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Baling of residual forest biomass Antti Asikainen
Finnish Forest Research Institute
Baling of residual forest biomass 3
Storyline
• Densification of residual forest biomass
• Development of baling/bundling technologies
• Productivity of biomass bundling
• Costs of bundling based systems
• SWOT analysis of bundlers/balers
Baling of residual forest biomass 4
Densification of residual forest biomass • Transport of air is expensive
Logging residues
Whole trees
Wood chips
Baled residues
Round wood
Baling of residual forest biomass 5
Development of bundling technologies
• Principle was introduced in 1980’s in Garpenberg, Sweden
• Fiberpac and Woodpac prototypes were constructed in 1990’s in Sweden
• In 2000’s Timberjack bought product rights of Fiberpac and started production
• About 50 bundlers were built
Baling of residual forest biomass 6
Bundlers for logging residues
Baling of residual forest biomass 7
Bundler for young forest
• 2004 first prototype was introduced
– felling-buching of trees, slow feeding
• 2009 second version
– More efficient engine, stroke feeding head
• 2012 FX 15a was introduced
– Nisula’s cutting head with blades
– Improved productivity
Baling of residual forest biomass 8
Harvesting with Whole-tree Bundler Fixteri FX15a • Small whole trees are the most important forest fuel source in
Finland
• Density of whole trees is low -> high transport costs
• Bundling increases density and makes loading/unloading faster
• Smaller area for road-side storage is needed
A joint study of Metla, Skogforsk and Fixteri Oy in 2013 (Björheden & Nuutinen 2013)
Baling of residual forest biomass 9
Work conditions in young forests
1999 trees/ha
35-40 years 4033 trees/ha
25-30 years
2836 trees/ha
25-30 years
Young dense no undergrowth
Normal first thinning Young dense rich
undergrowth
3216 trees/ha
27 dm3
2019 trees/ha
44 dm3
1266 trees/ha
84 dm3
817 trees/ha
57 dm3
73/2/24
817 trees/ha
45 dm3
100/0/0
733 trees/ha
76 dm3
86/5/9
Before
cutting
After cutting
Pine/Spruce/Birch
Removal,
whole
trees
Baling of residual forest biomass 10
Productivity of bundling
9.7 m3/E0-h in the young dense rich undergrowth
11.9 m3/E0-h young dense no undergrowth.
13.8 m3/E0-h first thinning
11 DELIVERY CHAIN COSTS – ON-SITE CRUSHING
INTERNATIONAL BIOENERGY CONFERENCE, SEPTEMBER 17 2014, HELSINKI
EUR/m3
Whole tree
Stem
Fixteri bale
Average factory price
for forest chips
Average yield volume, dm³
In the on-site crushing chain, the costs of the Fixteri concept remain lower
than the delivery price in all average yield volumes examined. The Fixteri
concept is the most cost-competitive at sites with small tree stock where
the difference between the costs for stem and whole tree is significant.
The costs refer to solid cubic meters
SIPILÄ, E: , PRODUCTIVITY AND ECONOMY OF FIXTERI BAILING TECHNOLOGY
11
Improvement of young stands First thinnings
12 DELIVERY CHAIN COSTS – ROAD-SIDE CHIPPING
EUR/m3
Whole tree
Stem
Fixteri bale
Average factory price
for forest chips
In the road-side chipping chain, the costs of the Fixteri concept remain below
the delivery price when the average yield volume is approximately 40 dm³ or
larger. The Fixteri concept is the most cost-competitive in sites with small
tree stock, but the difference with the costs for whole tree is small.
12
Improvement of young stands First thinnings
INTERNATIONAL BIOENERGY CONFERENCE, SEPTEMBER 17 2014, HELSINKI
Average yield volume, dm³ The costs refer to solid cubic meters
SIPILÄ, E: , PRODUCTIVITY AND ECONOMY OF FIXTERI BAILING TECHNOLOGY
Baling of residual forest biomass 13
SWOT of bundling • Strengths
– Transport density increases, lower forwarding and truck transport costs
– Smaller storage area needed
– Cost competitive in early thinnings
• Weaknesses
– High initial investment for bundler
– Very limited stand conditions, where competitive
– Purpose built machine that can not be used for other works
Baling of residual forest biomass 14
SWOT of bundling • Opportunities
– Plenty of early thinnings in Finland and also elsewhere in Europe
– Cost competitiveness of the concept can be further increased
• Threaths
– Bundling of fresh trees leads to nutrient losses
– Trend towards bigger energy trees and delimbing of stems
Baling of residual forest biomass 15
Naarva felling head, Catalonia, Spain
Source: Lopez, Rodriguez & Navarro, 2014
Baling of residual forest biomass 16
Cost structure of machinery
chipper
excavator
large forwarder
forwarder
harvester
Labor cost Capital cost Fuel & maintenance
Share of total costs, % Source:Laitila & al 2010
17
Visedo super
capacitor for energy storage
Smaller diesel engine
Lower noice and
emissions
Lower fuel consumption
Diesel electric hybrid chipper, case Kesla
Baling of residual forest biomass
Thank you :: Gracias • Antti Asikainen
• Finnish Forest Research Institute
• +358 50 391 3250
18
www.infres.eu
The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme
(FP7/2012-2015) under grant agreement nº 311881.
