFI) is a nonstock, nonprofit organization that serves as the socio-cultural development arm of the Ayala

Group of Companies (AGC). Through various social development and cultural programs, the Foundation works to fulfill the needs of the

whole person, firmly believing in the human being as less of an object of charity than a cause for celebration.

The Foundation was established by Col. Joseph McMicking and his wife, Mercedes Zobel in 1961. Then called the Filipinas

Foundation, it was primarily dedicated to technical and vocational education, social science and research, livelihood and the arts.

It was renamed Ayala Foundation, Inc. in the 1990s, renewing the commitment and support of the AGC. Through its divisions, the

present Foundation moves along a holistic response to the complex needs of the Filipino.

Today, the Ayala Foundation is also working to extend the benefits of recent technological developments to a greater number of men,

women and children. Through these new technologies, the Foundation continues to work for the cultivation of Filipino ingenuity and

talent, as well as the preservation of our rich culture, history and traditions.

Manila Observatory

The Manila Observatory is a private non-stock, non-profit, scientific research institution that was established in 1865 by the Jesuit

mission in the Philippines. With Federico Faura at its inception, it was engaged in the systematic observation of Philippine weather. It

began serving typhoon warnings in 1879, and embarked on earthquake observations in 1880. In 1884, The Spanish government issued

a royal decree formally recognizing the Manila Observatory as the official Philippine institution for weather forecasting.

At the turn of the 21st century, the Observatory finds itself at the nexus of global concerns for environment and development. With

its tradition of excellence and service in scientific research, the Observatory envisions itself as a vital partner in these critically global

yet locally relevant concerns. Through its present research programs, the Observatory now actively confronts these new challenges

through a science that must inform and guide the shaping of a safe and sustainable future for humankind.

Documents

Baclayon Sustainable Devevelopment GB_Handbook_04Sep09