THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN

and NORTHERN IRELAND

Fact File

Official name: The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern

Ireland

Total area: 243,610 square km

Population: 61,855,000

Official language: English; both English and Scots Gaelic in

Scotland; both English and Welsh in Wales

Ethnic groups: white 92.4% (of which English 81.5%, Scottish

9.6%, Irish 2.4%, Welsh 1.9%, Ulster 1.8%), black 2% (of which West

Indian 1%, Afiican 0.8%), Indian 1.8%, Pakistani 1.3%, Bangladeshi

0.5%, Chinese 0.4%, others 1.9%)

National anthem: ‘God, Save the Queen’

Capital: London

Largest cities: London, Birmingham, Glasgow Government:

Parliamentary system. Constitutional monarchy, Unitary state

Monarch: Queen Elizabeth II Longest river:

The Severn (354km long)

Highest mountain: Ben Nevis (1,344 meters high)

Currency: pound sterling

National holiday: 2"'* Saturday in June (1926) Birthday of Queen

Elizabeth II

Ex.2. Read the following international words and guess their meanings.

Check the words in bold type in the dictionary:

N A V

republic separate to use region official to occupy

industry central to protect concentration constitutional to produce attack parliamentary to lead

effect collective to debate metal industrial to start

communication symbolic to separate navigation to discuss leader

centre

machine

textile

state

tolerance

electronics

chief

Topical Vocabulary

Nouns

island

language

valley

plain

mountain chain

population

region

hill

monarchy

chamber

ada

dil

vadi

duzonlik dag

silsibsi ohali

orazi, vilayot

hiindurluk, taps

monarxiya palata

support

power

navigation

equipment

shipbuilding

iion ore

engine

trade

parliament the House of

Lords the House of

Commons the European

Conununity the Union Jack

pin

button

suburb

plague

avenue

VAealth

luxury

area

Stock Exchange

shipping

market

residence

dock

appearance

tributary

bill

seat of the government

engineering

drive

dastak, komak

hakimiyyat

gami9ilik, naviqasiya

avadanliq, tachizat

gamiqayirma

damir filizi

muharrik

pe§a, ticarat

parlament

Lordlar palatasi

Icmalar palatasi

Avropa Birliyi

Birla§mi§ Kralligm dovlat

bayragi

sancaq

duyrna

§ahar kanan, §ahar atrafi taun,

epidemiya prospekt

zanginlik, var-dovlat

firavanliq

arazi

fond biijasi yuklarin

bo§aldilmasi, bazar

ya§ayi§ yeri tarsana

(xarici) gdriinu?

9aym qolu qanun layihasi

hdkumatin yerla§diyi yer

ma§mqayirma

stimul, gazinti (avtomobilda)

Verbs and verb combinations

to consist of ibarot olmaq

to occuipy tutmaq, zabt etmok

to separate ayirmaq

to be composed of ibarat olmaq to subdivide bdlmak

to flow axmaq to include daxil etmak

to extend southward canuba taraf uzanmaq to bear ddzmak

to head ba§9iliq etmak to influence tasir etmak to smash mahv etmak

to contain ibarat olmaq

to reign hokmranhq etmak to debsite muzakira etmak, miibahisa etmak

to belong to smb. kimasa maxsus olmaq

to refuse imtina etmak, rad etmak

to sign imzalamaq to be responsible for masuliyyat da§imaq

to survive sag qalmaq

to be situated upon yerla§mak to associate with bagli olmaq, unsiyyat saxlamaq

to be in favour of tarafinda olmaq

to elect sefmak to prevail iistunluk ta§kil etmak

Adjectives

official

indep(;ndent

separate

plain

swift

rosmi

mtistaqil

ayn, tocrid edilmi§

duzsnlik

tez, cold

woollen yrm

metropolitan paytaxt

warm mulayim, isti chief asas

general iimumi, adi, asas

shadow kolga particular xususi

mutual qargiliqli

commercial ticarat

striking heyranedici heavy agir, fatin

mediaeval orta asr

Ex.3. Read the words and say what part of speech they belong to and

what words they are derived from.

Subdivided, united, striking, constitutional, swiftest, exporter, equipment,

famous, beautiful, completely, contains, bigger, wooden, brought,

different, election.

Ex.4. Practise conversion. Form new words according to the model.

Fill in blank spaces of the table with correct words. Consult the

dictionary if necessary.

Model: Noun —> Verb

head —* to head

______ bag, ba§9i —» ba^gihq etmok _______

face sifat, iiz to face

name ad to name

drive to drive siirmak

board to board gamiya minmak

use to use istifada etmak,

iglatmak

state dovlat, gtat to state

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mean(s) orta; vasita, iisul to mean

sign imza, i§ara to sign

centre markaz to centre

spread to spread yaymaq, a?maq

chain zancir, dag

silsilasi

to chain

Ex.5. Find in the texts given below the words formed with the help of

conversion and state what part of speech they belong to.

Ex.6. Choose the word that is similar or synonymous to the

underlined word.

1. mutual relative particular connected

2. valley hill plain forest

3. region area part chain

4. comnrise use include take

5. famous important occasional prominent

6. hold keep give lead

7. associate fill combine get

Ex.7. a) Read and translate into Azerbaijani the following N+N word

combinations.

Navigation equipment, world leader, museum walls, architecture

masterjiiece, inspiration source, high quality goods, visitors attraction.

b) Make up sentences with these word combinations.

Ex.8. a) Make up as many word combinations as you can, choosing

from A and B. Translate them into Azerbaijani.

A) B)

everyday climate

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main

low

chief

swiftest

woollen

mild

official

developed

metal goods

international

general

historic

several

island

language

hills

country

trade

election

region

rivers

speech

goods

fabric

value

state

buildings

b) Make up sentences with these word combinations.

Ex.9. Read and translate the sentences into Azerbaijani paying

special attention to the different meanings of the underlined words:

1. On either side of the Permines the plains of Yorkshire and Lancashire

stretch to the sea.

2. London is situated on either banks of the Thames River.

3. These days not many people live in the city centre either.

4. In mediaeval times, East Anglia became rich because of the wool

trade.

5. The British climate is never too hot or cold, tw wet or dry.

6. Kensington Gardens, St. James’s Park are situated in the West End

too.

Ex.lO. Insert a suitable word from the box.

1. Tlie United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Irelimd ... the

territory of the British Isles.

2. The island of Great Britain is ... into two main regions - Lowland

Britain and Highland Britain.

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3. The ... rivers of Great Britain are: the Severn, the Thames and the

Avon.

4. England is separated from Scotland by the ...........

5. The UK is a name which was introduced in 1801 when Great Britain

became imited with . . . .

6. The British parliamentary system depends on ............

7. More than 10 million people live in London and its ... .

8. The City is ... and business centre.

9. The ... streets here are Whitehall and Downing Street.

10. During the Fire all . . . houses were smashed to the ground.

Subdivided, chief, political parties, wooden, best-known, suburbs, the

Cheviot Hills, Ireland, commercial, occupy. ________________

Ex.ll. Read and translate the text into Azerbaijani.

The United Kingdom of Great Britain

and Northern Ireland

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

occupies the territory of the British Isles. It consists of four parts:

England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. Their capitals are

London, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast.

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the

official name of the state which is sometimes referred to as Great Britain

or Britain (after its major isle), England (after its major historic part) or

the British Isles.

The UK is an island state: it is composed of some 5,500 islands,

small and large. The two main islands are Great Britain (in which are

England, Wales and Scotland) to the east and Ireland (in which are

Northern Ireland and Independent Irish Republic) to the west. Th(jy are

separated by the Irish Sea.

Geographically, the island of Great Britain is subdivided into two

main regions - Lowland Britain and Highland Britain. Lowland Britain

comprises southern and eastern England. Highland Britain consists of

Scotland, most of Wales, the Pennines and the Lake

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District. The Pennine Chain extends southward from the Cheviot Hills

into the Midlands, a plain region with low hills and valleys. England is

separated from Scotland by the Cheviot Hills, running east to west.

The chief rivers of Great Britain are: the Severn, flowing along the

border between England and Wales, tributaries of which include the

Avon; the Thames, which flows eastward to the port of London and some

others. The swiftest flowing river in the British Isles is the Sprey. Another

river is the Tweed, near which is made the woolen fabric that bears its

name.

There are many lakes in Great Britain. On the northwest side of the

Pennine system the Lake District contains the beautiful lakes which give it

its name.

The highest mountains are in Scotland and Wales: Ben Nevis is

1,343 metres and Snowdon is 1,085 metres.

The mountains, the Atlantic Ocean and the warm waters of the

Gulf Stream influence the climate of the British Isles. It is mild the whole

year long.

The UK is one of the world’s smallest countries with an area of

some 244,100 square kilometers. The UK is situated off the west coast of

Europe between the Atlantic Ocean on the northwest and the North Sea on

the east and is separated from the European continent by the English

Channel.

The largest cities of Great Britain are: London, Birmingham,

Glasgow, Liverpool, Manchester, Sheffield, Bristol, Leeds, and

Edinburgh. The most important ports are: London, Liverpool,

Southampton, Belfast, Glasgow and Cardiff.

The population of the United Kingdom is over 57 million people.

English is the official language. But it is not the only language which

people use in the UK.

The island of Great Britain contains three “nations” which were

separate at earlier stages of their history; England, Scotland and Wales.

Wales had become part of the English admiaistrative system by the

sixteenth century. Scotland was not completely united with England until

1707. The UK is a name which was introduced

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in 1801 when Great Britain became imited with Ireland. When the

Republic of Ireland became independent of London in 1922, the title was

changed to its present form.

The United Kingdom is a constitutional (or parliamentary)

monarchy. The country has a monarch (a king or a queen) as its Head of

State. The monarch has very little power and can only reign with the

support of parliament. Parliament consists of two chambers known as the

House of Lords and the House of Commons.

The United Kingdom is a highly developed industrial country. It is

known as one of the world largest producers and exporters of machinery,

electronics, textile, aircraft and navigation equipment. One of the chief

industries of the country is shipbuilding. The wool industry is centred in

Leeds and Bradford, the cotton industry in Manchester, the iron ore goes

to the steel, heavy machinery and shipbuilding industries of Newcastle

and other cities. The industries of Midlainds with Birmingham as its chief

city produce metal goods, from motor car and railway engines to pins and

buttons.

The country is a world leader in international trade. In January

1973 Great Britain became a member of the European Community.

The British Parliament and the Monarch

The British Parliament consists of the House of Lords and the

House of Commons.

The House of Commons plays the major role in law-making. It

consists of Members of Parliament (called MPs for short), each of whom

represents an area in England, Scotland, Wales or Northern Ireland. MPs

are elected either at a general election, or at a by- election following the

death or retirement of an MP.

Parhamentary elections must be held every five years, but the

Prime Minister can decide on the exact date within those five years. The

minimum voting age is 18, and the voting is taken by secret ballot.

The British parliamentary system depends on political parties. The

political parties choose candidates in elections. The party which

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wins the majority of seats forms the Government and its leader usually

becomes Prime Minister.

Parliament and the monarch have different roles in the government

of the country, and they only meet together on symbolic occasions such as

the coronation of a new monarch or the opening of Parliament. In reality,

the House of Commons is the only one of the three which has true power.

It is here that new bills are introduced and debated. If the majority of the

members are in favour of a bill it goes to the House of Lords to be debated

and finally to the monarch to be signed. Only then it becomes law.

London

The capital of the UK is London. London is one of the largest

cities in the world. It is situated upon both banks of the Thames. More

than 10 million people live in London and its suburbs. London is a city of

striking contrasts. Here one can come across the past and the present, the

old and the modem, live side by side in mutual tolerance and respect.

In London, one can see architecture of different centuries and

styles. It is inseparably connected with the history of the city. The

Romans, the Saxons and the Danes settled here in turn, then the Normans

came and brought the French civilization. London survived the Plague

and the Great Fire, which followed in 1666. During the Fire all wooden

houses were smashed to the ground and a New London, London of stone

with bigger houses and wider streets was built. During the World War II,

many buildings of great historic value lay in mins and today the face of

London is changed.

These days not many people live in the city center either, but

London has spread further outwards into the country.

London dominates the life of Britain. It is a big port and most

important commercial, manufacturing and cultural centre. There is little

heavy industry in London, but there is a wide range of light industry in

Greater London.

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Traditionally London is divided into several parts: the City,

Westminster, the West End and the East End.

The city first started in the place, which is known as the City. It is

the Heart of London; it is commercial and business centre. Here you will

find the Bank of England and the Stock Exchange. Fleet Street is known as

the home of the nation’s newspapers. There are some historic buildings in

the City. St. Paul’s Cathedral and the Tower of London are the most

famous of them.

Th«; City occupies a territory of 2,650 square kilometers. During a

day, it is full of people, nearly half a million people work here.

Westminster is a part of London that has long been connected with

royalty and government. Buckingham Palace is the London home and

primary residence of the British monarch. Located in the City of

\^estminster. the palace is a setting for state occasions and royal

hospitality.

Th<; West End is the richest part of the city with its beautiful

avenues, parks. Hyde Park with its Speakers Comer is also here.

Kensington Gardens, St. James’s Park are among other parks. The

best-knofvn streets here are Whitehall with important Government offices.

Downing Street, the London residence of the Prime Minister and the place

where the Cabinet meets.

Th(5 name “West End” came to be associated with wealth, luxury,

£ind goods of high quality. It is the area of the largest department stores,

cinemas and hotels. There are about 40 theatres, several concert halls,

many museums including the British Museum, and the best art galleries.

The East End grew with the spread of industries to the east of the

City. It covers a wide area. Here were kilometers of docks, and the great

industrial areas that depended upon shipping. The East End is also one of

those parts of London where people from abroad have come to find work.

For centuries foreigners have made London their home. They brought new

skills and started new industries. The East End is especially famous as th^

centre of the clothing iindustry in London.

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The East End markets are famous throughout the world. Petticoat

Lane market takes place every Sunday morning and has become one of the

sights of London. This is the East End of London, formerly unattractive in

appearance, but now changing because of the introduction of new

industries and very expensive housing.

The gradual growth of the city helps explain the fact that London

doesn’t have just one centre, that’s why it has a number of centres, each

with a distinct character.

Ex.l2. Answer the following questions.

1. What are the main countries of the UK and their capitals?

2. Which coimtries of the UK occupy the two main islands?

3. What is the area of the UK?

4. Which river is associated with the name of Shakespeare?

5. Which is the swiftest flowing river in the UK?

6. Which is the highest point in the British Isles?

7. What is the population of London?

8. What parts does London consist of?

9. Which river runs through London?

Comprehension check

Ex.l. Search the texts for the English equivalents of the word

combinations.

Rasmi ad; miistaqil respublika; ada dovlat; canub istiqamatinda uzanmaq;

duzanlik saha; an iti axan ?ay; Britaniya adalan; gdllar diyan; qollar; asas

9aylar; yun par9alar; il uzunu; konstitusiyali monarxiya; parlamentin

dastayi; yuksak inki§af etmi? sanaye §ahari; gamiqayuma; agir

ma?mqayirma; damir filizi; heyranedici tazadlar; boyiir-boyura ya§amaq;

ke9mi? va indiki zamandan ke9arak; aynlmaz baglarla baglidir; Tarm va

Boyuk Yangm; tarixi qiymat; rifah va firavanhq ramzi; qar^iliqli

tolerantliq va hormat; Londonun

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simasi; London fond birjasi; qanunlarn buraxilmasi; sosvermado i§tirak

etmsk hiiququ veron ya§; olamotdar hadisolor.

Ex.2. Work in pairs. Read the statements and say if they are true or

false. Begin each sentence with the following phrases.

A)

1. The UK is an island state: it is composed of some 5,500 islands, small

and large.

2. Great Britain and Ireland are separated by the Irish Sea.

3. Highland Britain consists of Scotland, most of Wales, the Pennines

and the Lake District.

4. The swiftest flowing river in the British Isles is the Sprey.

5. The highest mountains are in Scotland and Wales: Ben Nevis is 1,343

metres and Snowdon is 1,085 metres.

6. There are many lakes in Great Britain.

7. The House of Commons plays the major role in law-making.

8. The minimum voting age is 18, and the voting is taken by secret ballot.

B)

1. London’s architecture is inseparably connected with the history of the

city.

2. London survived the Plague and the Great Fire, which followed in

1669.

3. Westminster is a part of London that has long been connected with

royalty and government.

4. The West End is associated with wealth, luxury and goods of high

quality.

5. Petticoat Lane market takes place every Saturday morning and has

become one of the sights of London.

19

Ex.3. Complete the following sentences using information from the

text.

A)

1. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland occupies

the territory of....

2. In everyday speech “Great Britain” is used to mean ...

3. The two main islands are ...

4. The UK is one of the world’s smaller countries with an area ...

5. The population of the United Kingdom is ...

6. Parliament consists of. . .

B)

1. London is one of. . .

2. London is situated upon ...

3. During the Fire all wooden houses were smashed ...

4. Traditionally London is divided into ...

5. Tlie city first started in ...

6. The East End is especially famous as ...

Ex.4. Rearrange the words below into grammatically accurate

sentences.

1. is, of, the world’s smallest, the UK, an area, with, of, countries, some,

244.100 square kilometers.

2. the support, with, reign, the monarch, of, very, has, only, can, power,

little, and, parliament.

3. except, the week, of, day, every, Sunday, on, daily, are, published,

newspapers.

4. is situated, of, to the east, the City, the port.

Ex.5. Make questions to which the underlined words are the answers.

1. The two main islands are Great Britain (in which are England, Wales

and Scotland) to the east and Ireland (in which are Northern Ireland and

the independent Irish Republic) to the west.

2. Tlie swiftest flowing river in the British Isles is the Spe\ .

20

21

1. Sanaye sahalarinin foxunun inki§afi paytaxt ahalisinin talablarinin

tamin edilmasi ila baglidir.

2. London hava xatlarin muhum beynaixalq markazidir.

3. ingilis krallannm kefmi? iqamatgahi olan London Taurcnin asasi

Vilhelm Fateh tarafmdan qoyulub.

4. Londomm dordda U9U 1666-ci ilda Boyuk Yanginla mahif edilib.

5. Londonda 30-dan 90X muzey, 40-a yaxm teatr yerla§ir, Britaniya

mezeyinin dunyada an boyiik kitabxanalanndan biri i§layir.

Ex.7. Answer the following questions. 1. What is the official name of Great Britain now? 2. What sea separates the two main islands? 3. What influences the climate of the British Isles? 4. What are the largest cities of Great Britain? 5. Who is the head of the state? 6. What makes London important for the life of Great BriUiin? 7. Who designed St. Paul’s Cathedral? 8. What is the historic part of London? 9. What part can be called the center of London? 10. AVhat industries are developed in Great Britain? 11. What is the political system of the United Kingdom? 12. What is understood by the Commonwealth? 13. Is Great Britain a republic or monarchy?

Ex.8. Work in pairs or in groups. Imagine you are going to visit Great

Britain. Try to get information about this coun<:ry. Your group mate will play the role of an Englishman. Ask her/him all the questions. Here is the list of possible options. - the geographical position of the UK; - the parts of Great Britain and their capitals; - the political system in the UK; - the chief rivers; - the highest mountains; - London, the capital and the heart of Great Britain; - a part of London he/she likes most of all; - London’s places of interest. - the most important industrial cities.

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Texts for extra-reading

A. Westminster Abbey

It lis safe to say that the three most famous buildings in England are

Westminster Abbey, the Tower of London and St. Paul's Cathedral.

Westminster Abbey is a fine Gothic building, which stands

opposite the Houses of Parliament. It is the work of many hands and

different ages. The oldest part of the building dates from the eighth

century.

It v/as a monastery. In the 11th century, Edward the Confessor after

years spent in France founded a great Norman Abbey. In 200 years He nry

III decided to pull down the Norman Abbey and build a more beautiful one

after the style then prevailing in France. Since then the Abbey remains the

most French of all English Gothic churches, higher than any other English

church (103 feet) and much narrower. The towers were built between

1735-1740. One of the greater g;lories of the Abbey is the Chapel of Henry

VII with its delicate lan-vaulting.

The Chapel is of stone and glass, so wonderfully cut and sculptured

that it seems unreal. It contains an interesting collection of swords and

standards of the "Knights of the Bath". The Abbey is famous for its stained

glass.

Since the far-off time of William the Conqueror, Westmiinster

Abbey has been the crowning place of the kings and queens of England.

The Abbey is sometimes compared with a mausoleum, because there are

tombs and memorials of almost all English monarch;?, many statesmen,

famous scientists, writers and musicians. In 1997, the funeral of Diana,

Princess of Wales, took place there.

If you go past the magnificent tombstones of kings and queens,

siome made of gold and precious stones, past the gold-and- silver banners

of the Order of the Garter which are hanging from the ceiling, jmu will

come to Poets' Comer. There many of the greatest

23

writers are buried: Geoffrey Chaucer', Samuel Johnson, Charles Dickens,

Alfred Tennyson, Thomas Hardy and Rudyard Kipling. Here too, though

these writers are not buried in Westminster Abbey, are memorials to

William Shakespeare and John Milton, Bums and Byron, Walter Scott,

William Makepeace Thackeray and the great American poet Henry

Wadsworth Longfellow.

Here in the Abbey there is also the Tomb of the Unknown Warrior,

a symbol of the nation's grief. The inscription on the tomb reads: "Beneath

this stone rests the body of a British Warrior unknown by name or rank

brought from France to lie among the most illustrious of the land..."

In the Royal Air Force Chapel there is a monument to those who

died during the Battle of Britain, the famous and decisive air battle over

the territory of Britain in the Second World War.

Notes:

The Chapel of Henry VII - VII Henri kilsosi (1503-1513-cii illordo

tikilib; perpendikulyar arxitektura iislubimun on yax§r niimunobrindon

biri)

Edward the Confessor - Tdvbo Edon Eduard (1042-ci ildon

1066-ci ibdok Ingiltoro krah)

Henry HI - UI Henri (1207-1272) - 1216-ci ildon ingilis krah (III

Henrinin dovriindo ilk ingilis parlamenti yaradihb) fan-vaulting -

yelpikvari nahamar giinboz “Knights of the Bath” - Bat ordeninin

suvaribri (ali ordenbrdon biri; 1425-ci ildo tosis edilib) stained glass -

vitraj (rongli §u§o)

the Order of the Garter - Baglama ordeni (ali orden; bltif

olimanlarm sayi, xaricibr nozora almmadan, 24-ii ke9mom9lidir; 1348-ci

ildo tosis edilib)

Geoffrey Chaucer - Ceffri ^oser (1340-1400), §air, yazi?!, «ingilis

poeziyasmm atasi»; «Kenterberi hekayobri»nin mviollifi (iimumingilis

odobi dilindo olan ilk abidobrdon biri)

Samuel Johnson - Samuel Conson (1709-1784), ingilis tonqidgi vo

§airi, liigotbrin tortibat9isi

24

25

1. There many of greatest writers are buried: ...

£x.2. Imagine that you are inside Westminster Abbey.

Make a list of those things that you can see there.

For example: stained glass, a collection of swords, banners hanging from

the ceiling.

Compare your list with that of your group mate.

Ex.3. Suppose you are a guide in Westminster Abbey. What would

you tell the tourists about its history?

B. The History and Meaning of the Union Jack

The British Flag: a Symbol of Unity

The Union Jack is a transnational flag full of historical

significance. It represents the union of different countries and the growth

of a family of nations whose influence extends far beyond the British

Isles. This far-reaching influence is still seen today in the incorporation of

the Union Jack in other national flags such as that of Australia. The British

flag is called the "Union Jack", an expression that needs to be explained.

The Union Jack is a fine expression of unity as well as diversity.

The British flag incorporates the national symbols of three distinct

countries, England, Scotland and Northern Ireland. In fact its name

"Union Jack" emphasizes the very nature of the United Kingdom of Great

Britain and Northern Ireland as a union of nations. The countries

comprising the British Isles are not inwardlooking or isolated states with

an insular mentality; together they constitute a powerful union that has

spanned centmies. Recent devolution that gave Scotland its own

Parliament and Wales its own Assembly has also emphasized the

importance of individual national identities within the imion without

affecting the essential unity of Great Britain. On the contrary, it has

strengtliened it. Recognition of, and respect for national identities are an

essential

26

ingredients for effective union. The Union Jack symbolizes all this:

respect for individuality within a closely knit community.

The "Union Jack" or "Union Flag" is a composite design made up

of three different national sjmibols:

St. George's Cross,

the flag of England

St. Andrew's Cross,

the flag of Scotland

St. Patrick's Cross,

the flag of Ireland

The cross represented in each flag is named after the patron saint of

each country: St. George, patron saint of England, St. Andrew, patron

saint of Scotland and St. Patrick, patron saint of Ireland.

The image below renders the idea of the union of the three flags

forming one unified, transnational Flag.

No mention has been made of the Welsh flag. The Welsh dragon

was not incorporated into the Union Flag because Wales had already been

united to England when the first version of the Union Flag was designed

in 1606.

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The name "Union Jack" became official when it was approved in

Parliament in 1908. It was stated that "the Union Jack should be regarded

as the National flag".

When is the Union Flag Flown?

The Union Flag is flown on government buildings on days

marking;

• the birthdays of members of the Royal family,

• Commonwealth Day,

• Coronation Day,

• The Queen's official birthday,

• Remembrance Day and on the days of the State Opening and

prorogation of Parliament.

It is also flown on St David's Day (Wales), St George's Day

(England), St Andrew's Day (Scotland), and St Patrick's Day (Northern

Ireland).

C. The Tower of London

The Tower of London was originally built by William the

Conqueror, following his successfiil invasion of England in 1066.

The Tower of London is perhaps better known as a prison. The

prisoners would be brought across the river from Westminster where have

been tried and crowds would wait on the river bank to find out the verdict

to see if they would be treated to the spectacle of a public execution. The

executioner, with his long sliarp axe would stand behind the accused on

the boat. If the accused was guilty he would point his axe towards the

victim and if not guilty he

28

would point away. People knew that if found guilty there would he a public

execution 48 hours later. The responsibility for looking after the jprisoners

was given to the Yeomen Warders or Beefeaters. These guards, although

looking very similar, are different from the Yeomen of the Guard. The

Yeomen Warders originate from twelve Yeomen of the Guard, who were

once private bodyguards of Henry VIII.

In ihe centre of the Tower of London there is the famous White

Tower. It is the oldest part of the fortress. The Tower, or Bloody Tower as

it is known, has been host to many famous executions and imprisonments,

including those of Aime Boleyn, Catherine Howard, Lady Jane Grey and

Sir Walter Raleigh, Elizabeth I. Many people have been locked in the

Tower for religious beliefs or suspected treason.

Elh:abeth I was held prisoner in the Tower for two months by the

order of her half-sister. Queen Mary. Maiy felt her throne was being

threatened by Elizabeth, so she imprisoned her in the Tower.

For over 900 years, the Tower of London has been standing guard

ov(;r the capital. As a Royal Palace, fortress, prison, place of execution,

arsenal. Royal Mint (where money is made). Royal Observatory, Royal

Zoo and jewel house, it has witnessed many great events in British history.

Today the Tower of London houses the Crown Jewels and is open

to the public as a museum.

The legend of the Ravens

Ra^^ens have lived at the Tower of London for hundreds of years.

Lesgend has it that if the ravens ever leave the Tower of London the White

Tower will crumble and a great disaster shall befall Enigland.

Notes:

the Yeomen of the

Guard kralin cangildonlori

29

the Yeomen Warders

Beefeaters

Anne Boleyn

hobsxana n3zar3t9il3ri

London Tauerin goz3t9i osgorlari

Anna Boleyn, ingiltorsnin krali9asi,

VIII Henrinin ikinci arvadi

Catherine Howard

Lady Jane Grey

Katrin Hovard, VIII Henrinin

be§inci arvadi

Ceyn Qrey, Ingiltaronin krali9asi,

hom9inin «9 giinluk krali9a» kimi

tanmir

Sir Walter Raleigh Ser Volter Roli, ingilis osilzado,

alim, yazi9i

C. George Bernard Shaw

George Bernard Shaw was bom on 26 July 1856, in Dublin, as the

son of George Shaw, who was in the wholesale grain trade, and Lucinda

Elizabeth Shaw, the daughter of an impoverished landowner. Shaw’s

childhood was troubled. His father was a drunkard, which made his son a

teetotaler. Shaw went to the Wesleyan Connexional School, then moved

to a private school near Dalkey, and then to Dublin’s Central Model

School, ending his fomial education at the Dublin English Scientific and

Commercial Day School. At the age of 15 he started to work as a junior

clerk.

In 1876 he went to London, joining his sister and mother. Shaw did

not return to Ireland for nearly thirty years. Shaw began his literary career

by writing music and theater criticism, and novels, including the

semi-autobiographical Immaturity without much success.

In 1884 Shaw joined the Fabian Society, a middle-class socialist

group and served on its executive committee from 1855 to 1911. In 1895

Shaw became a drama critic for the Saturday Review.

30

These articles were later collected in ‘Our Theatres in the Nineties’

(1932). Shaw also wrote music, art and drama criticism.

In 1898 Shaw married the wealthy Charlotte Payne-Townshend. They

settled in 1906 in the Hertfordshire village of Ayot St. Lawrence. Shaw

remained with Charlotte until her death.

Shaw’s early plays including ‘Widower’s Houses’ (1892), which

criticized slum landlords, were not well received. His ‘unpleasant plays’,

ideological attacks on the evils of capitalism and explorations of moral

and social problems, were followed with more entertaining but equally

principled productions like ‘Candida’ and ‘John Bull’s Other Island’

(1904). ‘Pygmalion’ was originally written for the actress Mrs. Patrick

Campbell, and became later the basis for two films and a musical.

George Bernard Shaw was the Irish dramatist, a literary critic, a

social spokesman, and a leading figure in the 20* century theatre. He was

a fi'eethinker, a supporter of women’s rights and an advocate of equality

of income. In 1925 George Bernard Shaw was awarded the Nobel Prize

for Literature. Shaw accepted the honour but refused the money.

Shaw died at Ayot St. Lawrence, Hertfordshire, on November 2,

1950. During his long career, Shaw wrote over 50 plays.

Notes: slum landlord - xarabaliqlar sahibi

Ex.l. Translate the famous quotations by B. Shaw into Azerbaijani.

Which one do you like best?

1. A fashion is nothing but an induced epidemic.

2. England and America are two countries separated by a common

language.

3. I can forgive Alfred Nobel for having invented dynamite, but only a

fidend in hximan form could have invented the Nobel Prize.

4.1 often quote myself It adds spice to mv conversation.

31

5. Imagination is the begiiming of creation. You imagine what you desire,

you will what you imagine and at last you create what you will.

6. Patriotism is vour conviction that this country is superior to all other

countries because you were bom in it.

Ex.2. Answer the following questions.

1. Who was Shaw’s father?

2. What was the beginning of Shaw’s literary career?

3. When did he get married?

4. How many plays did he write during his life?

D. About the writer - J.K. Rowling

J.K. Rowling was bom in a small town near Bristol. She always

liked writing and wrote her first story when she was only five! After school

she went to university to study languages and then became a teacher of

French.

The writer says that Harry Potter was bom on a long train journey

and was originally seen as just a bit of entertainment for the writer’s

daughter Jessica. At the time, J.K. Rowling, known as Jo to her friends,

was a single mother working hard to make enough money to support her

daughter. It was the publishers who advised Jo to use her initials - J.K.

instead of Jo, as they thcnght that adventures of 11-year-old boy would not

be popular amongst teenagers if written by a woman.

Now, Harry Potter books are so popular all around the world that

J.K. Rowling has become one of the richest people in the UK. She is even

richer than the Queen with an estimated fortune of 280 million pounds!

32

SYMBOLS OF ENGLAND

The three national symbols of England are the St. George's cross

(usually seen as a flag), the red rose and the Three Lions crest (usually

seen as a badge).

St George's Flag,

the England Flag

Three Lions Emblem

ENGLAND

RCB The three lions are on the

badge of England's cricket

team

The three lions are on the

badge of England's football

team

The red rose is

widely recognized as

the national lower of

England.

The red rose is on the

badge of the English

Rugby

Union team.

The oak is the

national tree of

England

The Royal Family

Queen Elizabeth Prince Charles Prince William

Royal Guards

Life Foot Guard

Guard

Life Guard on

Horseback

Beefeater

On the Street

Red Double Decker buses

Black taxi cabs

34

Pillar Box (Post Box) Telephone box

Both the post box and telephone box have

a picture of a crown on them. The crown

on the postbox also has the monarchs’

initials underneath. We have postboxes with VR (Victoria

Regina) and GR (Georgeus Rex) still in use today. Victoria

Regina is latin for Queen Victorian and Georgeus Rex is

latin for King George.

Famous People

Winston Churchill

Queen Victoria

David Beckham

35

Famous Landmarks

Buckingham London Eye Palace Big Ben

Fish and chips

Food and Drink

Cup of tea

Football

Sports

Cricket Wimbledon

(The home of

Tennis)

36

THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Fact File

The earliest known use of the name America for this particular

landmass dates from April 25, 1507. America is the feminine form of

Americus. Americus Vespucius is the Latinized version of the Florentine

explorer Amerigo Vespucci's name. Vespucci's role in the naming issue,

like his exploratory activity, is unclear. Some sources say that he was

unaware of the widespread use of his name to refer to the new land.

Total Area: 42,549,000 square km

Population: 910,720,588

Languages: Spanish, English, Portuguese, French, and many

others

Motto: “In God We Trust” (Each of the 50 United States also has a

motto)

National anthem: “The Star Spangled Banner”

Capital: Washington

Largest cities: New York City (8,3 min), Los Angeles (3,8 min),

Chicago (2,9 min)

Government: Presidential republic

States: fifty states and one independent district - the District of

Columbia.

Head of state: President

Longest river: The Mississippi River (about 2,320 miles (3,730

Im) long)

Highest mountain: Sierra Nevada. The highest point is Whitney at

14,494 ft. (4,418 meters).

Currency: American dollar

National holiday: Independence Day (July 4), Thanksgiving Day

(fourth Thursday in November)

37

National symbols: The Statue of Liberty, Declaration of

Independence, the Bill of Rights, Great Seal of the United States, the U.S.

flag, American Bald Eagle, the rose.

38

39

Ex.2. Read the following international words and guess their

meanings. Check the words in bold type in the dictionary.

N A V

ocean Atlantic to present million total to document

continent different to declare

population original to veto mixture standard to interpret tradition geographic to standardize

phrase federal to associate

form legislative to mix

idiom natural to locate

range electrical to reserve flora national to collect

reptile traditional to migrate amphibian chocolate to determine

canyon popular to ratify tourist cultural

Congress caloric

Senate interesting

impeachment characteristic

constitution

party

Topical Vocabulary

Nouns

hemisphere ['hemisfis]

sea-border custom feature

['firtfo] plant [plarnt]

species ['spi:/:iz] mammal

['masm(o)l] branch

[brarntf]

yanmkuro

doniz sorhodi

adot, onano

xiisusiyyat, saciyyavi cahat

bitki; zavod, fabrik nov

mamali (heyvan) budaq; filial,

§dba, saha

40

slush percentage [p3'senti(fe]

3rimi§ qar, pal9iq

faiz nisbsti

Verbs and verb combinations

to be situated in yerb^msk

to stretch uzanmaq to border on hamssrhad olmaq

to discover tapmaq; a§kar etmak; ka§f etmak

to reach 9atmaq to treat raftar etmak

to retain saxlamaq

to be represented tamsil olunmaq to approve [a'pruiv] bayanmak

to appoint tayin etmak

to enforce macbur etmak

to overturn alt-ust etmak; rad etmak; dayi^mak to deem hesab etmak

to be proud of faxr etmak

to constitute tartib etmak; tasis etmak to be similar to ox§ar olmaq

to derive [di'raiv] almaq, toramak

to prefer [pri'fa:] iistun tutmaq

to display gostarmak, a?kar etmak to fold [fauld] bukmak

to be named after §arafina adlanmaq

to get used to 6yra§mak to remove yerini dayi?dirmak, kanar etmak

Adjectives

western qarbi southern canubi

common iimumi, adi

singular tak, yegana

plural cam temperate miilayim, motadil

42

diverse [dai'v9;s] farqli

native dogma

deep darin

opposite aks

legislative ['le(feisl9tiv] qanunverici

executive [ig'zekjutiv] icraedici

iudicial [(feu(:)'dij(9)l] mahkama, qanuni

primary ['praim(9)ri] asas balmy [’ba:mi] atirli, rayihali

abundant [a'bAndant] zangin, 90xlu

responsible

masul, cavabdeh ubiquitous [ju(:)'bikwit9s] har yerda olan

Ex.3. Read the words and say what part of speech they belong to and

what words they are derived from.

Usually, entirely, borders, the highest, written, mixed, natural, leading,

standardize, widely taught, chose, plaimer, dining, smaller, the largest,

government, employer

Ex.4. Practise conversion. Fill in blank spaces of the table with

correct words. Consult the dictionary if necessary. ____________

stretch uzatma, dartma,

9okm9 to stretch

square kvadrat, saha to square

border to border hsmssrhad

olmaq

land to land enmak, sahib

yan almaq

phrase to phrase sozbrb ifada

etmak

treat aybnma, aybnca to treat

foim forma, fiqur, sinif to form

43

(maktgbda)

plant bitki to plant

look to look baxmaq

branch budaq, filial, saho to branch

change to change d3yi§m3k

call to call qagirmaq, ba§

__ (pokmok

trade pe$3, sonat, ticarat to trade

Ex.5. Find in the texts given below the words formed with the

help of conversion and state what part of speech they ttelong to.

Ex.6. Choose the word that is similar or synonymous to the

underlined word.

1. entire

2. stretch

3. area

4. feature

5. various

6. beverage

total large

state widen

space district future peculiarity

different obvious spirit drink

Ex.7. a) Read and translate into Azerbaijani the foUo’tving N+N

word combinations.

Plant life, export commodity, apple pie, breakfast beverages, fast food

establishments, city planner.

b) Make up sentences with these word combinations.

44

Ex.8

a) Make up as many word combinations as you can, choosing from

A and B. translate them into Azerbaijani.

A)

western

total

long

new

wide

geographic

temperate

high

federal

political

well-developed

trading

foreign

growing

scientific

B)

feature

mountain

hemisphere

language

economy

continent

climate

area

range

time

government

infrastructure

research

party

partners

b) Make up sentences with these word combinations.

Ex.9. Read and translate the sentences into Azerbaijani paying special

attention to the different meanings of the underlined words.

1. We can call the United States of America both the USA and America.

2. In one; city you can find people both from China and European

countries.

3. American people eat both national and immigrants’ dishes.

4. There are different kinds of plants and animals on both sides of the

Grand Canyon.

5. It is difficult to find either a park or a square in Washington without a

monument or a memorial.

5. At the Institute students can learn either English or German.

45

6.1 have never been to New York. My Mend hasn’t been either.

7. The USA borders neither Turkey nor France.

8. He is neither fish nor flesh.

9. Would you like to eat an apple pie or a hamburger? Neither. I’d like to

eat pizza.

£x.lO. Insert a suitable word from the box.

1. It occupies the southern part of North America and ............... fi-om

the Pacific to the Atlantic Ocean.

2. The people of the United States are a ............... of many different

nationalities.

3. The climate is ... in most areas.

4. ........................................... The federal government of three

branches.

5. Mainstream American culinary arts are ........... to those in other

Western countries.

6. After sailing 4000 miles (6400 kilometers) Christopher

Columbus .......... some land.

7. The Grand Canyon is one of America’s main tourist .............

8. Washington is smaller ......... than the largest cities of the United

States.

9. Washington, D.C. has a growing, diversified economy with an

percentage of professional and business service jobs.

10. George Washington ........... the place where the city now stands

to build the capital.

mixture, in size, chose, reached, stretches, is composed, attractions,

similar, temperate, increasing. ________________________________

Ex.ll. Read and translate the texts into Azerbaijani.

The United States of America

The United States of America usually referred to as the United

States, the USA, the U.S. or America, is the fourth largest country in the

world (after Russia, Canada and China). The United States is

46

situated almost entirely in the western hemisphere. It occupies the

southern part of North America and stretches from the Pacific to the

Atlantic Ocean. It includes Alaska in the north and Hawaii in the Pacific

Ocean. The total area of the USA is about nine and a half million square

kilometers. The country borders on Canada in the north and on Mexico in

the south. It also has a sea-border with Russia.

Christopher Columbus discovered America in 1492. We don’t

know much about the man. He was bom in Italy but lived in Spain for a

long time. After sailing 4000 miles (6400 kilometers) he reached some

land. Columbus thought that it must be India but it was not. It was a new

land, a new continent. It was America.

The USA is made up of 50 states and the District of Columbia

where the capital of the country, Washington, is situated. The population

of the country is about 250 million. The people of the United States are a

mixture of many different nationalities. In the past, people from many

countries came to the US. These different people brought to their new land

a wonderful mixture of customs and traditions.

The phrase "the United States" was originally treated as plural (the

United States are...). However, it became common to treat the name as

singular - e.g., "the United States is" - after the end of the Civil War. The

singular form is now standard, while the plural form is retained in the set

idiom «these United States».

Because of the United States' large size and wide range of

geographic features, nearly every type of climate is represented. The

climate is temperate in most areas.

If you look at the map of the USA you can see both lowlands and

moimtains. The highest mountains are the Rocky Mountains, the

Cordillera and the Sierra Nevada.

America’s largest rivers are the Mississippi, the Missouri, the Rio

Grande and the Columbia. The Great Lakes on the border with Canada are

the largest and deepest in the USA. The Grand Canyon is one of

America’s main tourist attractions. The Colorado River

47

formed it over millions of years. There are different kinds of plants and

animals on opposite sides of the canyon.

The smallest U.S. state by area is the State of Rhode Island and

Providence Plantations. Alaska is the largest state of the United States by

area.

The United States is a constitutional republic. The federal

government is composed of three branches:

Legislative. The Congress, made up of the Senate and the House of

Representatives, makes federal laws, declaxes war. approves treaties, has

the power of impeachment, by which it can remove sitting members of the

government.

Executive. The president is the commander-in-chief of the

military, can veto legislative bills before they become law, and appoints

the Cabinet and other officers, who administer and enforce federal laws

and policies.

Judicial. The Supreme Court and lower federal courts, whose

judges are appointed by the president with Senate approval, interpret laws

and can overturn laws they deem unconstitutional.

Americans are very proud of their Constitution. It was written

more than 200 years ago and is still working! But the people of the USA

can change the Constitution. Changes are called amendments. There are

26 amendments in the Constitution. The first 10 amendments are called

the Bill of Rights.

There are two main political parties in the USA: the Republican

and the Democratic.

The United States has a capitalist mixed economy, which is fueled

by abundant natural resources, a well-developed infrastructure, and high

productivity. Canada, China, Mexico, Japan, and Germany are its main

trading partners. Th(3 leading export commodity is electrical machinery,

while vehicles constitute the leading import.

English is de facto the national language. Although tllere is no

official language at the federal level, some laws standardize English.

About 215 milUon, or 82% of the population aged five years and older,

speak only English at home. Spanish, spoken by

48

over 10% of the population at home, is the second most common language

and the most widely taught foreign language.

Mainstream American culinary arts are similar to those in other

Western countries. Wheat is the primary cereal grain. Traditional

American cuisine uses ingredients such as turkey, white-tailed deer

venison. t)otatoes. sweet potatoes, com, squash. and maple svmp.

Characteristic dishes such as apple pie, fried chicken, pizza, hamburgers,

and hot dogs derive from the recipes of various immigrants. Americans

generally prefer coffee to tea. U.S. industry is largely responsible for

making orange juice and milk ubiquitous breakfast beverages. Frequent

dining at fast food establishments is associated with what health officials

call the American "obesity epidemic."

American cultural icons are apple pie, baseball, and the American

flag.

The US national flag - Stars and Stripes - Is red, white and blue.

Thirteen stripes represent the original f3 states of the US; the 50 stars

represent the current number of states. People must know many things

about the flag, for example; you should display it only during the day and

you should fold it in a special way. Americans are proud of their flag and

display it in many places.

Washington

Washington, D.C. (/VP.Finton'dii'si:/) (formally the District of

Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or

simply D.C.) is the capital of the United States, founded on July 16. 1790.

When people speak about the capital of the USA they always say

Washington DC, not to mix up with the state Washington in the north-west

of the country. The city is located on the north bank of the Potomac River

and is bordered by the states of Virginia to the southwest and Maryland to

the other sides.

Washington, D.C. has a total area of 68.3 square miles (177 kmi^).

The District has three major natural flowing streams: the Potomac River,

the Anacostia River, and Rock Creek. Both the

49

Anacostia River and Rock Creek are tributaries of the Potomac River.

George Washington, the first American president, chose the place

where the city now stands to build the capital, and the city was named after

George Washington.

Washington, D.C. is a planned citv. The design for the City of

Washington was largely the work of Pierre Charles L’Enfant a

French-bom architect, engineer, and city planner who first arrived in the

American colonies as a military engineer.

Washington has a lot of interesting things to see and it is difficult to

find a park, a square or any open area there without a monument or a

memorial. The best-known ones are the Lincoln Memorial and the

Washington Monument. Washington has many other famous buildings -

the Library of Congress, the Capitol, the National Gallery of Art and

others.

Washington is smaller in size than the largest cities of the United

States such as New York, Chicago, Detroit or Los; Angeles. The

population of the capital is about 11 million people. The buildings in

Washington are not tall because no buildings must be taller than the

Capitol - a big white dome standing on a circle of pillars. The members of

the Congress meet here to discuss the nation’s affairs. It’s easy to get lost

in this huge building, full of paintings and statues.

Washington is a busy city. The streets are practically never empty.

Wherever you go you’ll see either big or small shops in which you can buy

whatever you like.

Washington, D.C. has a diversified economy. The city has grov/ing

industry unrelated to government, especially in the areas of education,

finance and scientific research.

Washington, D.C. is a national center for the arts. The John F.

Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts is home to the National

Symphony Orchestra, the Washington National Opera, and the

Washington Ballet.

The weather in Washington is changeable. Mark Twain described it

as follows: «When you arrived (at the station at night) it

50

was snov/ing. When you reached the hotel it was sleeting. When you went

to bed it was raining. During the night it froze hard and the wind blew

some chimneys down. When you got up in the morning, it was foggy.

When you finished your breakfast at ten o’clock and went out, the

sunshine was brilliant, the weather balmy and delicious, and the mud and

slush deep and all-pervading. You will like the climate - when you get

used to it.»

Thousands of tourists visit Washington every day. People from all

piarts of the United States come to see their capital.

Ex.l2. Amswer the following questions.

1. Where is the USA situated?

2. What countries does the USA border on?

3. Who discovered America?

4. What is the climate of the country?

5. What can you say about the Constitution of the USA?

6. What ?Vmerican dishes can you name?

7. What three branches is the government of the United States composed

of?

8. What is the capital of the USA?

9. Where is the city located?

10. Why are the buildings in Washington not tall?

11. What places of interest in Washington do you know?

12. Where do the members of the Congress discuss the nation’s affairs?

Comprehension check

Ex.l. Search the texts for the English equivalents of the word

combinations.

Qorb yanmkurosi; torpaga 9atmaq; adot vo ononslar; azaldsn com halda

i§lonmok; cografi xususiyyotlor; aks taroflordo; beynolxalq miiqavilobr;

veto qoymaq; qanunlari hoyata ke9irmok; qanunlan nozordon ke9irmok;

zongin tobii ehtiyatlar; osas ticarot ortaqlan; be§ ya§mda vo ondan yuxan;

hal-hazirda ^tatlarm sayi; xususi yolla

51

bukmsk; kiminsa adlandirmaq; 6l9ud3n ki9ik; boyuk ag

gunbsz.

Ex.2. Work in pairs. Read the statements and say if they are true or

false.

A)

1. The United States is situated almost entirely in the western

hemisphere.

2. The total area of the USA is about eight and a half million square

kilometers.

3. The people of the United States are only from America.

4. The Great Lakes on the border with Canada are the largest and deepest

in the USA.

5. The United States is a monarchy.

6. The leading export commodity of the USA is mine equipment.

7. The US national flag - Stars and Stripes - is red, white and blue.

B)

1. Washington is located on the north bank of the Thames River.

2. The city was named after the first American president.

3. There are not many monuments in Washington.

4. Washington is the largest city of the USA.

5. The streets are always empty in the city.

Ex.3. Complete the following sentences using information from the

texts.

A)

1. The United States is situated almost entirely ....

2. The country also has a sea-boarder with .......

3. Christopher Columbus discovered America in ...

4. Because of the United States' large size and wide range of

geographic features, nearly every type of ...........

5. The federal government is composed of three branches:

legislative, executive and .......

52

6. About 215 million, or 82% of the population aged five years and older,

speak only ...................

B)

1. When people speak about the capital of the USA they always say

Washington DC, not to mix up with the state Washington in .............

2. The po]5ulation of the capital is about...

3. The buildings in Washington are not tall because no buildings must be

tsiller ...

4. Washington has growing industry unrelated to government, especially

in the areas of education, finance and ...

5. Washington, D.C. is a national center for ...

Ex.4. Rearrange the words below into grammatically accurate

sentences.

1. the people, of, a mixture, different, are, nationalities, of the United

Stiites, many.

2. derive, of America, the recipes, dishes, of, immigrants, various,

characteristic, from.

3. a park, a square, it, open, in Washington, or, is, area, to find, any, a

monum(;nt, without, difficult.

4. in size, the United States, Washington, than, is, the largest, smaller,

cities, of

Ex.5. Make questions to which the underlined words are the answers.

1. The Lfrited States is situated almost entirely in the western

hemisphei'e.

2. Americans are proud of their flag and display it in many places.

3. The cit/ is located on the north bank of the Potomac River.

4. George Washington, the first American president, chose the place

where the city now stands to build the capital.

5. Washington has many famous buildings — the Libran^ of Congress,

the Capitol, the National Gallery of Art and others.

53

Ex.6. Translate into English.

A)

1. AB§-a $imali Amerikanin canub hissasi, Alyaska va Havay daxildir.

2. Olka demak olar ki, tamamila canb yarimkurasinda yerla§ir.

3. Owallar «Birla?mi5 §tatlar» soz birlajmasini camda i§ladirdilar.

4. Birla§mi§ §tatlann bbyiik sahasi va cografi xususiyyatlarin

muxtalifliyina gora oLkada iqlimin demak olar ki, butiin novlari var.

5. OLkada federal saviyyada rasmi dilin olmamasina baxmayaraq, bazi

qaminlar ingilis dilini stsndart dil hesab edir.

6. Amerikanin a?pazliq sanati digar qarb olkalarin matbaxini xatirladir.

7. Amerikalilar 6z bayraqlqn haqqmda 90X §ey bilmalidirlar, masalan, o

xususi yolla qatlanmalidir.

B)

1. Va§inqton §aharinin yeri birinci amerikan prezidenti Core Va^inqton

tarafindan se9ilmi§di.

2. Va§inqtonda 90xlu maraqii yerlar var va 9atin ela bir park, meydan va

yaxud har-hansi bir yer tapmaq olar ki, orada abida, yaxud memoreal

oLmasm.

3. Va§inqton i§guzar §ahardir. Onun kii9alari, demak olar ki, he9 vaxt

bo? obnur.

4. Va$inqton AB§-m iqtisadi va siyasi markazidir.

5. Tahsil, maliyya sektoru va elm sahasinda tadqiqatlar olkanin

hokumatina tabe deyil.

Ex.7. Answer the following questions.

1. What territory does the USA occupy?

2. Does it border on Russia?

3. Did Columbus know what land he had reached in 1492?

4. Why is climate different in the United States?

5. What is the leading import commodity in the country?

6. What is the political system of the USA?

7. When was Washington founded?

54

8. Who designed the capital of the USA?

9. Why are there no skyscrapers in Washington?

10. How can you prove that the weather is changeable in Washington?

11. How can you characterize the city as a cultiu-al centre?

£x.8. Work in pairs or in groups. Think of the situation when you are

the visitors of some type of restaurant in the USA. Make up your own

dialogue using word expressions of the text and the dialogues given

below.

£x.9. Read and translate the following text into Azerbaijani

Restaurants

There are two main types of restaurants in the USA: fast-food and

full-service restaurants. You’ll find restaurants for every situation. If you

are in a hurry you may just have some “junk food” at a grocery store or a

candy counter, or you can get a bite to eat at one of the many fast-food

chains like McDonald’s, Burger King or Kentucky Fried Chicken. Some

of these places have tables but many don’t. People eat in their cars or take

their food home, to their offices or to parks.

Many restaurants don’t serve alcoholic beverages. This is often

because they want people to feel comfortable bringing their children.

£x.l0. Practise the dialogues.

1. - Would you like some more soup?

- No, thank you. It’s delicious but I’ve had enough.

- Would you like some dessert?

-Well, maybe. I’ll have just a small piece of pie.

2. - Are you ready to order?

- Yes, I’ll have the fresh fruit cocktail.

- And what would you like after that?

55

- Fd like the roast chicken, please.

3. - There is not much on the menu here. Rice pudding

sounds good, though.

- Yes, it does, but I think Fm just going to have a

sandwich today. Maybe even half of one.

- Are you ready to order?

- Yes, I think so.

- Do you want that on separate checks?

- Oh, no, one will be fine. It’s on me today.

Texts for extra reading

A. The Biggest and the Oldest Living Things

The blue whale is the largest animal that has ever lived— bigger

than an elephant, bigger than the biggest dinosaur. But even the blue

whale is not the largest living thing on earth. Trees are. And the largest of

all trees are the redwoods and giant sec[uoias that grow in California.

Most of the Californian redwoods are more than 30 feet (90 metres)

high - about as tail as 30-storey building.

If trees had birthday parties, there is one tree in the United States

that would need more than 4000 candles on its birthday cake.

Trees live much longer than people or animals do. A big oak tree,

with a trunk so thick that you can’t get your arms around it, may be

hundreds of years old. The big redwood trees in California are thousands

of years old.

The oldest known tree in the United States lives in a forest in

California. It is a pine tree that is more than 4600 years old. It is one of the

oldest living things in the world.

Notes:

whale

redvv'oods

trunk

balina

kalifomiya mamont agaclan

govdo

56

B. American Symbols

The American flag is often called "The Stars and Stripes", it is also

called "Old Glory". It represents the growth of the nation. It has 13

horizontal stripes, 7 red and 6 white which stand for the original 13 states.

In the top left comer there are 50 white stars on a blue background: one star

for each state.

The national anthem of the United States is "The Star Spangled

Banner". The words written during the Anglo-American war of 1812-1814

and set to the music of an old song. Every state has its own flag, its own

emblem and its own anthem too.

The eagle became the national emblem of the country in 1782. It

has an olive branch (a symbol of peace) and arrows (a sjnnbol of strength).

You can see the eagle on the back of a dollar bill.

The Statue of Liberty is the symbol of American democracy. It

stands on Liberty Island in New York. It is one of the first things people

see; when they arrive in New York by sea. This National Monument was a

present fi-om France to the USA. France gave the statue to iAmerica in

1884 as a symbol of friendship. Liberty carries the torch of freedom - in

her right hand. In her left hand she is holding a tablet with the inscription

"July 4, 1776” - American Independence Day.

Notes:

to represent tomsil etmok

background fon

anthem himn

eagle qartal

olive branch zeytun budagi

to arrive golib 9atmaq

torch m3§3l

Ex.l, Answer the following questions.

1. What do people often call American flag?

2. What are the colours of the American flag?

3. How many stripes has the flag got?

57

4. What is the national emblem?

5. Where is the statue of Liberty placed?

6. What country was the gift to the USA from?

Ex.2. Find the additional information and make report about the

symbols of the USA (see Fact File).

C. George Washington (1732 - 1799)

On April 30, 1789, George Washington, standing on the balcony

of Federal Hall on Wall Street in New York, took his oath as the first

President of the United States.

George Washington was bom in a very rich family in what is now

the State of Virginia.

During the French and Indian wars (1755) Washington was

colonel and commander-in-chief of the Virginia forces and defended the

colony’s frontier. During the War of Independence (1775-1783) George

Washington was elected to command the American forces to oppose the

British troops. He led the army in many battles in which he suffered

defeats and won victories. It was a long and cmel war ended with the

victory of the American forces.

In 1797 he retired to Mount Vernon. He devoted much time to

farming. On December 12, 1799, Washington spent several hours

inspecting his farms on horseback, in snow and freezing rain. He sat down

to dine that evening without changing his wet clothes. The next morning,

he awoke with a bad cold, fever, and a throat infection that turned into

acute laryngitis and pneumonia. Washington died on the evening of

December 14, 1799, at his home aged 67.

Today, Washington's face and image are often used as national

symbols of the United States. Many things have been named in honor of

Washington.

Because of his significant role in the revolution and in the

formation of the United States, he is often revered by Americans as the

"Father of the Nation".

58

Notes:

oath

colonel

to suffer defeats

and

polkovnik

moglub ohnaq

Ex.l. Fiind in the text the English equivalents for:

Koloniyanm sorhodini miidafio edirdi; Britaniya qo§unlarma muqavimat

gostormok; uzun va agir muhariba; istefaya getmak; bir ne9a saat

kefirmak, fermalarini yoxlayaraq; soyuqdayma ila oyanmaq;

Va§inqtonun §arafma adlandinlib.

D. Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826)

This powerful advocate of liberty was bom in 1743 in Albemarle

County, Virginia, inheriting from his father some 5,000 acres of land and

from his mother— a high social standing.

Jefferson studied literature and languages. He also studied to be a

lawyer, and later he wrote many of the Virginia laws. One of the laws was

a law to allow every child to go to school free. Schools in America were

only for children whose parents were rich.

His most outstanding achievement was as chief author of the

Declaration of Independence (a statement of human rights and liberties). It

was read to the happy people on the 4^^ of July, 1776.

Jefferson also drew up the constitution for his state, Virginia, and

served as its governor. He was sent to France as the foreign minister of the

USA, and then was President Washington’s Secretaiy of State. A few

years later he became the third president of the country, serving in this

position for two terms.

Jefferson did another important thing for the American people. He

worked out a plan for a university where the students and teachers could

live and work together in a village built for them. It was one of the first

schools to teach science. Today it is the University of Virginia.

Thomas Jefferson was also a self-taught architect. He introduced

the simple classical design of the Virginia State Capitol

59

building. He also designed his own home. He remained the most

influential architect of his time.

Jefferson did many useful things during his lifetime. He always

thought about helping ordinary people. He was a practical and theoretical

scientist.

Notes:

to inherit a

lawyer

achievement

to draw up to

remain

varis olmaq

huquqjiinas, vakil

nailiyyat

tartib etmak (sanad)

qalmaq

Ex.l. Find in the text the English equivalents for:

har bir u§aga maktabda pulsuz tahsil almaq icazasi veran qanun; onun an

gorkamli nailiyyati; qubemator qisminda xidmat edirdi; Va§inqton

prezidentinin ddvlat katibi; universitet u^iin layiha i§layib haznladi; insan

hiiquq va azadhqlannm tasdiqi; 9oxlu faydah i§lar gordii; sada msanlara

neca komak etmali.

E. American writers of the past.

Samuel Langhorne Clemens (November 30, 1835 - April 21, 1910)

well known by his pen name Mark Twain, was an American author and

humorist. Twain is noted for his novels «Adventures of Huckleberry

Finn» (1884), which has been called "the Great American Novel", and

«The Adventures of Tom Sawyen> (1876). Twain was a fiiend to

presidents, artists, industrialists, and European royalty. Upon his death he

was considered the "greatest American humorist of his age".

Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald (September 2A, 1896 - December 21,

1940) was an American author of novels and short stories. He is widely

regarded as one of the twentieth century's greatest writers. Fitzgerald is

considered a member of the "Lost Generation" of the 1920s. He finished

four novels: «This Side of

60

Paradise», «The Beautiful and Damned», «Tender Is the Night» and his

most famous, the celebrated classic, «The Great Gatsby». A fifth,

unfinished novel, «The Love of the Last Tycoon» was published

posthumously.

Ernest Miller Hemingway (July 21, 1899 - July 2, 1961) was an

American writer and journalist. His distinctive writing style influenced

20th-century fiction. His career peaked in 1954 when he won the Nobel

Prize in Literature. Many of his works are classics of American literature.

Hemingway was bom in Oak Park, Illinois. After leaving high school he

worked for a few months as a reporter, before leaving for the Italian front

to become an ambulance driver during World War I, which became the

basis for his novel «A Farewell to Arms». His first novel «The Sun Also

Rises», was written in 1924.

Shortly after the publication of The Old Man and the Sea in 1952

Hemingway went on safari to Africa, where he was almost killed in a

plane crash that left him in pain or ill-health for much of the rest of his life.

In 1959 he moved from Cuba to Idaho, where he committed suicide in the

summer of 1961.

Margaret Mitchell (November 8, 1900 - August 16, 1949) was an

American author, who won the Pulitzer Prize in 1937 for her novel «Gone

with the Wind» (1936), which is about the Civil war. The novel is one of

the most popular books of all time, selling more than 30 million copies.

An American film adaptation, released in 1939, became the

highest-grossing film in the history of Hollywood, and received a

record-breaking ten Academy Awards.

Ex.l. Make report on your favorite American writer and his/her book.

61

CANADA

Fact File

Name origin: Canada comes from an Indian word kanata,

meaning ‘a village’ or ‘a settlement’.

Total area: 9,984,670 square km Population; 33,574,000

Official languages; English and French Ethnic groups; 80.0 %

European (English, French, Scottish, Irish, German, Russian, others),

4.0% South Asian, 3.9% C’hinese, 3.8% Native Indians, 3.3% other

Asians, 2.5% African Canadians, 2.5% others.

Motto; ‘From Sea to Sea’

National anthem; 'O, Canada'

Royal anthem; 'God Save the Queen'

Capital; Ottawa Largest city; Toronto

Government; federal parliamentary democracy and constitutional

monarchy

Canada’s 10 Provinces; Newfoundland and Labrador, Prince

Edward Island, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario,

Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, British Columbia.

Canada/s 3 territories; Nunavut, Yukon Territory and Northwest

Territories

Head of state; Queen Elizabeth II (symbolic)

Longest river; the Mackenzie River (2,241 km long)

Highest mountain; Mount Logan (5,959 metres high)

Currency; Canadian dollar

National holiday; Canada Day (the first of July)

National symbols; the maple leaf and the beaver

62

63

64

resident central to illustrate

territory official to symbolize province potential to debate

prairies total to guarantee monarchy historic

population ethnic

reservation parliamentary

religion civil

standard special

colonies legendary

constitution romantic

migration delicious

creative

Topical Vocabulary

Canada

Nouns

unguarded boundary qorunmayan sorhod

hospitable area qonaqporvor diyar

quarter rub, ddrddo bir (1/4) flat mid-westem Orta qarb

provinces oyabtbri

prairies 9olluk, diiz the national anthem milli himn

a distinctive country xususi dlko

newcomers yeni maskunlar

tolerance toleranthq, dozumliiluk fairness odabt, vicdan

justice odabt ambition ^ohrotporostlik, canatma

perseverance doyanot, dozumluluk, matanot settlement sakin olma, maskun olma

65

area orazi

motto §iiar

monarchy monarxiya

currency valyuta maple agcaqaym agaci beaver qunduz

North Pole §imal qiitbu

Arctic North Arktik §imal

Northern Lights §imal jafoqi coastline sahil xstti

whale-watching balinalar lizarindo mu§ahid 3

glacier buzlaq hoodoo hudu (qeyri-adi dag amab galma)

honeymoon bal ayi fossil qazmti, da§la§ma

fortune zanginlik, ugur, baxt

Inuktitut inuktitut (inuit-eskimoslarm dili)

craze 50vq, maraq, meyl, qapilma

Verbs and verb combination

to huddle dolu§maq, yigi^maq, sixla5;maq to be spread uzanmaq, yayilmaq

to celebrate bayram etmak

to have faith and hope inam va iimidi olmaq

to respect hormat etmak to endure dozmak

to recover sagalmaq, ozUna galmak to surround ahata etmak to inhabit maskunla§maq

Adjective

average orta diverse miixtelif

ethnic etnik, milli

66

Verbs and verb combination

to rule idara etmak, hokmranhq etmak

to act harakat etmak

to be elected se9ilmak to run the country olkani idara etmak

to initiate ba§langicim qoymaq

to be presided over nazarati hayata kr9irmak

to enjoy hazz almaq, zovq almaq to be accustomed to nayasa ahfmaq

to take for granted sdzsiiz qabul etmak to accoimt for izah etmak

to draw away aparmaq, qa9umaq to hide gizlatmak

Adjectives

parliamentary

abundant

natural

renewable

arable

recent

foreign

lucrative

parlament

zongin, bol, foxlu

tabii

yenibnan

§umluq, §um U9un yarayan

bu yaxmlardaki

xarici, acnabi

galirli

Ex.3. Practise conversion. Form new words according to the

model.

Model: Noun —» Verb

head to head

ba$, ba§Qi —» baggiliq etmak _______

work

place

land

1?

yer

torpaq

to work

to place

to land

68

house to house yerb^mok

welcome salam salamlaraaq

symbol to symbol ramzi olmaq

visit ba? gokmo,

safor, ziyarat

ba? gakmak,

safar etmak

kiss to kiss opmak

date tarix to date

mistake sahf to mistake

face to face uzla§mak

(problemlarla)

hope to hope iimid etmak

mind to mind etiraz etmak

affect tasir tasir etmak

help komak kdmak etmak

Ex.4. Find m the texts given below the words formed with the help of

conversion and state what part of speech they belong to.

Ex.5. Read and translate the following word combinations formed

according to the model N+N

name origin, human population, language laws, winter festival, country’s

motto, the North Pole, glacier creation, maple tree, sandstone formation,

dinosaur fossils, polar bears, hone3unoon capital, gold rush. Viking

settlement, business centre, public face, adventure stories, ice hockey.

69

b) Make up your own sentences with these word combinations.

Ex.6. Choose the word that is similar or synonymous to the

underlined word

large big total whole

population people nation union

area territory country square resident citizen man inhabitant

total whole huge enormous to consist of to include to complete to conclude

to watch to see to observe to look

to search to find to look for to seek

to create to make to construct to form

fortune wealth future fate

settlement city town village

Ex.7. a) Make up as many word combinations as you can

choosing from A and B. Translate them into Azerbaijani.

A) B)

average border southern bears

unguarded formation hospitable stories

coastal languages

flat mid-western buildings

polar sports

maple people dinosaur minerals

strange-looking resources beautiful wonder

legendary waterfalls official fossils historic tree

70

unique

national

native

wonderful

natural

provinces

area

boundary

Canadian farm

parks

b) Make up sentences with these word combinations.

Ex.8. Read and translate the sentences paying special attention to the

underlined words.

1. Canada is the second largest country in the world - nearly as big as all

of Europe.

2. The four eastern coastal provinces are known as the Atlantic

Provinces or the Maritime Provinces the latter term often excluding

Newfoundland.

3. It’s the longest unguarded national boundary in the world.

4. The southern region is the warmest and most hospitable area of the

country.

5. The latest big craze in Canada is whale-watching.

6. There are more polar bears in Canada than in any other country in the

world.

7. Canada is one of the wealthiest countries in the world.

8. The largest part of the economy includes an enormous civil service.

9. Canadians let people live as they wish, as long as they do not limit

how others live.

Ex.9. Insert a suitable word from the box.

1. In the countryside ... is very thinly spread.

2. The southern region is the warmest and the most ... area of the

country.

3. The country is made up of. . . .

4. Some people believe that Canada owns . . . .

5. Canada’s Arctic North is an excellent place for watching . . . .

6. Nearly one-fourth of al l . . . in the world is in Canada.

71

I. ... cover almost half of Canada’s territory.

8. The strange-looking sandstone formations in the province of Alberta

are called.. . .

9. Jack London turned his Klondike adventures into fame with his

legendary . . . .

10. The first people came to Canada from .. . .

II. The first European to visit Quebec was . . . .

12. Today, eight out of every ten people in Quebec are of. .. origin.

13. Montreal is a friendly and romantic place where couples ... on the

street and strangers ... to each other.

French, Siberia, Jacques Cartier of France, kiss, talk, the North pole, the

Northern lights, “hoodoos”, forests, the fresh waters, short stories and

books, the population, 10 provinces and 3 territories, hospitable. _____

Ex.lO. Answer the following questions.

1. Have you ever been to Canada?

2. Do you know the capital of Canada?

3. What places of interest would you like to visit in Canada?

4. Is Canada a very cold place with long winters?

5. Where is Canada situated?

6. How many official languages are there in Canada?

Ex.ll. Read and translate the text into Azerbaijani.

Canada

I Canada is the second largest coimtry in the world — nearly as big

as all of Europe. Only the Russian Federation is larger. The population is

33.5 million people. In the countryside the population is very thinly

spread — the average Canadian farm is 200 hectares in size.

Nearly 90% of Canadians, though, huddle along the 6379-km

southern border with the USA. It's the longest unguarded national

72

boundary in the world. The southern region is, of course, the warmest,

most hospitable area of the country and also has the best land and

waterways. About three-quarters of the population lives in the towns and

cities in this part of the country.

The country is made up of 10 provinces and three territories. The

foui- eastern coastal provinces are known as the Atlantic Provinces or the

Maritime Provinces, the latter term often excluding Newfoundland. The

three generally flat mid-western provinces are the prairies. Ontario and

Quebec are collectively termed central Canada, although Canadians will

often refer to this area as eastern Canada.

Th{; provinces (from east to west) are Newfoundland and

Labrador, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick, Quebec,

Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta and British Columbia. The

territories are: the Northwest Territories, the Yukon and Nunavut.

Much of Canada is a very cold place with long winters. In the

northern islands it is often cold even in summer. Stephen Leacock, a

famous C'anadian humorist once wrote that life in Canada consisted of

preparing for winter, enduring winter and recovering from winter.

Canada is surrounded by three oceans - the Pacific, the Atlantic and

the Arctic. It has the longest coastline in the world: 243,000 Idlometers.

No wonder the country’s motto is “from sea to sea”. The latest big craze in

Canada is whale-watching. Special boats go out into the ocean - at the right

place and at the right time - and you have a 99% chance of seeing whales.

Some people believe that Canada owns the North Pole. It’s tme that

40% of the country’s territory is in the Arctic North, but the North Pole is

not owned by any country. However, many Canadians (especially

children) believe that Santa Claus is from Canada. Canada’s Arctic North

is an excellent place for watching the Northern Lights. There are more

polar bears in Canada than in any other country in the world. Sometimes

they even come to villages £ind towns in search of food. Polar bears are

very big (they

73

weigh up to 600 kilos) and may be dangerous (especially if you run from

them).

Nearly one-fourth of all the fresh water in the world is in Canada.

Canada has more lakes than any other country. Many of the lakes were

created by glaciers. There are lots of rivers iin Canada too.

Canada is one of the wealthiest countries in the world. Much of the

country’s wealth lies in its many mines and forests. Minerals such as coal,

copper, nickel, and iron ore are found in the mines. Forests cover almost

half of Canada’s territory. A red maple tree is used to represent Canada

and appears on the Canadian flag.

There are strange-looking sandstone formations in the province of

Alberta. They are called “hoodoos”. They were created by wind and water.

Scientists have also found lots oi’ dinosaur fossils there.

There are 42 national parks in Canada. They were created to protect

the forests, animals and plants. The oldest National Park is Banff in

Alberta. It was created in 1885 in the Canadian Rocky Moimtains. Niagara

Falls is one of the world’s wondtTS. These beautiful waterfalls can be

found on the border between Canada and the United States. This place is

often called “the honeymoon capital of tlie world.”

The Yukon is a territory in northwest Canada where the Klondike

Gold Rush took place in 1890s. Jack London came to the Yukon in

September of 1897. He was 21 years old and full of hopes to find gold.

Although he didn’t become rich, he later turned his Klondike adventures

into fame and fortune with his legendary short storibs and books.

Newfoundland is the oldest Viking settlement in North America.

The Vikings first landed in North America well before Christopher

Columbus was even bom. It happened about 1,000 years ago. But the

territory of Canada had been inhabited for thousands of years before the

Vikings’ arrival. The first people came to Canada from Siberia. It

happened in the middle of the Ice

74

Age, about 27,000 ago. They crossed a bridge of land which joined Siberia

and Alaska.

II Canada’s official languages are English and French. But many

other lan;guages are spoken there, including Inuktitut (the language of the

Iriuit, or Eskimos) and other Canadian Indian languages. Canadian Indians

are also known as First Nations people. In 1999, one half of Canada’s

territory was officially returned to the Inuit people. The name of this new

territory is Nunavut. In Inuktitut it means “Our land”.

About 77% of Canadians live in cities and towns. Toronto is the

largest city in Canada. If you ever go there, you’ll see one of the world’s

tallest buildings, the CN Tower. Toronto is the country’s business centre

and home to the largest companies and banks.

Ottawa, the capital of Canada, is one of the country’s most

attractive cities. It’s the public face of Canada for many people so the city

has been kept lovely and welcoming. It has many parks, museums, art

galleries, and universities. Some of Ottawa’s historic buildings go back to

the early 1800s.

Quebec is both the oldest and the largest of Canada’s ten provinces.

Quebec City, the capital of Quebec province, is the oldest cily in Canada.

About 240 kilometers southwest of Quebec City is M^ontreal, the largest

city in the province. The first European to visit the area was Jacques

Cartier of France. In 1534 he landed at the site of a Huron Indian village.

70 years later, the French settled in the ar(;a. Today, eight out of every ten

people in Quebec are of French origin. The French language they speak is

unique. In many ways, it’s like 17*-century French!

Montreal is unlike any other city in Canada. It has an atmosphere all

of its own. It’s fiiendly, romantic place where couples Idss on the street

and strangers talk to each other! The oldest part of the city. Old Montreal,

dates from the 1700s.

Ice hockey and lacrosse are the national sports of Canada. The

game of lacrosse was invented by the native people of Canada.

75

Canadians also ski, golf, curl, ride horses, play baseball, football and

tennis.

Canada’s birthday is celebrated on the first of July. There are

fireworks, parades and picnics all over the countiy. If you <;ver go to

Canada, don’t forget to try maple syrup! It’s usually eaten with pancakes.

It’s delicious! Canadians are said to be friendly, peace- loving, modest and

polite. However, they don’t like it when they are mistaken for Americans.

Government and Economy

The form of the government of Canada is a constitutional

monarchy.

Canada is ruled by a parliamentary system with the head of state

officially remaining the monarch of Britain. Within Canada the appointed

governor general is the monarch's representative. The upper house, or

Senate, is made up of appointees. Mostly i t acts as a rubber stamp for the

wishes of the elected lower house, or House of Commons. Senate reform,

or its abolition, is an ongoing debate within the country.

The head of the political party with the most elected representatives

in the House of Commons becomes the prime minister, the leader of the

country. From the members of parliament within the governing party, the

prime minister selects a cabinet which runs the country and initiates

legislation.

The 10 provinces are largely self-governing and are presided over

by premiers, elected provincially. Each province has a lieutenant governor

appointed by the federal government. The two northern territories are for

the most part the domain of the federal government.

The constitution consists of both written proclamations under the

Constitution Acts (1867 and 1932) and unwritten conventions.

Canadians enjoy the high standard of living that major Western

countries are accustomed to and tend to take for giranted.

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The Canadian economy is based on abundant natural resources.

These natural renewable and nonrenewable riches include fish, timber and

wood products, minerals, natural gas, oil and hydroelectricity. Although

only 5% of the land is arable, the agricultural sector, primarily in wheat

and barley, accounts for much of the Canadian export total.

Manufacturing has long been a weak component of the economy

and today employs just 14% of the country's workers. The most important

manufactured product is motor vehicles. Hi-tech industries and developers

in the space and computer fields are recent addi tions to this area but

remain small.

The largest part of the economy includes an enormous civil service.

Bzinking, insurance, education, communication and consulting bring in

foreign exchange. The rest of the service sector does not.

The country's major trading partner is the USA although business

people are increasingly strengthening ties to Japan and China.

The high degree of foreign ownership of Canadian business has

also been problematic, drawing profits away from the country. Overall,

about 40% of the country's industry is owned by non- Canadians, led by

US interests.

On top of this there is a cross-border shopping done in the USA

with goods brought back hidden in the trunk or under the sleeping baby

with no duty paid. And then there is the lucrative smuggling of US liquor

and cigarettes. Obviously, the government has a bit of a problem but

solutions are difficult to find.

Comprehension check

Ex.l. Sear ch in text “Canada” for the English equivalents of the word

combinations.

Diinyada sn uzun qorunmayan sorhod; qonaqparvar diyar; on yax§i

torpaqlar vo su yollan; ohalinin ddrddo ufii; dlko oyalot vo

77

arazibrdsn ibaratdir; ayabtbr, sahil boyu yerk^an; qi§a hazirliq; iig okean

ila ahata olunub; olkanin ?uan; balinalar iizarinda mu§ahida; §imal

qutbii; §imal ?afaqi; ag ayilar; olkanin ehtiyatlan; qmnizi agcaqayin

agaci; buzlaqlardan yaranmi§; qeyri-adi dag amala galma; da§la§mi§

dinozavr qaligi; milli parklar; Niaqara §alalasi; diinyanin mocuzalarindan

biri; bal ayi; Klondaykda macaralar; vikinqlarin maskunla§masi; rasmi

dil; eskimoslann dili; kanada hindulan; Torontoda teleqiilla; gozalliyi ila

cazibadar olan §ahar; tarixi binalar; an qadim §ahar; canubi-qarb

ayalatlar; fransiz man§ali; agcaqayin siropu.

Ex.2. Work in pairs. Read the statements and say if they are true or

false.

A)

1. Canada is the first largest country in the world.

2. The Russian Federation is smaller than Canada.

3. In the countryside of Canada the population is very thinly spread.

4. The southern region of Canada is the coldest.

5. There are three official languages in Canada.

6. The country is made of 12 provinces and 3 Northern Territories.

7. The capital of Canada is Toronto.

8. Quebec is a French province.

9. Canadians have faith and hope for the future.

B)

1. Canada is an economically stable country.

2. Canada is ruled by a parliamentary system.

3. The appointed governor general is the monarch’s representative.

4. The upper House is the House of Commons.

5. The head of the political party is the prime-minister, but he is not the

leader of the country.

6. Senate selects a cabinet which runs the country.

7. The ten provinces are largely self-governing.

8. Canadians have the highest standard of living.

9. The Canadian economy is based on the natural resources.

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10. Manufacturing has long been a strong component of the economy.

11. The most important manufactured product is electricity.

12. The smallest part of the economy is the civil service.

Ex.3. Complete the following sentences using information from the

texts “Canada” and “Government and Economy”.

A)

1. Much of Canada is a very cold place . . . .

2. Life in Canada consists of preparing for ... .

3. Canada is surrounded by ... oceans: . . . .

4. The latest big craze in Canada is ... .

5. Many of the lakes were created by ... .

6. Much of the country’s wealth lies in ... .

7. Newfoundland is the oldest... settlement in North America.

8. The first people came to Canada from .. . .

9. Canadian Indians are also known as ... .

10. Canadians are said to be ... . B)

1. The form of the government of Canada is ... .

2. Senate acts as a rubber stamp for ... .

3. The leader of the country is ... .

4. A cabinet is selected by ... .

5. Each province has a ... .

Ex.4. Rearrange the words below into grammatically accurate

sentence.

1. an excellent place, for, the Northern Lights, Arctic North, is,

Canada’s, watching.

2. cover, almost, forests, half of, territory, Canada’s.

3. to represent, is used, a red maple tree, appears, and, Canada, on, the

Canadian flag.

4. a lieutenant governor, the federal, government, has, province, each,

appointed by.

5. the country, and, legislation, initiates, runs, a cabinet.

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80

Ex.7. Answer the following questions:

1. What is the origin of the name “Canada”?

2. How many oceans tough Canada?

3. How many countries border on Canada?

4. How many provinces and territories are there in Canada? Could you

name them?

5. Who were the first people to live in Canada?

6. What are national symbols of Canada?

7. What is the Canada national anthem called?

8. How many national parks are there in Canada?

9. What is the name of the tallest peak in Canada? Is it located in western

Canada near Alaska?

10. What £ire Canada’s national languages?

11. What is the name of the elected lower House of Canadian

ParliameniL?

12. What is the leader of Canada called?

13. Canada is considered a bilingual country. What does this mean?

14. What do you feel is the best thing about Canada?

Ex.8. Imagine that you are a guide and your group-mates are tourists

visiting Canada for the first time. Get ready to speak about Canada

according to the plan.

1. The geo graphical position.

2. The origin to the name Canada.

3. Provinces and Territories. The naming of their Capital Cities.

4. Symbols of Canada.

5. Places to see.

6. Hidden charms of Canadian cities: Quebec and Vancouver.

Ex.9. Work in pairs or in groups. Think of the situation when one of

you came back from Canada, and the other is going to visit this

country. Make up a dialogue using the following questions..

1. What’s your first impression of Canada?

2. Is there anything in Canada you can’t get used to?

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3. You visited Niagara Falls in Canada. Do you agree that this place is

called “a honeymoon capital of the world”?

4. What do you lack in Canada?

5. What is the difference between Russian and Canadian people?

6. What do you think of Canadian symbols?

7. Would you describe the city that you enjoyed most of all?

Texts for extra reading

A. Canadian values

Canada is a distinctive country. Its values and way of life influence

every person who comes to live there. At the same time, newcomers

influence Canada and its collective identity. Canadians may have

differences, but they share many important qualities that strengthen the

society.

Optimism. Canada is a dynamic and democratic country.

Canadians work to improve their lives and society. Some people face

greater hardship than others, but most Canadians have faith and hope for

the future.

Compromise and Cooperation. Most Canadians understand the

value of compromise. In a coimtry as large and diverse as Canada, people

must be able to ignore small conflicts in order to live happily and

peacefully.

Acceptance, Tolerance and Respect. Most people in Canada want

fairness and justice for themselves and their families. And most are fair

and just to others, no matter who they are or where they come from.

Some people may tell you that there is no racism in Canada. Others

may say that racism is a very serious problem. The truth lies somewhere

between. Some Canadians may make you feel unwelcome. However, the

majority of Canadians are fair-minded. They will accept and respect

anyone who accepts and respects them.

Ambition and Per severarice*. Canadians understand that effort

and discipline are usually rewarded. Canada is an

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economically stable country. However, unemployment and poverty exist

and can affect anyone. People who were bom in Canada - as well as

newcomers - compete for jobs and work hard to succeed.

Individualism. Canadians believe that each person is responsible

for his or her own success or failure. Canadians let people live as they

wish, as long as they do not limit how others live.

Civil Responsibility. Canadians appreciate their rights and

freedoms. Most also want to contribute to the society. As a newcomer you

should be aware of your rights and your responsibilities. The right to

participate in Canadian society implies an oblig;ation to help it succeed.

Ex.l. Answer the following questions.

1. Find in the beginning of the text the term “collective identity”. What

does it mean?

2. The Canadians share many important qualities. What for?

3. Name optimistic features of Canadians.

4. Why Canadians try to ignore small conflicts?

5. Is there racism in Canada?

6. What do Canadians think of effort and discipline?

7. What does the right to participate in Canadian society imply?

B. Symbols of Canada

The Canadian Flag

Canada’s current flag was proclaimed in 1995 after 2000 public

design entries were hotly debated in parliament. In the centre of the flag

there is a red sugar maple leaf, Canada’s best known symbol. The side

bars represent the ocean boundaries and are not blue because an important

reason for the entire procedure Canada's Motto

"A Mari usque ad Mare" (From sea to sea) is based on biblical

scripture: "He shall have dominion from sea to sea and from the river unto

the ends of the earth (Psalm 72:8)". It was proposed as the motto for the

new design of the coat of arms, which was

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approved by Order in Council on April 21, 1921 and by Royal

Proclamation on November 21, 1921.

The Maple Tree

Trees have played a meaningful role in the historical development

of Canada and continue to be of commercial, en- viromnental and

aesthetic importance to all Canadians. Maples contribute valuable wood

products, sustain the maple sugar industry and help to beautify the

landscape. Maple wood, whicfi varies in hardness, toughness and other

properties, is in demand for flooring, furniture, interior woodwork,

veneer, small woodenware, and supports several flourishing industries in

eastern Canada. Maple is also highly prized in furniture building and

cabinet-making.

Since 1965, the maple leaf has been the centerpiece of the National

Flag of Canada and the maple tree bears the leaves that have become the

most prominent Canadian symbol, nationally and internationally. Maple

leaf pins and badges are proudly worn by Canadians abroad, and are

recognized around the world.

The Maple Leaf

The maple leaf today appears on the permy. However, between

1876 and 1901, it appeared on all Canadian coins. The modem one-cent

piece has two maple leaves on a common twig, a design that has gone

almost unchanged since 1937.

During the First World War, the maple leaf was included in the

badge of the Canadian Expeditionary Force. Since 1921, the Royal Arms

of Canada have included three maple leafs as a distinctive Canadian

emblem. With the proclamation of Canada's new flag in 1965, the maple

leaf has become the most-prominent Canadian symbol.

The Beaver

The beaver attained official status as an emblem of Canada when

an "act to provide for the recognition of the beaver as a symbol of the

sovereignty of Canada" received royal assent on March 24, 1975.

After the early Europeans explorer had realized that Canada was

not the spice-rich Orient, the main mercantile attraction was the

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beaver population numbering in the millions. In the late 1600s and early

1700s, the fashion of the day demanded fur hats, which needed beaver

pelts. As these hats became more popular, the demand for the pelts grew.

Despite all this recognition, the beaver was close to extinction by

the mid-19th century. There were an estimated six million beavers in

Canada before the start of the fur trade. During its peak, 100,000 pelts

were being shipped to Europe each year; the Canadian beaver was in

danger of being wiped out. Luckily, about that time, Europeans took a

liking to silk hats and the demand for beaver pelts all but disappeared.

Today, thanks to conservation and silk hats, the beaver - the largest

rodent in Canada - is alive and well all over the country.

Ex.l. Answer the following questions.

1. What leaf is on the Canadian flag?

2. Why are there the three royal lions on the Canadian coat of arms?

3. Canada’s motto is based on biblical scripture. What does this scripture

say?

4. What role have the trees played in the historical development of

Canada?

5. Speak on the usage of maples.

6. Name the most prominent Canadian symbol.

7. In what year did the beaver attain official status as an emblem of

Canada?

8. Why was the beaver valued so highly?

9. Why did the demand for beaver pelts disappear?

C. Language in Canada

Text 1

The roots of Canadian English can be found in events which

followed the American Revolution of 1776. Those who had supported

Britain found themselves unable to stay in the new United States, and

most went into exile in the Ontario region of

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Canada. From there they spread to all parts of the couiiitry. They were

soon followed by many thousands who were attracted by the cheapness of

land. Within fifty years, the population of Upper Canada (above Montreal)

had reached 100,000 - mainly people fi'om the United States.

In the east, the Atlantic Provinces had been settled with English

speakers much earlier (the first contacts were as early as 1497, when the

British explorer John Cabot claimed Newfoundland), but even today these

areas contain less than 10 per cent of the population, so that they have only

a marginal r ole in the development of the Canadian 'norm'. In Quebec, the

use of French language and culture remains firom the first period of

exploration, with the majority of people using French as a mother-tonigue:

here, English and French coexist uneasily.

Because of its origins, Canadian English has a great deal in

common with the rest of the English spoken in North America - and is

often difficult to distinguish for people who live outside the region. To

British people, Canadians may sound American; to Americans, they may

sound British. Canadians themselves insist on not being identified with

eitlier, and certainly there is great deal of evidence in support of this view.

Ex.l. Match the following words with the suitable definition or synonym.

event spread cheap settle

role tongue support

Low in price, costing little money.

Thing that happens, incident.

Help; give one’s approval.

Extend, become distributed.

Make one’s permanent house.

Ex.2. Answer the following questions according to the text.

a. Why did some English people have to escape to Canada after the

American Revolution?

86

b. Why did people go to Canada after the first immigrants?

c. Why is French spoken in Quebec?

d. What kind of English does Canadian English resemble?

Text 2

Canada is a bilingual country with two official languages, English

and French. The vast majority (75 percent) of Canada's French-sireaking

inhabitants lives in the province of Quebec, which is located in the eastern

part of the country but there are French- speaking communities throughout

the country.

According to a 1991 census, French is the mother tongue of 82 per

cent of Quebec's population and is spoken at home by 83 per cent of

Quebecers.

Internationally, it is estimated that some 800 million people speak

English and 250 million speak French. As a bilingual nation, Canada

offers English as a Second Language (ESL) and French as Second

L.anguage (FSL) training for students wishing to learn either or both

languages.

Ex.l. Answer the following questions according to the text.

1. What are the two official languages of Canada?

2. Where in Canada is French predominantly spoken?

3. Which of Canada’s official languages is used more throughout the

world?

D. Education and Science.

Education in Canada comprises 10 provincial and 2 territorial

systems, including public schools, "separate" schools, and private schools.

Public education in Canada is co-educational and fi'ee up to and

including secondary school. The law requires children to attend school

from the age of 6 or 7 until they are 15 or 16 years old. In Quebec, free

education is extended to include attendance at the general and vocational

colleges which charge only a minimal

87

registration fee. The student pays tuition for most other postsecondary

education.

The percentage spent on education in Canada is the highest among

industrialized countries.

A Provincial Responsibility

There is no federal educational system in Canada; the Constitution

vested the exclusive responsibility for education to the provinces. Each

provincial system, while similar to the others, reflects its specific regional

concerns and historical and cultural heritage. The provincial departments

of education - headed by an elected minister - set standards, draw up

curriculums and give grants to educational institutions.

Responsibility for the administration of elementaiy and secondary

(or high) schools is delegated to local elected school boards or

commissions.

Post-Secondary Education

Until the mid-1960s, post-secondary education in Canada was

provided almost exclusively by its universities. These were mainly

private institutions, many with a religious *affiliation. However, as the

demand for greater variety in post-secondary education rose sharply and

enrollment *mushroomed, systems of publicly operated post-secondary

non-university institutions began to develop.

* affiliation - birb^ma *to mushroom - tez yayilmaq

Ex.l. Answer the following questions.

1. What systems does education in Canada comprise?

2. Speak on public education and fi’ee education.

3. How much does Canada spend on education?

4. Is there a federal educational system in Canada?

5. What does each provincial system try to reflect in education?

6. Speak on post-secondary education in Canada.

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E. Inventions

Canada has been home to a surprising number (relative to

population) of world-renowned inventors. Here are just some of the

incredible things that have been invented in Canada and/or by its citizens.

Major Inventions

The first long-distance telephone calls were made by Alexander

Graham Bell between the Ontario communities of Mount Pleasant and

Brantford, and between Brantford and Paris, in 1876.

The first geostationary domestic telecommunications satellite in

the world was the Anik-Al in 1972.

The world's first commercial fibre optics telecommunications

network was the 3268 kilometres system created by SaskTel in

Saskatchewan in 1982.

The world's first documentary film was "Nanook of the North",

which was shot in Canada by Robert Flaherty in 1922.

Kerosene was developed by Abraham Gesner of Cornwallis, Nova

Scotia, and its lighting properties were demonstrated in Charlottetown,

Prince Edward Island, in 1846.

Henry Woodward of Toronto invented the first electric light bulb

in 1874. He later sold a share in his patent to Thomas Edison, who

designed a more practical bulb in 1879.

The greatest contribution to nuclear theory at a Canadian

university was Ernest Rutherford's theory of atomic stmcture, which he

developed while at McGill University in 1902. It earned him the Nobel

Prize in 1908.

The first frozen food sold to the public was Ice Fillets frozen fish,

which went on sale in Halifax, Nova Scotia in 1929.

J. J. Wright of Toronto built the first electric railway with overhead

wires with an electric pole connected to the car to avoid the rain and snow

which frequently short-circuited streetcar rails.

89

Hockey is known to have been played in Halifax and Kingston in

the 1850s. The first public exhibition of the modem game took place at the

Victoria Rink in Montreal in 1875.

Basketball was invented by James Naismith of Almonte, Ontario,

and first played at Springfield, Massachusetts, where Naismith was a

physical education instmctor, in 1892.

Five-pin bowling was invented by T.E.Ryan of Toronto in

1909.

Doctors Frederick Banting and Charles Best, both of Ontario,

discovered insulin in 1921.

Less Known Inventions: ear piercer; hair tonic; roller skate;

snowmobile; table hockey; washing machine; zipper.

Ex..l. Answer the following questions.

1. Canada is said to be the home of surprising number of world -

renowned inventors. Can you name Canadian inventors?

2. Who contributed to nuclear theory at a Canadian University?

3. )Vhat is Alexander Graham Bell famous for?

4. You do know the word “Kerosene”. Who developerl it and its lighting

properties?

5. What sports games were invented in Canada?

6. If you know any less known inventions developed in Canada, name

them.

F. Stephen Leacock

(1896-1944)

Bom in Swanmore, England in 1896 Stephen Leacock is one of

Canada's great writers of humorous fiction. After many failed attempts at

farming in England, South AMca and the United States, his father took the

family to the Lake Simcoe area of Ontario. Leacock's father eventually

abandoned the family, leaving his mother in charge of eleven children.

Leacock was educated at the University of Toronto, and then went to the

University of Chicago where he studied political economy. In 1903 he

took a position as

90

lecturer at McGill University, where he eventually became head of the

Depanment of Economics and Political Science.

Leacock wrote much non-fiction, but he is best known for his

humorous fiction. His first collection of humorous stories appeared in

1904, “Literary Lapses”. They were musings, parodies, satires, fianny

anecdotes and conversations. Since they were collected from various

sources, the stories shared very little in common other than Leacock's

sharp sense of humor. His two most important bookfi of humor are

“Sunshine Sketches of a Little Town” (1912) and “Arcadian Adventures

with the Idol Rich” (1914). In the former, Leacock takes us to small-town

Ontario, and while the people and practices of this town are clearly

satirized, it is done with a great deal of affection. The latter takes place in a

large American city and is much more scathing in its criticism of what

Leacock saw as a hypocritical, self-serving and ultimately destructive

economic upper-class.

Leacock also wrote extensively about humor, which he saw as the

ultimate expression of human kindness and progress. He wrote about Mark

Twain, Charles Dickens and others, and his thesis is most fully developed

in “Humour and Humanity” (1937). While some critiqued his reliance on a

"lesser" genre, Leacock remained dedicated to his first love, humor.

by Lee Skallerup

Ex.l. Answer the following questions.

1. What was Leacock’s literary genre?

2. Say some words about Leacock’s educational career.

3. When did his first collection of humorous stories appear?

4. Name hiis two most important books of humor.

5. What did Leacock write about humor?

91

G. Your First few Days in Canada

1. Finding a place to live

To buy or to rent?

When you first arrive in Canada, you will probably be living in a

temporary home. You will soon be looking for a more permanent place to

live. Canada has many different types of housing and a wide range of

prices. Finding the right place will take some time and effort. Your first

decision will be whether to rent a house or an apartment, or to buy a house.

Whether you rent or buy will depend on your personal finances and

whether you already have a job in Canada. Most newcomers decide they

should first rent a house or apartment. This gives them more time to save

money to buy a house and to decide where they want to live.

If you want to buy a house, unless you can pay the full price, you

will need to get a long-term loan called a mortgage.

Types of Housing

• Furnished or Unfurnished: Furnished housing should include

beds, tables, chairs, lamps, curtains, a stove and a refiigerator.

Unfurnished housing may include a stove and a refiigerator, but not

always.

• Room for Rent: This is usually in a house or an apartment that is

owned or rented by other people. Everyone shares the kitchen and

bathrooms.

• Bachelor or Studio Apartment: These are small apartments

designed mainly for one person. They have one large room with a kitchen

and a sleeping area, plus a separate bathroom.

• Duplex: This is a house divided into two separate apartments. It

may be bought or rented.

• Townhouse: This is a small house joined to other houses. It may

be bought or rented.

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• C!ondominium: This is an apartment or townhouse that is

individusily owned, while “common areas” are jointly owned. As well as

the mortgage payment and property taxes, each owner pays a monthly fee

for maintenance.

How much will it cost?

You could expect to pay between $350 a month for a room, and

$2,000 a month for a luxury apartment or a large house. Rental costs vary

greatly across cities and across Canada. Housing is more reasonable

outside the large cities.

Plan on spending 35 to 50 percent of your income on housing. This

should include the cost of electricity, heating, telephone service aad water.

As people in Canada tend to move in the spring and summer

months, these are the best times to look for a home; there will be more

chciices available.

2. The Canadian Way of Life

Family Life

Many people in Canada find that it takes two incomes to raise a

family, even though parents are having fewer children. Most mothers have

a job outside the home, and in many families, both parents share the work

of shopping, cooking, cleaning the house and looking after the children.

Because divorce has become more common, there are many one-parent

families in Canada. Most single parents Avho raise their children on a

full-time basis are women. There are also same-sex couples with children.

Youth and Their Parents

When children arrive in Canada, they usually learn about Canadian

life quickly through schools, television, movies and music. If they need to

learn English or French, they often learn it quite quickly. Parents find out

about Canadian life differently, as they search for housing and work. They

too may need to learn

93

English or French, but often need more time than their children to do so.

If you have children, you will know that you see the world

somewhat differently than they do, because you are older and have more

life experience. After immigrating to Canada, however, you may find that

these differences increase, because you are having different experiences

of Canadian life. These differences affect the behaviour of all family

members and can lead to tension in the family between parents and their

children.

Discussing concerns with teachers, doctors, public health workers,

social workers, settlement workers, and friends and relatives who have

already settled in Canada will help you and your children understand your

experiences and make good choices about your future.

3. Standards and Expectations

Some of Canada's standards for public behaviour may be more

conservative than you are used to, while others may seem more liberal.

For example, Canadians may seem impersonal and cold to some

newcomers; to others they may seem overly friendly.

Important Social Standards

Social practices - not laws - govern many types of behaviour in

Canada. Some traditions are well established and are politely but firmly

enforced. For example:

Lining up, or queuing: People normally line up or queue according

to the principle of “first-come, first-served." They will be angry if you

push ahead in a line-up instead of waiting your turn.

Not smoking in private homes: Most Canadians do not smoke.

When you are in people's homes, you should always ask their permission

to smoke. If they do not smoke themselves, they may ask you to go outside

to smoke.

Being on time: you should always arrive on time - at school, at

work and for any meeting. People who are often late may be fired from

their jobs or suspended from school. Many Canadians will not

94

wait more than 10 or 15 minutes for someone who has a business meeting.

For social events, people expect that you will arrive within half an hour of

the stated time.

Respect for the environment: Canadians respect the natural

environment and expect people to avoid littering (dropping waste paper

and other garbage on the street or throwing it out of your car). They will

expect you to carry your garbage until you can find a proper garbage can.

Bargaining: Bargaining for a better price is not common in

Canada, but there are some exceptions. For example, almost everyone

bargains for a better price when buying a car or a house, or other

expensive items such as furniture. People who sell things privately may

also bargain.

Smart shopping: Stores compete with one another to attract

customers, so it is wise to check and compare prices at different stores

before you buy.

Note: The price marked on goods in stores does not usually include

the federal and provincial sales taxes, which add fi-om 7 percent to 15

percent to the cost of an item, depending on the province in which you buy

it.

From an “Immigrant’s Handbook"

Tasks:

1. Read the passages of the text “Finding a place to live” very attentively

and get use of the information for yourself.

2. Make up a plan of how to find a place to live. Think of a place cost.

3. Describe the Canadian way of life.

4. Speak on important social standards, which govern many types of

behaviour in Canada.

5. Which standards do you consider the best?

95

Classroom activities

1. Together we are Canada!

This is a poem about Canada that you can read or that students can

present in the form of a skit.

READ:

You can do it with felt board characters or with puppets made by

students to wave during the appropriate portion of the poem.

SKIT:

If presenting it as a skit, have the students split up into small groups

to represent each province. They can memorize their portion of the poem

or you can have a separate group of students do the reading.

Have the students make some props for each verse: to wave during

their verse and the final verse of the poem.

Verse Prop Ideas

My name is British Columbia The

jewel of the West Coast. Forestry

and fishing are The things that I do

most.

Make pretend fishing pole and axe

out of paper towel rolls, string,

poster board and poster paint.

Hi, I am Alberta A wild west kind of

place With cows and oil and

mountains And lots of open space.

Wear cowboy hats or hard hats.

Hold cow stuffed toys oir bean bag

animals.

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I am Manitoba Wear sunglasses or hold sheafs

And I'm Saskatchewan. of wheat. Make a large sunshine

We're the golden prairies Where

fields of wheat grow in the sun.

from poster board.

__________________

Hi, I am Ontario The home of

government. To me each year

the leaders of our democracy

are sent.

Make a large Canadian Flag or

small flags for each person to

wave.

Bonjour, I am Quebec Here French

is my language too. When I want

to ask "How are you?"

I say, "Comment t’allez vous?"

Make large trefoils from poster

board. Make a sign that says

"Bonjour" on poster board.

'it KH

'it

i “•,

Newfoundland, New Brunswick

And Nova Scotia - those are

Wear rain gear (jacket, boots, hat) to

look like a fishing boat

97

we,

We are Atlantic Provinces The tliree

musketeers of the sea.

captain. Hold fish or lobster stuffed

or bean bag aniirials or make from

poster board.

I'm Prince Edward Island And I

know I may be small, But without

me all the rest of you

Would have no potatoes at all.

Have the smallest student (in height)

represent PEI. Elold a real potato or

make from poster board.

The Yukon, Nunavut and North

West territories are up north.

Through ice and cold and polar

bears

Few brave souls venture forth.

Dress very warmly (scarves, mits,

hats, etc.). Hold stuffed polar bear or

bean bag toy or make from poster

board.

Together we are Canada One nation

strong and free With sharing friends

and happiness Forever we will be!

Have everyone stand together with

their props and recite this verse.

Make use of a map of Canada.

98

Word Search

B R I T I S H c 0 L U M B I A

W F X F A I T o c S A V O N L

W D N A L D N u 0 F W E N 0 B

L N E W B R U N s W I C K K E J N D X M A N I T 0 B A J U R

E F I N K W 0 L L E Y Z I Y T

S B N K E D M 0 N T 0 N V E A R N W O T E T T 0 L R A H C X

0 E K T S E W H T R O N G N A

H 0 N O T C I R E D E R F I F

E S Z C E N A I R 0 T C I V I T Y R 0 T I R R E T F V J 0 L

I G Y K U R S N H 0 J T S R A

H 0 A G E P I N N I W G E P H W 0 N T A R I 0 T N O R O T M

Alberta Fredericton

Newfoundland

Prince Edward Is.

Toronto

Yellovi^knife

British Columbia

Halifax

Northwest

Province

Victoria

Yukon

Charlottetown

Manitoba Nova

Scotia

St. John’s

Whitehorse

Edmonton

New Brunswick

Ontario

Territory

Wirmipeg

2. Missing Word Quiz

Choose the correct word from the multiple choices for each gap.

Write down the word which correctly fills the gaps in the text below.

A land of (1) __________

a. small b. vast

c. beautiful d. vastly

distances and rich natural resources, Canada became a

self-governing (2) _________

99

a. dominion c.

nationality

in 1867 while retaining (3)_

a. family c. ties

b. domai

n

d. region

b. tied

d. threads

to the British crown. Economically and technologically the

nation has developed (4) _____________

a. of parallel b. parallel

c. in parallel d. on parallel

with the US, its (5) ___________

a. cousin b. sister

c. neighbor d. pupil

to the south across an unfortiBed ( 6 ) __________

a. frontier b. bordering

c. border d. line

Its paramount political problem continues to be the

(7)_

a. relationship

c. relation

b. paternity

d. related

(8)_

of the province of Quebec, with its French-speaking

a. inhabitant b. residents

c. residing d. peoples

and unique culture, to the remainder of the country.

4. Choose the best answer.

1. How many provinces and territories are there in Canada? a)

ten b) twelve c) thirteen d) fifteen

2. The capital of Canada is a) Toronto b) Montreal c) Quebec d) Ottawa

3. The first people came to Canada from Siberia. True or false?

a) true b) false

100

4. Which animal is an official emblem of Canada? a) the beaver b) the moose c) the polar bear d) the black cat

5. Canada is the largest country in the world. True or false?

a) true b) false

6. Canada's official languages are:

a) English and German b) English and French

c) English and Spanish d) Spanish and Italian

7. The name 'Canada' comes from 'kanata', the First Nations word for

village. True or false? a) true b) false

8. Which river is Canada's longest?

a) the St Lawrence b) the Fraser

c) the Mackenzie d) the Saskatchewan

9. Which place in Canada is called 'the honeymoon capital of the

world?

a) the Yukon b) Newfoundland

c) Montreal d) Niagara Falls

10. What are Canada's two national sports?

a) ice hockey and baseball b) ice hockey and lacrosse

c) football and tennis d) basketball and lacrosse

11. Which ocean doesn't surround Canada?

a) the Pacific b) the Atlantic

c) the Arctic d) the Indian

12. Canada has more lakes than any other country. True or false?

a) true b) false

101

13. Canada's currency is

a) the Canadian dollar b) the Canadian pound

c) the Canadian franc d) the Canadian euro

14. There are more polar bears in Canada than in any other country of

the world. True or false? a) tme b) false

15. Which Canadian singer had a worldwide hit with a song from the

Titanic movie?

a) Avril Lavigne b) Shania Twain

c) Celine Dion d) Diana BCrall

16. Canada borders on the United States of America. True or false?

a) true b) false

102

AUSTRALIA

Fact File

Name origin: The name is derived from Latin word australis

meaning “southern”

Total area: 7,617,930 sq. km Population: 22,350,919 (2010

estimate)

Official languages: English

National anthem: 'Advance Australia Fair'

Roi^al anthem: 'God Save the Queen'

Capital: Canberra Lai'gest city: Sydney

Government: Federal parliamentary democracy and

constituti onal monarchy

Six states - New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia,

Tasmania, Victoria and Western Australia

Two territories - the Northern Territory and the Australian Capital

Territory (ACT)

Head of state: Queen Elizabeth II (symbolic)

Longest river: the Murray (2375 km long)

Highest mountain: Mount Kosciuszko (2,228 meters high)

Currency: Australian dollar (AUD)

National holiday: Australia Day (26th January)

National symbols: koala and eucalyptus, kangaroo, dingo,

emu

103

104

Ex.l. Praictise the pronunciation of the following geographical

names:

Australia [os'treiljo] - Avstraliya

Pacific Ocean [pa'sifik ’oujn] - Sakit okean

Indian Ocean ['indjan 'aujn] - Hind okeani

Tasmania [tffiz'meinia] - Tasmaniya

Western J’lateau ['westan 'plaetau] - Qarbi yayla

Eastern Highlands [irstan 'hailandz] - §arqi yayla Central Lowlands [sentral 'loulandz] - Markazi ovaliq

Canberra ['ksnbara] - Kanberra

Adelaide [’ffidleid] - Adelaida

British Empire ['britij' 'empaia] - Britaniya imperiyasi

Great Sandy Desert ['greit 'sasndi 'dezat] - Boyiik Qum sahrasi Great Di\dding Range ['greit di'vaidig 'rein^] - Boyuk suayirici

dag silsilasi

Great Earner Reef ['greit 'bffiria 'r:f] - Boyiik Sadd rifi

Sydney ['sidni] - Sidney Melbourne ['melban] - Melbum

Queensland ['kwiinzlaend] - Kvinsland

Murray ['mAri] - Murrey Australian Alps [os'treiljan 'sips]

- Avstraliya Alp daglan Mount Kosciusko ['maunt ,kzi'Askau] - Kostyu§ko dagi

£x.2. Read the following international words and guess their

meanings: N A V

continent coral to illustrate

plateau elective to identify climate private to invest reef natural to organize

equator extreme to demonstrate

farmer civil to discuss

105

106

108

civil ['^sivl]

parliamentary

- rntilki, V3t3nda§ - parlament

Word combinations and abbreviations

United Nations (UN) - Birla^mi? Milbtbr Ts^kilati (BMT) Organization

for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) - iqtisadi

Omokda^liq vo inki§af Tg§kilati (lOIT)

Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) - Asiya Sakit Okean iqtisadi

Omgkda^ligi (ASIO)

World Trade Organization (WTO) - Umumdunya Ticarat Tg§kilati (UTT)

Great 20 countries (G 20) - Boyuk iyirmilik, dimyanm an yax§i 20

olkgsinin tg§kilati (B 20)

Ex.3. Read the words and say what part of speech they belong to and

what words they are derived from.

Smallest, sixth, mountainous, elevation, swimmer, leading, rainy,

independent, highly, producer, drinking, unusual, active, developed,

productive, agricultural, consists, farmer, sandy, disagree, extremely,

coastal.

Ex.4. Practise conversion. Form new words according to the model.

Fill blank spaces of the table with correct words. Consult the

dictionary if necessary.

Model: noun ► verb

check - to check

______yoxlama - yoxlamaq

copy nusxg to copy

flow axin to flow

house to house yerb^dirmgk

change to change dgyi^mgk milk sud to milk

face to face ilzb^mgk

place yer to place

water su to water

109

Ex.5. Find in the text given below the words formed with the help of

conversion and state what part of speech they belong to.

Ex.6. Choose the word that is similar or synonymons to the

underlined word.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

3.

9.

mainland - matter - continent - motherland

soil - seal - mild - ground

to be - to begin — to exist - to grow

important - essential - rural - successful

frequently - quickly - rarely - often

to locate - to situate - to create — to rule

private - low - own - peaceful

to allow - to call - to include - to let

country - language - symbol - state

10. Aussie - New Zealanders - British - Australians

Ex.7. a) Read and translate into Azerbaijani the following N + N

word combinations:

Mountain range, tourist resort, beef exporter, coal production, sea level,

health care, life expectancy, sheep farming, wool pi oduction, meat

export, Governor-General, ocean current, home economics, plant life,

majority support, land region.

b) Make up sentences with these word combinations.

Ex.8. a) Make up as many word combinations as you can, choosing

from A and B. Translate them into Azerbaijani.

A)

1. flat

2. southern

3. square

4. Australian

5. wet

6. prosperous

7. former

B)

1. continent

2. plateau

3. liberties

4. country

5. prisoners

6. kilometers

7. wheat

110

8. civil

9. to grow

10. to form

11. mountainous

12. low

8. land

9. government

10. season

11. mainland

12. hemisphere

b) Make up sentences with these word combinations.

Ex.9. Read and translate the sentences into Azerbaijani paying

special attention to the different meanings of the underlined words.

1. It is the only country that is also a continent.

2. The seasons in Australia are opposite to those in the Northern

Hemisph<;re.

3. They say that Australia is full of rare animals.

Ex. 10. Insert suitable word from the box.

1. Australia is ... country that is also a continent.

2. Australia ... between the Indian and South Pacific oceans.

3. Deserts cover about... of the country.

4. The Gr eat Barrier Reef is one of the most popular . . . .

5. The seasons in Australia are ... to those in the Northern Hemisph<;re.

6. Australia’s farms are ... mechanized.

7. Crops iire ... on only about 5% of the farmland.

8. ... people make up about 2.7% of Australia’s population.

9. The Constitution gives extensive executive powers to the . . . .

10. Australia is a ... monarchy.

aboriginal, tourist attraction, constitutional, the only, lies, opposite,

grown, a third, Governor-General, highly ____________________

111

Ex.ll. Answer the following questions.

1. Do you know anything about Australia?

2. Is it an island or a continent?

3. Does it snow in Australia? How many seasons are there in Australia?

4. What are the main farm products in Australia?

£x.l2. Read and translate the text into Azerbaijani.

Australia

Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country

in the Southern Hemisphere comprising the mainland of the Australian

continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands in the

Indian and Pacific Oceans. It is the only coimtry that is also a continent. In

area it ranks as the sixth largest country and smallest continent. It covers

7,682,300 square kilometers or about 5% of the earth’s land area.

Sometimes Australia is called “the upside down world” because it lies in

the Southern Hemisphere, where winter comes in July and summer

begins in December.

Pronounced [o’stranljo, -lio] in Australian English, the name

Australia is derived jBrom the Latin australis, meaning "southern". The

country has been referred to colloquially as Oz since the early 20th

century. Aussie is common colloquially, as an adjective and noun for

"Australian".

For at least 40,000 years before European settlement in the late

18th century, Australian mainland and Tasmania were inhabited by

aroimd 250 language groups of indigenous Australians. After sporadic

visits by fishermen fi-om the north, and discovery by Dutch explorers in

1606, the eastern half of Australia was claimed by the British in 1770 and

initially settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South

Wales, founded on 26 January 1788. The population grew steadily in the

following years; the continent was explored, and another five largely

self-governing Crown Colonies were established during the 19th century.

Free settlers and former prisoners established six colonies; New South

Wales, Tasmania,

112

Western Australia, South Australia, Victoria, and Queensland.

The six colonies became states and in 1901 federated into the

Commonwealth of Australia with a constitution that incorporated British

parliamentary and U.S. federal traditions. Since Federation, Australia has

maintained a stable liberal democratic political system and remains a

Commonwealth realm. The population is 22 million, with approximately

60% concentrated in and around the mainland state capitals of Sydney,

Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth and Adelaide. The nation's capital city is

Canberra, in the Australian Capital Territory. It is a young city. Its

construction began in 1913.

Most of Australia is low and flat. The highest and most

mountainous land lies along the east coast. Nearly all the land west of this

region consists of level plains and low plateaus.

Australia can be divided into three major land regions. They are the

Eastern Highlands, the Central Lowlands and the Western Plateau. The

Eastern Highlands include the highest elevations in Australia. The region

is sometimes called the Great Dividing Range. Many of the plateaus here

have fertile soils and are used as cropland.

The Central Lowlands are generally flat. Many rivers flow through

the lowlands after heavy rains. Farmers in the southern part grow wheat.

Most of the rest of the region is too dry or too hot for most kinds of crops.

The region has no large cities.

Deserts cover about a third of Australia. They are in the central part

of the Western Plateau. The deserts gradually give way to land with grass

and bushes. Much of this land is used to graze livestock.

The climate of Australia is significantly influenced by ocean

currents. Australia lies south of the equator, and so its seasons are opposite

to those in the Northern Hemisphere. The southern part of the continent

has four distinct seasons. Tropical northern Australia has only two seasons

- a wet season and a dry one. The wet season corresponds with summer

and lasts from November through April. The dry season corresponds with

winter and lasts firom May through October.

113

The nature of Australia is different and exciting. The tropical

rainforests of northeastern Australia are very different from the dry

interior of the continent. They are hot and damp providing a home for an

unusual variety of animals. The country is full of rare animals such as

kangaroo, koala, lyrebird, dingo, emu, hairy-nosed wombat, huge lizards.

The koala and the eucalyptus form an iconic Australian pair.

Australia is a prosperous developed country with a multicultural

society. It ranks highly in many international comparisons of national

performance such as human development, quality of life, health care, life

expectancy, public education, economic freedom and the protection of

civil liberties and political rights. Australian cities rank among the world's

highest in terms of cultural offerings and quality of life. It is a member of

the United Nations, G20, Commonwealth of Nations, OECD, APEC,

Pacific Islands Forum and the World Trade Organization.

The Commonwealth of Australia is a constitutional democracy

based on a federal division of powers. The form of government used in

Australia is a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system of

government. Queen Elizabeth II is the Queen of Australia. The Queen is

represented by the Governor- General at the federal level and by the

Governors at the slate level. Although the Constitution gives extensive

executive powers to the Governor-General, these are normally exercised

only on t!ie advice of the Prime Minister.

The Commonwealth Parliament consists of the Queen, the Senate

(the upper house) of 76 senators, and the House of Representatives (the

lower house) of 150 members.

Elections for both chambers are normally held every three years.

Although the Prime Minister is appointed by the Governor- General, in

practice the party with majority support in the House of Representatives

forms government and its leader becomes the Prime Minister.

There are two major political groups that form government,

federally and in the states: the Australian Labor Party, and the

114

Coalition which is a formal grouping of the Liberal Party and its minor

paidner, the National Party. Independent members and several minor

parties including the Greens and the Australian Democrats have achieved

representation in Australian parliaments, mostly in upper houses. The

Labor Party came to office with Kevin Rudd as Prime Minister following

the November 2007 election.

Australia is one of the richest developed countries. Its wealth has

come! chiefly fi-om farming and mining. The farms are highly

mechani2;ed. The leading farm products are cattle, calves, wheat, wool,

dairy products, fruits and sugar cane. These products are the chief

agricultural exports.

Australia has rich mineral resources. It has become one of the

world’s major mining countries. Western Australia produces iron ore,

nicki3l, gold and bauxite. Queensland is the chief producer of bauxite,

copper and silver. New South Wales leads in the production of coal, lead

and zinc. Victoria produces almost all the petroleum and natural gas. Most

of the factories are located in and around tv/o oldest and largest cities

Sydney and Melbourne.

Australia is the country for tourists. There are official tourist offices

in all capitals and some regional centers providing a fiill range of usual

services for visitors.

Comprehension check

Ex.l. Search the text for the English equivalents of the word

combinations.

§orgi yayla, conub yanmkurosi, yegano olko, mohsuldar torpaq, geni§

sotiralar, mineral ehtiyatlar, 90xlugun dostoyi, niimayondolor palatasi,

general-qubemator, yiiksok hoyat soviyyosi, avstraliya aborigenlori,

h3mi§oya§il bitkilor, demokratik idaroetmo sistemi, ba§ nazir, socaye

mallan, stid mohsullan, §3kor qami§i.

Ex.2. Reiad the statements and say if they are true or false.

1. Australia is a country in the Northern Hemisphere.

2. Free seittlers and former prisoners established six colonies.

115

3. Deserts cover about a half of Australia.

4. The climate is significantly influenced by ocean currents.

5. The hottest month in Australia is January.

6. The Queen is represented by the Prime Minister.

7. The Commonwealth Parliament consists of the House of Lords and

the House of Commons.

8. Australia has become rich chiefly from farming and mining.

9. The country has rich mineral resources.

10. The Greens is the main political party in Australia.

Ex.3. Complete the following sentences using information from the

text.

1. Australia is a country in the Southern Hemisphere comprising... .

2. The name Australia is derived fi-om . . . .

3. The highest and most mountainous land lies . . . .

4. Australia is a member of. . . .

5. The parliament consists of.. . .

6. The main political parties are ...

7. The leading farm products are ... .

8. Australia is rich in mineral resources such as ... .

9. An iconic Australian pair is ... .

10. Oz is colloquial for ... .

Ex.4. Rearrange the words below into grammatically accurate

sentences.

1. animals, of, full, is, Australia, rare

2. has, history, interesting, long, and, Australia

3. rains, at, year, any, come, time, of, the, may

4. mechanized, highly, farms, are, the

5. Australia, a member, many, is, of, organizations, international

Ex.5. Make questions to which the underlined words are the answers.

1. Aboriginal people make up about 2.7 per cent of Australia’s

population.

116

2. Stone tools discovered in New South Wales show that humans lived

in Australia at least twelve thousand years before they appeared in

Europe.

3. Sydney is a busy seaport situated in a huge deep harbour.

4. Australia imports more manufactured goods than it exports.

5. Farmers use modem agricultural methods to make the cropland highly

productive.

6. In winter many parts of the south have occasional frosts.

7. Australia’s only large permanent lakes have been artificially created.

£x.6. Translate into English.

1. Avstraliya Asiyamn canubunda yerla§ir va bu yegana dlkadir ki,

btitiin qitani tutur.

2. Olkanin ahalisi 22 milyondur.

3. A.Tasman Avstraliyaya iki dafa sayahat edib.

4. Avstraliya uzun miiddat Boyuk Britaniyanm koloniyasi olub va oraya

mahbuslan siirgun edirdilar.

5. Olkanin 90X hissasini sahralar va duzanlik arazilar tutur.

6. Avstraliya canub yanmkurasinin butun qum hissasinin an isti yeridir.

7. Avstraliyanm Senatdan (yuxan palata) va Niimayandalar (a§agi

palata) palatasmdan ibarat olan iki palatali federal parlamenti var.

Parlamenta general-qubemator tarafindan taqdim olunan Boyuk

Britaniyamn krali9asi da daxildir.

8. 2008-ci ilda Avstraliya §aharlarinin rekord sayi dunyamn ya§ayi§

U9un an rahat §aharlarinin (World's Most Livable Cities) onluguna

du§ub. Mtivafiq olaraq, Melbum 2-ci, Pert 4-cii, Adelaida 7-ci va Sidney

9-cu yeri tutiib.

9. Olkanin asas tabii sarvatlari onun mineral ehtiyatlandir.

10. Avstraliya bitkilarinin 90X hissasi hami§aya§il bitkilardir.

Ex.7. Answer the following questions.

1. Where is Australia situated?

2. What major land regions can Australia be divided into?

117

3. Which of the regions can be used as croplands?

4. What territory do the deserts cover?

5. Is the climate in Australia mild?

6. Why are the Australian seasons opposite to those we have in our

country?

7. Who were the first settlers in Australia?

8. Australia is a developed country with a multicultural society, isn’t?

9. What organizations is Australia a member of?

10. What is the population of Australia?

11. Is Australia a monarchy?

12. Who represents the Queen?

13. What does the Commonwealth parliament consist of?

14. Which party is in office now?

15. What are the chief branches of industry?

16. What are the main farm products?

17. What rare animals live in Australia?

18. What is the famous iconic Australian pair?

19. What are the largest Australian cities?

20. Is Australia good for tourism? How can you prove it?

Texts for extra reading

A. A typical Australian?

Given the diverse nature of today’s Australia, some people

question whether there is a ‘typical’ Australian. There is, of course, no

shortage of popular stereotypes, some of which contradict each othei’.

For example, some people see Australians as egalitarian,

irreverent people with a deep suspicion of authority whiile others regard

them as mostly law-abiding and even conformist. Some people,

particularly those living overseas, believe Australians live mainly in

country areas, the Australian outback or the bush. In fact, more than 75

per cent of Australians live a cosmopolitan lifestyle in urban centers,

mainly in the capital cities along the coast. Others see

118

Australians as people who live in a ‘lucky country’ who love their leisure,

particularly sport, both as spectators and as participants. In fact,

Australians are among the hardest-working people in the world with some

of the longest working hours in the developed world.

Another common perception of Australians is that they are

informal, open and direct and say what they mean. They are also seen as

people who believe in the principle of giving people a fair go and standing

up for their mates, the disadvantaged and the underdog.

Many of these popular images have some truth to them and most

Australians conform to at least some of them. But Australians, like people

everywhere, cannot be so easily stereotyped. There are ‘typical’

Australians everywhere. But they are not all the same.

Notes:

shortage - 9ati§mazliq

to contradict - tskzib etmok, zidd olmaq

egalitarian - hiiquq baraborliyinin tarfdan, mudafiafisi

irreverent - hormatsiz, saygisiz

suspicion - §ubha, su?

law-abiding - qanima tabe olan

outback - az maskunla§rai? yer

bush - kand yeri

leisure - asuda vaxt

perception - qavrama

underdog - ugursuz adam

Ex.l. Answer the following questions.

1. Is there a typical Australian?

2. How do other people see Australians?

3. Where! do most Australians live?

4. Do you think that Australians live in ‘a lucky country’?

5. What is another common perception of Australians?

6. Do Australians correspond to these popular images?

119

B. A national cuisine?

Australia has one of the most diverse cuisines in the world, thanks

to Asian and European migrant influences, a dining public that is happy to

try innovative dishes and access to a plentiful supply of fresh and

high-quality produce.

Australia, one of the world’s most efficient agricultural nations,

produces high-quality vegetables, fruit and grains, meat, poultry, seafood,

and cheeses and other dairy products. In addition, many new industries

have been established to accomm(3date the growing Australian taste for

exotic foods, including Asian greens, pears, lychees, olives and herbs.

Aquaculture products such as farmed Atlantic salmon and southern

bluefm tuna are now available as well as the great range of seafood that

comes from the ocean surrounding Australia, including Moreton Bay

bugs (shellfish), ‘banana’ prawns, barramimdi fish and oysters.

Australians enjoy a huge range of food in restaurants and homes,

reflecting the country’s cultural diversity. Southern Europe has combined

with Asia and the Pacific for new flavours and tastes. Italian, Chinese,

Indonesian, Japanese, Greek, Thai, Malay, French and Vietnamese

restaurants are common, particularly in tlie capital cities. Middle Eastern

flavours are also rapidly emerging, with Moroccan and Lebanese flavours

being used with local ingredients in mainstream cooking with notable

success.

Traditional Australian bush tucker is also becoming more

common, particularly in northern Australian restaurants, where kangaroo,

buffalo, crocodile and emu can often be found on menus.

Historically, there has never been a cuisine typically regarded as

Australian. Instead, Australian fare has evolved with the distinct layers of

flavours that each new culture has added. Homesick expatriate

Australians sometimes hanker for Australian food such as lamingtons (a

sponge cake square dipped in chocolate and coconut), pavlovas (a

meringue dessert named after the Russian ballet dancer Anna Pavlova)

and vegemite (a commercially produced spread made from yeast

products).

120

The Australian wine sector is recognized internationally as

producing; a full range of high-quality wine styles and varietals to match

any dish, from full-bodied reds and deep fruity whites to sparkling, dessert

and fortified wines.

Notes

: lychee

salmon

bluefin tuna

bug

shellfish

prawn

barramundi fish

oyster bush tucker

fare

expatriate

hanker

meringue

spread

yeast

varietals

fortified

- lifi ((^indo yeti^dirilon meyvo)

- qizilbaliq; somga bahgi

- tunes (iri yirtici baliq)

- ho?arat, bocok

- molyusk (onurgasiz yum^aqbodonli heyvan)

- krevet (xirda doniz x9r9ongi)

- ag daniz xani baligi

- istridya (yeyilan daniz ilbizi)

- qizil axtaramn giindalik qida rasionu

- qida rejimi, pahriz

- miihacir

- 90X istamak

- merenqa (9irin yemak)

- suitiilan arzaq

- maya acitma

- ?arab ndvlari

- barkidilmi§, giiclandirilmi?

Ex.l. Answer the following questions.

1. Why does Australia have one of the most diverse cuisines in the

world?

2. What agricultural products does Australia produce?

3. What aquaculture products are available in Australia?

4. What njstaurants are there in the capital cities?

5. Where can you find kangaroo, crocodile and emu on menus?

6. Can you say that there is Australian cuisine?

7. Is the v^ine sector of Australia recognized internationally?

121

NEW ZEALAND

Fact File

Name origin: The name New Zealand originated with Dutch

cartographers who called the islands Nova Zeelandia after the Dutch

province Zeeland meaning sea land. James Cook, British explorer,

euiglicized the name to New Zealand.

Total area: 268,021 square km

Population: 4 372 263 (2010 estimate)

Official languages: English and Maori Ethnic groups: 78

% European/Other, 14,6% Maori, 9,2% Asian, 6,9% Pacific

peoples.

National anthem: 'God Defend New Zealand'

Royal anthem: 'God Save the Queen'

Capital: Wellington

Largest city: Auckland

Government: parliamentary democracy and

constitutional monarchy

Two islands - North Island, South Island and numerous

smaller islands

Head of state: Queen Elizabeth II (symbolic)

Longest river: the Waikato (425km long)

Highest mountain: Aoraki/Mount Cook (3754 metres high)

Currency: New Zealand dollar (NZD)

National holiday: Waitangi Day (6th Febmary)

Anzac Day (25* April)

National symbol: kiwi

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123

124

125

surfing [^sa:fiq] - serfinq diving [^daiviq] - sualti tizma, dayvinq

rafting [^ra:ftir|] - bara ila ke9irma

yacht Uo:t] - yaxta rainforest [^reinforast] - tropik me§a

geyser [^gi:za] - geyzer (isti bulaq)

hot springs [^hot '"spriqz] - isti bulaqiar (9e§malar)

farming [^farmiq] - fermerlik, kand tasarriifati

trade [treid] - ticarat

income ['"inlcAm] -galir

manufacturing [/maenju^fektfarig]

- istehsalat, istehsal sanayesi

earthquake [^a:0kweik] - zalzala

beach [bi:tf] - 9imarlik

entertainment [/enta^teinmant] - aylanca

coast [koust] - sahil

pasture ['pa:stfa] - otlaq

cattle [Wl] - mal-qara

Verbs and Verb Combinations

to locate to

surround to

mean to

settle

- yerb^dirmak

- ahata etmak

- mana vermak

- maskunla§maq

to claim NZ for Britain - Yeni Zelandiyam Britaniya imperiyasmm

miilkiyyati elan etmak

- maskun olmaq

- film fakmak

- yaratmaq

- zang etmak

- icaza vermak

- sas vermak

- tutmaq, zabt etmak

- tayin etmak

- se9kilar ke9irmak

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to populate to film

to create to call to

allow to vote to

occupy to appoint

to hold elections

secondary ['^sekandari] - orta warm-hearted [/wo:m^ha:tid] - istiqanli, mehriban

hospitable [^hospitabl] - qonaqparvar relaxed [ri^laskstl] - rahatla§mi§

successful [sak^sesful] - miivaffaqiyyatli, ugurlu

mild imaild] - mulayim

foreign Pforin] - xarici, acnabi

coastal pkoustal] - sahil

marine [ma^rirn] - daniz

mysterious [mi^stiarias] - sirrli

Word combinations

No wonder that . . . - Tooccublti deyildir ki . . .

It is not surprising that . . . - Taoccublu deyildir ki . . . the eighth wonder of

the world - diinyanm sokkizinci mdcihzssi human footstep - insan ayagi

standard of living - hoyat saviyyasi

Ex.3. Read the words and say what part of speech they belong to and

what words they are derived from.

Southern, located, nearest, peaceful, explorer, creature, survival, sleeping,

unusual, active, producer, mainly, farming, mountains, contains, rapidly,

relaxed, election, representative, political.

Ex.4. Practise conversion. Form new words according to the model.

Fill blank spaces of the table with correct words. Consult the

dictionary if necessary.

Model: nouir^ verb

check - to check

npoBepKa - npoBepaxb

increase artim to increase

produce mahsullar to produce

care to care qaygisma

qalmaq

change to change

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dayigmok

vote sosverma to vote

form

to form yaratmaq

ctintre markoz to centre

name ad to name

Ex.5. Fiind in the text given below the words formed with the help of

conversion and state what part of speech they belong to.

Ex.6. Choose the word that is similar or synonymous to the

underlined word.

1. ancient - important - great - old

2. average - also - mean - prime

3. to call - to name - to elect - to grow

4. mountain - house - hill - country

5. broad - bread - wine - wide

6. to go^^em - to give - to occupy - to rule

7. private - own - central - mild

8. to comprise - to separate - to include - to vote

9. country - language - symbol - state

10. kiwis - New Zealanders - British - Dutch

Ex.7. a) Read and translate into Azerbaijani the following N + N word

combinations.

Tourist attraction, water sports, resort town, mountain biking, sheep farm,

sea level, forest products, wool production, meat export, art gallery, wheat

and grain centre. Labor Party, home economics, plant life, nature lovers.

b) Make up sentences with these word combinations.

Ex.8. a) Make up as many word combinations as you can choosing

from A and B. Translate them into Azerbaijani.

A) B)

1. numerous 1. footstep

2. nearest 2. a visit

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3. human

4. European

5. English

6. secondary

7. hospitable

8. mild

9. parliamentary

10. to receive

11. political

12. to make

3. islands

4. training

5. party

6. election

7. neighbor

8. origin

9. explorer

10. people

11. climate

12. school

b) Make up sentences with these word combinations.

Ex.9. Read and translate the sentences into Azerbaijani paying

special attention to the different meanings of the underlined words.

A)

1. Education is free and compulsory children between the ages of 6 and

15.

2. The land is the most important resource of New Zealand, ^ it is ideal

for crop farming and the raising of sheep.

3. She asked me fm a book on New Zealand animal life. B)

1. Many sports teams in New Zealand use this plant as an emblem.

2. ^ for the sheep, there are lots of them in New Zealand.

3. The North Island has green forests, citrus orchard, waterfalls as well

as long sandy beaches.

C)

1. Rugby in New Zealand is more than a game, because vanning is a

matter of national pride.

2. Many ancient animals and plants are survived in Nev' Zealand

because of its isolation from other lands.

3. Because the Maori people had no written language, all traditions were

handed down (dturiilurdu) orally.

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Ex.lO. Insert suitable word from the box.

1. New 2!iealand is an ... country.

2. The capital of New Zealand is on the Cook Strait which ... the two

islands.

3. New 2.ealand has some industry but... is more important.

4. The tv/o ... languages in the country are English and Maori.

5. New 2^ealand is a part of the British ....

6. Over 80 % of the people are of European ....

7. The first Maori... in New Zealand about a thousand years ago.

8. Zeeland ... “Sea Land” in Dutch.

9. New 2^ealand is one of the least... countries in the world.

10. New Zealanders like to call themselves . . . .

agriculture, Commonwealth, island, separates, kiwis, official,

populated, origin, settled, means _________________________

Ex.ll. Answer the following questions.

1. Do you know anything about New Zealand?

2. Is it an industrial or agricultural country?

3. What products from New Zealand can you meet in our shops?

4. Is it ejcpensive to make a trip to New Zealand?

Ex.l2. B:ead and translate the text into Azerbaijani.

New Zealand

New Zealand is a country of islands located in the Pacific Ocean.

I'he North Island and the South Island are the main ones and there are

numerous smaller islands. The country’s nearest neighbor is Australia.

It is; never very hot or very cold in New Zealand because it is

surrounded by water. The coldest month is July, and the warmest is

January.

New Zealand has another name, Goteroa, which means “the land of

tlae long white cloud” in the Maori language. The first Maori

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settled in New Zealand about a thousand years ago. They came from

Polynesia and were excellent sailors and warriors. It was the famous

Dutch explorer Abel Tasman who came to New Z<;aland in 1642 and

gave the country its present name. Zeeland means “Sea Land” in Dutch.

But the Dutch never settled there. In 1769 the English explorer James

Cook claimed New Zealand for Britain.

New Zealand has got it all - show-capped mountains, fastflowing

rivers, green forests and peaceful lakes with crysital clear water. You can

spend a whole day by some lake or river and be the only person there.

There are places in this beautiful land that have never felt a human

foot-step. In fact, New Zealand is one of the least populated countries in

the world. A little more than 4 million people live there. Over 80% of the

population is of European (mainly British) origin. About 9 % are Maoris.

The two official languages in the coimtry are English and Maori.

New Zealand is a land of volcanoes. Most of them are sleeping, but

some are active and you can see steam and smoke coming from them.

There are many lakes and rivers here too, and it is a very popular place for

sport - skiing in winter, and water sports in summer.

The famous Tolkien’s trilogy, “The Lord of the Rings”, was filmed

in New Zealand. Hobbiton, the village where some of the Hobbits lived,

was created on a picturesque private sheep farm in the North Island. You

can still see Hobbit holes and some stmctures from the film there. As for

the sheep, there are lots and lots, of them in New Zealand: for every person

living in the country there are twenty sheep.

In the south-west of New Zealand, where land and sea meet, there is

one of the most beautiful places in the world - Milford Sound. No wonder

people call it “the eiglith wonder of the: world”. This is a place of

breath-taking views, hundreds of waterfalls and fairy-tale wildlife. It is

also a place where seals, dolpliins and penguins are frequent guests.

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The isolation of New Zealand from other lands allowed the survival

of animals and plants from the time of the dinosaurs. Ancient trees and

plants still grow in the forests.

The kiwi is the country’s national bird and symbol. It’s an unusual

bird and it can’t fly. New Zealanders also like to call themselves kiwis.

Imagine a place where the stars above your head are different from

those that you have ever seen, and where the cold of winter comes when

summer arrives in Russia. Imagine a place where there are volcanoes,

rivers of ice and hot lakes of extraordinary colours, and where forests are

full of strange trees. This land is a place of earthquakes and living

dinosaurs, where the people were once brave warriors. This place is not

from a fairy tale - it is New Zealand.

New Zealand is a self-governing cotmtry, a member of the

Commonwealth. It was the first country in the world to let women vote in

1893. Today it is the only country in the world in which all the highest

office positions are occupied by women. The current Prime Minister is

also a woman, Helen Clark.

The New Zealand flag has the British flag in the top left-hand

comer. New Zealand is still a monarchy and Queen Elizabeth II of Britain

is also Queen of New Zealand. But now the country is an independent

state. Wellington is the capital of the country and the centre of shipping.

Auckland is the largest city in New Zealand. It has a population of just

under a million people. This seaport is an important centre for business

and industry. It is also the most dynamic and multicultural city in New

Zealand. It was the first capital of the country. Later, the capital moved to

Wellington, because it was more central.

Other urban centers are Christchurch, a wheat and grain centre;

Hamilton, a centre for dairy farming, and Dunedin, a wool and gold

centre.

Legislature of New Zealand consists only of one house, the House

of Representatives, also called Parliament. A parliamentary election must

be held at least every three years. All citizens over 18 years old may vote.

The leader of the political party that wins the

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most seats in the elections becomes the prime minister. The prime

minister appoints a Cabinet. The prime minister and the Cabinet form the

Government. The main political parties in New Zealand are the Labor

party and the National Party. There is. no clear division between the

policies of the two parties.

New Zealand offers a free education to all students up to attend

school. After completing the elementary or intermediate school most

students go on the secondary school. Secondary school students may

receive special training in agriculture, home economics, technical subjects

and a wide range of other subjects. Nev/ Zealand has six separate

universities and a university college of agriculture.

The people of New Zealand have a high standard of living. About

70 % of New Zealand families own their homes rmd almost every family

has a car. New Zealanders are very warm-hearted and hospitable. They are

relaxed people who love the outdoor life. It is not surprising that New

Zealand is successful at many sports. Its national sport is rugby and its

team, “The All Blacks”, is often the best in the world. With its mild

climate and a lot of rivers, lakes and mountains New Zealand is a great

place for surfing, diving, rafting, mountain biking, yachting, swimming

and fishing.

The economy of New Zealand has long depended on farming and

foreign trade. The sale of butter, cheese, meat and wool to other countries

provides much of the nation’s income. New Zealand is the world’s largest

producer of kiwi finits, citrus fruits, avocados, grapes and many other

subtropical fruits. But manufacturing has been rapidly increasing.

Manufactured items include aluminium, chemicals, iron and steel,

machinery, metal products, paper, textiles and wood products. Tourism is

also an important source of income.

134

Comprehension check

Ex.l. Search the text for the English equivalents of the word

combinations.

0n yaxin qon§u, qarla ortulu, Yeni Zelandiyani Britaniyanin miilkiyyati

elan etmak, avropa man^ali, nagilabanzar canh tafaist, heyratamiz novlar,

yuxan sol kuncda, miistaqil dovlat, qanunverici hakimiyyst, pulsuz tahsil,

yiiksak hayat saviyyasi, raehriban va qonaqparvar, asas galir manbayi,

parlament se9kilari, an iri istehsal9i, kristal kimi tamiz su.

Ex.2. Read the statements and say if they are true or false.

1. New Zealand has some industry but agriculture is more important.

2. The kiwd, the symbol of NZ, is a small bird which can fly.

3. New Zealand is a democratic country with its own parliament.

4. The national sport of the country is football.

5. The two official languages of the country ai e English and Maori.

6. New Z(3aland does not allow nuclear materials anywhere in the

country.

7. Legislamre in the country consists only of two houses, the House of

Lords and the House of Commons.

8. Over 8Ci % of the population are Maoris.

9. The Dutch were the first settlers of the country.

10. The country’s nearest neighbor is Australia.

Ex.3. Complete the following sentences using information from the

text.

1. It is ne-v er very hot or very cold in New Zealand because ...

2. In the Maori language New Zealand means ...

3. As for the sheep there are ...

4. It was tire first country in the world to let . . .

5. The leader of the political party that wins ...

6. The main political parties are ...

7. New Zealanders are ...

135

8. The country is the world’s largest producer of.. .

9. Manufactured items include ...

10. Wellington is ...

Ex.4. Rearrange the words below into grammatically accurate

sentences.

1. plants, some, and, imique, has, animals, New Zealand

2. are. New Zealanders, known, as, also, “kiwi”

3. successful, country, at, the, is, sports, many

4. Wellington, later, moved, the capital, to

5. are, Europe, expensive, from, flights

Ex.5. Make questions to which the underlined words are the answers.

1. New Zealand government made the whole country a nuclear free

zone.

2. You can see Maoris perform their traditional dances at the Auckland

Museum.

3. This seaport is an important centre for business and industry.

4. There are 55 million sheep, 8 million cows and 1 million goats in

New Zealand.

5. Most of the rivers flow very fast and are difficult to navigate.

6. New Zealand produces enough meat and dairy products to feed its

own people.

7. City life in New Zealand tends to be rather quiet.

Ex.6. Translate into English.

1. Yeni Zelandiya Kuk bogazi ila aynlmi§ §imal vo Canub adalannda

yerla^an, Sakit okeanin canubi-qarbinda olan ddviatdir.

2. Olkanin ahalisi 4 milyondur.

3. Rasmi dovlat dillari ingilis va maori dillaridir.

4. Yeni Zelandiya parlamentli monarxiyadir va Britaniya Birliyinin

uzviidur.

5. icraedici hakimiyyatin asas orqani ba§ nazir tarafindan ba§9ihq

edilan hokiimatdir.

136

6. Qanunverici hakimiyyatin Ali orqani olan birpalatali parlament 3

iiliya sepilir.

7. Yeni Zelandiya ixxacatmin hscminin yandan foxunu kand tasarriifati

mahsullan ta§kil edir.

8. Kand tasarrufati mahsullannm asas novlarina at, sud mahsullan va

yun aiddir.

9. Yeni Zelandiyada asas gaiir manbayini turizm ta§kil edir.

10. Yeni Zelandiya holland daniz sayyahlanna A.Tasman tarafindan

afilib.

Ex.7. Answer the following questions.

1. Where is New Zealand situated?

2. What islands does the countiy consist of?

3. What makes New Zealand a beautiful country?

4. What is the typical landscape of New Zealand?

5. What are the coldest and the wannest months?

6. Who were the first settlers in New Zealand?

7. Who gave the country its present name?

8. What is another name of New Zealand in the Maori language?

9. What is the population of New Zealand?

10. Whaf are the official languages?

11. Do the people of New Zealand have a high standard of living?

12. What does the legislature consist of?

13. Who may vote in New Zealand?

14. Who can become prime minister?

15. Is education free in New Zealand?

16. Why has the economy of New Zealand long depended on farming

and foreign trade?

17. What are the main sources of nation’s income?

18. What are the main farm products?

19. What manufactured goods are the most valuable?

20. What main cities in New Zealand do you know?

137

Texts for extra reading

People

Today, New Zealanders are largely sophisticated and highly

educated urban dwellers. Members of a unique and vibrant multicultural

society, New Zealanders are embracing 21st century technology and

culture in record numbers. But New Zealaiaders also have a background

of quiet but rugged individualism, sellF-reliance, and a genius for

invention - qualities still evident in the population today.

Unique in the World

New Zealand has a diverse population but with some uniting

features that make it unique in the world. Our relatively isolated South

Pacific location and rugged landscapes still makes many New Zealanders

quiet and independent, yet resourceful and self-reliant, with a famous

'Kiwi ingenuity'.

Early Voyagers

Over four hundred years before Christopher Columbus and the rest

of Europe worried about falling off the edge of the world, the first New

Zealanders, the Maori, voyaged thousands of miles across the vast

unknown Pacific Ocean in small ocean-going canoes. In order to reach

New Zealand, these brave adventurers developed their own navigation

system using the stars and the currents.

Pioneers Rugged

New Zealand's European pioneers were also brave, rugged and

independent. Before establishing farms and settlements, they had to first

clear the land - a painstaking and sometimes dangerous activity.

Their isolation and exposure to the elements forced these early

New Zealanders to become hardy and multi-skilled. This resourcefulness

and ingenuity has greatly contributed to the New

138

Zealand character.

The same qualities can be seen today in the new pioneers - a

generation of young Kiwi business executives, computer software

builders, film-makers, fashion designers, and sportspeople making waves

around the world.

Bac:kyard Genius

Since before Sir Ernest Rutherford 'split' the atom early in the

twentieth century. Kiwis have been discovering and inventing things.

>/[any of these inventions have literally been created in a backyard.

While frozen meat, the Hamilton Jet boat, and the bungy jump are

probably our most famous Kiwi inventions, there are many others. New

Zealanders are also responsible for the tranquillizer gun, seismic 'base'

isolators (rubber and lead blocks which minimize earthquake damage),

electric fences, the fastest motorbike in the world, freezer vacuum pumps,

stamp vending machines, wide-toothed shearing combs, and the electronic

petrol pump—to name a few!

Ouitdoor People

New Zealand has a low population density and spectacular scenery.

As a result, many New Zealanders have a love of their landscape; and the

outdoors.

Hiking, mountaineering, and kayaking are enjoyed by many New

Zealanders, while many more will explore their landscape with a trip to the

beach or a bush walk. They are following in the footsteps of perhaps the

most adventurous Kiwi, Sir Edmund Hillary, who conquered Mount

Everest, the world's highest mountain, in 1953.

Notes:

dweller

vibrant

rugged

sakin

- canh, 9ali§qan, foal

- sort, ciddi

139

self-reliance

genius

resourceful

ingenuity

painstaking

to make waves

shearing

spectacular

hiking

mountaineering

kayaking

- ozilno, oz guciino mam, giivon

- dahilik, dahiyanalik, istedad, zaka

- ixtirafihq qabiliyyati olan, zirak, hazrrcavab

- ixtira9iliq, ziraklik, hazircavabliq

- zahmatli, azi)^atli, agir

- sas-kiiy qaldirmaq

- qirxma

- azamatl

i

-turizm

- alpinizm

- kayakinq, kayakinq ila fayda iizma

Ex.l. Answer the following questions.

1. What qualities are still evident in the population of New Zealand

today?

2. How did the first New Zealanders voyage across the Pacific Ocean?

What did they develop and use?

4. What did European pioneers have to do first before establishing

farms?

5. What has made great contribution to the New Zealand character?

6. Where have many inventions been created?

7. What are the most famous Kiwis inventions?

8. Do New Zealanders have a love of their landscape and the outdoors?

140

141

MUND0RICAT

On soz ....................................................................................... 3

The United Kingdom of Great Britain

and Northern Ireland ................................................................ 4

The United States of America ................................................ 37

Canada .................................................................................... 62

Australia ............................................................................... 103

New Zealand......................................................................... 122

dddbiyyat .............................................................................. 141

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