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BAHAN- BAHAN KAJIAN

SISTEM PERTANIAN BERBASIS KEUNGULAN KOMPARATIF

SDA

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Agricultural scienceAgricultural science is a broad

multidisciplinary field that encompasses the parts of exact, natural, economic and social sciences, that are used in the practice and

understanding of agriculture.

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Agriculture is the set of activities that transform the environment for the production of plants for human use.

Agriculture concerns techniques, including the application of agronomic research.

Agronomy is research and development related to studying and improving plant-based agriculture.

Agronomy is the science of utilizing plants for food, fuel, feed, and fiber. To do this effectively and in a sustainable manner,

agronomy encompasses work in the areas of plant biology, plant genetics, plant physiology, ecology, chemistry, meteorology, earth

science and soil science.

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Agriculture is the production of food, feed, fiber and other goods by the systematic growing/harvesting of plants, animals

and other life forms.

A farm is an area of land, including various structures, devoted primarily to the practice of farming, the production and

management of food produce.

Farms may be owned and operated by a single individual, family, or community, or by a corporation or company. A farm can be a holding of any

size from a fraction of a hectare to several thousand hectares.

The term farming covers a wide spectrum of agricultural production work.

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ASSESSMENT of COMPETENCY AREAS

Agricultural sciences

Theoretical production

ecology

Food production and demand on a global basis

Prevention and correction of

adverse environmental

effects

Production techniques

Improving agricultural

productivity in terms of quantity

and quality

Transformation of primary

products into end-consumer

products

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Kompetensi siswa, hasil pembelajaran di sekolah-sekolah

Bahan kajian: Ilmu-ilmu Pertanian

AGRO-BOTANY

(Plant Sciences)

AGRO-SOCIOLOGY

Entre-preneur-

ship

Leader-ship

learning

AGRO-ECOLOGY

Research &

Development

Scientific Methods

AGRO-ECO-TECHNOLOGY

AGRO-ECONOMY

INTERNSHIP:……….

UJIAN KOMPETENSI SARJANA

SKRIPSI(BY RESEARCH)

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ASSESSMENT of COMPETENCY AREAS

Agricultural Disciplines:

Agricultural chemistry

Agricultural soil science

Agricultural philosophy

Agricultural engineering

Agri-cultural economics

Agricultural policy

Agro-ecology

Agronomy

Agricultural education

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ASSESSMENT of COMPETENCY AREAS

Agro-ecology

Agro-physics - chemistry

Recycling

Agro-Ecosystem

Climate change

and agriculture

Bio-diversity

Composting

Wastes management

Sustainable agriculture

Natural resources

Green residues

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ASSESSMENT of COMPETENCY AREAS

Agronomy is the science of utilizing

plants for food, fuel, feed, and fiber.

Biology -Biotechnology

Agro-ecology

Agriculture soil science.

Meteorology & Climatology

Plant physiology

Plant genetics & breeding

Chemistry

Earth science

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Sustainable agricultureSustainable agriculture integrates three main goals: environmental stewardship, farm

profitability, and prosperous farming communities.

Sustainable agriculture refers to the ability of a farm to produce food indefinitely, without causing irreversible damage to ecosystem health.

Two key issues are biophysical (the long-term effects of various practices on soil properties and processes essential for crop productivity) and socio-economic (the long-term ability

of farmers to obtain inputs and manage resources such as labor).

Practices that can cause long-term damage to soil include excessive tillage (leading to erosion) and irrigation without adequate drainage (leading to accumulation of salt in the soil).

Any crops also depend on soil nutrients and the availability of water. When farmers grow and harvest crops, they remove some of these nutrients from the soil. Without

replenishment, the land would suffer from nutrient depletion and be unusable for further farming.

Sustainable agriculture depends on replenishing the soil while minimizing the use of non-renewable resources, such as natural gas (used in converting atmospheric nitrogen into

synthetic fertilizer), or mineral ores (e.g., phosphate).

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ASSESSMENT of COMPETENCY AREAS

SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE

Sustainable agriculture integrates three main goals: environmental

stewardship, farm profitability, and prosperous farming communities.

environmental stewardship

Sustainable agriculture refers to the ability of a farm to produce food indefinitely, without causing irreversible damage to ecosystem health. Two key issues are biophysical (the long-term effects of various practices on soil

properties and processes essential for crop productivity) and socio-economic (the long-term ability of farmers to obtain inputs and manage

resources such as labor).

farm profit-ability

prosperous farming

communi-ties

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ASSESSMENT of COMPETENCY AREAS

AGRICULTURE DEVELOPMENT

Development,

economic growth and

equity

Transform-ing traditional

agriculture: land and labor

Issues in Development

Theories of Development

Agricultural development

theories

Household-firm models.

Rational peasants Surplus labor Technological

change

the role of agricul-ture in

develop-ment

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ASSESSMENT of COMPETENCY AREAS

AGRO-BOTANY: PLANT SCIENCE

Botany is the scientific study of plant life; it is also called plant science(s), phytology, or plant

biology.

Agronomy:

Application of plant

science to crop production

Plant

syste

matics

:Clas

sifica

tion

and n

aming

of

plant

s

Plant ecology:

Role of plants in the

environment

Ethnobotany:

Relationship between humans

and plants

Economic botany:The place of plants in economics

Horticulture:Cultivated plants

Plant morphology:Structure and life cycles

Plant physiology:Life functions of plants

Forestry:

AGRO-Forest management and related

studies

Phytochemistry:

Plant secondary chemistry and

chemical processes

Phytopathology:

Plant disea

ses

Palynology:Pollen and spores

Plant anatomy:Cell and tissue structure

Plant

genetics

Genetic

inheritance in

plants

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ASSESSMENT of COMPETENCY Areas

MEDIA TUMBUH

TANAMAN

TANAH

TANAH-AIR-TANAMAN

GROWTH FACTORS

HARA/ PUPUKAIR

GROWTH SUBSTANCES

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ASSESSMENT of COMPETENCY Areas

CROP ENVIRONMENT

The environment and crop production

systems

Trends in population growth and food supply

Farming systems and

their biological components

Relationship of pesticides to

Crop Productivity

and to Mankind

Environ-mental Factors

Influencing Crop

Performance

Crop Quality - Environment

Relationship

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ASSESSMENT of COMPETENCY Areas

AGRO-TEHNOLOGY(Agriculture Technology)

An innovative technology designed to render agricultural production

more efficient and profitable.

Soil preparation

The effects of

pollution

The factor of weather

Harvesting and crop

processing

Factors in cropping

Regional variations in technique

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ASSESSMENT of COMPETENCY AREAS

INTEGRATED PEST

MANAGEMENT COMPETENCY

AREAS

IPM: PRINCIPLES

AND CONCEPT

WEED MANAGEMENT

CROP DISEASE MANAGEMENT

INSECT MANA-

GEMENT

PESTICIDE PERFORMANCE

AND APPLICATION

HEALTH, SAFETY, &

ENVIRONMENT STEWARDSHIP

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ASSESSMENT of COMPETENCY AREAS

Agricultural economics:

applied the principles of economics to the production of

crops

Econometrics

Natural resource &

environmental economics

International trade

Community and rural

development

International Development

Analysis of

markets and

competition

Production economics

Risk and uncertainty

Consumer behavior and

household economics

Labor economics

Rural socio

logy

Food safety &

nutritionAgribusiness

Marketing of

agricultural

products

Policy analysis

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ASSESSMENT of COMPETENCY AREAS

Managementin AGRO

The study of the efficient and effective operation of a business is called management.

The main branches of management are financia management, marketing

management, human resource management, strategic management, production management, service management,

information technology management, and business intelligence

Inter-national

trade

Business ethics, political economy, and philosophy of

business

Project management

Information

technology

management

Agri-Economics

Human

resource

management

Agri-Finance Agric. ProductionAgri-Business

law

Agri-Business

Corporate leaders

Accounting

Marketing

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ASSESSMENT of COMPETENCY AREAS

Rural sociologyRural sociology is a field of sociology associated with

the study of social life in non-metropolitan areas. It is the scientific study of social arrangements and behaviour amongst people distanced from points of

concentrated population or economic activity. Like any sociological discipline, rural sociology

involves the examination of statistical data, interviews, social theory, observation, survey

research, and many other techniques.Agri-business

Rural community develop-ment

Role homo-geneity

Diffusion of innovations

Rural exodus

Types of rural

communities

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Agroecology

Agroecology is the science of applying ecological concepts and principles to the design, development, and

management of sustainable agricultural systems.

Agroecology is the science of sustainable agriculture; the methods of agroecology have as their goal achieving

sustainability of agricultural systems balanced in all spheres. This includes the socio-economic and the

ecological or environmental.

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Ecology

Ecology is the scientific study of the distribution and abundance of living organisms and the interactions among organisms and between organisms and their

environment.

The environment of an organism includes both physical properties, which can be described as the sum of local

abiotic factors such as insolation (sunlight), climate, and geology, and biotic factors, which are other organisms

that share its habitat.

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ASSESSMENT of COMPETENCY AREAS

Disciplines of ecologyEcology is a broad discipline

comprising many sub-disciplines.

Ecophysiology and Behavioral ecology examine

adaptations of the individual to environment

Landscape ecology examines processes and

relationship across multiple ecosystems or very large geographic

areas.

Ecosystem ecology studies the flows of energy and matter through the biotic

and abiotic components of

ecosystems.

Community ecology

(or synecology) focuses on the interactions

between species within an ecological

community.

Population ecology studies the

dynamics of populations of a single species.

Systems ecology is an

interdisciplinary field focusing on

the study, development, and

organization of ecological systems

from a holistic perspective.

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ASSESSMENT of COMPETENCY AREAS

AgribusinessIn agriculture, agribusiness is a generic term that refers to the various businesses involved in food

production, including farming, seed supply, agrichemicals, farm machinery, wholesale and distribution, processing, marketing, and retail

sales.

integrat

ed

farming

systems

cost of

servicing debt

water use efficiency

financial

instruments knowing your

products

management of

machinery and

stewardship investments.

knowing your

customers

knowing your

markets

herbicide / pesticides

resistance / pest management

collect and understand farm

information

nutrient audits

crop sequencing

/ crop rotation

ability to earn

and access off-

farm income

securing an acceptable

profit margin

satisf

ying

custo

mer need

s

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ASSESSMENT of COMPETENCY AREAS

BiotechnologyBiotechnology is technology based on

biology, especially when used in agriculture, food science, and medicine.

Green biotechnology is biotechnology applied to agricultural processes.

Improve yield from crops

Reduced vulnerability of

crops to environmental

stresses

Production of novel

substances in crop plants

Reduced dependence on

fertilizers, pesticides and

other agrochemicals

Increased nutritional qualities of food crops

Improved taste, texture

or appearance of food

Biological engineering

Bioremediation and

Biodegradation

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BUSINESSIn economics, “business” is the social science of managing people to organize and maintain collective productivity toward accomplishing

particular creative and productive goals, usually to generate profit.

The etymology of "business" refers to the state of being busy, in the context of the individual as well as the community or society.

In other words, to be busy is to be doing commercially viable and profitable work.

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ASSESSMENT of COMPETENCY AREAS

Agricultural policyAgricultural policy describes a set of laws relating to domestic

agriculture and imports of foreign agricultural products. Governments usually implement agricultural policies with the

goal of achieving a specific outcome in the domestic agricultural product markets.

Outcomes can range from guaranteed supply level, price stability, product quality, product selection, land use or

employment.

Agriculture policy

concerns

Basic policy tools

Objectives of market interventio

n

Arguments against market

intervention

Developed world cases

World Trade

Organization Actions

Biosecurity

Poverty reduction

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BusinessIn economics, a business is a legally recognized

organizational entity existing within an economically free country designed to provide goods and/or services to

consumers.

The term "business" has at least three usages: the singular usage (a particular company or corporation), the generalized usage (refer to a particular market sector), the

broadest meaning (all activity by the community of suppliers of goods and services).

Manufacturers produce products,

from raw materials, which they then sell at a

profit. Financial businesses include banks that

generate profit through investment and management of

capital.

Retailers and Distributors act as middle-men in getting goods

produced by manufacturers to the intended consumer,

generating a profit as a result of providing sales or distribution

services.

Agriculture businesses are concerned

with the production of raw material, such as plants or animal.

Service businesses offer intangible goods or services and

typically generate a profit by charging for labor or other

services provided to government, other businesses or

consumers. Information businesses

generate profits primarily from

the resale of intellectual property .

Transportation businesses deliver

goods from location to location,

generating a profit on the transportation

cost

Utilities produce public services,

such as heat, electricity, or

sewage treatment, and are usually

government chartered.

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ASSESSMENT of COMPETENCY AREAS

Agronomists today are involved with many issues including producing food, creating

healthier food, managing environmental impacts, and creating energy from plants.

Agronomists often specialize in areas such as:

Irrigation and drainage

and other areas…...

Fertilizer &soil fertility

plant breeding

crop rotation

Agricul-ture soil science

insect and pest control

weed control

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ASSESSMENT of COMPETENCY AREAS

MarketingMarketing is a societal process that is needed to

discern consumers' wants; focusing on a product/service to those wants, and to mold the

consumers toward the products/services. The marketing teams (Marketers) have the task to

create the consumer awareness of the products/services through marketing techniques.

Advertising and Branding

Market Research

Direct Marketing

Strategic ManagementDatabase

Marketing

Communications

Public Relations

Industrial

marketing

Internet Marketing

Events Organization

International Marketing

Search Engine

Marketing

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MarketingA market-focused (or customer-focused) organization first determines what its potential

customers desire, and then builds the product or service.

Marketing theory and practice is justified in the belief that customers use a product or service because they have a need, or because it provides a perceived benefit.

Two major factors of marketing are the recruitment of new customers (acquisition) and the retention and expansion of relationships with existing customers (base management).

Once a marketer has converted the prospective buyer, base management marketing takes over.

The process for base management shifts the marketer to building a relationship, nurturing the links, enhancing the benefits that sold the buyer in the first place, and improving the product/service continuously to protect the business from competitive

encroachments.

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MARKETINGFor a marketing plan to be successful, the mix of the four "Ps" must reflect the

wants and desires of the consumers in the target market. Trying to convince a market segment to buy something they don't want is

extremely expensive and seldom successful.

Marketers depend on marketing research, both formal and informal, to determine what consumers want and what they are willing to pay for it.

Marketers hope that this process will give them a sustainable competitive advantage.

Marketing management is the practical application of this process. The offer is also an important addition to the 4P's theory.

Marketing methods are informed by many of the social sciences, particularly psychology, sociology, and economics. Market research underpins these

activities. Through advertising, it is also related to many of the creative arts.

Marketing is a wide and heavily interconnected subject with extensive publications. It is also an area of activity infamous for re-inventing itself and its

vocabulary according to the times and the culture.

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FarmA farm is an area of land, including various structures, devoted

primarily to the practice of farming, the production and management of food, either produce or livestock (also ranching). It is the basic

production facility in food production.Farms may be owned and operated by a single individual, family, or

community, or by a corporation or company. A farm can be a holding of any size from a fraction of a hectare to several thousand hectares.A market garden or truck farm is a farm that raises vegetables, but

little or no grain. Additional specialty farms include fish farms, which raise fish in captivity as a food source, and tree farms, which grow

trees for sale for transplant, lumbering, or decorative use. A plantation is usually a large farm or estate, on which cotton,

tobacco, coffee, or sugar cane, are cultivated, usually by resident laborers.

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ASSESSMENT of COMPETENCY AREAS

FarmingThe term farming covers a wide spectrum of agricultural

production work. The goal of farming was to create a profit, and to produce an

amount of cultivated PLANTS. The resulting harvest has more worth than the cost of planting . The costs could include the

acquisition of seeds as well as the time and energy required to tend to such a venture. The resulting product is often used to sustain those who farm as both a food to eat and a commodity

to sell. An increase in the price of food that occurs as a result of increased demand from human consumption and use as an

alternative energy. Types of farming:

Collective farming

Integrated farrming

Organic farming

Vertical farming

Factory farming

Intensive farming

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ASSESSMENT OF COMPETENCY AREAS

AGRICULTURE COMMUNICATION

Scientific Communica

tions in Agriculture

Development of

Agricultural Publications

Web Design in

Agricultural

Sciences

Communicating

Agriculture to the

Public

Digital

Communications in

Agriculture

Video Production

in Agriculture

Knowledge Management

in Agriculture

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Social institutionInstitutions are structures and mechanisms of social

order and cooperation governing the behavior of a set of individuals.

Institutions are identified with a social purpose and permanence, transcending individual human lives and intentions, and with the making and enforcing of rules

governing cooperative human behavior. S.I. is a group of social positions, connected by social

relations, performing a social role.

Institutional memory is a collective of facts, concepts, experiences and know-

how held by a group of people.

Corporate Memory (CM) can

be defined as the total body of data, information and

knowledge required to deliver the

strategic aims and objectives of an organization.

Institutional knowledge is

gained by organizations

translating historical data

into useful knowledge and

wisdom

Corporate culture:

the specific collection of values and norms that are shared by

people and groups in an organization and that control the way

they interact with each other and with

stakeholders outside the organization.

Knowledge M

anagement

('KM') c

omprises a

range o

f

practices u

sed by organisa

tions

to identify, cr

eate, rep

resent,

and distribute k

nowledge.

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SCIENCEScience in the broadest sense, refers to any systematic knowledge or practice. In a more restricted sense, science refers to a system of acquiring knowledge based on the scientific method, as well as to the organized body of knowledge gained through such research.

Fields of science are commonly classified along two major lines: Natural sciences, which study natural phenomena (including biological life),

and Social sciences, which study human behavior and societies.

Etymology

Fields of science

Mathematics & the scientific

method

Scientific institutions

Ethics and science

Scientific method Philosophy of

science

Media & scientific

publication Scientific literature

ASSESSMENT of COMPETENCY Areas

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Scientific Method

Scientific method is a body of techniques for investigating phenomena and acquiring new knowledge,

as well as for correcting and integrating previous knowledge.

It is based on gathering observable, empirical and measurable evidence subject to specific principles of reasoning, the collection of data through observation

and experimentation, and the formulation and testing of hypotheses.

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The basic Elements of

Scientific- Method:

Observation. A constant feature of scientific inquiry, observation includes both

unconditioned observations (prior to any theory) as well as the observation of the

experiment and its results.

Time-order relationship. The hypothesized causes must precede

the observed effects in time. Identification of causes. Identification of the causes of a particular phenomenon to the best achievable extent.

For cause-and-effect relationship to be

established, the following must be established:

Control. Actively and fairly sampling the range of possible

occurrences, whenever possible and proper, as opposed to the

passive acceptance of opportunistic data, is the best

way to control or counterbalance the risk of

empirical bias.

Description. Information derived from experiments must be reliable, i.e., replicable (repeatable), as well as valid (relevant to the inquiry).

Prediction. Information must be valid for observations past, present, and future of given phenomena, i.e., purported "one shot" phenomena do not give rise to the capability to predict, nor to the ability to repeat

an experiment.

Covariation of events. The hypothesized causes must

correlate with observed effects. However, correlations between

events or variables are not necessarily indicative of causation.

ASSESSMENT of COMPETENCY

AREAS

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Scientific researchers propose hypotheses as explanations of phenomena, and design experimental studies that test

these hypotheses for accuracy.

Theories that encompass wider domains of inquiry may bind many hypotheses together in a coherent structure.

This in turn may assist in the formation of new hypotheses, as well as in placing groups of hypotheses into a broader

context of understanding.

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ASSESSMENT of COMPETENCY Areas

RESEARCHre·search: a detailed study of a subject,

especially in order to discover (new) information or reach a (new) understanding.

Research is a human activity based on intellectual investigation and aimed at discovering, interpreting, and revising human

knowledge on different aspects of the world.

Scientific research relies on the application of the scientific method, a harnessing of curiosity. This research provides

scientific information and theories for the explanation of the nature and the properties of humans.

Generally, research is understood to follow a certain structural process.

The following steps are usually part of most formal research :

Conclusion, iteration if necessary

Operational definitions

Conceptual definitions

Hypo-thesisFormation of the

topic

Analysis of data

Test, revising of hypothesis

Gathering of data

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TECHNOLOGYTechnology is a broad concept that deals with a species'

usage and knowledge of tools and crafts, and how it affects a species' ability to control and adapt to its environment.

In human society, it is a consequence of science and engineering, although several technological advances

predate the two concepts.

A strict definition is elusive; "technology" can refer to material objects of use to humanity, such as machines, hardware or utensils, but can also encompass broader

themes, including systems, methods of organization, and techniques.

The term can either be applied generally or to specific areas: "construction technology", “agriculture

tehnology”, "medical technology", or "state-of-the-art technology".

Definition and usage Science,

engineering and technology

Theories and concepts

in technology

Role in human history

Technology and

philosophy

Economics of

technology

ASSESSMENT of COMPETENCY Areas

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RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENTThe phrase research and development (R&D), refers to "creative work

undertaken on a systematic basis in order to increase the stock of knowledge, and the use of this stock of knowledge to devise new

applications”.

In an industry that is fast changing, firms must continually revise their design and range of products. This is necessary due to continuous

technology change and development as well as other competitors and the changing preference of customers.

A system driven by marketing is one that puts the customer needs first, and only produces goods, which are known to sell. Market research is carried

out, which establishes what is needed. If the development is technology driven then it is a matter of selling what it is possible to make. The

product range is developed so that production processes are as efficient as possible and the products are technically superior, hence possessing a

natural advantage in the market place.

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ASSESSMENT of COMPETENCY Areas

Information Technology and

Society—the Promise and

Reality.

Spatial-Visual Data and Tools in the

Applied AGRICUL-

TURAL Sciences

Systems Thinking and Dynamic Modeling in

Decision-Science

Executive Communications:

ICT (Information and CommunicationsTechnology) for

Leaders, Consultants, and Advocates.

Knowledge Management (KM): Building

Communities of Practice and

Using Technology to Foster Collaboration and

Teamwork withinOrganizations.

Transforming Data into Knowledge for

Decision-making: Non-spatial

and Statistical Data, Databases, and

Application Tools.

I.C.T.

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What is Undergraduate Research ? An inquiry or investigation conducted by an undergraduate student that makes an original,

intellectual, or creative contribution to the discipline

Research contributes to an expansion of knowledge through inquiry, investigation or experimentation aimed at the discovery of facts, theories, or laws.

Undergraduate research requires an educational collaboration between students and faculty members.

Research experiences may be initiated by students who seek out faculty supervision for their projects or by faculty members who involve undergraduate students in their

research teams.

Research can culminate in a written or oral presentation as a means of making the body of academic knowledge or creative exploration accessbile to other investigators in the

field, as well as to the general public.

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ASSESSMENT of COMPETENCY Areas

Research is an ORGANIZED and

SYSTEMATIC way of FINDING ANSWERS to QUESTIONS. ORGANIZED in that there

is a structure or method in going about doing research. It is a planned procedure,

not a spontaneous one. It is focused and limited to a

specific scope.

SYSTEMATIC because there is a definite set of

procedures and steps which you will follow. There are

certain things in the research process which are always

done in order to get the most accurate results.

QUESTIONS are central to research. If there is no

question, then the answer is of no use. Research is focused on relevant, useful, and important questions. Without a question, research has no focus, drive, or

purpose

FINDING ANSWERS is the end of all research. Whether

it is the answer to a hypothesis or even a simple

question, research is successful when we find answers. Sometimes the

answer is no, but it is still an answer.

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The Importance of Research

in Decision-Making

Decisions are made by managers every day. Ideally, such decisions would be made on the basis of evidence thoughtfully and appropriately gathered. The more important the decisions and their impact,

the more important the research becomes.

Consider how we make decisions:

Randomly; Intuition Mystical guidance

Hear-say; Authority Evidence gathered by another Evidence gathered by self or

colleagues

Applied research is designed to help solve particular, existing problems so there is a much larger audience eager to support

research that is likely to be profitable or solve problems of immediate concern.

Much agriculture research on plant breeding with considerable impact is a good example.

Basic research is designed to advance knowledge with no application to

existing problems in view. Basic research in any field is usually

borrowed from other subject disciplines.

ASSESSMENT of COMPETENCY Areas

If you use evidence gathered by others, research methods

experience and knowledge is useful because it gives you rules

or guidelines helpful in evaluating the quality and utility of

evidence gathered by another.

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The VALUE of Research

How you will benefit from knowing how to do good research.

As a psychologist: Research is the source of psychological knowledge and although the content of psychology changes, the

methods stay the same.

As an educated person, knowing about research will give you the ability to: collect data that will answer questions; Analyze and

attack problems; and Communicate your approach to a problem and your conclusions.

C. As someone who may be entering the workforce, the ability to collect, analyze, think about, and communicate about data will probe very marketable and useful in today's information age.

ASSESSMENT of COMPETENCY Areas

The need for good knowledge

How can research produce good knowledge?

A. Addressing the problem of measuring variables

B. Internal validityC. External validity

What is good knowledge? 1. Objective

2. Replicable (repeatable) 3. Communicable

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BUSINESS

A commercial activity engaged in as a means of livelihood or profit, or an

entity which engages in such activities.

50

HOW TO START A BUSINESS

?

2: The Business Plan

11: Buying a Busin

ess

or Franchise

3: Computer Tools

1: Evaluating

Business Potential

12: Opening and

Marketing

ASSESSMENT of COMPETENCY Areas

4: Busin

ess O

rganizatio

n

7: Location

and Leasing

13: Expanding

and Problems

14: Inter-nation

al Trade

5: Licen

ses & Perm

its

8:  Account-ing and

Cash Flow

6: Business

Insurance

9:  How to Finance

Your Business

10: E-Commerce

Business

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Soft skills is a sociological term which refers to the cluster of personality traits, social

graces, facility with language, personal habits, friendliness, and optimism that mark people to varying degrees.

Soft skills complement hard skills, which are the technical requirements of a job.

Personal Qualities:Responsibility, self-esteem, sociability, self-

management, Integrity/honesty.

Interpersonal Skills:Participates as a member of the Team

Teaches others Serves Client / Customers ; Exercises Leadership

Negotiates ; Works with cultural diversity.

ASSESSMENT of COMPETENCY Areas

52

Skills, Most Sought After by Employers

Communications Skills (listening, verbal, written).

By far, the one skill mentioned most often by employers is the ability to listen, write, and speak effectively. Successful communication is critical in business.

Teamwork. Because so many jobs involve working in one or more work-

groups, you must have the ability to work with others in a professional manner while attempting to achieve a common goal.

Problem-Solving/Reasoning/ Creativity. Involves the ability to find solutions to problems using your creativity, reasoning, and

past experiences along with the available information and resources.

Analytical/Research Skills. Deals with your ability to assess a situation, seek multiple

perspectives, gather more information if necessary, and identify key issues that need to be addressed.

Computer/Technical Literacy. Almost all jobs now require some basic understanding of

computer hardware and software, especially word processing, spreadsheets, and e-mail.

Flexibility/Adaptability/Managing Multiple Priorities. Deals with your ability to manage multiple assignments and

tasks, set priorities, and adapt to changing conditions and work assignments.

Multicultural Sensitivity/Awareness. There is possibly no bigger issue in the workplace than diversity, and job-seekers must demonstrate a sensitivity and awareness to

other people and cultures.

Planning/Organizing. Deals with your ability to design, plan, organize, and implement projects and tasks within

an allotted timeframe. Also involves goal-setting.

Interpersonal Abilities. The ability to relate to your co-workers, inspire others to

participate, and mitigate conflict with co-workers is essential given the amount of time spent at work each day.

Leadership/Management Skills. While there is some debate about whether leadership is something people are born with, these skills

deal with your ability to take charge and manage your co-workers.

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Honesty/Integrity/Morality. Employers probably respect personal integrity more than

any other value, especially in light of the many recent corporate scandals.

Self-Motivated/Ability to Work With Little or No Supervision.

While teamwork is always mentioned as an important skill, so is the ability to work independently, with minimal supervision.

Dedication/Hard-Working/Work Ethic/Tenacity. Employers seek job-seekers who love what they do and will keep

at it until they solve the problem and get the job done.

Adaptability/Flexibility. Deals with openness to new ideas and concepts, to working

independently or as part of a team, and to carrying out multiple tasks or projects.

Dependability/Reliability/Responsibility. There’s no question that all employers desire employees who will arrive to work every day - on time -

and ready to work, and who will take responsibility for their actions.

Positive Attitude/Motivation/ Energy/Passion. The job-seekers who get hired and the employees who get promoted

are the ones with drive and passion -- and who demonstrate this enthusiasm through their words and actions.

Personal Values Employers Seek in Employees The 10 most important categories of values.

Loyalty. Employers want employees who will have a strong devotion to

the company -- even at times when the company is not necessarily loyal to its employees.

Willingness to Learn. No matter what your age, no matter how much experience you

have, you should always be willing to learn a new skill or technique. Jobs are constantly changing and evolving, and you

must show an openness to grow and learn with that change.

Self-Confidence. Look at it this way: if you don’t believe in yourself, in your unique mix of skills, education, and abilities, why should a

prospective employer? Be confident in yourself and what you can offer employers.

Professionalism. Deals with acting in a responsible and fair manner in all your

personal and work activities, which is seen as a sign of maturity and self-confidence; avoid being petty.

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THE STATE OF E-LEARNING:

Instructional content or learning experiences delivered or enabled by computer-based technology.

DEVELOPING SOFT SKILLS

Personal and interpersonal behaviors that develop and maximize human performance

(e.g., coaching, team building, decision making, initiative).

Improving Learning

Efficiency

E-learning might reduce

long-term costs for learners.

E-learning increases the need

to demonstrate impact

Maximizing Impact and

Integration

Extending Global Reach

E-learning can improve

the quality of the learning

experience.

ASSESSMENT of COMPETENCY Areas

Responding to Demand

E-learning promotesparticipation in

learning activities.