BANGALORE UNIVERSITY

M.Sc. MICROBIOLOGY

SEMESTER SCHEME

2006-2007 Onwards

2

ELIGIBILITY FOR ADMISSION:

B.Sc. degree of Bangalore University or any other University equivalent thereto with 50% marks

(45% for SC/ST) in all the three optionals in aggregate. The applicant should have studied

Chemistry/Biochemistry as an optional subject along with any one of the following subjects:

A: Optional subjects:

a Biotechnology

b Botany/Applied Botany

c Zoology/Applied Zoology

d Microbiology/Industrial Microbiology

e Genetics/Applied Genetics

f Sericulture

g Environmental Science

h Life Science/Biological Science

i Home science

B. The following graduates are also eligible to apply:

a Bachelor in Agricultural Sciences

b Bachelor in Horticulture

c Bachelor in Fisheries

d Bachelor in Dairy Sciences

e Bachelor in Forestry

f B.Sc. Hons in Biotechnology, Microbiology, Botany, Zoology or Biology

g B.Sc. Biotechnology, B.Sc. Biotechnology ( Integrated course)

Students who have studied the courses mentioned in B are eligible provided they have studied

Chemistry/Biochemistry as one of the papers. The average marks scored in all optional subjects

will be considered for eligibility.

3

M .Sc. MICROBIOLOGY

SEMESTER SCHEME

SCHEME OF STUDY AND EXAMINATIONS

I Semester (MB)

Code

No. of

the

Paper

Paper Title

Theory

(Hrs/

Week)

Practical

(Hrs/

Week)

Total

No. of

Hrs/

Sem.

Duration

of Exam.

(Hrs)

Maxi.

Marks

(Exam.)

Continuous

Evaluation

Total

Marks

MB

P101 I

Microbial

Diversity 4 52 3 80 20 100

MB

P102 II

Bacteriology

and Virology 4 52 3 80 20 100

MB

P103 III

Phycology &

Mycology 4 52 3 80 20 100

MB

P104 IV

Microbiological

techniques 4 52 3 80 20 100

MB

P105

Pract.

I

Microbial

Diversity,

Bacteriology &

Virology

2 Pract.

4 Hrs

each

104 4 40 10 50

MB

P106

Pract.

II

Phycology,

Mycology &

Microbiological

techniques

2 Pract.

4 Hrs

each

104 4 40 10 50

Total Marks 500

Scheme of valuation:

1. Continuous evaluation in Theory papers: 10 marks for test and assignment, 5 marks for seminar, 5

marks for attendance.

2. Practical examinations- each practical examination shall carry 40 marks out of which 5 marks shall be

allotted for vivo-voce to be conducted during each practical examination

4

Scheme of Study and examinations

II Semester (MB)

Code

No. of

the

Paper

Paper Title

Theory

(Hrs/

Week)

Practical

(Hrs/

Week)

Total

No. of

Hrs/

Sem.

Duratio

n of

Exam.

(Hrs)

Maxi.

Marks

(Exam.)

Internal

Assessment

Total

Marks

MB

P201 I

Microbial

Genetics 4 52 3 80 20 100

MB

P202 II Immunology 4 52 3 80 20 100

MB

P203 III

Microbial

Physiology 4 52 3 80 20 100

MB

P204 IV

Bioinformatics

& Biostatistics 4 52 3 80 20 100

MB

P205

Pract.

I

Microbial

Genetics &

Immunology

2 Pract.

4 Hrs each 104 4 40 10 50

MB

P206

Pract.

II

Microbial

physiology

2 Pract.

4 Hrs each 104 4 40 10 50

Total Marks 500

5

M.Sc. MICROBIOLOGY

I SEMESTER:

MB P101. Microbial Diversity

MB P102. Bacteriology and Virology

MB P103. Phycology & Mycology

MB P104. Microbiological techniques

MB P105. Microbial Diversity, Bacteriology & Virology

MB P106.Phycology, Mycology & Microbiological techniques

II SEMESTER:

MB P201. Microbial Genetics

MB P202. Immunology

MB P203. Microbial Physiology

MB P204. Bioinformatics & Biostatistics

MB P205. Microbial Genetics & Immunology

MB P206. Microbial Physiology

6

SEMESTER I

MB P101 MICROBIAL DIVERSITY

52 hrs Unit 1

Introduction to microbial diversity: Distribution-abundance-ecological niche. Oxygenic

photosynthetic microbes-anoxygenic photosynthetic microbes- oxidative transformation of elements-

sulphur oxidation, iron oxidation, ammonia oxidation and hydrogen oxidation. Adaptation to the

nutritional and physical environment. 6 hrs

Unit 2

Bacterial Systematics and nomenclature: Classification-Natural System of Classification. Binomial

nomenclature, International code of nomenclature of prokaryotes. Taxon, species, strain, Haeckal’s

Three kingdom of classification, Whittaker’s Five kingdom classification, Molecular phylogeny,

Three domain concept of Carl Woese. Criteria used for classification. Classification according to

Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology (latest Edition). Recent trends in Microbial Taxonomy-

a) Chemotaxonomy cell wall components, lipid composition, isoprenoid-quinones, cytochrome

composition, DNA homology, DNA-RNA homology, G+C ratio, rRNA sequencing etc., b) numerical

taxonomy c) genetic methods in taxonomy d) serological methods. Bacterial phylogeny, Phylogenetic

Trees- evolutionary models, homology, methods for Tree building, maximum likelihood, organizing

data on a tree, evaluating phylogenies. Dichotomous key. 14 hrs

Unit 3

Unculturable and culturable bacteria: Conventional and molecular methods of studying microbial

diversity. Culture dependent methods of community analysis-Dilution plating and culturing methods,

Culture independent methods of community analysis - phospholipid fatty acid analysis, nucleic acid

techniques, phylogenetic analysis, fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) 10 hrs

Unit 4

Microbial diversity in anoxic ecosystem: methanogens- reduction of carbon monoxide- reduction of

iron, sulphur, manganese, nitrate and oxygen - microbes and mechanism of metal reduction-

bioleaching of ore and metal corrosion. Microbial transformations of carbon, phosphorus, sulphur,

nitrogen and mercury. 8 hrs

Unit 5

Extremophiles: The domain Archaea, acidophilic, alkalophilic, thermophilic, barophilic, and

osmophilic microbes - mechanisms and adaptation. halophilic - membrane variation - electron

transport- application of thermophiles and extremophiles. Extremozymes. 6 hrs

Unit 6 Subterranean microbes: Ground water contamination and microbial transformations.

Biomagnification, bioaccumulation and bioremediation. Catabolic pathway of recalcitrant molecule

degradation and mineralization. 8 hrs

References: 1. Allsopp, D., Colwell, R.R., and Hawksworth, D.L. (1995). Microbial Diversity and Ecosystem

Function. CAB International, Wallingford, UK.

2. De Bruijn et al. Bacterial genomes (1998). Chapman & Hill.

3. Colwd, D. (1999). Microbial Diversity. Academic Press.

4. Dorman, C.J. (1994). Genetics of Bacterial Virulence. Blackwell.

5. Ferry, J.G. (1993). Methanogenesis Chapman and Hall, New York.

6. Magurran A.E.(1998). Ecological Diversity & its Measure Princeton Uni. Press, Princeton, NJ.

7

MB P102 BACTERIOLOGY AND VIROLOGY

52 hrs

BACTERIOLOGY

Unit 1

Morphology and ultra structure of Bacteria: Morphology, Flagella, pili, capsule, cell wall, cell

membrane, cytoplasm. Intracytoplasmic inclusions chromosomes, plasmids, transposons, gas

vacuoles, mesosomes, cellulosomes, proteosomes, carboxysomes, magnetosomes,

phycobilisomes, parasporal crystals, reserved food materials (metachromatic granules,

polysaccharide granules, poly β hydroxybutyrate granules, glycogen, oil droplets, cyanophycin

granules and sulphur globules), spores. 10 hrs Unit 2

Morphological groups of bacteria: Myxobacteria, Gliding bacteria, Appendaged bacteria,

phototrophic bacteria, spore forming rods, L-forms. The domain Archaea. 5 hrs

Unit 3

Cultivation of bacteria: aerobic, anaerobic, shake cultures, batch and continuous cultivation,

asynchronous and synchronous cultures.

Nutritional requirements: Nutritional classification of bacteria. Micro and macro nutrients,

chemical elements as nutrients.

Culture media: classification of media, broth, solid and semi solid media. Simple, complex and

special media. 5 hrs

Unit 4

Bacterial reproduction and growth: Cell division and mechanism of binary fission. Growth:

generation time, growth rate, growth kinetics, mathematical expression, growth curve, factors

affecting growth curve. 4 hrs

VIROLOGY

Unit 5

Salient features of Viruses: Brief outline on discovery of viruses, origin of viruses,

Nomenclature and classification of viruses- ICTV system of classification, distinctive properties

of viruses. Morphology and ultrastructure of viruses-capsids and their arrangements; types of

envelopes and their composition- viral genome (RNA, DNA), virus related agents (Viroids,

Prions). 4 hrs

Unit 6

General Methods of Diagnosis and Serology: Cultivation of viruses in embryonated eggs,

experimental animals, and cell cultures and cell lines; suspension cell cultures and monolayer cell

cultures; cell strains. Transfection of cell lines, assay of viruses – physical and chemical methods

(protein, nucleic acid, radioactivity tracers, electron microscopy) – Infectivity assay (plaque

method, dilution end point method) – Infectivity assay of plant viruses. 4 hrs

8

Unit 7

a) Bacterial Viruses: Discovery, Bacteriophage structure and organization; identification,

nomenclature, virulent and temperature phages; Lytic cycle; one step growth curve;

transcription; DNA replication; eclipse phase; phage replication; burst size; lysogenic

cycle, transduction, application in bacterial genetics; Bacteriophage based vectors for

cDNA and genetic libraries. Brief account of M13, Mu, T3, T4, Lambda and P1. 5 hrs

b) Plant Viruses: Classification and nomenclature; effects of viruses on plants; common

virus diseases of plants; paddy, cotton, tomato, and sugarcane; life cycle; type species of

plant viruses like TMV, Cauliflower mosaic virus and potato virus X; transmission of

plant viruses through vectors (insects, nematodes, fungi, seed, pollen) and without

vectors (contact, mechanical); diagnostic techniques in seeds; seed stocks and diseased

plants (seedling symptomatology, indicator plants). 6 hrs

c) Animal Viruses: Classification, nomenclature and molecular structure of animal, human

viruses. Replication of animal viruses, Life cycle of animal viruses. Role of viruses in

tumor production, papova virus, vesicular stromatitis virus (VSV), white spot syndrome

virus of shrimp (WSSV), Reovirus. 5 hrs

Unit 8

Interferons: Chemical nature and classification, induction of interferon synthesis and

development of anti viral state of interferon, molecular basis of interferon action. 4 hrs

References:

1. Atlas, R.M. (1998). Microbiology, Fundamentals and Applications (II ed.) Macmillan

Publishing Company.

2. Balows, A., Thuper, A.G., Dworkin M., Harder W., Schleifer, K. (1991). The

Prokaryotes. Springer- Verlag.

3. Biswas, S.B. and Anitha Biswas (1997). An introduction to Viruses. 4th revised edition,

Vikas Publishing House Pvt Ltd., Delhi

4. Breiman, L., Friedman, J. H., Olsen, R.A. and Stone, C.J. (1984). Classification and

Regression Trees. Wadsworth and Brooks/ Cole, Pacific Grave, CA.

5. Felsentein, J. (1988). Phylogenies from molecular sequences: inference and reliability.

Annual Review of Genetics. 22: 521-565.

6. Felsentein J(1983) Numerical Taxonomy, NATO ASI series, Springer-Verlag, NewYork.

7. Nester, E.W., Roberts, C.E., Pearsall, N.N., Anderson, D.G., Nester, M.T. (1998).

Microbiology- A Human Perspective. 2nd Edition. Mc Graw Hill.

8. Pelczar, M.J., Chan, E.C.S., kreig N.R. (1986) Microbiology Tata McGraw- Hill Pub.

9. SulliaS.B.&Shantharam S.(1998)General Microbiology, Oxford IBH Pub. Co. NewDelhi.

10. Stainer, R.Y., Ingharam, J.L., Wheelis, M.L., Painter, P.R. (1999). General Microbiology.

11. Edward, K. Wanger & Martinez, J. heweltt (2004). Basic virology. Blackwell publishing.

12. Robert, E. Buchanan (1959). Bacteriology. Oxford & IBH publishing co.

13. Burnet, F.M. & Stanley, W.M. (1961). The viruses. Academic press. New york.

14. Salle A.J(1967). Fundamental principle of Bacteriology. Tata Mc Graw Hill Pub. Co.

9

MB P103 PHYCOLOGY AND MYCOLOGY

PHYCOLOGY 52 hrs

Unit 1

Distribution, morphology and classification of Algae; Isolation from soil and water; algal

ecology, Media and methods used for culturing algae, Chlorella, Spirulina, Nostoc, measurement

of algal growth, strain selection and large scale cultivation 7 hrs

Unit 2

Blue Green Algae (Cyanobacteria) Distribution, thallus construction and reproduction in general,

Ultrastructure of typical cyanophycean cell; Symbiosis; Economic importance of Cyanobacteria;

Study of structure and reproduction of- Microcystis, Gloeocapsa, Spirulina, Oscillatoria,

Rivularia, Nostoc, Anabaena and Scytonema. 7 hrs

Unit 3

Applications of algae- therapeutic uses, heavy metal removal, use of immobilized and labelled

algae, economic importance of algae. Cyanotoxins, occurrence, production and regulation in

environment. 6 hrs

MYCOLOGY

Unit 4

Historical introduction to Mycology; Evolutionary tendencies in lower fungi- Salient features and

examples of Divisions Myxomycota- Acrasiomycetes-Acrasis, Myxomycetes-physarum,

Plasmodiophoromycetes-plasmodiophora;

Salient features and examples of Zoosporic fungi- Chytridiomycetes, -chytridiomyces,

Oomycetes –saprolegnia & pythium, Salient features and examples of Zygomycota- Zygomycetes

- Mucor. Study of higher fungi- Salient features and examples of Divisions - Ascomycota,

Basidiomycota & Deuteromycota (Mitosporic Fungi) 15 hrs

Unit 5

Structure of Fungal cells and growth- Hyphae and non-motile unicells, motile cells, spores,

dormancy, growth of population and colonies, Mechanics of growth in Fungi, Measurement and

kinetics of growth, nutritional and environmental requirements; effect of environment on growth-

pH, temperature; Prevention of fungal growth. Heterothallism, sex hormones in fungi;

physiological specialization, phylogeny of fungi. 10 hrs

Unit 6

Fungi and ecosystem- substrate groups- saprophytic, parasitic, keratinophilic, coprophilous;

substrate successions, parasitism, mutualism and symbiosis with plants and animals. 7 hrs

References: 1. Alexopoulos, C. J. and Mims, C.W. (2001) Introduction to Mycology, Wiley.

2. Becker, E.W. (1994). Microalgae: Biotechnology and Microbiology, Cambridge University Press.

3. Mehrotra, R.S. and Aneja, K.R. (2002) An Introduction to Mycology, New Age Publications.

4. Singh, P.K., Dhar, D.W., Pabbi, S., Prasanna R., Arora A. (2001). Recent Advances in the

Exploitations of Blue Green Algae and Azolla, National Center for Conservation of Blue Green

Algae, IARI, New Delhi.

5. Singh, P.K., Dhar, D.W., Pabbi, S., Prasanna R., Arora, A. (2000). Biofertilizers- Blue Green

Algae and Azolla, National Center for Conservation of Blue Green Algae, IARI, New Delhi.

6. Kashyap and Kumar, H.D. (1994). recent advances in phycology-Rastogi Company.

7. Chapman, V.J. & Chapman, D.J. (1973). The Algae. English language book society & macmillon.

8. Janet R Stein (1975). Phycological methods. Cambridge university press.

10

MBP 104 MICROBIOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES

52 hrs

Unit 1

Microscopy: Working principle, different types- Light microscopy, bright field, dark field, phase

contrast microscopy, Fluorescent microscopy, Electron microscopy (TEM and SEM), confocal

microscopy, Scanning probe microscopy, Micrometry and Microphotography. X-ray diffraction

crystallography 10 hrs

Unit 2

Sterilization Techniques: Definitions of physical methods, heat (dry & moist) filtration, radiation;

chemical agents-phenols, alcohols, halogens, heavy metals, aldehydes, quaternary ammonium

compounds & gases. Evaluation of antimicrobial agents. Phenol coefficient, Filter paper method

7 hrs

Unit 3

Isolation of pure cultures: dilution, spread plate, streak plate, pour plate, micromanuplater

method, colony morphology, and characteristics of broth cultures. Maintenance and preservation

of pure cultures, culture collections, Centres national and international. 7 hrs

Unit 4

Measurement of microbial growth: Direct method, Direct microscopic count, Standard plate

count, filtration MPN, Indirect method; Turbidity, Metabolic activity, dry weight. 6 hrs

Unit 5

Stains and staining techniques: Nature of stains, Principle, mechanism, method and types of

staining. Spectroscopy: Principle, construction and application of spectrophotometer, different

types working principle & their applications. Chromatography: concepts and principles, different

types and applications 10 hrs

Unit 6

Electrophoresis: Definition, concept and principles. Supporting media, working principles and

application of different types of electrophoresis. 5 hrs

Unit 7

Radio-isotope techniques: Stable and radioactive isotopes, radio isotopic labelling,

autoradiography, scintillation counters, non-radioactive labelling. 7 hrs

Reference:

1. Collins, C.H., Tatrica M. Lyne & Grange, J.M. (1999). Microbiological methods. Arnold pub.

2. Purohit, S.S. (2002). Microbiology fundamentals and applications. Agrobios (India).

3. Alexander N. Glazer, Hiroshi Nikaido (1994). Microbial Biotechnology, Freeman.

4. David Greenwood, Richard C.B. Slack, John F. Peutherer (2003). Medical Microbiology.

Churchill Livingstone.

5. Prescott, Harley, Klein (2002). Microbiology, Mc Graw Hill.

6. Robert S. Burlage, Ronald Atlas, David Stahl, Gill Geesey, & Gary Sayler. (1998).

Techniques in Microbial Ecology. Oxford University Press. NY.

7. Samuel Singer (2001). Experiments in Applied Microbiology. Academic Press.

11

PRACTICALS

MB P 105 MICROBIAL DIVERSITY, BACTERIOLOGY AND VI

ROLOGY

8x13 wks = 104 hrs

1. Study of cultural characteristics of bacterial [autotrophic & heterotrophic}, selective -

differential media. Growth on NA, blood agar, MRS, Chocolate agar, DCA, Mac Conkey's,

Dorsett's egg growth medium

2. Study of bacterial growth – Effect of temperature, nutrition, C & N sources.

3. Pure culture techniques- preparation of slants, sub culturing, type of streaking.

4. Staining Techniques: differential, acid - fast, endospore, capsule, cell wall, cytoplasmic

inclusion, Vital stains: negative staining, - flagella, spore, nuclear

5. Biochemical tests for identification of bacteria.

6. Catalase, oxidase, IMViC, motility (at 37°C and 20°C), pigmentation, spreading growth,

resistance (at 60°C for 20m), gelatin test, urease, levan formed from glucose, H2S in TSIA,

H2S in lead acetate paper, coagulase, optochin sensitivity , lecithinase , nitrate reduction ,

acid and gas from glucose, arabinose, inositol, lactose, ONPG acid, maltose, mannitol,

rhamnose, salicin, trehalose, sucrose, xylose, fructose, hippurate hydrolysis, chitin, starch,

casein, Tween 80 hydrolysis, pectin, arginine dehydrolysis, lysine decarboxylase, ornithine,

esculin hydrolysis.

7. Microbial growth measurements - cell count, turbidometry measurements, serial dilutions,

plate count.

8. Identification of bacteria by API system

9. Isolation of bacteriophages from sewage.

10. Isolation of bacteriophages from flies.

11. One step growth curve of bacteriophages

12

MB P 106 PHYCOLOGY, MYCOLOGY AND MICROBIOLOGICAL

TECHNIQUES

8x13 wks = 104 hrs

1. Isolation of fungi from different substrates (Saprophytic, Parasitic, Copraphilous,

Keratinophilous)

2. Study of environmental requirements of Fungi (pH, Temperature) by linear growth and

biomass.

3. Effect of temperature on growth of different fungal cultures.

4. Study of antifungals (antibiotics/ Chemicals/ plant extracts)

5. Study of antagonism

6. Isolation of algae from soil and water

7. Isolation of bacteria from Groundwater samples.

8. Separation of algal pigments

9. Isolation of Cyanobacteria

10. Gel electrophoresis of Cyanobacterial proteins

11. Isolation and quantification of Cyanobacterial pigments

12. Enrichment and isolation of sulphate reducing bacteria.

13. Isolation of alkalophilic bacteria from different soil samples.

14. Isolation of Thermophilic Anaerobic cellulolytic bacteria.

15. Estimation of Alkaline protease production by Bacillus licheniformis in solid state

fermentation.

16. Demonstration of Biofilm formation on different substrates by Pseudomonas aeruginosa

and Klebsiella pneumoniae.

17. Isolation and characterization of acidophiles and halophiles.

13

II SEMESTER

MB P201 MICROBIAL GENETICS

52 hrs

Unit 1

Structural polymorphism of DNA: DNA structure: A, B and Z DNA, Supercoiled DNA, DNA

binding proteins, DNA replication in Prokaryotes (double stranded DNA virus, Pox Virus; SV40;

ssDNA virus. The rolling circle replication, semi conservative replication, primer or template,

origin of replications, replication fork- leading and lagging strands, enzymes involved at different

steps of replication, Folded fiber model of E.coli chromosome, Genome organization in

eukaryotes, Split genes, overlapping genes, DNA amplification . The law of DNA constancy and

C-value paradox. 12 hrs

Unit 2

Replication of RNA: replication of plus strand RNA virus (polio), Negative strand RNA virus

(VSV and influenza). Replication of double stranded RNA virus (Rotavirus), ambisense RNA

(LCM). 6 hrs

Unit 3

Gene as unit of mutation, Molecular basis of spontaneous and induced mutations and their role in

evolution; Mutagens, Types of mutations, transposon mutagenesis, site directed mutagenesis,

AME’s test; environmental mutagenesis and toxicity testing. 6 hrs

Unit 4

Genetic recombination at molecular level: Genetic recombination in bacteriophages and E. coli,

Synapsis of homologous duplexes, breakages and re-union, role of RecA in recombination,

generalized & specialized transduction, transformation and conjugation, Legitimate & illegitimate

recombination gene conversion, overview of bacterial genetic map. 10 hrs

Unit 5

Gene transfer mechanisms- Bacterial transformation; Host cell restriction; Transduction;

Complementation; conjugation and transfection, Mechanisms and applications, Genetic analysis

of microbes, Bacteria and yeast. Genetics of fungi-alteration of generation, induction of mutation

in neurospora crassa and yeast, cytoplasmic inheritance and biochemical mutants 8 hrs

Unit 6

Plasmids, F-factors - description and their uses in genetic analysis, Colicins and Col Factors R

plasmids, Plasmids as vectors for gene cloning, Replication of selected plasmids: compatibility,

Transposons and their use in genetic analyses.

Bacteriophages: Lysogeny and lytic cycle in bacteriophages, Life cycle and their uses in

microbial genetics. Lytic phages-T7 & T4, Lysogenic phages Lamda & P1. M13 & ΦX174.10 hrs

14

References:

1. Dale, J.W. (1994). Molecular Genetics of bacteria, John Wiley & Sons.

2. James, D., Watson, Nancy H., Hopkins, Jeffrey, W., Roberts, Joan Argetsinger Steitz,

Alan, M., Weiner (1987). 4th edition. The Benjamin/Cummings Pub.

3. Lewin, B. (2002). Genes VIII. Oxford.

4. Miller, J.H. (1992). Short course in bacterial genetics, CSH Laboratories.

5. Murray, et al. (1994). Methods for General and Molecular bacteriology, ASM Press.

6. Roger L.P. Adams, Johm, T., Knowler and David P. Leader. (1992). The Biochemistry of

the Nucleic Acids. 11th edition. Chapman and Hall.

7. Silhavy, T. (1994). Experiments with Gene Fusions, Cold Spring Harbour Lab. Press.

8. Stanley, R., Maloy, John E., Cronan, J.R., David Freifelder (1994). Microbial Genetics.

Jones & Barlett Pub. Boston.

9. Streips & Yasbin (2001). Modern microbial Genetics. niley Ltd.

10. Miller, J.H. (1992). Short course in genetics, CSH laboratories.

11. Silhavy, T. (1994) Experiments with gene fusions Cold Spring Harbour lab. Press.

12. Bloom, Freyer, Micklos. (1996). Laboratory DNA Science. The Benjamin/Cummings

Pub.

13. Ted R. Johnson and Christine L. Case (2001). Laboratory Experiments in Microbiology.

6 ed Benjamin Cummings.

15

MBP202 IMMUNOLOGY

52 hrs

Unit 1 Immune System and Immunity

History of immunology; structures, composition and functions of cells and organs involved in

immune system – T-cells, B-cells, Peptide epitopes T cell B cell, antigenic properties, prediction

of T and B cell epitopes, chimeric peptides, macrophages, antigen-processing cells, Eosinophils,

Neutrophils, Mast cells and killer T-cells; microbial infections and immune responses – innate

Immunity, acquired Immunity; clonal nature of immune response; Immunohaematology – blood

groups, blood transfusion and Rh incompatibilities. 10 hrs

Unit 2 Antigens and Antibodies

Antigens – structure and properties – types - Iso and alloantigens – haptens; adjuvants -antigen

specificity. Immunoglobulins – structure –heterogenecity - types and subtypes – properties

(physico-chemical and biological); Complement system – Structure, components, properties and

functions of complement; complement pathways and biological consequences of complement

activation. Generation of Immunological diversity; Effector mechanisms. 10 hrs

Unit 3 Antigen-antibody Reactions

In vitro Methods-Agglutination, precipitation, complement fixation, immuno-fluorescence,

immunoelectrophoresis, ELISA, RadioImmunoassays; In vivo Methods: skin tests and immune

complex tissue demonstrations. Applications of these methods in diagnosis of microbial

infections, autoimmunity mechanisms, altered antigens, systemic lupus erythematosus, Graves

diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, myasthenia gravis, multiple sclerosis. Immunodeficiency-

phagocytic, humoral, CMI, combined HLA association. 10 hrs

Unit 4 Major Histocompatibility Complex and Tumor Immunology

Structure and functions of MHC and the HLA systems. Gene regulation and Ir-genes; HLA and

tissue transplantation – Tissue typing methods for organ and tissue transplantations in humans;

graft versus host reaction and rejection; autoimmunity; Tumor immunology – tumor specific

antigens, Immune response to tumors, immunodiagnosis of tumors–detection of tumor markers –

alphafoetal proteins, carcinoembryonic antigen etc., Genetic Control of Immune response.10 hrs

Unit 5 Hypersensitivity Reactions

Definition of allergy, Antibody-mediated Type I. Anaphylaxis; Type II. Antibody dependent cell

cytotoxicity; Type III. Immune complex mediated reactions; Type IV. Cell mediated

hypersensitivity reactions. The respective symptoms, immunological methods of their diagnosis.

Lymphokines and cytokines – their assay methods. Immunological tolerance. 8 hrs

Unit 6 Immunization

Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies; hybridoma technology to produce monoclonal antibodies;

catalytic monoclonal antibodies; common immunizations: vaccines from plants-banana,

watermelon etc.(plantibodies), polytope vaccines. 4 hrs

16

References:

1. Roitt, I.M. (1998). Essential of Immunology. ELBS, Blackwell Scientific Publishers,

London.

2. Kuby, J. (1994). Immunology II Edition. WH. Freeman and Company, New York.

3. Klaus D. Elgert (1996). Immunology-understanding of Immune system. Wiley-Liss. NY.

4. Topley & Wilson’s (1995). TextBook on Principles of Bacteriology, Virology and

Immunology, IX Edition (5 volumes) Edward Arnold, London..

5. Richard, A., Goldsby, Thomas J., Kindt, Barbara A. & Osborne (2000). Kuby

Immunology. 4th edition. W. H. Freeman and Company, New York.

6. Tizard, I.R. (1995). Immunology. 4 ed. Saunders College Pub.

7. Abul K. Abbas, Andrew K. Lightman, Jordan S. Pober. (1998). Cellular and Molecular

Immunology. Saunders College Pub.

8. Vaman Rao, (2002). An introduction to Immunology, Narosa Pubications.

17

MB P203 MICROBIAL PHYSIOLOGY

52 hrs

Unit 1

Microbial nutrition – organic and inorganic nutrients: Basic aspects of energetics-entropy-

enthalpy, Electron transport chain, artificial electron donors-uncouplers-High energy bond –

phosphorylation. 6 hrs

Unit 2

Brief account of photosynthetic and accessory pigments-chlorophyll-bacterial chlorophyll-

rhodopsin-carotenoids-phycobiliproteins; Carbohydrates – anabolism –autotrophy –oxygenic-

anoxygenic photosynthesis; autotrophic generation of ATP; fixation of CO2-Calvin cycle-C3 and

C4 pathways; Chemolithotrophy – sulphur – iron –hydrogen – nitrogen oxidations,

methanogenesis; luminescence; Biosynthesis of fatty acids; pigments and secondary metabolites.

Coordinated control of metabolism. 12 hrs

Unit 3

Enzymes – definition, structure, Enzymes as biocatalysts, properties and classification,

specificity, active sites, Coenzymes: Activators and inhibitors, activity unit, Isozymes, Enzyme

kinetics (negative and positive cooperatively); Michaelis-Menten equation for simple enzymes.

Determination of kinetic parameters, multistep reactions and rate limiting steps, enzyme

inhibition, allosterism, kinetic analysis of allosteric enzymes, principles of allosteric regulation,

Ribozyme and abzyme. 12 hrs

Unit 4

Respiratory metabolism: Embden Meyerhoff Parnas pathway: Entner Doudoroff pathway;

glyoxalate pathway; Krebs cycle; Oxidative and substrate level phosphorylation, reverse TCA

cycle; gluconeogenesis, Pasteur effect; fermentation of carbohydrates-homo and heterolactic

fermentation 10 hrs

Unit 5

Assimilation of nitrogen-dinitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, ammonia, synthesis of major amino acids,

polyamines; synthesis of polysaccharides-peptidoglycan-biopolymers as cell components;

endospores-structure, properties and germination. Biosynthesis of purines and pyrimidines. 8 hrs

Unit 6

Sporulation and morphogenesis-hyphal and yeast forms and their significance, multicellular

organization of selected microbes; Dormancy. 4 hrs

18

References:

1. Arora, D.K. and Seema Gupta (1996). Bacterial Physiology. Anmol Publications. New

Delhi.

2. Brun, Y.V. and Shimkets, L.J. (2000). Prokaryotic Development, ASM Press.

3. Caldwell. D.R. (1995). Microbial Physiology and metabolism, Brown Publishers.

4. Lehninger (2000). Principles of Biochemistry, 3rd edition by Nelson & Cox (Worth) pub.

5. Moat, A.G. & Foster, J.W. (1999). Microbial physiology, Wiley-Liss.

6. Palmer, T. (2001). Enzymes: Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Clinical Chemistry,

Horwood Publishing Chichester.

7. Roger, L.P., Adams, Johm T., Knowler and David P., Leader. (1992). The Biochemistry

of the Nucleic Acids. 11th edition. Chapman and Hall.

8. Stainer, R.Y., Ingharam, J.L., Wheelis, M.L. & Painter, P.R. (1986). General

Microbiology Macmillan Education Ltd. London.

9. Smith and Wood (1991). Energy in Biological Systems. Chapman and Hall.

10. Voet, D. and Voet, J.G. (2004). Biochemistry, John Wiley and Sons.

11. Alcamo, I.E. (2001). Laboratory fundamentals of Microbiology, Jones and Barlett.

12. Parkinson, D. (1994). Methods in soil analysis, Part 2, Microbiology and Biochemical

properties, SSSA book series No. 5 Soil sciences society of America, Madison,

Wisc.USA.

13. Alexander J. Ninfa. (1998). Fundamental Laboratory approaches for Biochemistry and

Biotechnology. Fitzgerald Science Press, Inc. Bethesda, Maryland.

14. David T Plummer. (1996). An Introduction to Practical Biochemistry. 3 ed. Tata

McGraw-Hill.

19

MBP 204 BIO-INFORMATICS & BIOSTATISTICS

52 hrs

SECTION A: BIO-INFORMATICS

Unit 1

Computer Architecture, Internal and External devises, computer software, operating system

windows, Unix, Application & software like word processor, spread sheet, Database, RDBMS.

Computer Network-Advantages of network, types of network (LAN, WAN & WAN), Network

protocols, Internal protocol (TCP/IP), File transfer protocols (FTP), WWW, HTTP, HTML, VRL.

4 hrs

Unit 2

Algorithm and flowchart, C-programing-Structure of C program, Header file, Global declaration,

Main function, variable declarations, Control statement-conditional, looping and uncondition

control statement-sub fuctions. Introduction to PERL, Application of Bio perl. 8 hrs

Unit 3

Databases: Introduction to data bases-Relational databases-Oracle, SQL, Database generation,

Sequence databases-Resources-Human Genome Project (HGP), Microbial genomes, Structural

databases-protein data Bank (PDB), PDB retrieval, Organization of databases, Navigation

through databases, Accessing bibliographic databases, Sequence retrieval from nucleic acid and

protein databases, Sequence formats, submission tools, database mining and applications. 8 hrs

Unit 4

Principles behind computational analysis, Sequence analysis, sequence alignment, scoring

matrices for sequence alignment, Restriction mapping, Similarity searching (FASTA and

BLAST), Pair wise comparison of sequences, Multiple alignment of sequences, Identification of

genes in genomes and phylogenetic analysis with reference to nucleic acids, identification of

ORFs, Identification of motifs; Sequence analysis, phylogenetic analysis with reference to

proteins. 8 hrs

Unit 5

Introduction to protein structure-secondary structure prediction, tertiary structure prediction,

protein modeling, principles of homology and comparative modeling. Threading, structure

evaluation and validation and antigen-antibody interaction. Modeling, Applications-drug

designing, RNA folding, 4 hrs

SECTION B: BIOSTATISTICS

Unit 6

Method of central tendency & dispersion, linear regression & correlation-test of significance,

ANNOVA, T-test, SPSS (statistical package) for various applications in Bio-statistical

programme. 4 hrs

20

Unit 7

Frequency distribution - Arithmetic mean, mode, median and percentiles. Measures of variability:

Range, mean deviation, Analysis of variance. standard deviation and co-efficient of variation.

Skewness and Kurtosis 4 hrs

Unit 8

Probability: Definitions; events; sample space; addition and multiplication rules of probability;

conditional probability (simple problems).

Probability Distributions: Discrete, continuous, binomial, poisson and normal distribution. Simple

correlation of regression. 4 hrs

Unit 9

Population and sample: Random sample, use of table of random numbers, parameter and

statistics, sampling distribution of sample means, Standard error; confidence intervals. 4 hrs

Unit 10

Hypothesis testing: Basic concepts and definitions, tests based on normal, student T, chi square

and F distribution (no proofs) 4 hrs

References:

1. Baxavanis (1998). Bioinformatics.

2. Higgins & Taylor (2000). Bioinformatics, OUP.

3. Jan (2001). Nucleic acid research, Genome Database issue.

4. Dhananjaya (2002). Introduction to Bioinformatics, www.sd-bio.com series

5. Bliss, C.I.K. (1967). Statistics in Biology, Vol.1 Mc Graw Hill, New York.

6. Campbell, R.C. (1974). Statistics for Biologists, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge

7. Daniel (1999). Biostatistics (3rd edition) Panima Publishing Corporation.

8. Swardlaw, A.C. (1985). Practical Statistics for Experimental Biologists, John Wiley and

Sons, Inc. NY.

9. Green, R.H. (1979). Sampling design & Statistical methods for environmental Biologists,

Wiley Int. N.Y.

10. Khan (1999). Fundamentals of Biostatistics, Panima Publishing Corporation.

11. Bazin, M.J. (1983). Mathematics in microbiology Academic press

12. Green, N.Y., R.H. (1979). Sampling design and statistical methods for Environmental

Biologists, Wiley Int, N.Y.

13. Fry, J.C. (1993). Biological Data Analysis. A practical Approach. IRL Press, Oxford.

21

PRACTICALS

MB P205 MICROBIAL GENETICS & IMMUNOLOGY

8 x 13 = 104 hrs

1. Mutagenesis: Identification and isolation of fungal and bacterial mutants - chemical and

UV.

2. Study of Replica plating technique.

3. Isolation of plasmid DNA, genomic DNA

4. Phage titration

5. Demonstration of bacterial transformation.

6. Demonstration of nonspecific resistance to bacteria.

7. Agarose gel electrophoresis

8. Slide agglutination tests

9. Precipitation test

10. Blood grouping and RH typing

11. Serological tests of diagnostic importance

12. Ame's Test for detecting possible chemical carcinogens.

13. ELISA

14. Determination of bactericidal activity of normal serum.

MB P206 MICROBIAL PHYSIOLOGY

8 x 13 = 104 hrs

1. Determination of Growth – Growth curve and generation time.

2. Growth yield and molar growth yield of microorganisms on different substrates

3. Determination of optimum pH for growth of bacteria and fungi

4. Indole acetic acid production by bacteria and fungi in vitro

5. Colorimetric or Spectrophotometric estimations of proteins DNA, RNA and sugars

6. Estimation of microbial enzymes-amylase, protease, invertase, cellulase, lipase, catalase

and phosphatase.

7. Determination of Km and Vmax.

8. Lipids, saponification value of fat, iodine number of fatty acids.

9. Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) for proteins.

10. Qualitative analysis of Cyanobacterial photosynthesis.

11. Extraction and separation of Aflatoxins by paper chromatography.

* * * * *