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Empire & the Peasantry(Part 2)
Jan Douwe van der PloegRural Sociology
Baeza, Curso de Agro-ecologa
Enero de 2009
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Empire: some features
Monopolistic networks that increasingly link production,processing, distribution and consumption of food
Conquest and expansion
Centralization of planning and control
Appropriation of value added
Powerful but fragile
Institutionalized slow-down
Intelligent geography
Denaturalization Massive exclusion
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Squeeze on Agriculture
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Squeeze on Agriculture
Sconnessione dalla natura
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Squeeze on Agriculture
Sconnessione dalla natura
Regolazione
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Sottomissione agli ImperiAlimentari
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Value added per economic sector (1980 = 100)valore aggiunto per branca 1980 = 100
70%
80%
90%
100%
110%
120%
130%
140%
150%
160%
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
alim
tess
legnochimiche
minerali
metalli
meccan
autom
148%
112%
109%
106%
92%
91%
84%
79%
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ARTICOLAZIONE TRIPLICE
Agricultural
production
Society
ature Farming
population
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CRISI AGRARIA
Agricultural
production
Society
ature Farming
population
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Local village
n
clientsclientsclients
hospitalhouse for
elderly
grocery
consumers consumers
butchery bakery
farms
farms
processing-
unit
trader
farmsfarms
elsewhere
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Local village
clients
n
clientsclients
hospitalhouse for
elderly
grocery
consumers consumers
butchery bakery
farms
farms
processing
unit
trader
farmsfarms
elsewhere
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The emergence of Empire
clientsclientsclients
hospitalhouse for
elderly
grocery
consumers consumers
butchery bakery
farms
farms
processing
unit
trader
farms
farms
elsewhere
Merger; accumulated demand
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clientsclientsclients
hospitalhouse for
elderly
grocery
consumers consumers
butchery bakery
farms
farms
processing
unit
trader
farms
farms
elsewhere
Merger; accumulated demand
Catering company
EU tendering rules
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clientsclientsclients
hospitalhouse for
elderly
grocery
consumers consumers
butchery bakery
farms
farms
processing
unit
trader
farms
farms
elsewhere
Merger; accumulated demand
Catering company
EU tendering rules
New providers
exclusion
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Contemporary food-related problems and
challenges
Malnutrition (1):
Up to 80% of elderlypeople in US nursinghomes suffering frommalnutrition
15-20% of patients in UKenter hospitalmalnourished, 25-30%leave hospital
malnourished
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Contemporary food-related problems and
challenges
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Actor Network:
the peasant
community ofCatacaos
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Actor Network:
the peasant
community ofCatacaos
NEEDS
RESOURCES
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Locally available resources - dispersed
Paita harbour
seeds
Refrigerated
containers
Market
information
Working
force
Regional
state
Drip
irrigation
Market
channels
airfield
capital
Desert
land
Pumping
stations
water
electricity
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Assembling locally available Resources
Paita harbour
seeds
Refrigerated
containers
Market
information
Working
force
Regional
state
Drip
irrigation
Market
channels
airfield
capital
Desert
land
Pumping
stations
water
electricity
Empire
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Area precedentemente desertica Terre comunali
precedentemente verdiNuove frontiere:
il ritorno dei reticolati
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Lesproprio dellacqua per usi privati
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cipolleUva da tavola PeperoniAsparagi
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Asparagi freschi: Mercato Olandese, 1/
500gr
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The Peasant Condition
Strugglefor
autonomy
Hostile environment
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The Peasant Condition
Strugglefor
autonomy
Hostile environment
Selfcontrolled
resource base
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Quality of land and fertilization
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Explanation of different ways of fertilization
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Fruit trees
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Fruit production
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Cattle
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Goats and using the hills
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A very importantresource: farmers
knowledge
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Another resource:
young children
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Social resources: bathing house
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Social
networks (1)
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Social network (2)
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The Peasant Condition
Strugglefor
autonomy
Hostile environment
Selfcontrolled
resource base
Co-production
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The Peasant Condition
Strugglefor
autonomy
Hostile environment
Selfcontrolled
resource base
Co-production
markets
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The Peasant Condition
Strugglefor
autonomy
Hostile environment
Selfcontrolled
resource base
Co-production
marketssurvival
feed
back
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The Peasant Condition
Strugglefor
autonomy
Hostile environment
Selfcontrolled
resource base
Co-production
marketssurvival
feed
back
other
activities
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The Peasant Condition
Strugglefor
autonomy
Hostile environment
Selfcontrolled
resource base
Co-production
marketssurvival
feed
back
other
activities
Co-operation
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The Basic Structure of Farming
conversion
markets
outputresources
non commodity circuits
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Repeasantization
Conversion
1
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Repeasantization
Conversion
1
2
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Repeasantization
Conversion
1
2
3 regrounding agriculture upon nature
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Repeasantization
Conversion
1
2
3 regrounding agriculture upon nature4 pluri-activity
R i i
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Repeasantization
Conversion
1
2
3regrounding agriculture upon nature
4 pluri-activity5 new forms of local co-operation
R i i
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Repeasantization
Improving
Conversion
I/O
1
2
3regrounding agriculture upon nature
4 pluri-activity5 new forms of local co-operation
6
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Contadini giovani
della Frisia
multifunzionalit
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Famiglia Hoekstra
Longa, Frisia
multifunzionalit
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Famiglia Vellinga
Nijland, Frisia
multifunzionalit
Ricerca Impact
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p
N = 3264
Irlanda
Inghilterra
OlandaGermania
Italia
Spagna
9
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Nuove attivit tipo SR
51 %
NVA 5.9 109
NVA 5 9 109
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Nuove attivit tipo SR
51 %
NVA 5.9 109
Riduzione dei costi
60 %
NVA 5.7 109
NVA 5 9 109
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Nuove attivit tipo SR
51 %
NVA 5.9 109
Riduzione dei costi
60 %
Pluriattivit
27 %
NVA 5.7 109 Reddito 20.1 109
NVA 5 9 109Nessuna = 17%
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Nuove attivit tipo SR
51 %
NVA 5.9 109
Riduzione dei costi
60 %
Pluriattivit
27 %
NVA 5.7 109 Reddito 20.1 109
NVA 5 9 109Nessuna = 17%
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Nuove attivit tipo SR
51 %
NVA 5.9 109
Riduzione dei costi
60 %
Pluriattivit
27 %
NVA 5.7 109 Reddito 20.1 109
Totale = 31.7 109
(tot. red. agr. = 41 .1 109
)
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Autoregolazione
Nuovi soluzioni istituzionali
Dalle modalit verso scopi
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Rivalorizzare il
ruolo degli
agricoltori
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Riconoscere e
rinforzare la
polivalenza
Interrelated forms of resistance
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Interrelated forms of resistance
Intervening in theorganization of labourand production:introducing alterations
Covert
sabotage
Overt
struggles
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Second
example
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Resistance is no longer a form of reactionbut a form of production and action [.].
Resistance is no longer one of factory workers;it is a completely new resistance based oninnovativeness [] and on autonomous co-
operation between producing [and consuming]subjects.It is the capacity to develop new, constitutive
potentialities that go beyond reigning forms ofdomination (Negri, 2006: 54).
How to build theoretically on resistance,
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y
synergy and superiority?
Slot in heterogeneity
Slot in mouldability of both nature and society
Explore tendencies and countertendencies Link to promising pockets
Towards: multilevel
multiactor &
multidimensional models
Natura Beef (Switzerland)
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( )
P. Damary (SRVA) and Marguerite Paus (ETH)
producers
Swiss Association ofsuckling cow breeders
ASVNM
Federal officeof agriculture
Institute forAgriculturaleconomics
direct supportfor non milkdelivery
-communication, exchanges,
-professional defence,-technicalreferences.
local consumers
Berne, Vaud, Help fororganisation
Subsidies
Agriculturalinstitutional
network
Foundation of association (1977 1980) Milestones-Foundation ASVNMinitiated by producers
-Goal: improvefarmers income
- Approach: improveproduction methods,promote methods,coordinate supply,find outlet for newproduct
- Shared values:environmentallyfriendly and health
- From 42 farmers in1977 to 118 in 1980
Natura Beef (Switzerland)
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P. Damary (SRVA) and Marguerite Paus (ETH)
regional branchesof Coop,
independent
butchers
Federal office ofagriculture
producers
subsidies
Consumers in
Basel and Region
Nationalproduction?
Bell
Regional
branches of
Coop
-communication,-professional defence,
Swiss Association ofsuckling cow breeders
2 regional cattle
tradersInvolved in strategy
9 regionalassociations
-marketing,-herd-book,
-technical references,
-controls.
Marketing and upscaling (1980 1990) Milestones-Problematisation: norecognition of thespecial qualities of theproduct on the market,no price difference with
conventional beef
- Shared solution: salesof beef with name andlogo (NaturaBeef) andnaturalness as image
-Informal alliance withBell (chain of butchers)
-Outlet through Coop
- From 118 farmers in1980 to 750 in 1990
Natura Beef (Switzerland)
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P. Damary (SRVA) and Marguerite Paus (ETH)
traditional
butchers
Federal office ofagriculture
2 regional cattle traders
producers
subsidies
Swiss home-consumers
Coop
Swiss Associationof suckling cowbreeders
Involved in strategy
Communication
Traitafina
collective
housing,
restaurants
-communication,-professional defence,
-marketing,
-herd-book,
-technical references,
-controls.
Swiss restaurant-consumers
+NaturaBeef
channel
SwissPrimBeefchannel
Reinforcing negotiation position (1990 2003) Milestones-Coop wants exclusivityof label (in retail sector)
- As response ASVNMdecided to reinforce its
negotiation position byissuing annual saleslicenses (chain control)
-Coop develops its ownenvironmental labelCoopNaturaPlan with
NaturaBeef aseyecatcher
-ASVNM developsquality labelSwissPrimBeef
-From 750 farmers in
1990 to 3750 in 2003
Natura Beef (Switzerland)
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P. Damary (SRVA) and Marguerite Paus (ETH)
Food as an integrated and territorial policy domain
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Food
Market
Government Civil society
Supply and demand
Citizen as consumerCities and peri-urbanregions as food policy
actors
Public sector asmarket party
Health
Environment
Quality of life
Social inclusion
URBAN FOODSTRATEGIES
PUBL
ICFOOD
PROCUREM
ENT
ALTERNA
TIVEFOODNETW
ORKS:
(RE)C
ONN
ECTINGCONSUM
ERSAND
PROD
UCERS/C
ITYANDCO
UNTRYSIDE
Employment
Regional economy
Education