Bacons IB Exam Review by Topic

7/21/2019 Bacons IB Exam Review by Topic

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Bacons IB Exam Review - 2009 Exams

World War ICauses of WWIHow did the on! "erm Causes of WWI Cause War#

$wful %overnments Few countries were democracies many were autocracies Italy was corrupt Germany Wilhelm was mad Russia tsar was weak Turkey was falling apart

&ationalism

Intense national pride Many peoples wanted self-determination Panslaism

Im'erialism

!ritish "mpire coered a fifth of the world !elief in superiority Fight for resources mainly in #sia and #frica$ %ut also &atin #merica and Middle "ast Wilhelm wanted 'a place in the sun(

(ilitarism

Germany(s )ay &aw *+,, Germany(s chlieffen Plan was no secret that Germany had plans to attack France through

!elgium .Russia mo%ili/ed faster than Germany anticipated$ drawing German resources away

from Western Front and creating a stalemate in France0 tanding$ professionally trained armies Military was not 1ust an arms race$ it was a alid means of foreign policy )ew Weapons - u%marines$ dreadnoughts$ /eppelins$ airplanes$ tanks$ machine guns$ etc

$lliances

"uropean countries thought alliance system would %e a deterrent to war Triple #lliance Triple "ntente 2onfrontation at #lgeciras #ssassination and '%lank che3ue( lead to ultimatum

Events

!oer War .*4++-*+,,0 German )ay &aw .*+,,0 First Moroccan 2risis .*+,5-,60 !osnian 2risis .*+,4-,+0 #gadir 2risis .*+**0 !alkan Wars .*+*7-*80 #ssassination at ara1eo .*+*90


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Bacons IB Exam Review

World War I"rench ife )urin! WWIWhat was "rench ife li*e durin! WWI#

Conditions 2onditions in the trenches were unimagina%ly %ad 2onstant fear of attack$ stench of dead %odies and site of rats feeding on corpses !itterly cold in winter$ horri%ly hot in summer Trenches were mainly in low-lying land$ so soldiers were often up to knees in water or sewage$

leading to trench foot

(ental "orture

For much of the time life was %oring$ on guard duty or repairing or digging trenches When fighting took place casualties were great helling$ gas attacks and conditions led to nerous %reakdowns: Initially soldiers were shot for

refusal to o%ey orders$ %ut later shell-shock was officially recogni/ed

+rontlines

It was clear defense was far easier than offense In some places the frontlines were ery close .7, yards0: "en the slightest moement could

result in instant death ia sniper ;ther areas the gap could %e much wider .*


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World War I. Involvement in WWIHow and Wh, did the . !et Involved in WWI#

$nti-War =ntil *+*6$ the = under Woodrow Wilson held a strong anti-war position = made it clear that it did not wish to get inoled in "uropean affairs

. Benefits

While "urope was inoled in war$ = was a%le to make technological and trade gains on"uropean competitors

= filled trade markets left empty %y alliance system and also deeloped new techni3ues andtechnology

ar!e War oans

Bet %y *+*@$ = had lent large sums of money to !ritain and France There was increasing sympathy for !ritain and France from within the =$ seen as fellow

democratic countries

u/marine Warfare

In *+*5$ a German =-%oat sunk the liner &usitania$ resulting in many = deaths: This had aprofound impact on pu%lic opinion a%out the war

In March *+*@$ Germany %egan unrestricted =-%oat warfare$ four = ships were sunk The = prepared for war

immerman "ele!ram

"arly *+*@ #merica(s reason for declaring war: !ritain intercepted a telegram and showed it tothe =

The telegram was from the German foreign minister to his counterpart in MeCico It suggested that MeCico should attack #merica if war %roke out

Effect of . Involvement

In #pril *+*@$ = declared war on Germany Germany made repeated attempts to finish the war %efore = troops arried # huge moral %oost for the #llies .the yanks are comin0$ the = soldiers showed immense

%raery %ut weren(t fully prepared for modern warfare and suffered high casualty rates

#merican soldiers in France$ *+*@


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World War I"echnolo!, and "acticsWh, was WWI so )ifferent than 1revious Wars#

)efensive War Deelopment of new weapons technology meant WWI %ecame a defensie war The deelopment of machine guns made traditional methods of attack impossi%le #ttempts to %reak the stalemate with heay artillery failed$ so %oth sides turned to new

technology

%as

Poison chlorine gas was first used %y the Germans at Bpres in *+*5 !oth sides used phosgene and mustard gas The main weakness was that the wind could %low it %ack towards your own side

"an*s Tanks were deeloped %y the !ritish and used in *+*6 at the !attle of the omme Were initially ery unrelia%le %reaking down and horri%le to drie >oweer they were a huge propaganda and morale %oost$ and proed to %e ery effectie %y the

end of the war

ea

)ew and more powerful %attleships dreadnaughts were deeloped %ut only inoled at?utland

German su%marines were a great threat$ causing serious disruption Following &loyd George(s insistence$ the conoy system was introduced

$ir

Planes were initially used for reconnaissance and dropping %om%s %y hand$ %ut technologicaldeelopments such as fiCed machine guns made dogfights and attacks on enemy trenchespossi%le

German airships called Eeppelins %egan to %om% &ondon and other cities

&ew ind of Warfare

WWI saw death and destruction on a scale neer eCperienced %efore Technological deelopments were seen as ital to %oth sides$ %ut each new weapon %rought

further destruction

)o one inention was decisie though as %oth sides 3uickly copied each other

!ritish Mark I tank$ !attle of the omme$ *+*6
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:British_Mark_I_male_tank_Somme_25_September_1916.jpg


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World War I%erman, at the End of WWIHow did WWI $ffect 1eo'le in %erman,#

"he %erman Em'ire Germany %efore *+*4 was an empire in the center of "urope It was created in *4@*$ %ut it was already one of the most powerful states in the world It was ruled %y aiser Wilhelm II The goernment did hae some democratic features

+ood horta!es

!y the end of the war the German people were nearly staring They lied on handouts of potatoes$ turnips and sawdusty %read "en %asic foods were strictly rationed The longer the war lasted$ the more serious the shortages %ecame

"he $llied &aval Bloc*ade

The !ritish nay %lockaded the sea approaches to Germany(s ports This created food shortages and stopped %asic supplies from oerseas !ritish secret agents would report %ack to !ritain a%out these shortages and the %lockade(s

effects on Germany

Winter 3934

#s winter approached in *+*4 conditions grew much worse #dults lied on *,,, calories a day staration leel Fuel shortages led to power cuts$ factory closures and transportation pro%lems

The flu irus swept across Germany killing thousands

)emocrac,#

With defeat close on the %attlefields$ and conditions poor at home$ the German army asked forpeace

The allies agreed$ %ut only if the aiser shared his power This proed unpopular$ and pu%lic opinion turned against the aiser Reolution was %eing talked a%out

Revolution

The )aal Mutiny at iel was the catalyst for mass unrest

The aiser was losing control of the country as soldiers and workers rose against him Wilhelm had to a%dicate Freidrich "%ert$ leader of the ocial Democratic Party$ %ecame head of the goernment

Freidrich "%ert$ 2hancellor of Germany$ *+*4-*+$ President of Weimar Repu%lic *+*+-75
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Friedrich_Ebert.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Friedrich_Ebert.jpg


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World War IInternational Crises5 3900-3936How did international relations deteriorate5 3900-3936#

%erman &av, aw5 3900 Germany started %uilding Dreadnought %attleships !ritain felt threatened alliances .!ritain made an alliance with ?apan$ *+,7$ "ntente with France$ *+,90 naal arms race .in *+,+ the !ritish pu%lic forced the goernment to %uild 4 dreadnoughts0

+irst (oroccan Crisis5 3907

aiser Wilhelm guaranteed the independence of Morocco which France had hoped to con3uer France and !ritain were threatened #t #lgeciras .*+,60 !ritain$ France and Russia forced Germany to %ack down . international

humiliation for Germany0

aiser Wilhelm and Britain

In *+,, aiser Wilhelm openly supported the !oers in the !oer War !ritain felt threatened In *+,6 aiser Wilhelm gae an interiew to theDaily Telegraphsaying the !ritish were mad

and that many Germans disliked them !ritish people were insulted

Bosnian Crisis5 3904

In *+,4$ #ustria->ungary took adantage of a re%ellion to anneC !osnia er%ia was furious .many !osnians were er%s0

er%ia asked Russia to help$ %ut France and !ritain would not support )icholas II$ who had to%ack down . Russia was humiliated and resentful0

$!adir5 3933

In *+**$ when France took adantage of a re%ellion to take oer Morocco$ aiser Wilhelm sentthe gunship Panther into #gadir har%or in Morocco

!ritain and France were alarmed they forced Germany to %ack down . aiser Wilhelm was humiliated and resentful0

Bal*an Wars

In *+*7$ the !alkan &eague .er%ia$ Greece and !ulgaria0 droe Turkey out of "urope

#ustria felt threatened In *+*8$ er%ia and !ulgaria went to war$ %ut Germany and !ritain stopped it Russia had failed er%ia again Germany thought !ritain was a friend


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Russian RevolutionRussia and World War 8neHow did WWI contri/ute to the "sars downfall#

8ut/rea* of War #s in all other "uropean countries the declaration of war was greeted enthusiastically in Russia Most people were united %y patriotism and the tsar(s popularity rose The only group to oppose the war were the tiny !olsheik Party

(ilitar, +ailures

The huge Russian army fought %raely %ut suffered many defeats at the hands of the Germans Russian soldiers were poorly trained$ %adly e3uipped .often lacked guns and ammo0 and poorly

led %y their aristocratic officers

"he "sars Role

)icholas decided to take control of the armed forces and made himself 2ommander-in-2hief in*+*5

2onse3uently$ he was held personally responsi%le for further defeats

"he "sarina and Ras'utin

The tsar(s a%sence led to his wife gaining a greater degree of power at home he relied on the monk Rasputin$ who could control her only son(s hemophilia Rumors spread a%out their relationship and a string of poor decisions discredited the monarchy

1oor ivin! Conditions

The war led to seere shortage of food and fuel in the cities$ leading to increased prices

Many factories were shut down due to a lack of raw materials$ causing unemployment Refugees from areas close to fighting made the already oercrowded cities worse

+ailure to Reform

Mem%ers of the Russian parliament .the Duma0 1oined together to form the Progressie !loc They demanded to %e allowed to form a goernment in order to improe the war effort )icholas refused

)icholas II and family in *+*8


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Russian RevolutionReview of Russia 393-393:Russia 393-393:; 1eo'le5 Events5 and Conse


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Russian RevolutionIm'act of World War I on RussiaHow did World War I /rin! a/out the fall of &icholas II#

"he $rm, >uge %ut poorly led and %adly e3uipped "arly defeats at Tannen%erg and Masurian &akes >eay casualties meant loss of morale and spirit Many new recruits were unfit peasants )eeded moderni/ation compared to German opposition

ocial Conditions > .r/an

&ack of food in the cities =nemployment due to refugees from countryside and lack of raw materials for factories 2ities oercrowded

Food protests and strikes e:g: Pulito steelworks Transportation prioriti/ed army for supplies

ocial Conditions > Rural

&ack of food %eing produced as peasants fled to cities or were recruited into army Made already poor liing and working conditions worse

"he "sarina

Poor ruler in a%sence of )icholas II Relied on Gregory Rasputin )aJe a%out real pro%lems

2hanged ministers and didn(t listen to their adice

&icholas Romanov

;ut of touch Went to the front to take charge &ost touch with realities in Petrograd Poor military leader Relied .unwisely0 on Tsarina to rule in his a%sence >ighlighted his weaknesses as a ruler

Results

The War was ery important B."it was not the war as such that caused the first reolution B."the fact that it highlighted the pro%lems within Russia and made many of them worse e:g:Transportation$ Indecisie leadership$ =r%an pro%lems$ !ackwardness of Russian #rmy


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Russian Revolution$fter the "sar $/dicatedWho ruled Russia after the "sar a/dicated in 393:#

1rovisional %overnment Middle class politicians Temporary until elections could %e held for a constituent assem%ly Four Proisional Goernments %etween Fe%ruary and ;cto%er *+*@ Faced many of the pro%lems Tsar had failed to deal with Decided to make no important decisions until after elections had %een held

Im'ortant Reforms made

Tsarist Goernors remoed Police and ;khrana .state police0 a%olished Death penalty a%olished

Freedom of speech Political prisoners freed and amnesty to all opponents of the Tsar Poland promised independence and Finland promised constitutional rights would %e restored

Effects of Reforms

&ack of trust in %ureaucrats associated with Tsar replacements with no eCperience ofadministration

)o police or ;khrana no force to rely on to maintain domestic order #lthough popular$ freedom of speech led to open criticism of Goernment #mnesty allowed for the return of &enin

"he oviet ?local !overnment@ #ssem%ly of workers and soldier(s deputies There were many of them$ %ut Petrograd oiet was the most influential Great deal of influence oer eeryday life .more influence than the Proisional Got: had0

oviet 8rder &um/er 8ne

2ommittees elected in each unit to replace officers 2ommittees controlled arms$ ammunition$ and e3uipment ;fficers were not to %e saluted #ll soldiers and sailors were to o%ey the oiet

Result of 8rder &um/er 8ne ;rder was o%eyed %y all sections of armed forces The Proisional Goernment had no real power to %ack up its decisions It had to rely on the oiet oiet also controlled railway$ postal and telegraph serices The Goernment had to listen to the oiet


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Russian RevolutionRussia 393: > "he 8cto/er RevolutionWh, did the 8cto/er 393: revolution succeed#

Individuals #leCander erensky &enin Trotsky

1rovisional %overnment

&ed %y erensky Ineffectie and weak 2ontinued WWI Did not follow a policy of land reform Was not a%le to restore economic sta%ility

=nemployment remained high and there were still food shortages Too li%eralKK should the Pro: Got: hae %een harsherK

Bolshevi*s

Growing importance Determined &ed %y &enin from #pril *+*@ after *, years in eCile Trotsky(s role as organi/er Red Guard had %een armed %y erensky in ?uly upported %y oiets

Circumstances &enin was %acked %y the Germans as they wanted Russia out of the war ocial and economic conditions faored &enin(s ideas 'Peace$ &and$ !read( Russia was in a irtual state of anarchy

Events

mall scale affair Well-planned %y Trotsky 2aptured key locations erensky had little support from the army Mensheiks and R(s re1ected reolution which left !olsheiks with control

$nal,sis

)ot a popular uprising Liews altered %y oiet propaganda ome see it as a 'coup d(tat( rather than a reolution ucceeded %ecause it was organi/edNthe Proisional Goernment made too many mistakes and

the simple appeal of &enin(s slogans meant the !olsheiks would %e successful


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Russian Revolution"he Russian Civil War)id the Reds Awin or the Whites Alose#

eadershi' Trotsky was an inspirational leader .Red #rmy0 The leaders of the Whites .olcak$ Budenich$ and Deniken0 kept s3ua%%ling The White leaders were often drunk and did not lead %y eCample Trotsky eCpected the %est and more from his army

%eo!ra'h,

The Red(s support was in the towns and cities such as Petrograd and Moscow The Red(s support was in the center of Russia The Reds were therefore surrounded %y the Whites The Whites had difficulty coordinating attacks %ecause they were split up

+orei!n u''ort

The Whites were supported %y !ritain$ France and the = who sent troops and money to helpthem

The Reds had no foreign support The Reds used propaganda to tell the Russian people that they were more patriotic %ecause they

didn(t cooperate with foreigners

"he $ims of the $rmies

The Reds had one aim$ to complete the !olsheik .communist0 takeoer of Russia The Whites were made up of different groups with different aims including Tsarists and ocial

Reolutionaries The Reds were a%le to spread their message %ecause it was simple

"he $ttitude of the 1easants

The peasants were mistreated %y %oth sides War 2ommunism saw the re3uisitioning of grain and the staration of millions The White armies also re3uisitioned grain and mistreated the peasants The peasants were more sympathetic to the aims of the Reds

8r!aniation

Trotsky was a %rilliant organi/er

The White leaders were not organi/ed The Reds largely controlled the railway system so they could get supplies to their troops The Whites lacked effectie communication and transportation links

White #rmy soldiers pose oer !olsheik dead


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talintalins Economic 1olic,talins Economic 1olic, > uccess or +ailure#

+ive Dear 1lans Priate trade was %anned 2oal$ ;il$ Gas$ and "ngineering G;P) .committee responsi%le for economic planning0 Indiidual targets set for factories )ew cities 'created( Magnitogorsk ;M;M;& youth wing of the communist party .taught alues of the party0 Gulag the goernment agency that administered the penal camps takhanoites 'hero( miner$ sym%oli/ed hard work ethic

uccess#

>uge pu%lic work schemes "ducation program Industrial output eCpanded Russia suried WWII

+ailure#

>uman cost *, 9, million deaths ;ercrowding in cities Production focused on heay industry and military Figures were unrelia%le Ouantity$ not 3uality

)o criticism allowed

Collectiviation

mall farms were 1oined together .okho/es state farms$ and olkho/es collectie farms0 To improe efficiency Destroy ulaks class of independent peasant farmers who resisted collectii/ation Increase talin(s control of countryside Increase grain production to sell a%road for foreign currencies

uccess#

!y *+9, ++A of land was collectii/ed

Production did increase .wheat up 88A0 )ew modern e3uipment and chemicals "ducation programs in collecties Red #rmy was fed during WWII ulaks were destroyed

+ailure#

*+87-88 famine .5 million dead0 >uman cost *, million peasants deported okho/es were a failure =npopular


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%erman, 3939-39291ost-War %erman, 3939What 'ro/lems did the new democratic Weimar %overnment face#

$ssociation with )efeat The Repu%lic was associated with the defeat of Germany as the aiser had fled %efore the end Many leaders connected with the end of the war went on to form the Weimar Got: in *+*+ many Germans %elieed they had %een 'sta%%ed in the %ack(

Re/uildin! %erman,

#fter 9 years of war Germany was deastated: The country needed to %e re-%uilt Returning soldiers needed 1o%s %ut there was poerty and unemployment

"he "reat, of ersailles

The Treaty didn(t take into consideration Germany(s weak position and sought to punish her

The terms were relatiely harsh$ particularly the reparations The 'Guilt 2lause( humiliated the country The Weimar goernment was associated with all of this

1olitical .'risin!s

The discontent gae rise to political eCtreme groups There were attempts to oerthrow the goernment %y these groups called Putches e:g: app and

Munich Putsch There was a lot of iolence and there were seeral murders of key political figures

Economic 1ro/lems

#fter the war Germany was %ankrupt In *+7* they were faced with the reparations %ill: They paid until *+78 Inasion of the Ruhr worsened the crisis: Germany suffered from inflation The goernment responded %y printing more money$ %ut this led to hyperinflation

"he 8ccu'ation of the Ruhr

When Germany could no longer keep up with repayments French and !elgian troops marchedinto the most important industrial region

People .Germans0 in this area refused to cooperate: Passie resistance led to further decline ofthe area(s industry$ more unemployment$ and poerty

5, million mark %ill from *+78


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%erman, 3939-3929Weimar in Crisis 3939-3926Wh, was 3939-3926 a 'eriod of crisis for the Weimar !overnment#

$ Bad tart Germany had no tradition of democracy and had always had strong leaders: Germans weren(t

ready for democracy Germans had suffered ery %adly %ecause of the war: Many were staring and many were

furious at the loss of the war they %lamed the new goernment .rightly or wrongly0

ac* of Consensus

There were huge political diisions in German society ;pinion was polari/ed with eCtremists on the left .partacists and socialists0$ and on the right$

.nationalists and conseraties0 %oth getting a lot of support There were many other small political parties

Weimar Constitution

Proportional representation meant that the lack of political consensus was reflected closely inelected parties

There were many political parties and fre3uent changes of goernment It was ery difficult to esta%lish sta%ility or een get laws passed

ersailles "reat,

The Treaty had %een ery hard on Germany and the Weimar Goernment had %een forced toaccept it

Many Germans hated and resented the loss of territory$ the reparations and the war guilt clause

It wasn(t their fault %ut the Weimar Goernment tended to get the %lame

Extremist $ttac*s

The partacists Re%ellion *+*+ The Munich 2ommunist oiet *+*+ The right wing app Putsch *+7, The assassination of foreign minister Rathenau *+77 >itler(s failed Munich Putsch *+78

Crisis /, 3926

*+77 reparations crisis

France inaded the rich industrial Ruhr area in retaliation Weimar ordered passie resistance on the part of Germans in the Ruhr Weimar printed more money to try to sole the pro%lem .hyperinflation0 >itler(s Munich Putsch


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%erman, 3939-3929"he &ai 1art,How and wh, did Hitler chan!e the &ai 1art, 3939-392F#

Birth of the &ai 1art, *+*+ >itler 1oined the German Workers Party In *+7, the name changes to )D#P .)ational ocialist German Workers Party0 and adopted

the 75 point program .nationalistic$ self-determinationistic$ welfareistic and anti-emitic0 >itler %ecame leader in *+7* and adopted the swastika em%lem >itler then set up the # .%rownshirts0 as a priate 'army(

(unich 1utsch 3926

When the French inaded the Ruhr >itler decided to try and sei/e power >e planned to first take the !aarian goernment and then march on !erlin .modeled after

Mussolini0

>itler took oer a !aarian goernment meeting %ut couldn(t get enough support >is march was stopped %y armed police

$ftermath of (unich 1utsch

>itler ran away %ut was later arrested and charged with treason >e used his trial to make long pu%lic speeches which were widely and sympathetically reported >e got a ery lenient sentence of 5 years in &ands%erg Prison where he wrote Mein ampf

(ein am'f

#ryan race is the master race .social Darwinism0 #ryans should hae 'le%ensraum( .liing space0 in a new German "mpire

ThirdReich .* >oly Roman "mpire 7 !ismarck(s German "mpire with #>0 #ll other races inferior .especially ?ews0 Treaty of Lersailles should %e reersed$ and Germany and #ustria should 1oin .#nschluss0

"he &ai ean Dears

Germany did well under tresemann support for eCtremists declined >itler sered + months in prison during which time the )a/i Party had split and support declined

dramatically >e decided to reform the party on his release in Dec *+79

Hitlers Reform of the 1art,

*+75 >itler reorgani/ed and relaunched the )D#P Power was concentrated in the leader: pecial sections set up for students$ teachers$ Bouth and

farmers Party %ranches in all ma1or towns soon *,,$,,, mem%ers >itler decided to use elections$ not reolution


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%erman, 3939-3929"he tresemann DearsWh, was 392-3929 a 'eriod of recover, for %erman,#

Worldwide Econom, Worldwide economic recoery meant that there were new markets for German goods a%road The economy prospered and unemployment was low

1olitical ta/ilit,

#s prosperity increased support for the eCtremists like 2ommunists and )a/is declined:Moderate pro-Weimar parties tended to win elections

The ery a%le Gusta tresemann remained as Foreign Minister throughout the whole period

Rentenmar*

The new German currency esta%lished %y tresemann and regulated %y the central %ank soled

the pro%lem of hyperinflation 2onfidence returned to the German economy

International Coo'eration

tresemann knew Germany had to work with other countries Dawes Plan *+79 which made the reparations payments easier .French troops left the Ruhr as a

result0 &ocarno Pact *+75 settled %order disputes *+76 Germany 1oins the &eague of )ations and gains respecta%ility *+7+ Boung Plan replaces the Dawes Plan reparations reduced %y one 3uarter$ Germany gien

54 years to pay

#merican %anks continued to loan German industry money to help it re%uild

Where did it all !o wron!#

tresemann died in ;cto%er *+7+ .most nota%le politician of his generation0 2losely followed %y the Wall treet 2rash #merican %anks recalled their loans to Germany German economy plunged %ack into crisis

Gusta tresemann$ *+7,


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HitlerRise to 1owerHow and Wh, did Hitler /ecome Chancellor#

"he Beer Hall 1utsch *+78 saw >itler(s first attempt at sei/ing power with the )a/i party >itler was imprisoned for treason and reconsidered his political strategy >itler dictated Mein ampf while in prison and decided that the )a/is had to gain power legally

through elections

iolence

>itler(s # or %rownshirts were used to intimidate opponents and drum up support Running street %attles were fought with rials from the 2ommunist party Liolence and rialry were central to )a/i philosophy of surial of the fittest "rnst Rohm led the # for the )a/i party

Hitler5 the G1olitical %enius

>itler had an undou%ted a%ility for pu%lic speaking and an understanding of ordinary peoples(desires

>itler had 'his finger on the pulse of Germany( Walden The ision was highlighted in Mein ampf ingle-mindedness '"nter the Reichstag holding our noses(

"he Wall treet Crash and oomin! )e'ression

Disastrous for Germany 6 million unemployed

econd ma1or economic catastrophe for the Weimar Repu%lic oon %ecame a political crisis as 8 chancellors in 7 years could not sole the pro%lems of

Germany .!runing$ chleicher$ Lon Rapen0 >itler was seen as 'the last hope(

$ttractive 1olicies

>itler appealed to many sections of society 'Rip up the Treaty of Lersailles( 'Work$ freedom and %read( ort out the 2ommunists Guaranteed farm prices

Regain national pride #ll of these things were attractie to ordinary Germans

)ivided 8''onents

>itler should hae %een kept from power$ he neer did gain an oerall ma1ority !ut the 2ommunists and ocialists were diided Parties s3ua%%led oer how to deal with the depression ?anuary *+88 >itler is inited as 2hancellor in an attempt to control him and the )a/is

>itler ran for President Fe% #pril *+87 against >inden%urg and lost$ %ut earned 85A of the ote$making him a ia%le political choice for the future of Germany: #ppointed 2hancellor in ?anuary *+88:


19/40


Hitler+rom Chancellor to )ictatorHow did Hitler ta*e control of %erman, 3966-396#

Hitler Becomes Chancellor ?anuary 8, *+88 >itler was in a weak position %ecause he could %e dismissed %y >inden%urg .other 2hancellors

hadn(t lasted long0 >itler cooperates closely with >inden%urg

Concentration Cam's

Fe%ruary *+88 concentration camps are opened Political opponents were put in these camps$ %eaten and forced to do hard la%or unless they

agreed to cooperate with the )a/is Mainly 2ommunists arrested

"he Reichsta! +ire

Fe%ruary 7@ *+88 Reichstag %urns down a week %efore a general election is supposed to takeplace

Dutch 2ommunist arrested Marius an der &u%%e 2onspiracy Theories a%ound today - ome say >itler had the fire started >itler says it is a 2ommunist plot and arrests 9,,, 2ommunists$ declares state of emergency 2ommunists %anned from the election

)eath of Hinden/ur!

#ugust 7 *+89

>inden%urg dies .of natural causes0 >itler immediately takes oer his role as President >itler declares himself to %e Fuhrer .leader0 of Germany .he was %oth President and 2hancellor0 German armed forces swear oath of allegiance to >itler .in return for stopping the # from

taking oer the army0

&i!ht of the on! nives

?une 8, *+89 >itler saw the # and its leader Rohm as an internal threat they num%ered oer 7 million and

Rohm also wanted to take oer the army arrests leaders of the # and other political figures e:g: on chleicher .preious 2hancellor0

# was more like an independent military whereas were like >itler(s personal police and

%odyguards Rohm was %rutally eCecuted along with at least 45 others

"he Ena/lin! $ct

March 79 *+88$ preious March elections had seen )a/is win 57A of the ote Gae >itler emergency powers to pass laws without the Reichstag and # surround the %uilding to intimidate politicians >itler could pass any law he wanted ?uly *9 *+88 >itler rules that the )a/is were the only legal party in Germany Trade unions are %anned


20/40


Hitler&ai Rule in %erman,What were the ecrets of the uccess of the &ais#

1ro'a!anda Permeated eery aspect of )a/i Germany Ministry of Propaganda under Goe%%els .HThe Poison Dwarf0 Radio was the most effectie medium cheap HPeople(s Radio German culture$ music$ etc used to gie the feeling of continuity Film$ architecture also used

"he +uhrer

Portrayed in propaganda as the Hsaior of the nation "ncouraged competition %etween his underlings .intentionalist iew0 2ompetition < inefficiency came from the structure of the >itler state .structuralist iew0

2onclusions tricky due to nature of dictatorship

"he Wor*ers

&east likely group to support )a/is Trade unions a%olished in first months of )a/i rule Workers( parties .PD and PD0 %anned < imprisoned !ri%ed with May Day holiday$ Htrength through ?oy holidays$ etc Reduction in unemployment was a key factor in support

"he Econom,

>uge reduction in unemployment *+88-*+8+

Massie %oost for industry through rearmament "conomic policies were inflationary %ut kept under control %ecause workers had no right to

strike or %argain for higher pay Policies stored up trou%le for the future

+orei!n 1olic,

Most successful policy until *+8+ restoration of national pride "Cpansionist policy %ecause of >itler(s ideology and the need for economic resources .see

economy0 Lery aggressie

$ 1olice tate# #ll opposition li3uidated or %ought off &ocal goernment replaced %y )a/i organi/ations ;pposition within the )a/i Party eliminated %y force %ecame dominant force$ controlled eery aspect of 'police state( 2omplicity Hwilling eCecutionersK


21/40


HitlerWomen in &ai %erman,What was it li*e for women in &ai %erman,#

Education Girls from the age of *, 1oined the ?ungmadel .>itler Bouth0 From *9 they entered the %und Deutscher Madel .German Girls( &eague0: They were taught

their role was as a good wife and mother and their place was in the home 8 (sQ kinder$ kuche$kirche

(arria!e

*+88 &aw for the "ncouragement of Marriage gies newlyweds a goernment loan of *,,,marks: This encouraged them to hae children

*+89 *, 2ommandments for 2hoice of pouse encouraged people fitting the German ideal tomarry and keep race pure

1h,sical Constraints

)ot allowed to wear make-up$ hae hair dyed or hae perms ;nly to wear flat shoes and only dresses$ no pants )o dieting as it was thought to %e unhealthy and would upset child-%earing )o smoking seen as 'un-German( &ong hair or put in %un or plaits

Em'lo,ment

Women taken out of the la%or market *+89 women dismissed from the professions

*+86 women could not %e 1udges or sit on 1ury Women(s !ureau persuaded women to work for good of )a/i goernment *+8@ 'Duty Bear( as skills shortage

Breedin! 1ro!ram

Women had a %iological purpose Medals for women who had more then 9 children "ncouraged unmarried women to hae children .&e%ens%orn0 where women were impregnated

%y racially pure officers !anned contraception and a%ortion terili/ed racially 'impure(

8''osition from Women

&arge num%ers of women 1oined &eft wing political groups .illegal0 *+88 )a/is opened first concentration camp for women at Moringen and followed with others

such as Raens%ruck ome women committed suicide in opposition to )a/is


22/40


Hitlerews in &ai %erman,+rom Bo,cott to )estruction

?ews were iewed as an inferior race of people>itler(s life had %een difficult and he saw ?ews as %eing responsi%le for this?ews were the single cause of his suffering$ tension and humiliations in life?ews were a conenient scapegoat for all the trou%les of German society

Bo,cott

#pril *+88 >itler ordered the # and to organi/e a %oycott of ?ewish shops and %usinesses

aws

*+89 ?ews were %anned %y pu%lic law from pu%lic places such as swimming pools and parks &aws were also passed making it possi%le to fire teachers$ ciil serants and lawyers who

happened to %e ?ewish

&urem/er! aws 396F

Lery important %ecause >itler defined who was ?ewish and thus defined his enemy German citi/enship remoed from all ?ews Inter-racial marriage %anned *+86 further laws %anning ?ews from holding property and from working

ristallnacht

)oem%er *+84 first ery pu%lic iolent attack on ?ewish homes$ %usinesses and synagogues Liolence went on for oer a week around *,, ?ews killed and 7,$,,, put in concentration

camps ?ews were then fined for the damage caused .* %illion marks0

%hettos and the War

The out%reak of war intensified the attacks on the ?ews #fter the out%reak of war all ?ews in occupied territories were forced to lie in ghettos In summer *+9* >immler ordered Hpecial action groups to kill all oiet ?ews

+inal olution )estruction

Wannsee 2onference in ?anuary *+97 planned the destruction of all ?ews in "urope *7 men .leading )a/is0 headed %y #dolph "ichmann planned the operation in intricate detail

"Ctermination camps set up in "astern "urope 6 million ?ews murdered

)oem%er *+84: ?ews arrested during ristallnacht line up for roll call at the!uchenwald concentration camp


23/40


HitlerEconomic 1olic,What was Hitlers Economic 1olic, and was it a uccess#

Hitlers $ims Drag Germany our of the world recession ole unemployment .which he had promised to do0 Make Germany an 'autarchy( self sufficient Get rid of ?ewish industrialists and gie their %usinesses to #ryans Transform the economy to focus on rearmament < war

.nem'lo,ment; uccess or +ailure#

%iggest inherited pro%lem =nemployment fell as economy improed Work creation schemes offered temporary work on pu%lic facilities .like highways0

)a/is droe 1o%less figures down %y %anning ?ews and women from working #rms industries were la%or intensie

)rJ HKalmar chacht

Directed German economy from *+88-*+86 !elieed in steady growth and a sta%le currency .like almost eeryone else0 Promoted trade agreements with deeloping countries >is )ew Plan of *+89 aimed to reduce imports into Germany and to strengthen the currency Fell out with >itler and was replaced %y Goering

Hitler and %oerin!

German economy can %e conerted into a war machine Germany must rearm 3uickly$ con3uer countries$ takeoer their economies$ and moe on 2on3uered countries would gie the master race '&e%ensraum( .el%ow room or liing space0 !y eCploiting con3uered countries liing standards at home were maintained

%oerin!s Dear 1lan 3967

peed up rearmament and make Germany ready for war Make Germany self sufficient in raw materials 'autarchy( %y deeloping home grown

su%stitutions In *+88 total money spent on the military was *:+ million marks$ %y *+8+ it was 87:8 million Industrial targets set

Was it a uccess or +ailure#

=nemployment dropped 3uickly$ wages rose slightly Working hours went from 9+ hours per week in *+8+$ 57 in *+98$ to oer 6, %y *+95 There were fewer consumer goods )o trade union rights replaced %y 'trength Through ?oy( program %etter leisure

opportunities like paid holidays


24/40


Hitler1ro'a!anda in &ai %erman,How was 1ro'a!anda used in &ai %erman, from 3966-3969#

1art, )is'la, )urem%erg Rallies .Goe%%els and peer0 Mass suggestion Lery emotional and atmospheric 'The rallies eCpressed power$ order$ solemnityN( .P: #dam0 Festials '!urning of !ooks( .May *+880

Im'ortance

2oercion and consensus =sed to achiee power in *+88

Targets ?ews$ ocialists$ 2ommunists$ etc =sed to mold the minds and lies of the people Reinforced eCisting attitudes =sed to make the people aware of )a/i achieements

1art, $!encies

trength Through ?oy German &a%our Front Bouth Moements Reich 2hurch Professional #ssociations

Reich Ministry for Popular "nlightenment and Propaganda Reich 2ham%er of 2ulture 2entral Propaganda ;ffice of the )a/i Party

Broadcastin!

2oordinated in *+88 "ncouraged radio ownership through the mass production of cheap radios %y *+97 @,A of households had a 'Lolksempfanger( 'people(s receier( 2ommunal listening to speeches

Culture

upported )a/i ideology #ctiities were coordinated through 'cham%ers( Reich 2ulture 2ham%er$ Reich Press 2ham%er tandards set for art$ music$ literature

1ress

"nd of independent press 'Lolkischer !eoachter( 'national o%serer( 2oordination from *+88 to remoe ?ews and control editorial content )a/i press empire under MaC #mann Pressures to %uy < read Decline in newspapers in circulation as "her Lerlag took oer )a/i central pu%lishing co:


25/40


Cold War"he .$ versus .RWhat were the Ideolo!ical )ifferences Between $merica and Russia in 39F#

Ca'italism v Communism !usinesses < farms owned %y priate people

Profit is good a reward for risk-%earing

ER.

!usinesses and farms owned %y the state andN

Nrun %y the goernment for the %enefit of all people

Profit is a form of oppression

)emocrac, v )ictatorshi'

Multi-party system

Free elections

Parliament .=0 < 2ongress .=#0 make the laws separate eCecutie and legislatie %ranches

ER.

"lections to the 'oiets(

;ne party only the 2ommunist party whichN

Nrules the country

talin de facto.in fact0 an a%solute dictator

+reedom v Human Ri!hts

'>is Ma1esty(s ;pposition( minority party in =

Protests and demonstrations

>uman rights respected in law

ER.

Dissidents imprisoned

G! arrest grum%lers

The gulag

+ree (ar*et v Command Econom,

&aws of supply and demand control production

2ompetition keeps prices low and 3uality up the weak go out of %usiness trikes and unemployment

Freedom of choice

ER.

Workers ordered to a 1o% < area

Wages and hours fiCed %y law

)o unemployment eeryone has a 1o%

E


26/40


Cold WarDalta and 1otsdam 3"he ori!ins of the Cold War > Dalta and 1otsdam

Dalta

Fe%ruary *+95 Rooseelt$ talin$ and 2hurchill the !IG T>R"" Balta southern oiet =nion on the !altic ea

$!reement#

Germany to %e diided into 9 /ones$ as would !erlin G!$ Fr$ =#$ =R Poland to gain land from Germany$ %ut lose some to =R =R to declare war on ?apan 8 months after the end of "uropean war =R guarantees free elections for "astern "urope

Chan!es

;n #pril *7$ *+95 Rooseelt died Rooseelt was replaced %y Truman an openly anti-communist Truman said he would 'get tough with the Russians( During the Potsdam 2onference$ 2hurchill lost the election and was replaced %y #ttlee

1otsdam

?uly #ugust *+95$ outside !erlin: Germany had %een defeated 2hange in the !ig Three meant that the personalities had changed Disagreements at this conference saw the %eginnings of the 2old War

$!reement#

Plans for diision of Germany agreed$ Germany to pay reparations .=R0$ war criminals to %etried$ and =nited )ations set up

Truman demanded =R hold free elections for "astern "urope talin angry that Truman didn(t mention the atomic %om% which talin secretly knew a%out

Iron Curtain

;ne year later talin set up the Iron 2urtain Term coined %y Winston 2hurchill in speech at Fulton$ Missouri in *+96 !order %etween "ast and West "urope talin took control of "astern "urope to act as a %uffer

/one to any future inasion from the West


27/40

Balta *+95$ 2hurchill$ Rooseelt and talin Potsdam *+95$ #ttlee$ Truman and talin


Cold WarDalta and 1otsdam 2How were the Dalta and 1otsdam Conferences )ifferent#

Context

Balta >eld in the 2rimea .Russia0

2hurchill$ Rooseelt$ talin Fe%ruary *+95 Germany not yet defeated

Potsdam >eld in Germany #ttlee$ Truman$ talin ?uly *+95 Germany had surrendered %ut ?apan was not yet defeated

%erman,

Balta #greed in principle to diide Germany into four /ones to %e occupied %y !ritain$ France$ =# and =R

Potsdam et up the four '/ones of occupation( %ut there was open disagreement a%out the %oundaries

Re'arations

Balta et up a commission to look into reparations

Potsdam Russia was allowed to take reparations from the oiet Eone$ plus *,A of industrial capacity unnecessary

for the German peacetime economy of the western /ones #merica and !ritain thought this was too much

Eastern Euro'e

Balta 'Declaration of &i%erated "urope( .to set up democracies in "ast "urope0 et up Polish Goernment of )ational =nity .talin arrested the non-communists0

Potsdam !ritain and =# were worried a%out oiet power %ut stillN Recogni/ed the Polish goernment

Relations

Balta #greements on principles

ome tension 2hurchill wrote to Rooseelt that 'Russia was a danger to the free world(Potsdam ;pen disagreement a%out details Truman was 'tired of %a%ying the oiets( and determined to 'get tough( with the Russians

International Relations

Balta Russia was inited to 1oin the =nited )ations

Potsdam #merica was horrified that Russia might 1oin the war against ?apan Truman did not tell talin that he had the atomic %om%


28/40


Cold Waralami "acticsHow did Communism ta*e over Eastern Euro'e after 39F# like slicing p salami

Bul!aria

*+95 a left-wing coalition .'The Fatherland Front(0 was elected *+96 the 2ommunists eCecuted *5$,,, opponents Tsar imeon was drien into eCile *+9@ the 2ommunists won the election and adopted a oiet-style goernment led %y Dimitro

.trained in the =R0

1oland

*+95 a coalition 'Goernment of )ational =nity( took power *+95 talin arrested the non-2ommunist leaders

*+95-9@ thousands of non-2ommunists were imprisoned *+9@ the 2ommunist leader$ !ierut .trained in the =R0 won an election and %ecame head of

state

Hun!ar,

*+95 a coalition goernment took power few 2ommunists were elected Rakosi .the 2ommunists( leader0 got opposition parties %anned Rakosi got control of the police and set up the #L; Thousands of non-2ommunists were arrested !y *+9@ Rakosi had power .he is credited with the term salami tactics0

Romania *+95 ing Michael came %ack from eCile and a left-wing coalition .'the Plowman(s Front(0

was elected *+96 there was a campaign of iolence against the non-2ommunist parties The 2ommunists won the *+96 elections and forced ing Michael to a%dicate

Cechoslova*ia

*+95 a coalition goernment the 2ommunists .led %y Gottwald0 took oer the radio$ police and army *+9@ secret police arrested non-2ommunists *+94 Gottwald organi/ed demonstrations demanding 2ommunism

Masaryk 'fell( from a window and Gottwald took oer

East %erman,

"ast Germany %ecame the Russian /one completely under Russian control The ocial Democrats merged with the 2ommunist Party to form the ocial =nity Party$ which

won the *+96 elections *+9+ the Russians named their /one the 'German Democratic Repu%lic(


29/40


Cold War"ruman )octrine and (arshall 1lanWhat were the "ruman )octrine and (arshall 1lan#

%reece

#fter WWI Greece appeared to %e 'under threat( from 2ommunism !ritain was una%le to support Greece .as it had done in the past0 In *+9@ Greece was under attack from 2ommunist re%els and asked the =# for help

Communism

Truman was concerned a%out the spread of 2ommunism and was determined to take action >e offered arms$ supplies and money to Greece 2ommunism in Greece was defeated %y *+9+ following a ciil war

)octrine Truman was determined that the =# would not lie in isolation The Truman Doctrine aimed to contain 2ommunism$ %ut not push it %ack 2ontainment ;ffered assistance to 'all free peoples( resisting 'attempted su%1ugation(

(arshall 1lan

Truman saw war raaged "urope as a '%reeding ground( for 2ommunism >e felt it was ital to encourage countries to %ecome prosperous again to recoer from the war = ecretary of tate$ George Marshall$ proposed Marshall #id Total aid from *+94 *+5* was close to *8 %illion =

ust Bein! Hel'ful# >elping "uropean countries to recoer also meant creating a market for = eCports #lso .although not pu%licly admitted0 it was a clear aim to preent the spread of 2ommunism talin saw this as #merica trying to %uy support 2ountries receiing aid included =$ France$ Germany$ Italy$ )etherlands$ !elgium$

&uCem%ourg$ #ustria$ Denmark$ )orway$ Greece$ weden$ wit/erland$ Turkey$ Ireland$ Iceland

uccess#

*+94 *+57 saw period of growth in "uropean history #gricultural production surpassed pre-war leels Forged )orth #tlantic alliances

Political sta%ility was achieed in the countries receiing aid Rationing was ended$ poerty and staration disappeared

"ension

#id was ital for "uropean economic recoery >oweer$ talin refused Marshall #id and %anned "astern "uropean countries under the =R(s

control from accepting it This created tension on %oth sides

Many historians differ on 1ust how much credit should %e gien to Marshall Plan for "urope(s recoery:


30/40


Cold WarBerlin Bloc*ade 394

Wh, did the Bloc*ade ha''en and what were the Consead %een agreed to split Germany into four /ones %etween =R$ France$ !ritain and =#:!erlin was similarly diided

In *+94 =#$ !ritain and France merged their /ones into West Germany and West !erlin =# poured large sums of money into West !erlin

talins Concerns

talin was coninced this was a capitalist plot to lure "ast Germans and "ast !erliners >e was angry that he wasn(t consulted a%out decisions such as the new Deutschmark

talin may hae thought the = and its allies were planning to reunite Germany

talins Reaction

?une 79$ *+94 talin ordered all road$ rail and canal routes %etween West Germany and West!erlin to %e closed

>e hoped to force the = and her allies into su%mission = reacted strongly$ claiming this was talin(s first step in a take-oer of Western "urope

$llied Reaction

The #llies didn(t want to force their way into !erlin for fear of sparking a war$ so they %egan tofly supplies in

Flights %egan on ?une 76$ reaching a peak of one eery 8 minutes %y eptem%er *+94

Consee had to eentually %ack down on May *7$ *+9+ he ended the %lockade it was a ma1or

em%arrassment talin reali/ed the =R needed the atom %om% to stand up to the =: #tomic testing was

increased

Conse


31/40

!erliners watching a 2-59 land at Templehof #irport$ *+94


Cold Warhrushchevs oviet .nion 39F6-397What ha''ened to the oviet .nion under hrushchev#

)e-taliniation

Fe% *+56 ecret peech .report to got critici/ing talin(s purges and cult of personality0 #ttacked image and reputation of talin More freedom for writers and artists i/e and power of secret police reduced Political prisoners released

$!ricultural 1olicies

#im was to produce more food Lirgin &and cheme take fallow land and cultiate it using got resources Introduce mai/e mall collectie farms %ecame independent !igger$ more efficient 2ollectie Farms were created

$!ricultural 1ro/lems

hrushche thought he was an eCpert$ %ut was not Lirgin &and cheme failed Mai/e was unsuita%le .climate$ soil$ etc0 )ew collectie farms did not work well

Industrial 1olicies

onarkho/y Regional "conomic 2ouncils 2ontrols on workers relaCed Decisions to %e taken at a more regional leel ;rdered more luCury goods Deeloped pace program HWhat sort of 2ommunism is it that cannot produce a sausageK

Industrial 1ro/lems

onarkho/y didn(t work Managers and workers were not used to the freedom &ed to more %ureaucracy 2onsumer goods sacrificed for space program *+6* slogan HTurn hrushche into sausage meat HWhilst Gagarin or%ited the earth$ we counted on a%acuses housewife$ *++,


32/40

Wh, did he Resi!n#

Prices rose %y 8,A #gricultural policies had failed Industrial policies had failed Failed foreign policies 2u%a "m%arrassment =) shoe stamping incident during a speech 2riticism of talin had gone too far for many Forced to resign in *+69


Cold Warhrushchev 39F6 - 397What effect did hrushchev have on the Cold War#

(ore 1eaceful#

hrushche said that he wanted 'peaceful co-eCistence(

!=T !y 'peaceful co-eCistence( he really meant 'peaceful competition(

+riendlier#

hrushche had a sense of humor and was always laughing and smiling!=T >e was );T gentle and easy-going talin had used him to run the terror purges after WWII

%entler#

In *+56$ hrushche said that talin was a murderer$ and he %egan to 'destalini/e( Russia:Political prisoners were set free and !eria .responsi%le for talin(s Great Purge0 was eCecuted

!=T 'Destalini/ation( did not mean a change %ack to capitalism$ or freedom from Russia

ummits#

hrushche often met western leaders at 'summit( meetings!=T hrushche loed to argue: This often caused tension %etween leaders

Iron Curtain#

In *+55 hrushche told Tito of Bugoslaia 'there are different roads to communism(: Westernleaders thought this meant an end to the Iron curtain

!=T When communist countries went to far in their reforms$ hrushche sent in the army .eg

>ungary *+560

"haw#

#t first$ the western powers hoped that this would %e the start of a 'thaw( in the 2old War!=T hrushche gae countries like !urma and #fghanistan economic aid if they supported Russia


33/40

2astro and hrushche at the =nited )ations in*+6,


Cold War"he Hun!arian .'risin!What ha''ened in Hun!ar, in 39F7#

Bac*!round

In *+95$ =R installed puppet goernment in >ungary Designed to remoe opposition and enforce loyalty oiet propaganda eerywhere and protest groups emerged wanting democracy

hrushchev

In Fe%ruary *+56$ hrushche critici/ed parts of talin(s rule$ suggesting that oiet policymight %e changing

Those who heard a%out the speech thought this might mean countries like >ungary would %eallowed to hae self-determination

8verthrow

In ;cto%er *+56 the 2ommunist dictatorship was oerthrown ;pposition groups unite and support eC-Prime Minister Imre )agy

Red $rm,

)oem%er 9$ *+56 hrushche orders Red #rmy to take control Tanks and soldiers enter !udapest !itter street fighting$ %ut 2ommunist leader Rakosi was restored

1leas for Hel'

;pposition group leaders were all captured and eCecuted Desperate pleas oer the radio for = assistance %ut there was on = interention

Imre )agy was imprisoned and then eCecuted

Conseungarians died including 7, opposition group leaders and Imre )agy howed oiet policy countries in her sphere of influence would stay in her sphere of influence =# showed no desire to get inoled .this must hae made =R happy0


34/40

A ruined statue of Stalin in Budapest Russian tanks in Budapest


Cold War

"he Berlin Wall 3973How i!nificant was the Berlin Wall and Wh, was it Built#

Bac*!round

#t Balta$ !erlin had %een diided into four /ones .1ust as Germany had %een0 In *+94-9+$ the !erlin !lockade saw talin attempt to 'stare( West !erlin into su%mission talin was forced to %ack down following the !erlin #irlift

)ifferences

#part from the !erlin !lockade$ those liing in !erlin could trael freely lie in the "ast andwork in the West and ice ersa

hrushche proclaimed that !erlin was %eing used %y the West as a %ase for spying and sa%otage

1ro/lems

In reality$ he wanted to preent all the highly skilled and educated from working in West !erlin "ast !erlin was still suffering %adly$ whereas West !erlin was recoering well !etween *+95-6, it is thought 8 million people crossed from "ast to West !erlin

$u!ust 365 3973

;ernight a well guarded fence was constructed diiding the city in two People were trapped in either "ast or West !erlin The fence was guarded %y Red #rmy machine gun posts

Concrete Wall

!y #ugust *@th$ the %ar%ed wire fence was replaced with a concrete wall$ split only %y wellguarded checkpoints

From *+6* to *+4+ nearly +, people died trying to cross The wall %ecame a sym%ol of the diision %etween 2ommunism and 2apitalism

Conse


35/40

"ast German construction workers %uilding the !erlin Wall


Cold War

Chan!e in Relations from 39F-3972How did the u'er'ower Relations Chan!e from 39F - 3972#

$llies to Enemies#

=R and =# were allies united against )a/i Germany ;nce WWII ended$ any friendship thawed: ome suggest wartime alliance was 1ust a necessity

for %oth sides !y *+67$ the two allies were on the %rink of nuclear war

$lliances

Following the !erlin !lockade .*+94-9+0 tensions rose

aw creation of two alliances )orth #tlantic Treaty ;rgani/ation .)#T;0 and Warsaw Pact

$rms Race

Race %etween the superpowers to try and %uild more weapons than each other Deelopment of a huge range of eer-increasing powerful weapons and e3uipment for war Last sums of money were spent %y %oth sides

(utual Co-Existence

talin died in *+58 and relations seemed to improe The >ungarian 2risis .*+560 shoed the =# wouldn(t interfere directly in =R territory 2oncept of 'mutual co-eCistence( %oth accepted each other$ as long as they didn(t interfere

Crises

eries of crises rapidly changed the situation =7 incident .*+6,0 !erlin Wall .*+6*0 2u%an Missile 2risis .*+670 The increase in tension %rought the world to the %rink of war

$fter 3972

!oth sides reali/ed how dangerous the situation had %ecome #fter *+67 there was a gradual thawing of relations in a process that %ecame known as Dtente


36/40

There were still serious issues$ %ut %oth sides took steps to preent similar situations again


Cold War

Cu/an (issile Crisis 3972What made the Cu/an (issile Crisis the most erious Incident of the Cold War#

Bac*!round

In *+5+ Fidel 2astro(s re%els oerthrew corrupt pro-= goernment in 2u%a 2astro tried to make a trade agreement with the =# =# refused as they saw 2astro as a 2ommunist Thus 2astro turned to the =R$ who readily made a deal

&uclear ite 'otted

In return for %uying 2u%an goods$ the =R got permission to %uild a nuclear missile site in

2u%a ;n ;cto%er *9$ *+67 a = =7 spy plane spotted the nuclear site %eing %uilt

ExComm et .'

= President ennedy set up '"C2omm( a committee to decide what to do ;n ;cto%er 77$ ennedy ordered the = nay to %lockade 2u%a >e stated that any oiet essel that tried to %reak the %lockade would %e destroyed

8n the Brin* of War

;n ;cto%er 78$ the =nited )ations %acked the = and ordered any missiles to %e remoed oiet ships were spotted heading towards 2u%a

The world was on the %rink of all out nuclear war

Com'romise

;n ;cto%er 7@$ hrushche secretly offered to pull out of 2u%a if the =# pulled out of Turkey ennedy agreed and a day later hrushche ordered oiet ships to turn around

Conse


37/40

ennedy and Mc)amara in an "C2omm meeting


Cold War

)etente3976ish-39:9ish; What was achieved durin! the era of )etente#

Reasons for )Ltente

!oth sides had reasons to improe relations = fighting in Lietnam needed to slow arms race to reduce %urden on economy =R concerned a%out 2ommunist 2hina !oth sides wanted to reduce economic eCpenditure

Better Relations

*+68 >otline set upS nuclear test %an Treaty %anned tests a%oe ground

*+64 )on-proliferation treaty *+6+ trategic #rms &imitation Talks %egan reducing mid-range nuclear weapons .#&T0

Coo'eration

*+@7 President )iCon isits Moscow and #&T * Treaty signed *+@7 #greements %etween "ast and West Germany signed *+@5 pace = astronauts and oiet 2osmonauts docked together in space:

Helsin*i $ccords

#ugust *+@5 >elsinki #greement signed %y 85 countries .including =R and =#0

Declaration of >uman Rights 2urrent %orders of "urope accepted Demonstration of commitment to improe relations

$" 2#

*+@+ #&T 7 treaty proposed to coer long-range nuclear missiles: )eer ratified %y = 2ongress due to oiet inasion of #fghanistan =R claimed they had %een asked to 'restore order(: = saw it as an inasion and supported

#fghan re%els ?oe !iden was in on the discussions with Gromyko


38/40

Conclusions

Mistrust and suspicion continued during Dtente$ %ut this was a period that generally sawcooperation and agreement

!oth sides had much to gain from increased cooperation such as saings from a slower armsrace and also trade %enefits

Ford and !re/hne signing #&T documents in *+@9


Cold War

%or/achevs oviet .nionWhat ha''ened to the oviet .nion under %or/achev#

1olitical 1ro/lems

Insta%ility oiet =nion had four leaders in four years !re/hne(s era was one of repression 2orruption talin(s generation was %eing replaced %y more li%eral men Gor%ache didn(t know how serious these pro%lems were

Economic 1ro/lems

oiet =nion was irtually %ankrupt Industry was %ackward and old fashioned$ inefficient #rms Race military commitments in "astern "urope and nuclear arsenal were ery eCpensie Thriing %lack market 2herno%yl *+45 highlighted all these pro%lems

ocial 1ro/lems

*+4, oiet =nion had highest alcoholic rate in world *,A workers drunk at any time &ow standard of liing &uCury goods were scarce and unafforda%le

%or/achevs $ims "nd the 2old War Pull Red #rmy out of #fghanistan "nd oiet =nion(s commitment to "astern "urope #ll this was to sae communism$ not destroy it Policies wereQ

Glasnost openness$ freedom of informationPerestroika economic restructuring

Wh, did %or/achev +ail#

Gor%ache had no real detailed plan$ only goals


39/40

Too little$ too late >elp from the G@ neer came !y late *+4,s Red #rmy was no longer %eing paid Gor%ache was not prepared to use force to keep the oiet =nion together

Wh, did %or/achev Resi!n#

People wanted more reforms #llowing "astern "urope to %reak away encouraged the %reak up of the oiet =nion Gor%ache refused to use force against ethnic uprisings Gor%ache %ecame isolated politically 2oup of #ugust *++* Beltsin !y Dec *++*$ Gor%ache was president of nothing


Cold War

End of the Cold WarHow and Wh, )id "he Cold War End in 3949# ?Is there a new cold war#@

$f!hanistan

=R faced huge pressure oer inasion They feared Islamic fundamentalists .Mu1ahedin0 would take oer #fghanistan What was meant to %e a %rief inasion turned into their e3uialent of Lietnam >uge financial %urden erge of %ankruptcy

gee, see any crrent correlations!

%or/achev and Rea!an

)ew =R leader Gor%ache reali/ed drastic changes were needed upporting other 2ommunist countries$ competing in the arms race and huge military costs were

too much for Russian economy to '%ear( get it! = spent huge amounts on defense in an effort to finally 'win( the arms race

+riendshi'

President Reagan came to power with strong anti-2ommunist stance .e:g: massie defensespending plans0

Bet the two opposing leaders got along well together suggested possi%ilities of closer relations

(eetin!s

Gor%ache and Reagan met in Genea .*+450 and Reyk1aik .*+460 I)F .Intermediate Range )uclear Force Treaty0 signed in *+4@ actual destruction of a range of

nuclear weapons

Chan!e

*+4+ saw the %reak-up of the oiet(s 'phere of Influence( oer "astern "urope Poland *+4+ protests led to free elections Gor%ache refused to send in Red #rmy to s3uash opposition This sent a signal to other "astern "uropean countries

End of the Cold War


40/40

!orders %egan to open and 2ommunist goernments resigned In *+4+ President !ush and Gor%ache met off Malta and declared the 2old War oer In )oem%er *+4+ the !erlin Wall was torn down oiet =nion collapsed$ Gor%ache resigned on Dec 75$ *++*

2old War initiaties < dates to knowN

trategic Defense Initiatie .*+480M#D .Mutually #ssured Destruction02ontainment *+9@-*+58"scalation and 2risis *+58-*+67Dtente *+68-*+@+

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