bacteria basics - lincnet.org · go to the doctor your throat. The results ... Bacteria Basics ... Certain bacteria are bad for us though and that is why it is important to guard

1

• Aerobic[ai‐roh‐bik]:requiresoxygen.• Anaerobic [an‐uh‐roh‐bik]: does not require

oxygen.• Bacteria [bak‐teer‐ee‐uh]:atypeofsinglecelled

organism.• Eukaryote [yoo‐kar‐ee‐oht]: a cell with a

nucleus.• Organism[awr‐guh‐niz‐uhm]:alivingthing.• Prokaryote [proh‐kar‐ee‐oht]: a cell without a

nucleus.• Yogurt‐ a food made from milk that has been

spoiledbybacteria.

!

LEARNINGGOAL(S):Bysuccessfullycompletingthislab…

>Iwillbeabletoexplainthedifferencebetweentwodifferenttypesofcells,prokaryoticandeukaryotic.

Name:_______________________________________________Date:__________________________Section:___________

BacteriaBasics

Cellsarethebasicunitoflifeandcontainspecificpartsthatdo

specificjobs.

KEYTERMS

Haveyougottenasorethroatrecently?Yougotothedoctor’sofficeandthedoctorswabsyour throat. The results come back and thedoctor tells you that you have strep throat.Thatmeanstheseguysbelowhavetakenupresidenceinyourbody

The test performed was called a strep testand tested you forStreptococcus pyogenes –that’s science talk for a chain of bacteria ‐microscopic organisms made up of a singlecell.Sohowcansuchapunysinglecellcauseyoutobesomiserable?Don’ttakeitpersonally.Theydon'tintendtohurt you; they’re just trying to findsomething to eat, something to drink, and aplacetoliveandraiseafamily.Not all bacteria are bad though. Did youknow that you have 4‐5 different kinds ofbacteria that live with you on and in yourbody right now?These bacteria donot hurtyou at all. These bacteria are calledmutualistic symbionts. That’s anothersciencetermthatmeantheyhelpusandwehelpthem.As amatterof fact, these verybacteriahelpyoumore thanyouknow. Inyour intestinesright now there are literally hundreds ofthousands of bacteria that are helping youbreak down your breakfast and lunch. Infact,youhavemorebacteriainyourintestinesthanallthepeoplethathaveeverlivedonthisplanet! These tiny, single‐celled organismsareeverywhere.Let’sgofindsome….

INTODUCTION

2

PreLab

BACTERIABASICS[DOTHISPAGENOW]

SelfCheck1.Canyouexplainthedifferencebetweenaprokaryoticandeukaryoticcell?_____YES_____NO2.Canyougiveandexampleofaprokaryoticcell?_____YES_____NO3.Canyougiveandexampleofaeukaryoticcell?_____YES_____NO4..Doyouknowwhattodoifyouseebubblesunderthecoverslip?_____YES_____NO PutanXintheboxestoshowwhichorganellesareinthedifferenttypesofcellslistedintheLEFTcolumn:

Drawaeukaryoticcellandlabelallitsparts

Drawaprokaryoticcellandlabelitsparts

Cellmembrane

CellWall

Cytoplasm Nucleus Mitochondria Chloroplasts Vacuoles

Prokaryoticcell

Eukaryoticcell

3

PostLab

BACTERIABASICS[DOTHISPAGELAST]

SelfCheck1.Canyouexplainthedifferencebetweenaprokaryoticandeukaryoticcell?_____YES_____NO2.Canyougiveandexampleofaprokaryoticcell?_____YES_____NO3.Canyougiveandexampleofaeukaryoticcell?_____YES_____NO4.Doyouknowwhattodoifyouseebubblesunderthecoverslip?_____YES_____NO PutanXintheboxestoshowwhichorganellesareinthedifferenttypesofcellslistedintheLEFTcolumn:

Drawaeukaryoticcellandlabelallitsparts

Drawaprokaryoticcellandlabelitsparts

Cellmembrane

CellWall

Cytoplasm Nucleus Mitochondria Chloroplasts Vacuoles

Prokaryoticcell

Eukaryoticcell

4

BACTERIALAB

• slidex1• coverslipx1• dropperx1• microscopex1• yogurt• cupofwater• toothpickx1

MATERIALS

STEP1Go to the rubric(s)on thelast page and read thecriteriaforlevel3work.

PROCEDURES STEP2

Set up your microscope in a securelocationtoavoidanexpensivecrash!

STEP3Usingatoothpick,placeasmalldabofyogurtonaslide.Addonedropofwatertotheyogurtandplacethecoverslipontop.

TechniqueTip:NEVERPRESSONTHECOVERSLIPTOTRYTO REMOVE AIR BUBBLES. This will break the cover slipand/ordamageyourspecimen.

STEP4Under LOW power, find a section where the yogurt isprettythin;thisiswhereyouwillfindthebacteria.Draw,whatyouseeandlabelthestructuresonthedatasheet.

STEP5Switch to the next two powers andmake drawings for each one on thedatasheet.

STEP6Cleanup!

ALWAYSCARRYAMICROSCOPEINANUPRIGHTPOSITION.USE2HANDS!!

5

TypesofBacteriaABacilliwithandwithoutflagellaBStreptococciCStaphylococciDDiplococciESpirocheteFClubrodGFilamentousHStreptobacilli

On the table top; On your skin; In your food. These are just three common examples of places you will find some bacteria. Bacteria are very small. They are so small that it requires a microscope to see them. This means little to most of us. If you can't see it how can it hurt you? Well, this question is quite simple to answer.

Bacteria has gotten a bad name in the press as of late. In newspapers and magazines around the world the past couple of years the media pushes bacteria as horrific living things that are going to kill us all. Did you know that you have 4-5 different kinds of bacteria that live with you on and in your body right now? These bacteria do nothurt you at all. As a matter of fact these very bacteria are called mutualistic symbionts. They live in complete harmony with us; we depend on them and they depend onus. As a matter of fact these very bacteria help you more than you know. In your intestines right now there are literally hundreds of thousands of bacteria that are helpingyou break down your breakfast and lunch. Figure 1 is a picture of a typical bacterial.

Certain bacteria are bad for us though and that is why it is important to guard ourselves from them. They don't intend to hurt us, rather they are just trying to find something to eat, drink, a place to live and a place to raise a family. It is not in their intentions at all to hurt us, because they will not have a place to live if they do hurt us. None the less, they do hurt us and our bodies fight back to get rid of them. We do this by making white blood cells in our bodies that attack them in many different ways. This fighting system contained in each of our body systems is a component of our circulatory system. The first response to an invading bacteria whereby white blood cells begin attacking the bacteria is part of the bodies primary immune response. After we have been exposed to an invading infectious organism our white blood cells, as part of the primary immune response, produce small proteins called antibodies. These antibodies stick with us and stay in our blood stream and lymph system where they can be used on future invading bacteria. The production of antibodies is called the secondary immune response. So, the different ways if fighting disease and infection in our bodies are called the primary and secondary immune response.

Bacteria belong to Kingdoms Archeabacteria or Eubacteria. They are unicellular organisms that may be colonial in nature or single cellular solitary organisms. All bacterial cells are prokaryotic. There are several defining differences between bacteria that belong to these Kingdoms. In the diagram above you might notice that the bacteria has a tail called a flagella. Not all bacteria have these tails. Moreover, in the diagram find the structure labeled the cell wall. Bacterial cell walls can have different thickness to them. We can find this "thickness" through a differential compound staining procedure called the Gram's Stain. The Gram's Stain it turns out can help us tell the difference between two categories of bacteria, Gram Positive Bacteria (that have a "thicker" cell wall) and Gram Negative Bacteria (that have a "thinner" cell wall).

Finally, another large difference between bacteria are their shapes. There are three shapes of bacteria, cocci are round bacteria, bacillus are rod shaped bacteria and spirillum (spirochetes) are spiral shaped bacteria. As said above, bacteria can live by themselves or in colonies. When bacteria live in colonies they can exist in pairs, chains of two or more pairs, clusters (that look like tiny grapes), in groups of only four and so on. So, here are some of the terminology that relate to their shapes and numbers in occurrence:

In Numbers they Occur In - Two bacteria = diplo, Four bacteria = tetra, More than two in a chain = strepto, More than four in a cluster (like grapes) = staphylo

In Shapes they Occur In - Circles=Cocci (Figure 2), Rods=Bacilli (Figure 3), Spiral=Spirillum (Figure 4)

Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4

Bacteria Lab

Cells(thesmallestindividualunitsof life) aredivided into twobasiccategories:prokaryoticcells,andeukaryoticcells. Bacteria are prokaryotes. Allother organisms areeukaryotes.

Most prokaryotic cells areextremely small and do nothaveanucleus.

Most prokaryotic cells haveflagella, whip like structuresused for movement and pilli,small hair like structures thathelp bacteria stick to surfacesortootherbacteria.

Eukaryotic cellsare largerandhaveanucleus.

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KEYINFO

The best way to identify bacteriais by cell shape. Each of theshapes on the right shows aspecific bacterium (means onlyone).Eachshapehasaletterthatgives its scientific name on thelist.

BacteriaBasics

6

_____________________________________________Mag._____________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

YES I provided awritten explanation ofwhatmy drawingshows,includingthespecimen’sshapeandstructures

YESIunderlinedthekeytermsIusedinmydescription YESMydescriptioncontainskey informationthat isneatly

writtenandlegibleinaclearandunderstandableway YESMydrawingusesshadingforhighlights YESMytitleandmagnificationareontop

YESMydrawingislargeenoughsoallofthepartscanbeeasilyseen

YESMylinequalityissharpandprecise(nosmudges) YESMylabelsareoutsidethecircleontheleftorrightand

havestraightlinesthatpointtothespecificpartsinsidethedrawing;it’sclearwhatisbeinglabeled

IncorrectDrawingCorrectDrawing

DATASHEET

7

_____________________________________________Mag._____________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________








8

_____________________________________________Mag._____________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________








9

CONCLUSIONS

CELLTYPES

ProkaryoteDefine:

EukaryoteDefine:

Distinguishingcharacteristics:

Examples:

PLANTDistinguishingcharacteristics:

ANIMALDistinguishingcharacteristics:

Examples:Examples:

10

PerformanceIndicators‐AtLevel1,workneedstoimprovealot.‐AtLevel2,workmeetstheminimumrequirements.‐AtLevel3,workissatisfactory.‐AtLevel4,workisexcellent.

ScoringKey

1615ptsA+(98%)

14ptsA(95%)

13ptsA‐(90)

12ptsB+(88%)

11ptsB(85%)

10ptsB‐(80%)

9ptsC+(78%)

8ptsC(75%)

7ptsC‐(70%)

6ptsD+(68%)

5ptsD(65%)

4pts.D‐(63‐60%)

Total(S)____________Total(T)___________

MyEffort MyStrategies 4: I worked on the lab the entire time until it was

completed. I pushed myself to continue and did not getdistractedbysocialconversationsorotherdifficulties.

4: Iwashighly focusedandrepeatedlyusedmynotes,textbookandotherresourcestosolveproblemsbymyselftoachievethegoal(s)ofthislab.

3: IworkedonthelabmostofthetimeandfinishediteventhoughImighthavebeendistractedsomeofthetime.

3: I used my notes, textbook and other resources tosolveproblemsandachievethegoal(s)ofthislabbeforeIaskedforhelpfrommyclassmatesorteacher.

2: I worked on the lab some of the time but wasdistracted by social conversations or other difficulties. Imighthavefinishedbutjustbarely.

2:Imadesomeprogressandmighthaveusedmynotes,textbook and other resources to solve problems andachievethegoal(s)ofthislab.

1: Iputverylittleeffortintothislabandspentalotoftime in social conversations,making unrelated commentstoothersanddidn’tfinishontime.

1: Iasked forhelpassoonasanyproblemsaroseanddidnotusemytextbook,notesorotherresources.Iwaitedfortheteacherormyclassmatesdoitforme.

SCIENTIFICDRAWINGRUBRIC

4Yes,andinaddition…

3Yes

2Yes,but…

1Notyet

1.Eachdrawingfollowsthechecklistasrequired,hasatitle,power of magnification and provides an attractivepresentationwithoutsmudgesorerasuremarks.

S_______T_______

S_______T_______

S_______T_______

S_______T_______

2.Eachdrawinghaslabelsontheoutsidewithstraightlinespointingtothespecificpartsinsidethedrawing.Thelabelsarecorrectlyspelledandscientificallyaccurate.

S_______T_______

S_______T_______

S_______T_______

S_______T_______

3. Each drawing is large enough to see all the structuresanddetails

S_______T_______

S_______T_______

S_______T_______

S_______T_______

4. Each drawing has a full and accurate description thatincludes: Theshapeandcolorofthespecimen Thestructuresthatarevisibleandtheirlocations Keytermsthatareunderlined

S_______T_______

S_______T_______

S_______T_______

S_______T_______

Documents

bacteria basics - lincnet.org · go to the doctor your throat. The results ... Bacteria Basics ... Certain bacteria are bad for us though and that is why it is important to guard