BAHAR BATU Assist. Prof. Dr. Slide 2 Consultative, Teaching and
Administrative Roles Slide 3 Lecture Preview Consultation Teaching
Administration Slide 4 In addition to research, assessment, and
psychotherapy, consultation, teaching, and administration are three
common professional services offered by clinical psychologists.
These activities are not necessarily separate or distinct. Slide 5
Psychologists may both teach and consult in addition to conducting
psychotherapy, psychological testing or research. Therefore, an
overlap may exist among these activities. Slide 6 Consultation
Clinical psychologists study, research, and treat a wide range of
problems and people who are distressed by problematic feelings,
thoughts, and behaviors. Psychologists are experts about theories
and principles of human behavior. This expertise can be used to
help many individuals, families, groups, and institutions. Slide 7
Consultation Clinical psychologists are asked to consult with
others to assist in solving problems in diverse settings. Slide 8
Consultation Psychologists provide cons to others. They regularly
receive cons from others. Consultation may be provided to other
mental health professionals; to organizations, groups, and
individuals; and to the general public. Slide 9 Consultation the
application of knowledge and theories of human behavior to specific
questions and problems in various community settings such as
hospitals, clinics, schools, businesses, and government agencies.
Cons involves offering professional advice to others concerning
problems that exist in their setting. Slide 10 Consultation Cons
usually involves the participation of a consultant with specialized
knowledge and skill and a consultee or client who benefits from the
expertise of the consultant. Unlike one-to-one psychotherapy, a
consultant has the opportunity to assist large groups of people and
entire organizations through his or her work with a consultee.
Slide 11 Two (or more) heads are better than one Clayton and Bongar
(1994) reported that cons activities improve quality of care,
client satisfaction, and treatment outcome. Slide 12 Consultation
roles for clinical psychologists Consultants may take many
different roles based on a continuum between being directive and
being nondirective. Directive consultant is viewed as offering
expert and technical consultation. They help consultees solve
problems through their knowledge about issues. Slide 13
Nondirective consultants use their skills and expertise to
facilitate the consultees skills. Directive cons generally is
task-oriented, whereas the nondirective approach is
process-oriented. The directive approach focuses more on results,
while the nondirective approach focuses on process or growth. Slide
14 Dougherty defined the following six common cons roles: expert,
trainer/educator, advocate, collaborator, fact finder, and process
specialist. Slide 15 The expert consultant is the most common one.
The expert consultant is a technological advisor. He/she has the
specialized skills, knowledge, or experience that the consultee
needs to help solve a problem. An expert consultant may have
special skills in conducting intelligence testing for children
applying to a school systems gifted and talented program. The
school hires the consultant to help them understand what the test
scores mean. Slide 16 The trainer/educator consultant has
specialized information that is useful to the client and can be
acquired through education. A consultant may be asked to train
employees of a company to manage stress better through the use of
relaxation techniques. A consultant who has knowledge about
domestic violence may train police officers to recognize the signs
and symptoms of domestic violence. Slide 17 The advocate consultant
seeks to convince a consultee to do something that the consultant
believes. A consultant may advocate for the rights of severely
disabled patients who have difficulty advocating for themselves.
Slide 18 The collaborator consultant is an equal partner working
with a consultee to achieve a common goal. If a researcher is
interested in learning more about the effect of physical exercise
in the treatment of depr and knows a great deal about exercise but
little about depr, the researcher may decide to work with a
collaborating consultant who is an expert on depr. An individual
psychotherapist and a group psychotherapist treating the same
patient might collaborate. Slide 19 The fact finder consultation
role involves seeking information and relaying the results to
consultees who lack the expertise, time, energy, or psychological
sensitivities to do the task themselves. A psychologist may be
interested in buying a new computer for his laboratory. He may hire
a fact finding consultant who has knowledge about the use of
computers. Or a company concerned about poor morale might hire an
outside fact-finding consultant to investigate the causes of the
problem. Slide 20 The role of the process-specialist consultant is
to help the consultee better understand the process of events that
might cause problems. A clinic manager dissatisfied with running
the staff meetings might hire a process-specialist consultant to
observe the meetings and suggest ways to improve communication and
staff participation. Slide 21 Types of Consultation In mental
health settings, there are several types of cons conducted by
clinical psychologists: (1) informal peer group cons, (2)
client-centered case cons, (3) program-centered administrative
cons, (4) consultee-centered case cons, and (5) consultee-centered
administrative cons. Slide 22 Types of Consultation informal peer
group cons is the most used. It involves asking coworkers to
consult on a challenging case informally during lunch or time
breaks. A psychologist may struggle with the treatment of a
difficult patient. The psychologist may believe that process has
stopped and wonders how he or she might best alter the treatment
plan to best assist the patient. The psychologist might asked a
colleague to discuss the case to develop insight into better
treatment strategies. Slide 23 Types of Consultation
client-centered case cons involves cons with a fellow professional
such as another psychologist who is responsible for the treatment
of a particular patient. Both consultee and consultant have some
responsibility for the care of the patient. Slide 24 Types of
Consultation program-centered administrative cons focuses on a
program or system rather than on an individual case. The cons
involve an important aspect of the functioning of a clinic,
practice or research program. A psychologist might seek
consultation about the curriculum, structure, and advertising
strategy of group psychotherapy programs for patients. The
consultation might concern how best to conduct intake interviews
and assign patients to therapists in a large mental health clinic.
Slide 25 Types of Consultation consultee-centered case cons focuses
on challenges experienced by the consultee rather than on problems
concerning a client. Inexperience, lack of information, and
mistakes made by the consultee are often the topic of discussion. A
graduate student may seek consultation from an experienced
supervisor about discomfort and anxiety experienced when conducting
psychotherapy with patients who are older than the student. Slide
26 Types of Consultation consultee-centered administrative cons
involves working on administrative and personnel issues within an
agency. An outpatient clinic board of directors may wish to consult
with a psychologist about problems in the leadership performance of
their executive director. Slide 27 Organizational Consultation
Clinical psychologists provide consultation to nonmental health
agencies and organizations such as businesses, nonprofit agencies,
and government organizations dealing with the interpersonal and
organizational problems and conflicts. Organizational consultation
uses systems theory. Slide 28 For systems theory, all aspects of a
system interact and react to changes and behavior in each element
of the system. Each element or subsystem within the large
organizational structure is dependent on other elements or
subsystems,changes that occur at one level will usually influence
changes at other levels. Consultants to organizations must use
systems theory to diagnose organizational problems and provide
interventions. Slide 29 Slide 30 Executive Coaching It has become
popular in business and industry. Clinical psychologists, social
workers, marriage and family therapists, human resources
specialists have developed services as an executive coach. They
focus on ways to help executives become better leaders and managers
as well as develop strategies to improve interpersonal
relationships, productivity, and efficiency in companies. Executive
coaches may consult with business leaders about stress management
and goal setting. Slide 31 Slide 32 Stages of Consultation The
stages that have been used for the therapy process apply to cons:
(1) understanding the question, (2) assessment, (3) intervention,
(4) termination, and (5) follow up. Slide 33 Stages of Consultation
(1) Understanding the Question: In order to understand the nature
of the referral question,the consultant must evaluate the situation
and the goals of the cons. The consultant must determine if his or
her training, experience, and expertise is enough to provide a
cons. Slide 34 Stages of Consultation The initial question changes
during the course of the cons. Sometimes before agreeing to be
hired, a consultant must determine whether the organization is
ready for the experience. An organization initiates contact with a
consultant, but it may be resistant to change, to feedback, or to
the results of the cons. Slide 35 Stages of Consultation
(2)Assessment: This phase includes interviews and psychological
testing and/or review of records or other data. The consultant
should enter the organizational system. The consultant must assess
the customs, beliefs, rules, and general climate of the
organization. He/She must attempt to develop a trusting
relationship with the consultees before offering any advice. Slide
36 Stages of Consultation Interviewing is the most common method of
a cons assessment. The consultant may choose to use either
structured and standardized interviews or unstructured, and
nonstandardized interviews. Surveys, questionnaires and direct
observation are methods of assessment in cons. A consultant may
observe an organization, sit in on meetings, and/or watch people
while working and interacting. Slide 37 Once an assessment is
complete, the consultant develops a diagnosis and outlines goals
for intervention. The goals should be specific, realistic,
measurable, and based on collaboration between consultant and
consultees. Slide 38 Stages of Consultation (3) Intervention: The
consultant can develop an intervention strategy. The consultant
provides the advice or suggestions for change. In this stage,
applying occurs. Applying the intervention is the responsibility of
the consultee, with guidance from the consultant. Once an
intervention is applied, an evaluation is conducted to determine
whether the intervention has been useful. Slide 39 Stages of
Consultation (4) Termination: After the goals of the cons have been
met, or not, the termination phase occurs. Researchers recommend
conducting a terminate interview to discuss the consultation
process, share feedback, plan for follow-up at termination. Slide
40 Stages of Consultation (5) Follow-Up: Interventions and advice
may or may not be used. The advice may be what the consultee doesnt
wanted to hear, the intervention plans may not be realistic, or
they may be too difficult to apply. Follow-up maximizes the
consultees benefit from the consultation. Slide 41 To Whom Do
Clinical Psychologists Offer Consultation? Clinical psychologists
provide advice and cons to their peers. They may have a high degree
of expertise in a certain area less familiar to other people.
Psychologists may consult with a colleague about a patient they
treat in psychotherapy when they are unsure how best to handle a
particular therapeutic situation. Discussing a case with an
objective and unbiased colleague is very useful. Slide 42
Psychologists may seek cons when conducting psychological
evaluations or testing. Some of the data from an evaluation may be
difficult to interpret or may conflict with data from other
sources. The psychologist conducting the evaluation may seek a
second opinion by asking a colleague to cons on the case and review
the testing materials. Slide 43 Psychologists conducting research
consult with colleagues. A psychologist may seek the cons of
another to assist in interpreting research data, designing
appropriate experiments, and determining equipment to use. Slide 44
Consultation with Nonmental Health Professionals Many psychologists
consult with teachers and administrators, physicians and nurses,
attorneys and judges, clergy, the military, and people working in
business and industry. Psychologists consult with medical personnel
concerning patient care. Many medical patients need assistance in
coping with anx or depr associated with their illness. Slide 45
Many hospitals have a consultation-liaison (C&L) service so
that psychological consultation can be made available to every
medical department at all times. Patients recovering from a heart
attack, obtaining dialysis for kidney failure, or receiving
radiation/chemotherapy for cancer are fearful and depressed.
Consultation with a psychologist may assist these patients in
coping more effectively with their treatment, diagnosis, feelings,
and posthospital adjustment. Slide 46 Psychologists consult with
teachers and school personnel in every kind of schools. Many
psychologists consult with attorneys and judges on various cases
such as child custody and criminal cases. They may be asked to
consult on the selection and training of new police and fire
recruits. Slide 47 What are needed to be an effective consultant?
Excellent group and problem-solving skills, the ability to work
with organizations, and professional and ethical behavior are
important. Skills necessary for effective consultation are empathy,
genuineness, social skills, ease in working with others and
effective listening. Slide 48 Teaching Teaching activities are a
part of the professional duties of many psychologists. Clinical
psychologists teach in a wide variety of settings and to a wide
variety of audiences. Teaching may involve formal college classroom
instruction, individual supervision of a psychologist-in-training,
or lecturing on stress-management techniques to firms or schools.
Slide 49 Teaching may be incorporated into psychotherapy and
psychological testing activities. For instance, a psychologist may
teach a patient how to use relaxation techniques to cope with
stress or teach a couple how to communicate better.
Psychoeducational approaches involve teaching patients to cope with
a wide range of medical and psychiatric problems. Slide 50 Teaching
in Academic Settings Many clinical psychologists teach in
psychology departments in colleges and universities. They teach
courses: Introduction to Psychology, Abnormal Psychology, Clinical
Psychology, Psychological Testing, Statistics, and Research
Methods. Academic psychologists may teach undergraduates,
graduates, and postgraduates. Slide 51 Clinical psychology
professors provide individual and/or group supervision of clinical
cases treated by graduate or postgraduate students. They review the
assessment, treatment, and cons activities of students working with
clinical patients and offer guidance, support, advice, and ensure
quality care regarding clinical methods and interventions. Slide 52
They supervise the dissertation projects of several doctoral
students. Full-time professors are classified as assistant,
associate, or professors. Universities hire part-time instructors
who are not suitable for full-time position. These part-time
teachers are often called lecturers, and instructors. Slide 53 In
colleges and universities, clinical psychologists teach in other
departments such as education, counseling, womens studies,
business, law, and medicine. Clinical psychologists teach in
medical schools and hospitals as well. They may teach seminars to
medical students, nurses, psychology interns, and postdoctoral
psychology fellows. Slide 54 Clinical psychologists may teach
medical school classes on the topics such as health psychology,
abnormal psychology, and pediatric psychology. Clinical
psychologists provide individual supervision. Students meet
regularly with a supervisor to closely examine their clinical work.
They may audio or videotape sessions in order to review them in
detail with the supervising psychologist. Videotaping is the most
popular method of supervision. Slide 55 Teaching in Nonacademic
Settings Clinical psychologists may teach seminars, provide guest
lectures, or give presentations in outpatient mental health
clinics, group private practice clinics, nonprofit institutes and
day care centers. Topics may include how to assess and treat
patients with certain disorders or how to work more effectively
with certain patient populations. Many clinical psychologists
conduct workshops for other psychologists or professionals (e.g.,
nurses, social workers, physicians). Workshops may last for a
single day or for several days. Slide 56 Teaching Clinical
psychologists may teach in business and industry environments,
focusing on stress management techniques, ways to improve employee
morale, and strategies to improve interviewing and communication
skills. Clinical psychologists provide lectures to the general
public at schools, businesses, volunteer organizations, bookstores
and coffee houses. An elementary school may wish to have a
psychologist present a lecture on the effects of television
violence on children. Slide 57 Administration Slide 58 Effective
administration involves excellent leadership, decision-making,
negotiating, and organizational skills. Psychologists may work as
unit chiefs of hospital psychiatric units, mental health services,
chair psychology departments in colleges or universities, work as
deans in universities, or manage staff and other clinicians in
large group private practices. Slide 59 Administration
Psychologists have the responsibility of hiring and firing
employees,designing and applying programs and services, managing
budgets, and supervising the activities of many other
professionals. There is no administration course in formal
training. The qualities that make a psychologist a successful
clinician, consultant, or researcher are not likely to be the same
qualities that make a successful administrator. Slide 60
Administration Managing a budget, negotiating contracts, and
dealing with employee conflicts and office politics are different
skills from the ability of psychotherapy and research. These skills
are generally not a specific part of the clinical psychology
training process. Slide 61
