Upload
roderick-agbuya
View
227
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
7/28/2019 Bandura Johnson Thomas
1/30
By: Lisa Thomas and Jenny Johnson
7/28/2019 Bandura Johnson Thomas
2/30
Biographical Information
Born in 1925 in Alberta, Canada
Grew up in a small town
Attended the U. of British Colombia
Enrolled in an Gen. Psych. Course bychance
Majored in Psychology and graduatedin 1949
Went to graduate school at U. of Iowaand graduated in 1952
In 1953 he taught at Stanford andwrote his first bookAdolescentAggressionwith Richard Walters
In 1974 he was elected President of theAmerican Psychological Association
Retired from teaching March 15th2010.
7/28/2019 Bandura Johnson Thomas
3/30
Social Cognitive Theory provides a large body of verifiedknowledge about the determinants and psychologicalmechanisms governing observational learning of behavioral and
social competencies, cognitive skills, and emotionalpropensities. (Bandura, Self-Efficacy)
Observational Learning
Bandura believes that we learn a great deal through imitation byobserving models and mentally coding what we see.
7/28/2019 Bandura Johnson Thomas
4/30
Bandura vs. Skinner
Bandura Skinner
In Skinners theory, learningappears to be a gradualprocess in which organismsmust act to learnbehaviorshaped overtime byconsequences
Bandura argues that in socialsituations we often learnmuch more rapidly simplythrough observing behaviorof othersmore immediate
7/28/2019 Bandura Johnson Thomas
5/30
Learning would be exceedinglylaborious, not to mention hazardous,if people had to rely solely on theeffects of their own action to inform
them what to do.Bandura, 1977
7/28/2019 Bandura Johnson Thomas
6/30
Behaviors
Cognitions
Environment
7/28/2019 Bandura Johnson Thomas
7/30
Attentional Processes: what is selectively observed in the profusion of modelinginfluences and what information is extracted from ongoing modeled events
Retention Processes: an active process of transforming and restructuring
information about events for memory representation in the form of rules andconceptions
Production Processes: conceptions are translated to appropriate courses ofactionwhen deficits exist, the sub-skills required for complex performances
must 1st
be developed by modeling and guided enactment
Motivation Processes: social cognitive theory distinguishes between acquisitionand performance because people do not perform everything they learnpeopleare more likely to exhibit modeled behavior if it results in valued outcomes than
if it has unrewarding or punishing effects (Bandura, Self-Efficacy)
7/28/2019 Bandura Johnson Thomas
8/30
Bobo Doll Experiment
Bandura wanted to prove
that behavior such asaggression is learnedthrough observing andimitating others
People who viewaggression in society(consciously orunconsciously) thinkthat the behavior is
acceptable for them toimitate
GroupA
: Watched an adulthitting doll with a mallet
Group B: Watched an adultplay nicely with the doll
Group A: In playroom,children battered the dollwith mallet
Group B: In playroom,children played nicely with
doll
Observation
Results
7/28/2019 Bandura Johnson Thomas
9/30
Beliefs in ones capabilities to organize andexecute the courses of action required toproduce given attainments
Bandura , Self-Efficacy
Plays a major role in how one approaches goals, tasks, andchallenges
Center of Banduras Social Cognitive Theory
7/28/2019 Bandura Johnson Thomas
10/30
The Difference Between
Self-Efficacy & Self-EsteemOften used interchangeably as though theyrepresent the same phenomenon, when in factthey refer to entirely different things.
Self-Efficacy: concerned with judgments of personalcapabilities
Example: Im going to make this free-throw shot.
Self-Esteem: concerned with judgment of self-worth Example: Im a terrible person.
There is no fixed relationship between beliefs aboutones capabilities and whether one likes or dislikesoneself. (Bandura, Self-Efficacy)
__________________________________________________
7/28/2019 Bandura Johnson Thomas
11/30
Sources of Self-Efficacy Appraisals
1. Actual Performance: efficacy perceived through
performance experiences. Success builds a strong belief inones personal efficacy, and failure undermines it.
Bandura believes this to be the most influential source ofknowledge
2. Vicarious Experiences: appraising ones capabilities inrelation to the attainment of others
3. Verbal Persuasion: easier to sustain a sense of efficacy,especially when struggling with difficulties, if significant
others express faith in ones capabilities than if they conveydoubts
4. Psychological Cues: In judging their capabilities, peoplerely partly on somatic information conveyed byphysiological and emotional states.
(Bandura, Self-Efficacy)
7/28/2019 Bandura Johnson Thomas
12/30
Is verbal persuasion or a childs actual performance the most
influential source of a childs self-efficacy appraisal? If verbalpersuasion is most effective, does it matter whether it is positiveor negative in regard to the effect it has on the childs recordedrunning time? To what degree do vicarious experiences affectthe childs self-efficacy appraisal.
7/28/2019 Bandura Johnson Thomas
13/30
HypothesisSince society today focuses primarily on
encouraging students through verbal
persuasion, this study will attempt todisprove Banduras conclusion about actualperformance as the most effective source by
proving verbal persuasion, negative orpositive, to be the most influential source.
7/28/2019 Bandura Johnson Thomas
14/30
17 kids (9 boys and 8 girls)
Age range: 6-17 years old
1. We divided the kids into 4 groups: actual performance,
vicarious experience, negative verbal persuasion, andpositive verbal persuasionleaving out psychological cues.
2. Each child observed the measured distance of about 100feet and predicted how long it would take he or she to run it.
3. After implementing the different sources of self-efficacy
appraisal in each group and we then asked for a secondprediction from the child.
4. Then depending on the group, after the child ran, he or shegave a third prediction
7/28/2019 Bandura Johnson Thomas
15/30
Actual Performance GroupName Age 1st
Prediction1st Run 2nd
Prediction2nd Run
Joseph 11 years 15 seconds 9 seconds 9 seconds 9 seconds
Grace 9 years 45 seconds 14 seconds 20 seconds 15 seconds
Ryan 9 years 10 seconds 10 seconds 10 seconds 10 seconds
James 16 years 13 seconds 9 seconds 7 seconds 8 seconds
7/28/2019 Bandura Johnson Thomas
16/30
Actual Performance
7/28/2019 Bandura Johnson Thomas
17/30
Vicarious Experience GroupName A
ge
1st Prediction Revisedprediction
1st Run 3rdPrediction
2nd Run
Mariella 6 20 sec. 12 sec. 11 sec. 12 sec. 12 sec.
Will 6 15 sec. 10 sec. 12 sec. 12 sec. 11 sec.
Michaela 7 20 sec. 12 sec. 12 sec. 12 sec. 12 sec.
Kieran 9 20 sec. 12 sec. 11 sec. 11 sec. 11 sec.
Beth 8 10 sec. 10 sec. 13 sec. 12 sec. 12 sec.
7/28/2019 Bandura Johnson Thomas
18/30
Vicarious Experience
7/28/2019 Bandura Johnson Thomas
19/30
Verbal Persuasion (Positive) Group
Name Age
1st Prediction RevisedPrediction
1st Run 3rd Prediction 2nd Run
Lochlan 7 60 sec. 40 sec. 11 sec. 10 sec. 12 sec.
Martin 6 13 sec. 10 sec. 13 sec. 1o sec. 13 sec.
Erin 12 11 sec. 9 sec. 9 sec. 9 sec. 9 sec.
Claire 17 12 sec. 10 sec. 8 sec. 9 sec. 9 sec.
7/28/2019 Bandura Johnson Thomas
20/30
Verbal Persuasion-Positive
7/28/2019 Bandura Johnson Thomas
21/30
Verbal Persuasion (Negative) Group
Name Age
1st Prediction RevisedPrediction
1st Run 3rdPrediction
2nd Run
RoseMary
7 10 sec. 13 sec. 10 sec. 10 sec. 11 sec.
Rachel 10 10 sec. 10 sec. 10 sec. 10 sec. 11 sec.
Brandon 11 10 sec. 10 sec. 9 sec. 9 sec. 9 sec.
Jeff 12 8 sec. 8 sec. 9 sec. 9 sec. 9 sec.
7/28/2019 Bandura Johnson Thomas
22/30
Verbal Persuasion-Negative
7/28/2019 Bandura Johnson Thomas
23/30
Which has the most Influence?
1st
Prediction
2nd
Prediction Difference
ActualPerformance
21 seconds 12 seconds 9 seconds
VicariousExperience
17 seconds 11 seconds 6 seconds
VerbalPersuasion-Positive
24 seconds 17 seconds 7 seconds
VerbalPersuasion-Negative
10 seconds 10 seconds 0 seconds
7/28/2019 Bandura Johnson Thomas
24/30
Comparing 1st Runs
Influences ofSelf- Efficacy
1st Runs
Actual Performance 11 seconds
Vicarious Experience 12 seconds
Verbal Persuasion- Positive 10 seconds
Verbal Persuasion- Negative 10 seconds
7/28/2019 Bandura Johnson Thomas
25/30
Our Conclusion:
Bandurawas Right!
Told ya so!
7/28/2019 Bandura Johnson Thomas
26/30
Our Conclusion Through our testing we found our hypothesis to be
INCORRECT:
Like Bandura, our test results proved actualperformance to be the most influential source of self-efficacy appraisal
Negative and positive verbal persuasion had the sameeffect on the childs running time
Vicarious experience was the 3rd most influential sourceof self-efficacy appraisal.
7/28/2019 Bandura Johnson Thomas
27/30
Not have parents present
Do it in a even more controlled
settingFocus more on gender and age
Make sure that the kids are notsharing scores between groups
Include Physiological Cues
7/28/2019 Bandura Johnson Thomas
28/30
Further Questions
How does age affectthe childs self-
efficacy appraisals?
Does gender
matter when using
different sourcesof self-efficacy
appraisal?
7/28/2019 Bandura Johnson Thomas
29/30
Piaget
Bandura
Nurture
Locke
NatureRousseau
Its appealing to imagine children making their own discoveries and
creating their own ideas. In reality, however, childrens minds are
structured by the environment, by the models and the social training
practices the environment provides (Bandura, 1977)
7/28/2019 Bandura Johnson Thomas
30/30
Thank
you for
yourtime!
Hope you
have a
Happy
Easter!