Bai Giang Kiem Soat o Nhiem Moi Truong Khong Khi

7/22/2019 Bai Giang Kiem Soat o Nhiem Moi Truong Khong Khi

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MuC LuC

1. `G D\ OV F`C MKG-UC GCF NG

2. `G D\

3. \ JNRG OV U RN M D\ N4. U M WR ` GCF OV MU C

5. U EHC GNG MC WR ` GCF F`C MKG D`G D\

6. CF MHUG GNG MC

7. H } M ` GCF MKHG G MC

8. NRG }C OM M MKHG F`C MKG D`G D\

9. U RN M G G MC L DN MUG M ` GCF MKHG D\ JNRG

10. G IUI M\G MHUG L DN MUG M ` GCF MKHG F`C MKG D`G D\

11. BCG IUI C MCG `G G12. CM EI MG MN M M ` GCF MC GNG

13. C D\ MC

14. D\ } MKHG D\ MC

15. CF LHUM ` GCF MCG G

16. VC ECN MF DH

F C }^G ^I

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w GCF F`C MKG EV L CG }C F`C MKG MH G M EC H N LG HG GC OV LCG JNRG. V L ` GCF }^ \G H HM }G HG GC WRK OC JNR F`, IG M OV F } DU GN, MK MCI R CUG MCI MU }G EVFMR }C F` ]G, MVG IG ^ , M\G M OM Ex OV LCG F`C MKG.

BC: EV MG U IG M M KG DN MUG MKHG D`G D\ H NG OVH, MNG OVH

( O\ G H FVC, } }M UMl)

cR MH G M ^ OV D\ M FV M C ^ M MG MC EWN MKHG D`G D\R M K DC _G D`G D\. `G MG, U M C ^ D\ M f 10 FDN MUG MKHG D`G D\ MH NRG }G BKH R EG OC OG M }N QNG }MG[G } C EV C R, C E EGl GG M ^ D\ M > 10 F EG ^ C MMKHG D`G D\ G[G _G C EV C EG.

G M C G M GNG M L GG DM C OM ECN R R E[G M U IUGG ^ _G } C EV @NFL (Fc).

-G: EV MG I U CM M EG IWG MUG MKHG D`G D\ DC GG C M EGR M EG ING, NG OVH D`G D\.

-^C: H F U M O` cG G UHG R F ^G, ]G MVG H JNU

MK]G UR D`G M GC[G EC N G N F, MG l D^C U CM G G U

M D`.

-C: EV G D\ M U M FV ]G MG bG G KG R EG. bG _MK`G HVG MHVG OC D`G D\ OV ^ M MK MVG G I WR G.

-\: EVGG M G D\ _ MKG OVH D`G D\. bG ^ M MK O MKG MUC KGR EG }CN DCG GCM } OV UI LNM GVH }^.

-G M LG: EV MG I U M LG IWG MUG MKHG D`G D\ G OC DNG, VHM GFl

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WG EHC VG GVR LG OV EVF OC MKHG N D`G D\ H JNG F]G. !H OREN`G EN`G ^ FM MU }G JN EC C N D`G D\ OV HG GC O\ G: MKH }C

QR OV HGC; MKH }C GCM; EVF IUM LCG C OV C } l

T; X @" h$:

`G D\ MKHG M GC[G EV FM G I H F U MVG IG ^ LN:

BG 1-1: VG IG ^ D`G D\ D`:

G I D`G D\ D` OV C G MH MVG D`G D\ F.

T' i 5Z $w" *' *> Y:

. CM }: EV M`G L F } G^G EG D`G D\. ^ } }H MK[G GCM D

OV CN M MK[G 2 }G O }H MG I EV } U IWG OV } 0#. MKHG M\G MHUG D

MNM, G^ _G } M\G G } MNRM }C 0.

CM } D`G D\ QNG JNG CG MC[G EC[G M MH MC CG H L MR }C URN M D\ N OV L HM }G HG GC. WR G EV M`G L } }H OV C GGEC[G M U MKF JNG MK D\ MG.

G GG CM FM OVC EHC GCM } LN:

-Nhit (@ kh& D`G D\ EV GCM } }H } G GCM D }M MK MCI MKHG D`GD\ ^ } G D DC U GNG Q.

-Nhit (@ At D`G D\ F EV GCM } }H } G GCM D ^ N } HJNG FM EI FG MF M G.

-Nhit (@ bc !/ EV GCM } }H G GCM D FV N G^ }M MKHG MWF JN ND\G G }G } GNF }G FM GHVC. _G C EV GCM D N }G.

. F:

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-*@ 2m tu"t (=i: EV M`G L EG C G MKHG 1 F3 D`G D\. ^ EV FM }CEG I MN OVH GCM } D`G D\ OV IWG UI LNM C G G (FF )

KHG }^ : @ n F MNRM }C /F3

M- GCM } DC D`G D\ 0.

-Dung 2m: EV MKG EG C G MKHG DC D`G D\ ^ IG D` EV 1 D.

( 2 )

$ = 1 D. KG EG DC D\ D` = 1 D.

- EG C F .

G- uI LNM KC[G IG C G MKHG D`G D\ F.

D- uI LNM KC[G IG D`G D\ D` MKHG D`G D\ F.

= G + D- uI LNM D\ JNRG MC O MK\ DH LUM.

-*@ 2m tng (=i:

`G D\ F MKHG FM }CN DCG GM }G O UI LNM OV GCM } } MC} FM EG C F GM }G. C JNU EG }^, C G L GG M MVG CM. ^EV MKG MUC H _ C G D`G D\ F. KHG cG FM UI LNM, G OC FC

GCM }, M ^ FM UI LNM KC[G IG XH _ C G MKHG DC D`G D\ F.

F MG }C D`G D\ F EV M E C UI LNM KC[G IG C G MKHGD\ F OV UI LNM KC[G IG C G DC DC D\ }X XH _ cG FM GCM }.

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% (3)

^ FC JNG C NG F OV } F MG }C.

/D (4)

. KG EG KC[G D`G D\ F: EV MKG EG FM DC D\ F ^ M M\EV 1 }G O.

(5) /F3

KHG }^ : ?DDKG EG KC[G D`G D\ D`.

N }WR M MR KG: MKHG cG FM GCM } OV UI LNM MKG EG KC[G D`GD\ F G G MKG EG KC[G D`G D\ D`.

(6) D/F3

. CM NG D`G D\ F: EV EG GCM MKHG FM DC D\ F ^

IG D` EV 1 D.

E/D (7)

Bb4 Jk I-% "7 * 4 $w" *' *> Y:

K[G -1 EV CN } - D`G D\ F UI LNM D\ JNRG 760 FF . BCN } CNM JNG U M`G L G D`G D\ F G : M , , , G , . K[G CN} ^ U }G:

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K[G ]G O -1 CN CG U JNU MK]G CG }C MKG MUC D`G D\ MH U CN

G :

AB-EVF FUM }HG GCM A-R G^G }HG GCM

A!- EVF EG }G NG F A-R G^G }G NG F

$^ n VF G^G+EVF F $^ n VF EG + EVF F

$^ n VF EG + EVF D` $^ n VF G^G + EVF F

MLn CM } }CF LG MNn GCM } }HG GCM

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K> 47b:

BN D`G D\ H JNG MKUC }M } C EV D\ JNRG. ^ ^ CN VR DG120 ? 140 DF OV VG E[G H D`G D\ VG EHXG.

^ M C D\ JNRG EVF 4 MG MH CN H:

-UM FM }M EV MG }C EN ^ CN H DHG 10 ? 12 DF EV CC G IF OC UCG MG MC MCM G FWR, F, XH, C^ l

-G ]G EN GF MK[G MG }C EN, ^ CC G } H DHG 50 DF.

-G MKNG CG GF MK[G MG ]G EN OV CC G } H DHG 90 DF.

-G GCM GF MK[G MG }CG ER OV EI GHVC cG.

]G -2 H MR CG MC[G GCM } MH CN H D\ JNRG.

M } }CF N D\ JNRG EV D GG GG G OV H JN KM DU GN U EHCMC Q FM MKC. K[G ]G -3 H MR U MC Q FM MKC ^ L^G M MC

FF 10-7 F MC Q CH 108 F M] ^ FM G^F G U MC M GHC, MHVG UG LUG G]G MR OV 1 IG MC M GHC EV MC } MKUC }M.

K[G OcG Q CH G ^ FM DHG I U MC ^ M QNR[G JN } MCFM }M. EG EG U MC Q FM MKC I MN, IG Q MKHG MG }CG ER OVFM IG MKHG MG ]G EN.

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G } Q FM MKC EV EG Q C MC 1 }G O CG M\ MKHG FM }G O

MC CG. G } cG EV E/F2 R M/F2.

B Q FM MKC CN MC MKUC }M ^ L^G MKHG DHG = 0,17 MC 4 F, MI MKNGGM MKHG DHG M 0,4 ? 1 F. MKHG }^ 50% GG EG GF MKHG I UG LUG G]GMR ( 0,38 ? 0,76 F); 43% MKHG I G GHC (< 0,76 F) OV _G EC MKHG I MGHC.

KHG JNU MK]G QNR[G JN D\ JNRG, 1 IG GG EG U MC Q FM MKC UM D\ I M, FM IG DU FWR IG Q. G GG EG D\ JNRG I MNL IUM K Q M I, Q GVR cG OC IG IG Q FWR CN QNG MKUC}M MH MVG MUG Q N MKC. G Q FM MKC CN } QNG FM }M }C EV MK Q. !H OR MG EG Q FM MKC CN QNG MKUC }M EV MG 2MVG IG: MK Q OV MUG Q !.

= + ! ( 8 )G EG Q FM MKC EV M`G L } U MKF JNG MK D\ MG }H MGQNR[G OV EC[G M MK[G FM IG GG LHG LHG OC FM }M.

OCM GF GF MKC VC M 22022' B MC 8020' B OV }N GF G MKHG GC \MNRG B G[G G ^ L C GG MKHG GVR H; GG GM EV 1030' OV VC GM EV1130'. VG OVH I\ GF } VC GVR VG DYH VC G. K[G FC FCG FM GF ^ 2EG FM MKC }C JN MC[G }G, DC }^ MC GG G G CN MG ^ OC FM }M.

G } Q FM MKC H GM }M MC 1,6 ? 1,8 EH/F2IbM. G MUG Q KM EG,CF MC G 50% MG Q FM MKC. NR[G GWG EV H MKC FWR GCN OV } F H. MKHG GG GVR MKC MKHG QG EG MUG Q FC CF QNG 30 ? 40 %.

G@:

$C^ EV JN HM }G MG MU JN EC C U MWF H UI OV MI UI MKHG ND\ JNRG. U DC D`G D\ NRG M MWF H UI LG MWF MI UI MH MVGC^. cR MN OVH } ]G OV GCM } OcG G^ }C JN FV C^ ^ FG R D`G FGMH FWR, F OV `G.

$C^ } CN M C 3 } MKG G:

-G C^: C MVG 16 G M 4 G G: `G, MWR, F, B.

- } NRG }G: MH OG M C MVG U I.

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-G LNM EV M L C L EG QNM CG C^ MK[G G }^ OC L ECN MHVG JNG MK}.

BG 1-1: WG I C^.

-C M JNG MK C^ MC U MKF D\ MG OV M CG MK[G H $C^ MH MG MCD R MH Fc. L C O_G EV MG LNM EG C^. CN VC FC G EV MG LNM G. ^ M ^ M[F UG }N`C MK[G FC G OC JNC 1 }N`C = 1F/L M} MKNG ]G MK[G G }^ MKHG DHG MC CG JNG MK.

-`G MG C^ }C G MH Fc OV CG }C M } MH MC CG MKHG GVR.BG }[F, C^ G FM }M ^ M } KM G OV MG G DC FM MKC F OV EG GM OVHNC MK OV LN }^ CF G. GG GVR GCN C^ OV GVR ^ MKC FWR N UF M]C^ \M CG }C.

BG 1-2: ECN C^ MKF MWG LG - MKNG ]G GF:

- MG LNM C^ MH G % n } MKNG ]G MK[G G F/L

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GNR C RN H HG GC OV }G OM EV O] ^ UC E KM FG OCG N MKHG FUN G MC U MC CG WR M OHG O] MCN ` QR MKHG FUN.

G I MKHG D`G D\ GG } CC G L MK MVG G I UR G. EVEHC D\ } CM GNR CF H U MCM E C MG }CG DC E D^C E_ GNG RD\ MC E_ }M M\ ER MKHG D`G CG D\G.

NO6:

QxM CM ^ GCN EHC GG MG I GM EV OV 2. M D\ GVR } ]GMVG DC CM OV HQR MKHG D`G D\ DM I OC GN }CN DCG GCM } H. !HOR G^ MG MR U DN `G GCI OV }` M EG. KHG D\ JNRG, 2 DMI OC U MKHG D`G D\ } MH MVG 3. C MKC F 2 OV U IWGM 3 MH G F KC QNG }M EVF CF } G F.

Q OV 2 EV GNR[G GWG WR K CG MG ` GCF DCN EHL GEL: V FM DCN` GCF } MKG H D^C MC Q C WR K OC G } EG I Eb MC MCM D`GMNG EC H OC DN MUG OV K L M ` GCF MKHG D`G D\.(c Z GF1951 . 400 GC M , GCN GVG GC G FM H D`G D\ ` GCF D^C Q CMC K M\ M MK[G }G I I DC MC MCM D`G MNG EC H DNR MUG M `GCF.)

HG GC MCI Qb EWN OC 2 0.06 IIF L C MG U G O }G ` I.C M GG CM } FcC 2 DC MKHG D`G D\ ^ 2 OC GG }EG G H G 0.12 IIF .C GG } 5 IIF, 2 WR MU C H FUR ` I

LN OVC IbM OV GG } M 1.5 }G 50 IIF. 2 L WR GNR C H MCF I MKHGOVC C.

C 5; HC:

EH OV E ^ GCN QNG JNG U GV FUR ^ M } CM EV U IWG QG LGQNM G U }CG IWG FNC G E. EH _G MR U GV FUR LG QNMG MUC LCG , U E_ }M KU MC ^ M H. !H EH _ MG OVH G G[GMG WR D\ M\ H OcG MK[G }G ` I DC GG } EH MKHG D`G D\H. C MCI Qb OC EH GG } H, GC MG QG QH, OVG O, GCN GMM, WR C F IUM MKCG R M.

K[G MG H D\ JNRG, EH MKHG I M # } CC I^G L EVF MG KXU IWG M D\ `-`G 3 , EVF MG EI O `-`G H O MKUC }M DC Q M GHC.

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] } cG GCN MKHG `G GC I, GC M } CM MC 150 G OV MK[G 400 JNUMK]G `G G ^ L G ].

] KM } H GC OV }G OM. OC GG } 0.182 F/E\M D`G D\, }X } WR

G } ] G }G M Qb OM LN 18 MCI Qb.

] MKHG D`G D\ C G C G H U JNU MK]G LG QNM WR K.

H7J $"$#:

V M[G C NG U I M I MVG M R}K` OV HG.

R}K` HG MKHG D`G D\ ^ GNG M MC[G GC[G H JNU MK]G IWG R RF

D\ M N , G F[MG, MREG,l

KHG D`G D\ U MVG I OV DN `G GCI, R}K` HG ^ MKHG D`G D\H D\ MC U E_ }M LG IF N F, D\ MC }G G, OV _G H R C U LG IF N F MKHG JNU MK]G OG NRG, MG MK OV L G. U EHC MGI EV MREG, GG, QCEG, MHENGl

N MN OVH G M HU . MU C DU GN MC GC , C Lb OV M OMMKHG F`C MKG ^ .

Bv:

G M C ^ D\ M G G H G 0,1F D`G EN EC MKHG MG `I HG GC. HC M 1 }G 5F L UF \G OVH I GG IC. HC EG G5F } }G EC IG MK[G ` I.

cR MH G M ^ C ^ U MU C WR G DU GN. G M I UG^F:

+BC WR GCF } (], MR GWG)

+BC WR G (C `G C, IG H, E`G Mb OM,l)

+BC WR GCF MKcG.

+BC WR Q IC: C MG, GCG, LCE\,l

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BC _G WR MU C MC FUR F^, MCM , MG } H F_G, MG M } G F_G DCF EHCMKHG D`G D\.

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G `G GCI G M GVR GVR VG IUM MKCG MH K GCN LG IF VG ^H QX C. U DN `G GCI, U GV FUR F E[G OC L EG GCN, JNC F` EGEVF MR }C FM QX C MH C CN M\ OV MC[N , MKHG }^ IC D}G OG } ` GCF F`C MKG. HM }G `G GCI MG H L DYH MH OCMG M MC OVH F`C MKG D\. C EG M MC } GCN } IU O N MK]G WGG OM M F C MKG, EVF H F`C MKG ` GCF.

NG MC WR ` GCF U GVG `G GCI F:

C' 'f ' t':

`G GCI GG EG F 3 GVG \G: CG - G - !N D\

Ng"nh i4n:

GVG }CG G M ^ N U GV FUR IUM }CG EV:

- R }CG 66% EV GVG D`G WR ` GCF F`C MKG D\ GG MCF G D GG

CG }C F`C MKG - LCG MUC OcG G OV MR O OcG EN.

-CM }CG: 21%

-NCG D\ OV }CSG: 13%

U GV FUR GCM }CG cG MG EVF GC[G ECN ^ EG MC[N H MG M 0,4 ? 0,8 D/DP. NG NG I MG EV U F MG OcG }`G . H F G:GF 1993 U GV FUR MC[N M G 480.000 MG MG OV MC K D\ JNRG 6.713 MG D\2; 2.724 MG Q; 277,9 y 103 MG 2 OV 1491 MG C. WR EV GNG WR ` GCF

KM EG GG OC D I _G KM D^ DG OV MG DYF.

U GV FUR cG N #. EVF GC[G ECN RN MI MKNG I\ GF G }- G M - CI I. NG D\ MC RN EV OV Q H MKHG N #. VFEG EN NG KM H (MC 3%).

C U GV FUR cG D\ EVF GC[G ECN M] GNG WR ` GCF D`G D\ EV 2,2.

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Ng"nh khai th!c than:

VG DC MU MG \M ^ GNR MK MCI WR ` GCF D`G D\, ^ G ^GNG IUM LCG C M U MNRG OG NRG, IWG EHC MG FV M`C. VG GVR MCF GD GG EVF CG }C F`C MKG - LCG MUC OcG DC MU H WR C MKCM IU, }M}U }VH QCl

Ng"nh khai th!c d1u kh&:

NG IUM MC M ` GCF EV OC }M D\ }G VG OV GG L _ K D\ }MMK[G U MNRG OG NRG, L G.

C' 'f @" $W:

1.^ M G: bG M \M ^ GV FUR LG QNM ^ M G EG , GM EV DNO I\ GF. G ^ FM L GV FUR `G GCI DU ^ MH WR NRG LG QNM

^ M QbM - EH MK[G L }CG IWG FNC G. C GG L GVR, C EH } MC M H OVH D`G D\ EV FM GNR WR ` GCF F`C MKG.

cR MH U G LG IF EVF K FV U L LG QNM ^ M G ^ M MCEVF ` GCF F`C MKG D\. \ : 2 M `G G LG QNM C LNG@NKC; EH M`G G }CG IWG FNC G.

2. WG ^ : GNG ` GCF EG GM MC U GV FUR IWG ^ EV C, LN }^EV C 2 OV @ENH GN EV WR NRG LG QNM LNIK EWG, R 3, 2 GN EV LG QNMIWG }F.

3. N MK LWN: U GV FUR MN MK LWN G M ^ C G \G EV MN MK LWNG EG OV KG. U G^F EH N OV EWG N EV EHC ^ } M\G H. KHGJNU MK]G I , }^G ^C MVG IF, ^ C MN MK LWN R C OVH D`G D\ WR` GCF F`C MKG D\. HVC K IC D MC C U WR NRG LG QNM MN MOV M R OVH F`C MKG D`G D\. NR DC EG D`G GCN GG D\ MC U Q\ GCI GVR KM } C G[G G } CM b x.

C' 'f 47f *:

G ^ FM GV FUR ENRG G M JNG LM UC GNR[G, GV FUR GVR OENRG G OV ENRG , D\ MC GV FUR GCN , 2, RQ, Q, 3OV ClCG GR GV FUR LG QNM OC GG LNM KM MI.

G I GM EV E_ ENRG MYI JNG FCG GF OV FCG . C HM }G,E_ ENRG MG EVF ` GCF DN QNG JNG O] D^C C JNU MK]G LG QNM. KHGD\ MC E_, EG H MC 15% n 20% (M M\); 2 CF 0.5% - 35%.C EG

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C MKNG ]G M\G MH MVG IF EV 6-9/MG MYI R 3T10/F3 D\ MC. VGIG RN C EV HQxM LM, GHVC K _G ^ HQ\M FG G, GQC, F G[l WR}G EV GNG WR ` GCF }UG D GM U DN `G GCI, D MC MKHG UGV FUR GVR _G ^ U E_ GNG }M N # MC K F`C MKG U EHC D\ } C }MKG.

cG G GVR M _G I U E_ LG QNM }M }ZG, }U FVClG EV EHC E_ GNG cG JNG }CG.

bG M _G IC b x }G D\ MC VG MKF L GN }b DCF EHC GF MKHGDN O WG .U EHC E_ GVR MG cG N # OV MG }U EVF GC[G ECN,GNEC DCF EHC OV I ECN G[G D^C MC U L MG EVF ` GCF DN O QNGJNG.

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21/93

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_ }M GC[G ECN EV M[G C NG H MM U EHC G E_ C, E_ GNG, E_ KZG, NGLRlcG } }M GC[G ECN KG R EG ER GCM EG I O H GN N LG QNM,}C LG. NU MK]G UR MKHG E_ L LCG K D\ MC ^ GG } 2, , Q, Q OVMKH C. cR MH } }CF F }\ L G FV D\ MC E_ }M _G FG MHU M ` GCF } MKG DU. C M\G MHUG EI G E_ }M OV G MC D`G IEx, D\ MC E_ }M L EVF ` GCF D`G D\ OcG EWG G C CN C^.

G IC ^ L b x } CM MC E_ }M KU MC O] GHVC D\ MC H UR GC[G ECN _G^ D\ MC H U MVG IG KU UR R C OVH D\ MC.

d '" ':

cG OC }V IUM MKCG `G GCI ^, L EG U IG MCG CH M`G GVR

VG GCN. ] OR MK[G U MNRG CH M`G }`G }b U }` M MG QNM C G OG} ` GCF D`G D\ H C OV D\ MC Q ^ }G WR K. }CF EHCD\ MC GVR EV GNG MC MI, C }G OV D`G }N. U MNRG ^ FM } EN M`GH D\ MC I EC MVG GNG IUM MC MH MNRG EVF G G GC[F MKG MCF C MKG C [G }G. G M ` GCF } MKG D\ MC CH M`G EV C,, RQ, Q, ], 2 OV HQ , BGSG.

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Kb '4k V

CF MHUG GNG MC EV `G MU MG D[ MC EG OV }CF U GNG MC M` GCF MKHG FM DN O QF QYM } I O H `G MU JNG Ex , UH OV DCF

LHUM ` GCF F`C MKG D\ .

CF MHUG GNG MC G MCG VG LHG LHG OC U `G OC: NG MK D\ MG,IWG M\ MVG IG D\ JNRG OV QU EI U MF L GNG MC M ` GCF OVHD`G D\.

U MF L G CM GNG MC M ` GCF EV: N EG D\ MC; CM } D\MC; MK\ OV } }CF GG G MC; G } MG M ` GCF MKHG D\ MC }JN }^ ^ M CM MG EG MC FC M ` GCF MKHG FM }G O MC CG.

NR OR, D`G IC OC GNG MC GVH G ^ M CM R }H } U MF L MK[GO] GCN Ex H DU GN.\ M,GC M IC DCF MHUG GNG MC JN L MC RJN `G M DCG GCF H Ex MNRM.

L IUM MC EV EG MC M ` GCF M\G ]G JNWG MK[G FM }G O GC[G ECN MC[NH R MK[G FM }G O MVG IF EVF K. L MC } QU }G JN MI I GCNL ECN MG D[ } KbM K L NG.

BG 1-3 OV 1-4 EV O\ O L IUM MC M ` GCF D`G D\.

BG 1-3: L MC M ` GCF GV FUR GCM }CG }M MG GMKQCM:

BG 1-4: L MC M ` GCF Q `-M`

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G ^ M DCF MHUG GNG MC JN U `G M KbM K M GC[G N MG D[ RM U WG G ^ lU `G M GVR JN IG IUI OV `G G LGQNM .

\ :

d U }G EG 2 MC K DC }M GC[G ECN ^ EN NG :

/ (14)

KHG }^: B- EG GC[G ECN }M (G / )

- VF EG EN NG ( % )

-U }G EG MC Q E_ C:

D/ (15)

!Dn `G LNM C ( MG / )

H MKHG FM L MKG I M\G M IG MK]G Ex MNRM.

\ : C }M N #.. 3% ,EG 2 LCG K G LN:

+ 2 = 2

32,06 + 2 Q 16 = 64,06

C }M 32,06 M L MN } 64,06 2.KHG 1 MG N ^ 30D ,DC }M LLCG K EG D\ 2 EV :

(64,06 Q 30) / 32,06 = 59,94 D 2 / M

]G NG L ECN DCF MHUG GNG MC ^ F } \G QU KM DC[F MG.NR GC[GL ECN GVR KM G H `G MU JNG Ex , UH OV DCF LHUM ` GCF F`C MKG.

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J$ $W d ' i' V

C QU }G EG IUM MC M WR ` GCF F`C MKG D`G D\ MKHG G MCGF F }\ DCF MHUG F`C MKG, M\G DCF MK IUM MC M WR ` GCF MC OcG

C C^ G MC; OV DCF MK GG } M WR ` GCF MKHG G MC OC U MC[NNG IUM MC H IYI.

M WR ` GCF F`C MKG D`G D\ ^ KM GCN EHC, MNR M IWG EVF C EHCDC MCG VG }H }, }^ EV: BC OV U M G C D\.

k' Jn #v ' i' V:

BC EV U M KG DNR MUG MKHG _G D\ ^ DC EG OV MKG EG KC[G DUGCN OC F`C MKG D\. C NRG }G MKHG _G D\, M C N C IC KMGCN U E JNUG M\G, E Ex MWF OV E F LUM OC _G D\ G[G DC ER FN D\} QU }G GG } C G IC ^ U R[N N KC[G.

H } GG } C MKHG G MC MG IC MCG VG ER FN D\ EG C M MKHGG MC OV } K U MCM IWG M\ }M GHVC G. } MG G LN:

: } DC MG }H } GG } M ` GCF MKHG G MC.

d G ER FN MG EV FM G MK_G KG G DCF EHC G }G R

^ }G D\G G 6 T 12FF, FM }N MG } NG HG 90H _G }NDC } MG OV GC OC G G D\ bM O U MCM DU. C MN FN C,}N G NG HG } G LH H FCG G ON`G ^ OC CN }C MC _G D\.

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d N G ER FN C ^ N MH } C M, FYI G ^ G OUM L } EVF CF_G R KC IUM LCG MC }N G G G MC DM JN }H.

d B MN M C GCM } MG EV U FVG E CN JN H } MN U MC MKHG _G D\ MN }. BG U LH LUG MKG EG FVG MK OV LNDC E, GC M ^ } EG C MN } MK[G FVG E OV M }^ CM }GG } C MKHG G MC. C D\ MC ^ GCM } H, GC M IC cG UEHC FVG E G OM ECN } CM H IG IUI DU.

]G 2: ]G G }N ER FN C MKHG G OV G G M } ER FN MC DMJN.

d B E M G EV MCM H O U IG M MCI MH MK[G MG MKUG

U MU }G QN G GG MKHG MG DC }H } D\ MC E_ }M.^ L D`G G MCM GN }H _G D\ MC ^ GC M } OV } F D`G H,U G MC D\ MG bM C.

d N EG D EV MCM G MCM } UH OV }CN G EN EG D\ bMMKHG MG O] }N OVH EN EG D MG G ECG OC OG }CN G ENEG D\.

d UR bM D\ EV FUR bM D`G D\ M`G MG ^ } EN EG OV UI LNM bMR[N N H MG.

d HVC U MCM G D MK[G, DC MCG VG }H, GC M _G IC ^ M[FGCM D } }H GCM } _G D\ OV }G F MC CG R MCFK M }^G

GM MG }H } }G EG EG D\ MC }X bM.

C ER FN C MKHG G MC G G EV FM M ^ _G R }N MK[G MHVG FM MGG } }F H GG } C G }G }N MC FC }CF. M M G M MG ^ O MK\ DHG 2/3 CN VC U }HG G MG, }G, GF C U C MCM bM, }C MCMCG R l FM DHG U 8T10 EG }G D\G G.

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K DC }H } GG } C MKHG G MC, GM MCM IC CM M } _G D\ MKHGFM M FNG }H } G U }H } R M\G M EN EG MG }X CM. WR EVRN M ^ M\G JNRM }G MC DM JN }H } O] FNG ^ DM JN }bG G M M M] M} _G D\ }C OVH }N G ER FN C IC O G OC M } _G D\ }C [G GHVC(} C EV } }G M). } }G M }^, U M C L D`G }C GC NRG DC }C JN FM M ^ }N G ER FN. N M } MKHG }N G ER FN GG M } [G GHVC L LCG K CG MG K _G D\ MK }N G ER FN C.CG MG GVR L EVF CF L M C }C OVH MKHG }N G ER FN. KHG MKG IG EC, M } MKHG }N G ER FN EG G M } [G GHVC L LCG K CG MGMN _G D\ MK }N G ER FN C. CG MG GVR L EVF MG L M C }C OVHMKHG }N G ER FN. G CG MG }^ L EVF LC E DM JN }H }.

N EG D\ ER FN }H MK[G EN M D } M\G G LN:

KHG }^: n N EG ER FN (E\M / IbM).

O n } _G D\ MKHG G ( F /L).

@ n CM CG GG }N ER FN (F2 ).

\ : G D^C ^ }G D\G !=320 FF C D^C ^ EN EG =3.500 F3/. \GEN EG ER FN G LN:

} D\ MKHG G D^C:

C }G D\G }N ER FN = 10 FF, N EG D\ ER FN G MCM EV:

b x: G D\ ER FN D`G IC EV EG D\ } OVH `G M M\G GG } CO] L DU CM O GCM }. C M\G GG } C IC M[F OVH L CN G GCM

} D\ MC MKHG } }H } DU 0H.

} DC JNR MK]G }H } G ]G O LN.

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: } DC }H GG } C MKHG G MC.

k' Jn *> Jn$ ' i' V:

U M ` GCF G C OV D\ DNR MUG MM MKHG D`G D\ G[G DC C NRGMKHG G MC, GG } M ` GCF }G }N MKHG MHVG D`G CG G MC. ]M, OC }H } GG } M ` GCF MKHG G MC MG M G }H MKHG F`C MKGD`G D\ QNG JNG. MK\ ER FN G[G FM M GG G ^ _G R }N }G,N ER FN ^ M ^ G M D OV ER FN FC M }. N EG D\ ER FNIC MNWG M U MG JNR D MNM NR[G GVG. CM DC }H C D\ ^ GG }H M] IC JN I MN GCN } ^ CU MK }H G OC M M.

25/91


28/93

3: } DC }H GG } C D\ } MKHG G MC.

26/91


29/93

C47b Jl 5Z $W ' r'*' *>

H }G ENM H MHVG OM M M] OM M CG }C M G GVR LG G DU, CNRG M GC GVR LG GC DU D`G M LCG K R FM }C.

$C MCM KG M ^ FM DN O GC[G N ^ FM CC G GVH }^, O\ G D`GD\ MKHG 1 G I_G R D`G D\ MK[G 1 DN }` Ml M M MH _G D`G D\}C OVH DN O GC[G N L QR K U M]G NG:

-B MC[N R MKHG D`G CG }^ (CG MVG M DU).

-\ ER EC MKHG D`G CG }^ FV D`G MR }C M\G M.

-C K DC DN O GC[G N FV D`G MR }C M\G M.

NWG MH JNR ENM H MHVG OM M M ^:

G }C OVH = EG M MC[N R + EG M M\ ER + EG M }C K.

KHG M GC[G, D`G IC M GVH G MNWG M }bG U JNU MK]G GVR. !H OR,bG M ^ U MKG I LN:

Hf i' #V ; 5Z $W l Jg:

WR EV MKG I }G CG GM. `G CG GC[G N D`G QR K U MKG IMC[N R R M\ M M ` GCF. C }^ M ^:

Lt' $W J 5; = t' $W J ". (16)

KG I GVR QR K MKHG MKG I MG GC[G N D`G ^ R ^ DGG M\ ER R MC[N R M ` GCF G D`G }UG D.

-!: D`G CG 1 I_G A M`G OC I_G D [G B OV . `G D\ }C OVHI_G A M I_G B OC EN EG B OV GG } 2 EV B OV D`G D\ M I_G OC EN EG OV GG } 2 EV . `G D\ M I_G A } JNM bM MC KG_C. R EG D\ IC bM K GHVC OV GG } 2 D\ MC EV H GC[N ?

N bG M M GG }WR EV MG H MHVG G }G G EV: EN EG D`G D\OV EG 2 }C K DC I_G A IC G EG }C OVH.

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30/93

!H OR: = B +

Q = BQB + Q

(17)

Hf i' 5Z $W l Jg *' #V ;:

K[G M M, M ` GCF IUM MUG MKHG D`G D\ MG MF C U IG G ^, LCG G[G EG OM M D`G } H MHVG MKHG JNU MK]G IUM MUG.

C }^ CN M MG L IC EV:

G }C OVH = G }C K + G MC[N R.

N H KG M ` GCF IWG }G }N MKHG D`G CG GC[G N OV EGM MC[N R M E OC EG M ` GCF ^ MKHG D`G CG GC[G N, M ^ MOCM G LN:

G MC[N R = .. (18)

C: - L MC[N R M ` GCF EN`G FG N WF (-)

- GG } M ` GCF MKHG D`G CG QYM

- M M\ D`G CG QYM.

YM CG MC[G EG M ` GCF MH MC CG, M ^ M OCM IG MK]G OC IWG:

(19)

$CC IG MK]G OC IWG MK[G , M ^ :

(20)

KHG }^:

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H-G } M ` GCF MC MC }CF M }N QYM M = 0.

G MK]G CG MC[G GG } MH MC CG GVR H M MR : G } M ` GCF G D`G DC MC CG DYH VC O` MG. 0 DC M ?

M JN EV CN M MHUG MG G }G D`G H MHVG EV:

Lt' d 5; = Lt' d + K.C.

-!: FM I_G bM MN ^ M M\ 500F3 ^ EG MC D\ @HKFER () M

D^C MN EU EV 140F/. _G } M`G C OC EN EG 1000F3/. R QU }GGG } @HKFER MKHG D`G D\ GN H KG L NRG }C @HKFER

MVG 2 EV 0.4 -1.

$C MCM KG GG } @HKFER }G }N MKHG I_G OV G GG } MKHG D\

K DC I_G . ^ M OCM CN M MHUG H MG G LN:

G }C OVH = EG }C K + ..

140 = 1000 Q + 0.4 Q 500 Q

140 = 1200 Q

= 0.117 F/F3.

Hf i' *' #V ; 5Z $W 5; *' l Jg:

KHG M M bG M I KM GCN F` ]G MKHG }CN DCG D`G G }G, M EV ^ LEN MG M ` GCF MKHG D`G CG QYM. BG MWG L IUM MC M ` GCF OV EGD`G D\ }C JN D`G CG QYM EC[G M CG }C MH MC CG. KHG MKG I }^,GC M M]F U }G CG VC MHUG } ^ M CC }. ` ]G MHUG MG GVR^ G G EV:

G }C OVH = G }C K + G EN MG + G IWG R.

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C$ 7`4 i V s' p | *4`$ $W d ' *> 47b

C$ 7`4 i *> Z4 :

U s' $w" '@:

$C^ WR K U _G R KC D`G D\ EI LUM FM }M. ^ C^ M ` GCF }DN MUG KG K EVF H GG } M ` GCF CF QNG KM GCN LH OC G }N.$C^ EV GWG M } CM JNG MKG MKHG OC DN MUG C OV C ^ M GG GD`G D\.

$C^ ^ M DN MUG M ` GCF, EVF CF GG } G }N O] G^ MG WR U

_G R KC D`G D\ LUM FM }M. U OC U _G R MG QNM CG DC C^RN, _G R KC D`G D\ } } MKG G OC QUH MKG U IG M D\ U EI LUM G GN. !H U QUH MKG GVR, U IG M M ` GCF G } GG^G C NRG LG U EI D`G D\ EWG G. M JN EV L DN MUG M ` GCFFG F G, CN JN G.

C C GG KG C^ EN`G EN`G ^ QN G MR }C CN MC MC OV M } MC. c ^ GG MG D[ MH aC M H IYI QU }G U CU MK OV IG GM MC G G MG LNM FC I C^ OV G C^.C QF QYM G C^ GFI O H F }\ JNR H O MK\ GNG MC, MKUG H GNG MC M ` GCF}G }N G C^ }H U DN WG , U `G MK]G JNG MKG.

n Y 5; ":

KHG }CN DCG ^ } F EG, U M C L \G DM OVH GN MVG M EG OV KCGG QNG }M. NR OR, U OC LCG OM MKHG D`G D\ IUM MKCG GG ^G, UFMH U M C DN MUG KG QNG CN C C^.

^ MU G K L F`C MKG D\. M F DYH MH M C, I MN FM L M` GCF OV KC QNG }M. !H }^, U OcG D`G D\ ^ M ` GCF GCN,G F G FG MH M ` GCF EVF G G MC F`C MKG }M OV G I\C.

KHG G F, EI D`G D\ MK[G H MKbM U M G QNG MVG F G[G ^ QNG G^G E[G, G EC G F KC QNG FM }M L C, MN GCM FM }MOV EI D`G D\ LUM FM }M G[G ^ M QR K CG MG G GCM, D`G ^ EC HOC DN MUG M ` GCF OVH D`G D\.

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U s' $w" Jg" ?, ; $z"

K f $4':

C ^ FM ENG C^ C NRG LHG LHG OC FM }M OV O OVH MG G ON`G ^OC CN C^. FM MK MG, D`G D\ G GYG EC EVF MG UI LNM MG D`G D\ MC }^. AI LNM MG GVR ^ QN G }R _G C^ E[G H. M LN MGH C^ G EC EVF UI LNM MG CF QNG. M JN EV FM OcG QHUR JNG QNM CGLN MG G, DYH VC MH CN C^ MC FM DHG U GVH }^ MK[G FM }M ,MC }^C^ FC ER EC } OG M OV G . cG QHUR JNG GVR } C EV OcG #@'t *> Jn' $w" r' $\.

N GC[G N, GC M }X QU }G } ^G KI D\ }G MG G ^ CNH G ]G O LN:

KHG OcG ^G D\ }G, M } C NRG C^ KM G D`G D\ MKH }C OCD`G D\ OcG QNG JNG DYF WR U CG MG M\ M M ` GCF.

2-1: NR ENM ^G D\ }G LN MG G.

C OC GV }G } EI H ^ U ` OG, E M`G C^ G[G JNR ENM ^GKI D\ }G ^ IG GVH MR }C MH QN G CF CN H OV CN Q OcG^G KI D\ }G.

C ^ GCN `G MK]G GC MCI GN MH CN C , `G MK]G I\ MK L G G}G `G MK]G I\ LN. NR ENM ^G KI D\ }G G L }C DU.

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QU }G }bG ^G KI D\ }G GV, GC M EVF F` ]G OV QF QYM MKHGG D\ }G R FUG MR E.

N }WR EV FM OVC MKG I }G CG }X } GC[G N:

V }G } EI ^ CN GG I.

V } HC EV } }G } EI GN I\ }N C^ G`C GV, `G MK]G H GM^ DHG U MC G^ MC MCN EV 8 MC 10 EG CN H. \ C C^ G`C GVDHG 8 }G 10 EG CN H GV D`G ^ G`C GV GVH D G.

V } QF ^ CN GG I DC CN GG GV G G H G 2.5 CNH. C }^ ^G D\ }G G`C GV ^ CN H 1.8 OV CN VC 6 I\ LN OVMK[G G`C GV.(]G )

V }G } EI ^ CN GG KG.

C CN GG EG G 2.5. B^G D\ }G GV F C DN O G ]G O.

V }G G GN, C^ MC OVH DN GV M] D`G CG C C XR GV L ^ OcGC^ JNG. N GV }N C^ ^ CN GG I M] OcG C^ JNG ^ CN VC 8. NGV KG M] FM IG FUC GV D`G GF MKHG OcG JNG C^.

32/91


35/93

U s' $w" Jg" ? 5p |


36/93

P' > | *4`$ $W d ' r' *' *>

P V


37/93

T& #V $W $W d:

NG MC C OV D\

NG MC C } Q Ex MC 90%

NG MC C }X } Q Ex MC 90%

P' ? 5


38/93

F G ^ CU MK G = 0 ? 1 OV QU }G MH MKG OG M C^ MH CN }G.

R S : L DNR MUG KC MH IG OV .

F 1963, BKECG .. CC IG MK]G OV MN } DM JN H OC QU }G GG} EI LUM FM }M.

C : - N EG M ` GCF.

D1- L DN MUG KC.

N- G M C^ } H 1F.

D0 = 0,5T1F DC D\ JNRG D`G G }G OV 0,1T1F DC D\ JNRG G }G.

G = 0,15 T 0,2.

Gp f4 ' > :

P' $w" S4-P"4 ( G"4):

( _G C EV F` ]G MG D[ DCG GCF)

!G `G M I CG GM FV NMMHG OV LLJNCEE } K EV:

(24)

C QU }G GG } M ` GCF G FM }M M] QF S = 0. C }^ M ^:

(25)

KHG }^:

36/91


39/93

- G } M ` GCF MC O MK\ ^ M } Q,R,S.

N - G M C^.

R,S - L DN MUG KC MH U IG R,S MG G OC LC IG NG VF IWG IC $NLL.

- CN H CN JN G D^C.

Hf i *4`$ 7, EV LC E NG VF DN MUG $NLL MH IGGG OV }G. L R, S I MN OVH DHG U MC GNG MC OV M\G G }G D\ JNRG. L GVR } QU }G MH CN } M GCF $C@@HK QWR GGF 1960.

I G }G D\ JNRG } IWG MVG 6 I MH NKGK G LN:

b x:

1- V GG Fc Z, FM MKC ^ ^ H > 600.

2- V GG Fc Z, MKC ^ FWR OV MKHG LUG, ^ H FM MC EV 30 ? 600.

3- G NC CN Fc MN R GVR Fc Z ^ FWR, FM MKC ^ H 15 ? 350.

4- FWR } QU }G G F FWR I N MKC.

WR EV IG IUI M\G MHUG } L G GCN U G IG WR.

`G M } QU }G CG MC[G GG } M WR ` GCF MK[G FM }M MH MK Q (OCR = S = 0) EV GG }CF ^ GG } H G U }CF D [G MH IG R G LN:

(26)

37/91


40/93

K[G ]G O EV CN } H (1970) EI CN CG FC JNG C R S OVHG U I MN OVH } G }G D\ JNRG.

Ti$ Jn '@ 4 : $C^ MG ^ MK L M N MR }C MH CN H.C M CN CGMR }C }^ G CN M:

(27)

KHG }^ : N0 OV N1 M } C^ 2 }CF DU H }

SH OV S1 } H 2 }CF

I n F

L I H FM }M :

38/91


41/93

H FM }M G IG R MK[G FM G EG , L I MKHG G } GWG M[F L 0.56 H FC I G }G D\ JNRG.

\G G }G D\ JNRG:

-\ JNRG MKHG MG }C EN VG E[G H, GCM } VG CF }C MH FM L LNRCF GCM }.

-KHG }CN DCG Ex MG, VG E[G H, D\ UI VG CF G[G GCM } G CF MH

L LNR CF GCM } }HG GCM. L GVR = 1 H/100F.( $ ~$)

-KHG M M ^ OVC RN M G G MC MG GVR EV C^, } ]G OV Q FMMKC.

-\ JNRG } HC EV G }G DC FV L LNR CF GCM } MH } H G G L LNR CF GCM } }HG GCM. KHG MKG I GVR FM IG M D`G D\ } LRG^G E[G, XG G K OV R E[G MK[G H MU G UI LNM MR MG. WG M }^ CFGCM } MNWG MH L LNR CF GCM } }HG GCM. G H L LNR CF GCM} M G G, G[G MC Eb GVH }^ GCM } IG M D\ G G D`G D\ QNG

JNG, G^ EC NRG }G MH CN G EC. M JN EV IG M D\ H }G E[GQNG F GVH }^.

-\ JNRG } HC EV D`G G }G DC L LNR CF GCM } MH CN H EGG L LNR CF GCM } }HG GCM. G M D`G D\ G^G E[G MCI M RH FXC.

-\ JNRG } HC EV MKNG M\G DC C L GVR G GN.

C QU }G } CG MC[G GCM } MH CN H FM O MK\, GC M ^ M QU

}G } } H QUH MKG }C DN O.

H QUH MKG }C : V CN H FV DC D\ G^G ^ M R E[G H MC DC GCM} DC DC CF MH }CN DC[G }HG GCM G OC GCM } D`G D\ QNGJNG.

BCG MC[G GCM } MH CN H MR }C H FM OVC CG MG LN:

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GCM Q:

-!H FM }M ^ MKH }C GCM Q OC N MKC G[G O }[F, DC D`G ^ Q FMMKC, FM }M Q GCM OVH N MKC OV EG }C. NU MK]G GVR MG M }N M MC,FG GM OVH }[F OV OV LNR CF G DC MKC LUG. KHG }CN DCG Fc }`G MKCJNG FWR, GCM } EI D`G D\ LUM FM }M MI G U EI I\ MK[G LCG K JNU

MK]G G GCM Q. I G GCM GVR ^ M H MC OVC MKF FYM OVH LUGLF.

GCM H MG D`G D\ G^G MI:

-V CG MG QR K DC D`G D\ G^G G ^ UI LNM H NRG }G QNG C.CM } DC D\ H G GCM } D`G D\ G FM }M. CG MG GVR QR K M }WN } H M OVC MKF MC OVC GVG FYM OV QR K cG OC MG MC MCM ^ UILNM H. !H D`G D\ NRG }G QNG C G[G GC M } MG G EVF CF FWR OV} F MG }C. KC MKHG QG G[G G }G G GCM Q C MG G}H GCM.

CN H CN JN G MC :

CN H CN JN G MC G:

= + (28)

n CN H ]G G MC (F)

n GWG H _G D\ MC . V } H ENG D\ MC E[G H M[F H }GGG MC FCG G MC OV H GCM } D\ MC H G F`C MKG QNG JNG.]GMK[G EV DM JN M\G MHUG FM G MC ^ U CN H CN JN MC DU GN:

H B$$ (1972) DCG G, M\G G LN:

C I G }G D\ JNRG EV A T ! :

(29)

40/91


43/93

(30)

@=120# 0,4 GN # g 55 F4/L3

@=50# 5/8 GN # f 55 F4/L3

n $C M MKG MKG ( F/L2 ).

K n BUG D\G G MC ( F ).

Ln G M D\ MC JN FCG G ( F/L ) .

N n } C^ FCG G MC ( F/L ).

Dn CM } D\ MC ( H ).

Qn CM } D`G D\ QNG JNG MC ( H ).

C I G }G D\ JNRG EV T # :

K n CF GCM } }HG GCM ( = 0,01 H/F )

G IUI M\G MHUG GVR E MN` KM GCN OVH } G }G D\ JNRG FV MHG IWG I M] } G }G GVR EC MR }C EC[G M MH MC CG. ] M CU MK M\G} G G CU MK MKNG ]G M MC MC MC }CF QF QYM. N }WR EV DM JN M\GLH LUG GG } M WR ` GCF MK[G FM }M MKHG OM D\ MC U } G }G D\JNRG DU GN :

41/91


44/93

P' $w" B&"% 5; $n' |:

DM JN CC IG MK]G OC IWG REHK OV OVH F` ]G MG D[ MR }G,BKECG OV G L } K `G M M\G MHUG L IWG MUG M ` GCF OVH D`G D\G LN:

Nk' Jn $|$ J CMK[G FM }M C G C^ G MC }G ( K ):

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H GNG G^G ^ M > 0 @ < 100 F/L2.0

(33)

H GNG GNC , DC M f 0 @ > 100 F/L2.0

(34)

KHG }^:A n L }C Ex DN O. A = 240

n G M ` GCF MC /L

# n L #=1 C MC M ` GCF EV D\

#=2 C MC C ^ CN JN E L D`G C 90%.

#=2,5 C MC C ^ CN JN E L 75T90%.

#=3 C MC C ^ CN JN E L 75%.

n CN H G MC F

! n G D\G FCG G MC F

n N EG D\ MC F3/L

M n G E GCM } D\ MC .H

F n L D`G M GNR[G .

G n L D`G M GNR[G I MN OVH OF .

H GNG G^G ^ M > 0 @ < 100 F/L2.0

43/91


46/93

(35)

1 - L CF GG } M ` GCF MH MK LH OC GG } }C.F .K CN} MH # OV /F.

2 - L CF GG } M ` GCF MH MK LH OC GG } }C.F .K CN} MH N( /F).

N n } C^ M\G MHUG. F/L

KV' $$ 64W f CD M WG G MC :

H D\ MC :

F = H Q F (41)

KHG }^ Hn L. K } M MH F OV @. .

R M\G:

44/91


47/93

Z i$ '@ '47 b:

M ` GCF } DNR MUG KG EV G C^ . G C^ VG EG VG EVF CF LDNR MUG MH CN }G ENG D\ MC . NG VG LF MCI Qb OC FM }M.U GC[G N H MR MG MC FM M } C^ GNR CF F EVF QNM CG GG }M ` GCF }C MK[G FM }M. F } QU }G G LN:

C F f 0,5 F = 0,5

C F = 0,5 T 2 F = F

C F ? 2

KHG U M\G GVR L @ } M\G G LN :

(46)

C IG IUI GVR , M ^ M M\G } EG M ` GCF }C H IYI MC KM FM G MC H MK G U MR OVH CN M (24) OV (25) } QU }GEG H IYI.

C IG IUI M\G GVR } cG H G MC H GNG }G OV GG }M ` GCF G }N D`G ^. N MK C^ ^ GNG MC H DU ^ D GG GG MC DN O }G QYM M] IC M\G G G G C GNG MC.

45/91


48/93

BCN } QU }G MK L 1

BCN } QU }G MKC L 2

T> i' Jn $W d Jk' r % a4 '4k '


49/93

Bf $V ` $' 'f

BCG IUI C MCG `G G GVR GR } QF EV ^ CN JN H GM O DCG M OVD MNM GF GWG H CN LNM EH }G, MG GG LNM OV CF L IUM MC M `

GCF F`C MKG. C NG RN `G OC EV:

- CC OV M }G ^ U `G }HG IUM LCG GCN C OV C D\ }. C MR MU `G }HG M `G G CC, CG M M ` GCF L I G G[G VG ^M DG GNG M M ` GCF. C EN MK MF EGD GV FUR QC FGV MC[G MKHG DH WR ` GCF C H DN O QNG JNG. N MR M DH G MG QC E` M] ^ M VG DCF LHUM GNG IUM LCG C.

- R M GNR[G ECN, GC[G ECN G U EHC ^ \M M } C G MR N #. ^VF EG EN NG H G M }M L.

- UC L G D\ MC }G G F ^ M } G cG EC D\ MKHG MG OGNRG D\ YI; MG G D\ MC GV FUR GCM }CG } LG QNM M H, 3l

-VF D\G U `G }HG, MCM IUM LCG C D\ } } ^ M DCF LHUM VG,D`G } C, C D\ } EG MKVG OVH F`C MKG D\.

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50/93

T` Z f i' 4 #\ $W d '4k

MNM M`G C^ G C OV C D\ }: MNM M`G C^ EV F`G DH OV DMNM O M MKH }C OV Q Ex D`G D\ GF MH } F`C MKG D`G D\ GFHG FNG.

Hf i' ' '@ $4':

`G C^ NG EV FM DUC GCF KM KG L I D`G D\ OVH OV bM D`G D\K DC FM DN O, FM D`G CG GM }G, ^ M EV FM I_G, FM IWG QGH FM DC GV.

MG M`G C^ NG ^ M EV MG M`G C^ D\ DC GNG E H UDC D`G D\ EN NRG EV JNM C^ H MG M`G C^ M GC[G DC MG }GU GNG E M GCG G GCM, L C^ } EN NRG U DC D`G D\.

`G C^ NG ^ MU G HV EHXG M WR ` GCF H OC I D`G D\ L M[G GHVC HV MKG OC D`G D\ ` GCF [G MKHG GV GF F }\ DCF LHUMU M ^ D GG G G }G L D HG GC, ^ GNR WR UR G HWR FcC G GCM, C, U EHC C OV D\. `G C^ NG UI G DC EG M` GCF IUM LCG D`G JNU EG, MKC MK[G CG KG, O MK\ MH MU GC EH }GIC U } Q GNG ` GCF H GG } M ` GCF FV GC EH }G MCI QbIC MI G , F } } C U M ` GCF IC MI, L EG MH U M` GCF IC MG }C }G }N.

N EG M`G C^ HV EHXG } QU }G MK[G L }F H CF } U M} C IUM LCG (GCM M, C, C D\ }) QNG C F H IYI.

KHG }^:

d n N EG D`G D\ M`G C NG H GV QG.d $ n G EG M ` GCF M K MKHG GV (F/).

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d n G } M ` GCF H IYI ^ MKHG GV `G GC I (F/F3).d H - G } M ` GCF ^ MKHG D`G D\ QNG JNG (F/F3).d n G EG GCM M M K MKHG GV (E/).d ? - KG EG KC[G D`G D\.

d MKOV MOn CM } D`G D\ OVH OV K DC GV `G GCI (H).

C OC GV WG G, U `G MK]G `G G H FM L IWG QG D`G ^ UGNG ` GCF }UG D, ^ M L G DUC GCF "C L MKH }C D`G D\ " } M\GMHUG EN EG MKH }C D`G D\. L GVR } QU }G G M E C EN EGD`G D\ MKH }C OV M M\ GV G M`G C^. `G JN L MKH }C D`G D\GVR, ^ M VG QU }G } EN EG D`G D\ G bM K, H MC OVH, HDM I bM K OV MC OVH DN O.

(48)

d n M\ GV `G GCI (F3).d G n BC L MKH }C D`G D\. R G = 10T35.

U MG M`G C^ D\ NG MG ^ EN EG KM EG G[G R cG U EHCJNM bM R MC G MK.

`G C^ M GC[G EV L MKH }C D`G D\ M MKHG K GHVC OV M GHVC OVH MKHG GVDC ^ L [G E UI LNM C [G MKHG OV [G GHVC H MU G L [G EGCM } H C^ E[G U FM MG OV FUC GV. `G C^ M GC[G ^ x G}C OC OC M`G C^ H U D`G CG EG, U IWG QG ^ U GNG GCM EG,GG G^ G ^ GCN G H D`G }F H } EG MKH }C D`G D\ GMCM OV EC[G M.

U MG M`G C^ NG MG } cG G G^G H GV QG, MCGCM M K DC GV. `C DC G } cG H GV QG M \M C OV \M } MK[GCG KG.

T' '@ $v$ #n:C GNG WR ` GCF \M, KM MI MKNG OV EG IUM LCG MG }C EG; H DC IWGQG KG EG, L GC EVF OC \M M] OC M M`G C^ L ^ CN JNOV DCG M G. N M U MG M`G C^ EV MG M`G C^ D\ (^cG JNM C^).

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} DC MG bM M WR ` GCF

Hf i' #v $v$ #n:

WR EV GG MG bM D\, MN HF C GR MC GNG IUM LCG, ^ Q Ex (HD`G Q Ex) MK DC MC K F`C MKG [G GHVC.

M MG M`G C^ bM C MM M`G MG H F U I MN M CU C MC GNG MH C K G FUR GCG, LVG, FVC, MKG, MK[G U }N G MC, NMCl; MG }G G G G M`G , MCM E C OV JNM bM .

MG M`G C^ bM C MM IC ^ CN JN MN M C H, EVF CF GG} C MC EVF OC. CN JN MN M C ^ x G JNRM }G MC OC H O LDH GC EH }G.

MG M`G C^ bM C MM _G IC ^ CN JN E L C MKHG D`G D\bM H MK DC MC K GHVC MKC.

Hf i' *> Jn$ $v$ #n:

G M G MG bM C , }WR EV GG MG bM D\, MN HF CD\ } GR MC GNG IUM LCG, ^ Q Ex (H D`G Q Ex) MK DC MC K F`CMKG [G GHVC.

M MG M`G C^ bM C D\ } MM G H F U I MN M CD\ } U C MC GNG MH K G FUR MKG, F, FUR CM Cl; MG }GG G ^ M G M`G R , MCM E C D\ } OV JNM bM .

MG M`G C^ bM C D\ } MM IC ^ CN JN MN M C D\ } H,GG G MKCM } C D\ } MKVG EG OVH F`C MKG EH }G, EVF CF GG } CD\ } MC EVF OC QNG C F H IYI.

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MG M`G C^ bM C D\ } MM _G IC ^ CN JN E L C D\ }MKHG D`G D\ bM H MK DC MC K GHVC MKC.

; 4 $4' $ f i' $v$ #n:

T? chc thu b4t c#c ch1t & nhi9m t=t, nga" t/i ngu>n ph#t sinh kh&ng (8 ch'ng lan to0

r@ng l$ bin ph#p c b0n (8 ng)n ch5n sF lan to0 ch1t & nhi9m, ng)n ch5n sF ti6p !'cgiEa ch1t & nhi9m $ ngi lao (@ng $ t/o (i7u kin thu3n li cho qu# tr%nh l


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Lh$ #v *> V

C$ ' i $w" #v:

K>$ p$ #v:

KHG D`G D\, C MG MC C G 1 MI I U M KG ^ D\ M DU GNcG DN MUG MKHG D`G D\. !NR ^ U EHC C ^ GNG M C GG MEC L H EHC C ^ D\ M MNG GM.

cR MN` OVH D\ M OV MKG EG KC[G, M C ^ M MG MC EWN R FN MKHGD`G D\. \ M M C } QU }G G D\G CG OC, G MCM LVG EC,LVG D\ }G MK[G FUR B-`, EG MKHG NG F`C MH IG IUI C -Ml

`G L }UG \ D\ M C EV: }G D\G !50 EV }G D\G M FV MKGEG U M EG G !50 OV G G !50 EV G GN. V } E JNWG IG MKNG]G E VF IWG U M C.

(49)

Th' t' ' $$ #v:

MN OVH G M ^ FV FC EHC C ^ MKG EG KC[G DU GN .GIC IWG CM:

KG EG KC[G } EV MKG EG KC[G DC OM ECN }.

KG EG KC[G QI MI I U M C EG EV M L MKG EG DC C OCM M\ DC C EG.

$$ ' i *$:

- MF M.

-]G G M C.

- G }CG.

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C$ ` #g \' #v:

CM EG C EV U EHC MCM FV MKHG G^, M C MU K DC _G D`G D\H MU G FM MKG E GVH }^ G: E MKG EG, E ER MWF, .E JNUG M\G,MKG MG }CGl

B4k' \':

KHG NG EG, M C MU K DC _G D`G D\ C MU G E MKHGMKG OV ^ G KC QNG }M. G MC, M C N E F LUM U IG MD\.

C M C OG M KC M C MKHG D`G D\ EV oOG M MKHp OG M GVR }QU }G G M\G MHUG R MK CN } I MN OVH GCM } OV UI LNM F`C MKG,D\ M M C OV MKG EG KC[G M C.

]G 2-1: BCN } MK OG M KC M C

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C M MG N MKb NG EG MH IG GG. !_G D\ M C }CGG JN D`G CG NG EG OC OG M } VG }N MK[G MHVG FM M GG.`G MG M } _G D\ D`G OM JNU 0,3F/L MK[G MHVG FM M GG.CN DCG} 1 M C EGG MKHG NG C EV:

N - M } _G D\ MKHG NG EG.

O - M } MKH M C.

- CN H DHG EG MKHG NG.

- CN VC DHG EG MKHG NG.

CF M D\ MNG EG GC M ^ M C NG EG MVG GCN GGMH IG GG } CF CN H M\G MHUG .

BNG EG C ^ CN LNM MI, MN } U M C EG G[G MG cG }MN EC I ECN G UM, I`C VH, FcG l

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N - } VC OM M. F/L

- HG U M MWF JNR MC OM M. F

j- OG M ^ NRG }G JNR. 1/KCG

C M EC G GNR[G Ex GVR } MH K MCM REHG EG C . N MH REHGG LN: REHG EV MCM ]G MK MK_G ^ FCG G D\ OVH I\ MK[G. `G D\OVH REHG L R QHUR MH }G QHG FM MKHG O ]G MK. NGMC IG IN, _G D\ L NRG }G G E[G MK[G MH }G QHG OV JN GMWF MHUM K GHVC.

M C MKHG _G D`G D\ R QHUR L NG MH _G D\ OVH NRG }GQHUR. ER MWF WR MU }G EVF M C L KC Q MWF JNR OV MCG O O GHVC REHG.G MC, M C L N MU }G L G D`G D\ MH CN G OC G

NRG }G, DM JN EV M C NRG G O O GHVC REHG, O F OCG^, L FM }G GG OV KC QNG IN MN. }^, M C }C JN MCM Q }C K GHVC.

$CC U IG MK]G MHUG O NRG }G M C }G E MKHG REHG, GC M ^} U `G M M\G LN:

G D\G M C G GM MN EC MKHG REHG EV:

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(F) (52)

C CG M C EN MKHG REHG EV:

(L) (??)

KHG }^:

- L GM }G F2/L.

- }G D\G M C F.

j- M } ^ M C.

G- L O_G JNR M C MKHG REHG.

? OV ? - MKG EG KC[G C OV D`G D\ D/F3.

1- BUG D\G G MWF. F.

2- BUG D\G IG ]G MK REHG F.

U `G M MK[G ^ M\G Ex MNRM, H MC GR OG D`G ^ } U `G M Ka FC EC[G Ex MNRM } } M\G M U D\ M N MH G[G REHG. ] M, MKHGM M, GC M D`G MCM D REHG MH Ex MNRM FV M\G G REHG MH U EHCREHG NG }X } MH, M GCF OV }H } U M`G L G MCM. U EHCREHG C[G ` MCM D M GCF ^ M } D\ MK[G OVH M 15T 25 F/L, OVMG } cG E C ^ }G D\G = 6 r 10 hF OC CN LNM 75 r 85% OV EC ^ }G D\G >20 hF OC CN LNM 92 r 95%. U EHC REHG MG ^ }G

D\G IG ]G MK ! = 400; 500; 630 OV 800 FF. U D\ M ]G DU REHG M E OC }G D\G IG ]G MK !. G } MNRG EVF OC REHG ^G }G MG MK[G CN } ^ MG C MH VF EHKCM CN M JNG C ENEG OV MK E _G D\ JN REHG. REHG MG EVF OC MKHG DHG MK E

140 r 170 D/F2 OC OG M MC N H FC EHC REHG.

BG 2-2: G M MKNG ]G MK[G FM M GG IG ]G MK OVC EHC REHG.

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b x: - (OG M MKNG ]G JNR ) } M\G MH }G D\G MWG ]G MK REHG.

2-8: \ M G REHG

REHG YI: U GC[G N H MR U REHG }G D\G VG EG M]

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2-9: REHG YI.

CN JN VG CF MI O] GCN Ex H. ] M GC M }X MCM D U EHC REHGMC[N NG }G D\G 250 FF OV YI GCN REHG EVF OC LHG LHG } E EGD\ MC EG. C GVR CN LNM E M C f 5 hF }M MC 85 r 90%. U EHC REHG

GVR MG ^ UG QHG FCG OVH OC ^ GC[G 25T30H. G D\G G MWF

=158T133FF. OG M MKNG ]G MKHG FM M GG O=3,5T4,75 F/L.

REHG FVG G: M MKHG GG DNRM }CF REHG EV H OG M QHUR MKHGMCM EG G[G WR K CG MG NG MK EC OVH _G D`G D\ U M C }X EGMK[G MVG MCM . ] OR , MK[G FM MKHG MVG MCM REHG FVG G, GC MMH K FM EI FVG G R } NG MH U M C EG, GG D`G H bG NG OVH _G D\. REHG FVG G ^ D GG E L 90% U M ^ D\ M1,5 hF.

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N MH EHC REHG MG ^ H D\ OV C OVH I\ C OV MHUM K I\MK[G MWG ]G MK, OC IG MCI MNRG OC FM MKHG MWG ]G MK. K K ^ MK\ U O_C ING G OVH FM MKHG MVG MCM MH FVG G R M MK[G QNG.

G G MC[N H EVF M MVG MCM MKHG DHG 0,1 r 0,2 E\M/F3 D\. G

G GVR MG } EG L OV cG MNG HVG, }G D Q JN MG Q ExG.

REHG FVG G MG } cG OC OG M _G D\ OVH O=16T25 F/L OVOG M MKNG ]G JNR =4.5T7F/L. CN VC MWG ]G MK =5T5,2! (F \MC 10!).

C$ ` #g h$ #v:

C EV } _G D`G D\ EG C }C QNR[G JN EI OM ECN E, U M C L CEC MKHG EI OM ECN E, D`G D\ L }C JN EI OM ECN E OV } MC K GHVC.

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Lh$ #]' 5Z f4 $@ m m' :

HC MCM GVR MG } EVF MVG U EHD OV DC L G IC YI LHG LHG

GCN EHD OC GN } ^ } C G M\ G MCM. C EHD EV FM ]G I GM,VR DHG 100 FF, C FM } EI EC DCF EHC. B[G MKHG, C 2 EI EC GC MGC }R EI OM ECN QI G DWN KG, M G, LC R IHC G`Fl U EHCOM ECN GVR } MF N } MG } UF \G U M C.

U D MKHG EI OM ECN L MH K EC }C JNG H H _G D\. \ MC VG}C JN EI E _G U M C H ^ JNUG M\G EG G[G O F OC FM OM ECN MFN G[G C EC. U OM ECN VG G M] D\ M D VG Y OV MK E H _GD\ }C JN VG EG, E QI VG FN \M EC H C.

C L G 1 MC CG, L G EI E MG H G[G IC MR G EHD DU.M ECN E ^ M ER K K L, MF N OV L G EC . CN LNM E L EIDWN DCF EHC 13 Q 13 Q 1 FF EV 99%. C MKG D`G D\ MKHG DHG 4.000 T 5.000F/ .HC MCM GVR cG } E C MKHG D`G D\ GCM } D`G H OV GG }D`G EG.

E D\ G^G OV GG } C H, GC M cG MCM E G U DWN L OV ^ING G EVF M EC[G M. BC FVG G MK[G U DWN L MN EC L R MH GQNG McG . N EG E L , G } ING MK EC OVH MCM E. VGGVR Q G ING OVH MG Q Ex G MC OV MR G FC. N MH MCM CG G MUI }F.

Lh$ #]' 5V h$:

NR[G Ex E C OC G LN: H D`G D\ EG C }C JN 1 MF OC E, G }NU M C EG G D C U LC OC L C EC MK[G FM OC MH GNR[G Ex KWR,U M G G UF \G MK[G FM LC OC E H O F, E I G OV E bMMG }CG, G G EI C MN } VR E[G MH MVG EI FVG MK E, EI FVG GVR

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63/93

C } U M C ^ D\ M KM G . CN JN E }M MC 99,8% OV E } U M KM G EV G ^ EI MK E. N 1 DHG MC CG EI C L KM VR EVFL G FVG E JNU EG, M IC GG H D\ MC }C JN OV MCG VG EHC EIC UF MK[G FM OC. H MU GVR } C EV HVG GNR[G D GG E.

C E ^ M EV OC M R OC D`G M, R G I 2 EHC. ^ MG } EVF

G LC MG I } \M GF C F OV G .CN VR OC E VG H M] CNJN E VG EG.

HC OC M MG cG U EHC LC ^ } Q MI, }G D\G LC EG, }M OC CL H MH DCN M }G. CN VR MF OC MG MKHG DHG 0,3FF. KG EG

DHG 300T500 /F2.

HC OC D`G M MG EVF M LC EG R `G M`. C M MKC LC MVG U FVGFG OV } JN FUR }G ]G } MH K U MF OC M` ^ CN VR 3T5FF.

HC OC G I EV EHC OC M, LN }^ } Q Ex FM G DH R LC `G FG.R EV EHC OC GI GHC M`G G CG GR. bG ^ CN VR 1,2T5FF.

C E MG } FR MVG MbC E ]G MK_G }G D\G !=125T250 FF R EGG OV ^ CN VC 1,5 }G 2 F. G ^ DC FR MVG ]G I GM ^ CN

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KG =20T60FF; !VC E=0,6T2F. KHG FM MCM ^ M ^ VG MC VG MKFMbC E.

C MbC E MK_G - VC, GC M MG FR D\G FM }N MbC, }N DC } MKG. C EVFOC, }N } MKG } EC[G DM OC G D\ E OVH MbC MK[G FM LVG IWG U NG E C. C H D`G D\ MK DC E }C OVH MKHG MbC JN , _G D\ }C

QNR[G JN MbC OC K DHG D\ L OV MHUM K GHVC. CN }C GVR L EVF MbC OC MG K MVG FM E ]G MK MK_G. C L } GVR, FCG MbC GC OC FM LVG MG} JNR QNG I\ C } MUH C K DC MbC DC EVF L FM OC.

C H D`G D\ }C MH CN M [G GHVC OVH [G MKHG MbC, MKHG MbC IC ^ DNGG MbC EVF M DCF EHC } MbC D`G QI EC DC EVF OC. C L } GVR, FCG MbCGC OC FM LVG MG } JNR E[G I\ MK[G.

C MbC E ]G I GM, ^ FM L } EV H D`G D\ }C M [G GHVC OVH[G MKHG MbC, OV [G MKHG MbC N IC ^ DNG G MbC OC.

HG U C U MbC G M 30 T 100FF.

C HVG GNR[G FM E ^ M MCG VG LN DC GG H D`G D\ }C JN MCM OV EVF L C MK[G FM OC G 2 U:

- NG K G D\ G FM N } CM.

- C G EC G D\ GYG R D`G D\ L.

] ^ } }CF EV N D EVF OC CUG }HG QG D OC N D HVG GNR[G G[G MCM GVR H C G ^ C R GCN GG (R GCN EHD MKHG cG 1 GG) } ^ MGG EVF OC MG GG (R MG EHD) FV K C. C MKG D`G D\ OC E

M`G MG EV 150T200 F/ . MK E MCM DHG 120T150 D/F2 . N D KC EV 2T3 .

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2-13: } MCM E C G MbC OC MK_G MC C G D\ GYG.

\G MHUG L MCM G LN:

G CG M\ MbC E C R[N N: # = /(150T180) (F2)

!CG M\ 1 MbC: bC MK_G @ = Q ! Q E (F2)

bC I GM @ = 2 Q ( + ) Q E (F2)

MbC MKHG 1 GG E: G = #/@ (ER MK_G) (MbC).

C: n N EG D\ MC G E. (F3/)

! - G D\G MbC E ]G MK MK_G. (F); ; E - CN KG, CN VR OV CN VC MbC I GM. (F)

L[NG TRONG TRqNG TNH IeN.

NR[G Ex EVF OC MCM G LN: C H _G D`G D\ EG C }C JN }CGMKG 1 CN } FG, M D\ L CHG ^ UF OVH FM M C EVF FM M

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66/93

C GCF }CG. !H MU G E }CG MKG, M }CG M\ }CG L bM O DUN( MG EV G). C O OVH }CG , M C MKNG HV }CG OV KC QNGI\ C }UR Q C.

CG MKG FM CN MKHG MCM MG ^ }CG UI KM H, M 11 }G 80 MNMH MG EHC MCM . KHG }CG MKG, M C }G D\G 0,1FF L M\ }CG MC }

MKHG DHG 1L. ] M MC CG _G D\ }C JN MCM M 2 n 8 CWR MN MH MCM .

U MCM `G GCI ^ 2 EHC, EHC 1 CC }HG OV 2 CC }HG.

HC FM CC }HG EV EHC CG G L } GNR[G Ex. CG MKG O CHG HU M CO MN M C G[G }CG WF MG EV U WR DCF EHC MKH C U G R UG }CG G GC }M.

HC C CC }HG EV EHC C K OcG CHG HU M C, U }CG WF EV WR MKH CU G G OV OcG MN M C EV OcG ^ C G LHG LHG QG D GN.

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WR EV EHC MCM E C CN LNM KM H MC 99,8 % DC GG } G }N }M 7 /F3.^ MG } L G } E MCG D`G D\ LN U I E M` G NG EG OVREHG. ^ _G ^ N }CF EV E L D\ MC GCM } KM H FV D`G EVF GNC

D\ MC. CM GVR _G EV MCM MC[N H }CG GG MI 0,2 / 1000F3/ O] MK

E MI (10 n 20 D/F2).

NR OR, GG } U M WR UR G MKHG D\ MC G , C MGl G } DCFLHUM M } MKUG D\ G H _G D\ CHG ^ IUM LCG K MC E }CG.

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Lh$ *> Jn$ ' *> V

C$ 47 ?:

KHG M M LG QNM OV }C LG, ^ KM GCN EHC D\ MC FG MH M ` GCFG D\. C E L bG I MN KM GCN OVH M\G M ^ M `GCF, ^ M C bG MVG C G^F.

- ^F U M ^ GNG N : BH F U M ^ GNG M D\ MC[GGC[G, N F G: G, MREG, GSG, NMGl

- ^F ^ GNG O` G: 2, 2, l

`G M ^ JNR MK]G OV MCM GVH NG H FC EHC M ` GCF G D\. NRMK]G E L bG I MN OVH M\G M ^ Ex OV GG } M M MKHG D\ MC OVC N JN DCG M `G OC. VR GR, U G IUM MKCG, }G DNRG D\ OC E M ` GCF MKHG D\ MC MVG U LG IF ^ M cG } MKHG LG QNM.NR OR, IC M GG KG, U MG GVR }M MCG OV OG VG I MI.

Q47 ? 4 Ji:

WR EV JNU MK]G }G CG GM } IWG R U EG M N ^ M UR } .NR MK]G GVR H F } G I D\ MC OV D`G D\ JN NG }M } GWG GCM

} DC D\ E[G MC 1100H

.C CG EN D\ MC MKHG NG }M EV 2 CWR. GCM }GVR, IG EG U I M N I MI IWG KX OV QR K U IG G HQR ^ OV R}K` OC `QR MKHG D`G D\, OV LG IF LN cG EV 2 OV C G. N}^ D\ MC ^ M } MC MG R JN MN C GCM. NR MK]G GVR MG }cG } Q Ex M } C LCG K M JNU MK]G MC[N }M M MC KG.

\ MC`G D\_ }MN C GCMG MC

2 n 14: } }M D\ MC M N G D\ ^ MN C GCM.

\ MC`G D\_ }MBNG Qb MUG MC

2 n 15: } }M D\ MC M N G D\ ^ cG Qb MU.

C CG G }WR ^ IUM MKCG U JNU MK]G }M ^ M Qb MU GF EVF CF GCM} NG }M, MCM DCF GG EG. NR OR, FC EHC M Qb MU ^ MU G OCFM OVC EHC D\ GM }G. CG GR, MG VG GM EV M Qb MU Q Ex M N MKHG D\ MC.

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Q47 ? W v :

^ FM OVC EHC M KG ^ N MH G M MK[G FC M ^ O` cG GCN U EG EC MC ^ D GG I I ,M C FV D`G ^ IG G ^ ] OC D\ } .U D\ } GVR ^ M } G K MKHG FM }CN DCG GM }G .U M KG }^ }C EV M I I .KHG M M MG Q G MG HM M\G ,DHECG HM ^ , HECM

, LCECGlG IUI GVR } cG RN } I I U C D\ ^ FcC, UC NG F`C N lCN JN IG IUI GVR ^ M }M MC 90 T 98%.

N FM MC CG, M I I GH, M EV G^ D`G M I I M[F D\ } G,GC M ^ M } cG KU MC R HVG GNR[G EC M I I. \ } R KM JNU MK]G HVG GNR[G MG ^ GG } KM H G[G GC M R L G IGIUI }M } D D\ } MK DC MC R } JN U `G }HG MUC DU.

C MKHG D\ MC ^ EG C M] N IC E L KM MCG D\ MC MK DC } JNMCM I I } D`G EVF CF MNC M M I I.

CM I I C D\ } MKHG D\ MC ^ N MH G MCM E C G OM ECNKG. cR MH GG } C D\ } FV GC M N MH EI OM ECN I I VRR FG OV McR MH N MH M OM ECN E FV G M } _G D\ }C JN EIOM ECN LH H L G D`G D\ D`G JNU H OV CN JN E C } IC }M R[NN } K.

C M OM ECN I I EV 1 - 3 FF ]G N R MK M] M } E G[G G 0,5- 1,5 F/L. } E G[G CF G DC GG } M } H MKHG D\ MC. C CNVR EI OM E[N I I EV 100 FF M] MK E D`G D\ MCM DHG 60T80D/

F2.

Q47 ? W v:

NR MK]G I M C D\ } EV JNU MK]G QR K IG G ^ C C D\ }OC M I M } ^ M FC OC MN M\G FC. \ : NU MK]G I M 2GG O`C.

2 + ( )2 = 3 + 2

M I M C D\ } } IG EV M EG } ING MVG CM G OVH _G D\MC R R MKVG MK[G FM EI OM ECN KG EI }F, (^ KM \M MKG I MI M M KG O] IG G ^ QR K } MK[G FM M OM ECN OV LN}^ IG G G EC). CN JN JNU MK]G I M I MN OVH U RN M:

d uC E HU M IG G.d } OV MC CG _G D\ }C JN MCM .

67/91


70/93

d G C G M\ FM MCI Qb D\ MC OC NG INGl

M D\ } } JNG MWF GCN GM CG GR EV 2 MKHG D\ MC. ^ FM OVC JNRMK]G G LN:

- !cG L O`C I MN 2 M MH K LNG@CM GQC. G I GVR JN HQR ^ }

MH K M H 4 . 22.

- !cG NG QbM I M 2 OV MUC LCG NG QbM G O`C R 3.

^ DG U EHC JNR MK]G GVR EV GN D`G MUC LCG } NG IM, ER } M } C K DC NG G MVG IF H LG QNM M] ICQ Ex OV } NG I M. OWR M ` GCF D`G EHC HVG MHVG FVNRG M F`C MKG GVR JN F`C MKG DU.

T` #g h$ *> Jn$ r' %':B4k' 4:

G D\ MC K

G D\ OVH!VG O_C INGI MU M EG

G G NG ING

MC NG ING

2 n 16: } GNR[G Ex NG ING.

68/91


71/93

BNG ING } L G } DM I E L C OV C D\ } G NG ING.C M } _G D\ MC ^ EG C OV C D\ } OVH FM }N NG ING JN FMMCM ^ M IWG }N _G D\ MC MH MHVG MCM CG GG NG. KHGD`G CG NG ING ^ MK\ 1,2 R 3 CVG FC ING } ING NG MVG cFU M G G G CN _G D\ MC. C D\ } NG I M JN FM U M NG , D`G D\ L JN DC NG ING } G OVH REHG M} MN EC U M G ING. N }^ D\ MC ^ M } MC MG OVH D\ JNRG R} JN LR G^G MK DC MC } CF } F MG }C _G D\.

!NG G ING } MN C } JN MCM EG G OV Q Ex ^ MK DC }ING MK EC. N FM DHG MC CG EVF OC, NG ING } MC OVH MGQ Ex G MC.

C M MG N MH NG ING OC M } D\ MC O? = 1 T 2,5 D/FL . GG ING MKNG ]G MK[G }G O D\ MC MG EV : = 1,2 T 7 D/D. U O_C INGNG I M MG EV O_C ING ^ ^ EN EG 250 E/ OC }G D\G E ING2,5 T 3,5 FF. uI LNM NG ING G GM EV 2,5 D/F2.

T Jf:

UI }F MG EV FM MUI EI OM ECN KG G U EHC DWN G L, DCF EHCR IELMC. C MC } G OVH }UR MUI OV MHUM K }G MUI. !NG I M} MC }N E[G }G EI }F OV R MH U FM OM ECN. G G I MQR K MK[G FM M EI }F. CN JN E I MN OVH OG M _G D\ MKHGEI OM ECN MG CG M\ FM MCI Qb EI }F.

G M _G D\ }C JN EI }F MKHG DHG O=1T1,5 F/L. CN VR EI }F =0,4T3 F. !NG I M } IWG IC }N MK[G MHVG FM M GG MUI G O_CING R G DHG E. G } MC NG I MN = 1,5 T 4 D/D DD. K E

MUI H _G D\ MC I = 60 Q (/0,4) D/F2.

UI }F } cG } E C D\ } ^ EG KM \M C } MKUG GM EI }F. }_G D\ JN EI }F } N MH LH H MKUG CG MG L MKHG EI }F.

KHG M M, GC M MG DM I NG ING OV MUI }F } MCG VG E C D\

}. CM EHC GVR ^ FM NG ING I\ MK[G OV FM MUI }F I\ C. CMC }C M C E[G JN MUI }F OV JN NG ING, LN }^ } } JN FM EI OMECN KG DU } MU EC U M G ING.

69/91


72/93

I MU M EG!VG O_C MC G D\ OVH

I OM ECN KG

2-17: } GNR[G Ex MUI }F.

T #h:

KHG MUI M, GC M } D`G D\ }C JN FM MF IG } E, I\ MK[G ^ GR NG I M. \ MC }C JN EI G C G U M D\ OV G O FMMK[G FM G. NU MK]G MN M M C OV I M C D\ } QR K MK[G FMU M D\.

C M MG EVF FM LVG G DCF EHC ^ CN VR M 4 - 6FF ^ U E ]GMK_G }G D\G = 4 T 8FF. G CG M\ E CF 20 T 25% CG M\ FM LVG.G G MK[G EC } M\G R N MH FUG MKVG LH H EI M ^ CN H 80T 120FF. } D\ }C JN E CC G MKHG DHG 6 T 10F/L EV OG M MM GM }^ EI M G }G. } D\ }C JN MCM CG GG MCM MKHG DHG 1,5T2,5F/L. CM MG ^ GCN EI FM LVG } GWG H CN JN MCM .

70/91


73/93

I MU M GM LVG DHG E!VG G I NG I MNG G MKVG

G D\ OVH

2 n 18: } GNR[G Ex MUI M.

C$ 47 ? 6z *> SO2

HW v *> SO2 #]' p$

WR EV IG IUI }G CG } UI G } EHC D\ 2 MKHG D\ MC, GM EVMKHG D^C U EHC E_ `G GCI. } HV MG D\ 2 MKHG G CF DCGCM } G MG H, H }^ GCM } G I OVH MG I M D\ 2IC }MI. N }^, MG GCM } G IC } H MKHG MCM MN C 2 } CC I^GD\ 2 K DC G. BG LN H EG G Ex MNRM G } I M 1 MG D\ 2MKHG D\ MC H }G CC G XH HV G OC GCM } OV GG } G }N 2MKHG D\ MC. BG C }WR H EG G Ex MNRM } I M 1 MG 2 H }GCC G XH HV G OC GCM } OV GG } G }N 2 MKHG D\ MC

G } 2 MKHG D\ MC (% DC EG)G G (F3) GCM } D\ MC

100 H 150 H 200 H

12 48 55 66

10 57 67 78

71/91


74/93

8 70 84.5 96.2

6 92 106 123

4 140 165 200

!z *> SO2 #]' #n J 5 (C"CO3).

WR EV IG IUI } UI G I CG MKHG `G GCI O] CN JN Q Ex H,GNR[G ECN K MCG OV LG ^.

G MK]G IG G G LN:

3 + 2 = 3 +2

23 + 2 = 2 4 (G G QR K F).

\ MC

2 n 19: } MG I M 2G }U O`C.

MC

MKGU O`CUI }F

CG\ MC

BcG G MCG M

WG D`G

BcG G

^C MC LN DC E L C }C OVH UI }F, MKHG }^ QR K JNU MK]G I M D\

2G NG M }U O`C MC MK[G EI }F G OM ECN KG. KHG G R KM MUI ^ GCN LNG@CM OV LNG@M GQC C G MCG M OV FM \M C _G L^M EC} MU DC NG MC MCM MU MCG M . N MCM MU MCG M , NG FM IG EG C EN, MC H MUI }F, IG G _G EC }C JN ]G E WG D`G} E U MCG M C G G cG OV MC K GHVC. U O`C } }I OG OV GCGMVG M, KC OVH McG I MKG OC NG EHXG R K M ]G E WG D`GcG OC G LNG } } NG L O`C FC. CN JN I M 2G L

O`C }M 98%. G MN E MCM D`G JNU 20 D/F2.

72/91


75/93

HW v *> SO2 #]' " >:

C MC }C OVH MUI I I GCN MG MG HM M\G, MC }WR D\ 2 C EC MKHGU EI MG HM M\G, LN }^ MC K F`C MKG [G GHVC. G HM M\G LN DC XHHV D\ 2 R QNG McG OV } O MUI HVG GNR[G . WR EV IG IUI^ L } MG }G CG, ^ M UI G } H FC JNU MK]G `G G ^ MCD\ 2 EC[G M R CUG }HG OV GCM } H. }CF IG IUI EV MNMN OVH JNU MK]G HVG GNR[G ^ M MC[N H GCN OM ECN I I H LG IFD\ 2 MN C ^ GG } MI OV MG G D^ DG.

UI I I G MG HM M\G GCN MG\ MC\ MC

2 n 20: } MG I I 2G MG HM M\G.

CM

G HM M\G

2

HVG GNR[G

G HM M\G

C$ #f 6z *> NO6

HW v *> NO6 #]' p$.

\ MC ^ Q GG } MI MG } Q Ex G IG IUI cG G }K D\ MKHG U MCM G MUI ING, MUI }F, MUI M..., IG MK]G IG GG LN:

22 (R 24) + 2 = 3 + 2

22 + 2 (R { 24) +2

+ { 2 2

22 24

KHG MCM E D\, OG M D\ MKHG MUI ER G 0,6 F/L; CN H EI }F G

DWN MN MCG }G D\G 6 FF DHG 120FF; G } MC = 10T25 E\M/F3D`GD\, CN JN JNU MK]G }M < 50%.

73/91


76/93

HW v *> NO6 #]' $"'&, "4'&, " >

\ MC ^ 1 -1,5% Q ^ M } Q Ex G U M I I G LCECE,ENFHE, MG HM M\G... }CF IG IUI GVR EV D GG I I Q U M KG MK[G MI G[G IC L G MG I I GCN MG, G }G MC[NH GG EG EG } MG L G MG. N }CF IG IUI GVR EV

^ D GG MN C 2 GG } H } }CN QCM GCMKC L G H U F }\DU GN MKHG `G GCI.

P' 6z *> $ #]' {" 5.

O C EV NRG Ic ()2 ^ O`C OC VF EG O`C 100T110 /E\M. \ MC LN

DC } EVF GNC }G 700 }C OVH MUI ING R MUI }F, MC }WR U D\ EH, E

OV 2 L O`C I M OV EVF GNC }G 30-400 MK DC MC K F`C MKG [GGHVC. G MK]G IG G G LN:

2()2 + 22 = ()2 + 2 + 22.

()2 + 2 = 3 + 2

()2 + = 2 + 22.

N }CF IG IUI GVR EV CN JN H (80-90%), }G CG, GNR[G ECN LG ^ OVK MCG. }CF IG IUI EV L ]G MVG GQC RIHEHKCM }_C C IC QEx MK DC MC K MG MHUM G OV MC[N H GCN L O`C, GM EV DC MKHG D\MC ^ 2.

74/91


77/93

Kb d `' k

TI_NG jN.

K f 5; Jg '":

*;nh ngh+a: CG G EV WF MG D`G ^ CU MK, D`G Ic I OC FHG FNG GC G.

sF MG (^G WF) EV FM EHC H }G D`G D\ ^ C[G } H }G OVMG L H }G MKHG DHG M\G CU HG GC GG CM } MH MVG F CUWF MG.

S'ng #m

M L^G WF }G CG GM (}G WF) ^ M FCG G FM CN } ]Gsin FCJNG C UI LNM WF OV MC CG H CN VC JNXG }G EG MKNRG G ]GLN:

NG C U }C EG } MKG L^G

@ = 1/ = /@

@: MG L, 1/L;

: CN VC L^G, F;

: OG M MKNRG L^G WF MG MKHG D`G D\ 20 H QI Q k 343 F/L.

: MC CG MKNRG } FM DHG U = 1 L^G .

\ : ^G WF ^ MG L 1000S M] CN VC L^G L EV:

75/91


78/93

= 343 / (1000) = 0,34 F.

p su0t #m:

uI LNM WF MK[G FM FM GVH }^ EV M L C E MU G H U IG M F`CMKG D`G D\ H }G E[G FM FM OC CG M\ FM }^. (b x: uI LNM }WR

EV UI LNM H L^G WR K). G O M\G EV LG ().

C-9ng 8 #m:

G } WF FM }CF GVH }^ MK[G IG }X H MKHG MKG WF EV L GG EGWF MG }C JN FM }G O CG M\ FM ON`G ^ OC IG MKNRG WF MC }CF

}^ MKHG FM }G O MC CG. G O M\G EV /F2.

Mc !p su0t #m v" Decibel:

C M }UG CU MCG G G F UI LNM WF } M\G M `G M:

L = 10 ' (/ 0 ) 2 = 20 ' (/ 0 )

KHG }^: - uI LNM WF MHVG IG MKNG ]G ()

H - uI LNM WF G GM MC GC ^ M G MR (= 2.10-5 ).

BE EV }G O }H F G } WF MG (R F UI LNM WF). 1 E EV GG WF

MG MC GC ^ M G }. !CE EV }G O (G 1/10 E) }H MCG G M`GG GVR GR.

+5nh ngha c!c mc !p su0t #m (S!ch ti%u chu2n VN):

d UI LNM WF MH } M\G A, }H G A (CE-A): EV F UI LNM WF MH }M\G A, } M\G G `G M:

IA = 20 E (IA/I0).

C: IA EV UI LNM MHVG IG MKNG ]G MH } M\G A, ;d UI LNM WF MG }G EC[G M MH } M\G A, }H G QCG: CU MK FUI LNM WF MH } M\G A WF MG EC[G M, G }G MKHG DHG MC CG , ^cG CU MK UI LNM WF MHVG IG MKNG ]G OC WF MG }G GC[G N ^ FMR }C MH MC CG. }^ } M\G MH `G M:

76/91


79/93


80/93

Ti3ng 7n:

CG G EV G WF MG WR ` GCF } MKG }` M HU, `G GCI OV CHM`G OG MC. CG G VG MG DC FM } CH M`G VG EG, FM } MI MKNGGC OV FUR F^ MCM VG EG.

\G CU HG GC ^ } M\G F M G } WF MG MH VF HKCM. ]M G } WF MG MG 100 EG M] GC M MR MCG G MH I }`C.

sF MG MKNRG }C MKHG F`C MKG D`G D\ C G L^G H }G . K[G}G EG MKNRG, WF MG LNR CF MH JNC ENM M E G OC ]G IG DHGU EG MKNRG. EV : C DHG U MG I }`C M] G } WF MG CF_G | OV F G } WF CF }C 6 B.

C }UG CU MU C MCG G H HG GC KM D^ DG O] IG G HGGC }C OC MCG G KM DU GN MN MH MKG MUC M E, MCG MG OV MC }CFMU }G.

CG G ^ F G } WF MG JNU H L EVF LNR CF GG ^G M\G E.G GC MCI Qb GCN OC MCG G EG ^ GNR }C G GCI. CLG OV EVF OC MKHG F`C MKG ^ MCG G MG QNR[G KM EVF HG GC EG MK\, \M ^ IG Q OC WF MG QNG JNG, G G GC[F MKG MC LCG HMOV `G OC. G H MKHG G }[F EVF FM C G FC GC EVF MG DCGG MG, FM FC, CF MK\ E, CF L DH DC EVF OC. F G > 100 B M}N WR U G G MK MCI MC MC OV LN }^ EV MG DCG OV MCF F HGGC.

UI LNM WF MG }G FM L GNG G MG I

78/91


81/93

NG: `C MKG D`G D\. F G, B , 1997;

P


82/93


83/93

d EI WF MG G G. VF LNR CF IG Q M GC[G GC OC WF MG.

d $WR G }C OC M\G CU OV MG DCG, CUG MCI WR K G MCF F.

CI Qb OC MCG G H EWN GVR G MC G }XG MK\ OV G }C. CG MKCG GOC CN CG CC }HG }N CF L G, D`G G MR MCG }G G. $CC }HG

MCI MH EV MC GG GXG, LN DC GG MCI Qb OC MCG G FM MC CG OVCMCG R EWN G FC I C M\G CU; NC cG EV MC MKHG MG MG, WR MGDCG M\G CU MH EC, GC G D`G G } MCG G^C NRG.

d CG G _G ^ M EVF LNR RN O M E, LNR G MG DCG OV EVF CF CN JNEVF OC }C OC FM L GC. N MCG G }M MC 100 B M] G^ D`G WR GMWF MG FV _G WR MG MG }C OC IG MC MKHG. CM, FM L GC ^ MD^ N GR OC GG MCG MF M], H MCG M\ M }G . CG G ^M EVF CUG }HG LNR G, H }^ L EVF CF CN JN `G MU. M U MU }GGVR G }G GG CN CG QN O MWF Ex, LCG Ex, G Ex, G G }G CN JNEH }G, ^ G EV G G }G N LG HG GC.

CG G ^ MU }G QN }C OC QX C M CG G U MU }G LN }WR:

d G QNR[G JNR KR C G:

VH G }[F, GN MCG G OM 45T50BA MG QNR[G, HG GC ^ M FM G,D^ G, H C G D`G LWN H }UG M C MC[G G. N DC G, GN MCGG }UG M L WR G[G MWF E\ D^ N. CN G L WR G[G GG MU }G GG GO MWF LCG Ex }C OC N LG HG GC.

d U G GCN }C OC M`G MCG:

GG GC JNU G, OC MKH }C M`G MCG G G G M EG. F G 70B EV }X ^ MU }G QN }C OC MKH }C M`G MCG `G G. G } WF MGEG GM FV ^ M D`G WR MU }G }G MKH }C M`G MCG OVH DHG 55B. CMKH }C M`G MCG KM JNG MKG }C OC U HG GCI, MKHG `G MU JNG Ex, CUHl

O TI_NG jN F GIoI HN CHO PH9P:

Mc 7n cho ph$p

U F G H IYI } H MKHG U MC[N NG O MCG G F:

d 5949-1995. WF . CG G DN O `G G OV WG . Gd MC } H IYI.d 5948-4995. WF . CG G IG MC[G CH M`G OG MC }G .

81/91


84/93

d G MC } H IYI.d 3985:1999. sF . G H IYI MC U OM K\ EVF OC.d 3733/ 2002. G H IYI MC U O MK\ EH }G.

+o ti3ng 7n.

d H } MCG G MKHG F C MKG IC MH MC[N NG CM F5964:1995 (` M OV }H MCG G F`C MKG. U }C EG OV IGIUI }H \G).

d C G O MK\ }H MCG G I MN OVH F }\ } JNR }G MKHG UMC[N NG MG G. N D`G ^ JNR }G U MC[N NG M DU,O MK\ }H G MNWG M U R[N N LN:

C }H G U N MKb IG Q WF DHG 3,5F (G U MF MGIG EG), } MKUG G G GCN IG Q. H } MCG VG}H EV 1,2 }G 1,5F MK[G FM }M.

[G G G FCKH LH H ^ G Ic I OC F }\ }H. N }H MKHG OcG EVF OC `G GWG M] G[G }H D`G JNU G

`G GWG 0,5F.d CM }H MCG G:

CM }H } MCM D } CG }C U H }G UI LNM D`G D\ MVG U H }G}CG M U FCKHIHG. UR }H MG ^ }C FG } M\G MG L A, B, RoECGq. `G MG R cG FG } M\G MG L A O] FG GVR MG }C Ic IOC F JNG MC GC. U FUR _G ^ D GG }H CU MK M MC R MKNG ]GM\ IWG MKHG GG DHG MC CG G MK.

CC BIeN PHP GIUM NHIcM TI_NG jN:

^ 3 CF ` GCF MCG G EV: CF LHUM GNG IUM LCG MCG G, DCF LHUM MK[G}G EG MKNRG R cG MCM H O U GWG.

GV `' k '4k:

d G O MK\ }M FUR M\ I: B MK\ U GC EVF OC G R[G MG O MK\ UQ GNG G. UG CU F G MK DC EI }M, MK\ U MCM FCl

d R M U MCM R C MCM }X G, JNU G L G G U MCM FC, HM }G [F G.d WG G MM U OM JNR } CF KNG }G IUM LCG MCG G D\. M U

FUR ^ KNG }G WR G E[G U }VG C } G EG MKNRG KNG }G OVHDM N GV WR G.

d NG WR MCG G D\ }G : L NRG }G U _G D\ ^ M } HWR K MCG G D\ }G, } CM EV LN U G ING R JNM C^ MG UI. GC MCG } R _G D\ GN ^ M.

82/91


85/93

d VF G CF WF MG H U G MC D\ }G G G FUR IUM}CG, Q C, Q FUR, FUR MN MRl

d BH GNG G G O U WF. \ EVF O U WF H FUR IUM }CG,JNM C^ R FUR GYG D\lWR MCG G. U WF MCM MG ^GCN EI. B[G GHVC EV MYI EU VR 2ER ^ WG MG G; I\ MKHG ^ EI OME[N QI ^ U E KG G M`G OC GN, MCI MH EV EI OC E^M OV EI M`G E} H O EI OM ECN QI.

d VF U MG MCM MC[N WF MK[G U MG MC C } CF MCG GEG MKNRG MKHG }G G. HC MCM GVR MG EV U DHG KG ^D\ M EG I\ MKHG ^ U MF OM ECN bM WF MK\ LHG LHG GN CN _G D`G D\ OV U [G OU MCM .

GV `' k Jr' " 47a:

d KHG GV QG: B MK\ U MF OM ECN bM WF MK[G MKG, MK[G MG, MKH MKHG D`G

CG GV QG } I MN WF EG MKNRG MKHG D`G D\ OV IG Q MU OM G DU.

U }C EC, L M`G C^ G[G MKH U KZF } I MN OV GGMCG G MKNRG K GHVC.

d C EG MKNRG MKHG D`G D\, L^G WF FM G GG EG G[G F WFMG G CF M. ^ M cG `G M LN } MG G }bG F CFMCG G:

L = 20E(r2r1 )

1 + a(dB)C GNG }CF:

C GNG }G: = / 2 (B)

KHG }^: K1n HG U }H MCG G G }N (MG = 1F).

K2n HG U M }CF M\G MHUG MC GNG MCG G (F).

n L D }G D GG I MN MCG G FM }M.

= -0,1 }C OC FM }G G OV [ M`G.

= 0 }C OC FM }M MKG.

= 0,1 }C OC FM }M MKG .

d C MK\ U MNRG }G H M ^ MCG G H }C JN U DN WG , GMCM IC ^ C IWG U OC DN GV OG }G G MG G WF. GG WF ^ M EV MG QWR R U C WR QG ^ GCN MG MUG EU LUM M

83/91


86/93

FM }M MC GG } GG G OV I MN MCG G. U EC WR QG MWG ^MUG H MK[G 2T3F ^ KM \M MU G GG G OV I MN MCG G.

d U DN `G GCI G DN WG G IC MK\ U C WR QG UER GVR } GG MCG G G G MC QNG JNG.

d ^ M M\G } CF MCG G M }G CH M`G JN C WR QG G `GM LN:

LCX=Ld+ 1,5Z+ i1ZBi(dB)

KHG }^:

= CF MCG G JN U C WR QG OV DHG MKG (B).

n CF MCG G DC D`G ^ C WR QG. (B).

= L XR WR QG.

BC = CN KG (M\G G FYM) U C WR QG.

= L MC[N WF MUG WR EU KG. = 0,12T0,17 B/F.

d G G WF:

84/91


87/93

d C FVG G VC N G, F WF MG CF M MC LN FVG GEV:

= FCG+ (?).

FCGn CF F G } WF G GM MKHG OVzLN FVG G. K GMH (e & 1) OV (e & 2).

? CN G. K G MH CN L OV z.

BG QU }G (?) MH CN L OV z.

BG U }G CU MK OV z MH } CF WF MG DC MG VC N G eOV ^ .

d G IG MCG H O U GWG.

U IG MCG H O MC } CM N G C OC `G GWG MKHG U GV FUR OVM QWR G, DC MUl MCI Qb OC GNG G EG H G GCI. HC MG cG

85/91


88/93

EV GbM MC G G OV I M MC G G. I MC H CN J H G EV GbM MCG G. C L G, MN MH GG MCG G OV MG L MCG G H R MI FV GEHC GVH H Ic I. BM EC CG IUI GVR EV WR OG O\N OV D`G MHC FUC OMWF Ex.

----------------------------------

86/91


89/93

T; f4 " *V

1/- $ n w GCF D`G D\ OV Q Ex D\ MC. I 1,2,3.

2/- t s v n $CUH MK]G D MNM M`G C^.

3/-~$ ~ m / - $CUH MK]G D MNM F`C MKG.

4/- m$ - MNM E C OV EVF L D\.

5/- $ ~ n NU MK]G OV MCM MKHG `G GCI HU .

I 13 - MNM Q Ex M MC `G GCI.

6/- .AKG LCECG / . @@KR CK / NM #.CGK - GOCKHGFGME GCGKCG.

7/- KE B. FEE, K., .!.,.., G KEL A. BKHPG, ..: - ACK IHEENMCHG HGMKHE

MGHEHR GHHD.

8/- CHEL . KFCLCGH@@, .!.: - GHHD H@ CK IHEENMCHG IKOGMCHG GHGMKHE.

9/- CK . BHNE; !HGE . #HQ. : - #NGFGMEL H@ ACK HEENMCHG . 3K CMCHG.

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T" '" J@' '@

VC ECN: BVC CG CF LHUM ` GCF F`C MKG D`G D\

BC[G MI C: CG n !$ GHC

: MMI://OHK.N.OG//65@0446

$CR IYI: MMI://KMCOHFFHGL.HK/ECGLL/R/3.0/

HNE: `G D\ OV F`C MKG-UC GCF NG

U MU C: CG n !$ GHC

: MMI://PPP.OHK.N.OG/F/8076081


HNE: `G D\U MU C: CG n !$ GHC

: MMI://PPP.OHK.N.OG/F/1@970@6


HNE: \ JNRG OV U RN M D\ N

U MU C: CG n !$ GHC

: MMI://PPP.OHK.N.OG/F/@07@8


HNE: U M WR ` GCF OV MU C

U MU C: CG n !$ GHC

: MMI://PPP.OHK.N.OG/F/417801@5


HNE: U EHC GNG MC WR ` GCF F`C MKG D`G D\

U MU C: CG n !$ GHC



HNE: CF MHUG GNG MC

U MU C: CG n !$ GHC

: MMI://PPP.OHK.N.OG/F/439@4@8

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HNE: H } M ` GCF MKHG G MC

U MU C: CG n !$ GHC



HNE: NRG }C OM M MKHG F`C MKG D`G D\

U MU C: CG n !$ GHC



HNE: U RN M G G MC L DN MUG M ` GCF MKHG D\ JNRG

U MU C: CG n !$ GHC: MMI://PPP.OHK.N.OG/F/6988


HNE: G IUI M\G MHUG L DN MUG M ` GCF MKHG F`C MKG D`GD\

U MU C: CG n !$ GHC

: MMI://PPP.OHK.N.OG/F/@91576


HNE: BCG IUI C MCG `G G

U MU C: CG n !$ GHC

: MMI://PPP.OHK.N.OG/F/3414@3


HNE: CM EI MG MN M M ` GCF MC GNG

U MU C: CG n !$ GHC

: MMI://PPP.OHK.N.OG/F/4035057$CR IYI: MMI://KMCOHFFHGL.HK/ECGLL/R/3.0/

HNE: C D\ MC

U MU C: CG n !$ GHC



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HNE: D\ } MKHG D\ MC

U MU C: CG n !$ GHC



HNE: CF LHUM ` GCF MCG G

U MU C: CG n !$ GHC



HNE: VC ECN MF DH

U MU C: CG n !$ GHC



90/91


93/93

C' ? T 5f Hh$ f4 Ms f N"

G MK]G OC G EC N CM F (CMGF IG NMCHGE LHNKLn ) } MK C N CM F. MC[N G MK]G EV QWR G DHVC GNR[G CUH FCG I\ GC CM OV H GC CM, ^ GC NG IHGIb. U GC NG }N MNWG M $CR IYI KMCO HFFHGL AMMKCNMCHG (-R) 4.0H }^ U GC NG }N ^ M } L G, MUC L G OV MKNR GI FCG I\ MKM MKHG MKHG F`C MKG CG R, MI OV GC[G N LN }^ H MHVG QX C.

C L MK N CM F, OCG ECN CM F () }X MK MVGFM G M`G MCG \G H U LCG OC[G OV CG OC[G MKHG OV GHVC CM F. CGVR ^ VG G]G EM MKNR I (PPP.OHK.N.OG) } GC[G N, MI OV MC MVC ECN CG R O. C VG G]G FHNE DCG M M VG G]GMU C DU GN }^G ^I, CG ECN CM F EV FM DH MVG MVC ECN

DG E, GC NG IHG Ib I O H MM U GN N MI, GC[G N } C.

NG MVC ECN F IHG Ib ^ MK[G ^ } EV H L C L M GNRG UMU C MKHG OV GHVC G. NU MK]G C L MVC ECN MK[G MK E[G VG G}F 1, 2, 3 G OVH L FG GG MG GHC IKCG.

GHC IKCG EV FM GG MG `G G MC[G MCG } MCM D H IYI `G bG VG C L MVC ECN CG R, MI G G }G IUM MKCG G MK]G CGR MK[G DUC GCF O ECN F () OV MVC GNR[G CUH F () . UC

GCF C L MKC M ^ M\G U FG }X } DC QG OV IUM MKCG MC[G IHGC C OV C C H MKHG O_G FM MI D JN. M }^, IHGMKVH VC GNR[G $CUH }X IUM MKCG GG ^G, } MK OV }I GG G FM G MK]G \G M GCN G MK[G M CC.

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Bai Giang Kiem Soat o Nhiem Moi Truong Khong Khi