EnvironmentalAssessment/AnalysisReports _____

Report E 0003

Bangladesh -

Coastal EmbankmentRehabilitation Proj ectEA Category B

Environmental AssessmentJuly 1992

This report has been prepared by the Borrower or its Consultant

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~~~~~~~~~~~~ 6

Comnmission of the European Communities

Environmental Assessment of theCoastal EmbankmentRehabilitation Project:Bangladesh

July 1992

Evrnental Resources Limited106 Gloucester Place, London WlH 3DB

Telephone 071-465 7200Telex 296359 ERL C

Facsimile 071-935 8355

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CONTENTS

I WRODUC7ON 1

1.1 BACKGROUND 11.2 ASSESSAIENr MFODOLOGY 21.3 ORGANISA7TON OF THE REPORr 31.4 THE PROPOSED PROJECr 3

2 BASELNE iNFORMATION ON EMMRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASPECTSOF 27HE PROJECT AREA 9

z1 NATURAL ENVIRONMENT 92.2 SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS 132.3 CROP PRODUCTION 1524 FISHRES 212.5 FORESMY 252.6 IDUSTRy 27Z27 INSTITUTIONAL FRAME WORK FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENr 272.8 SELECTD NGOs INvOLvED IN ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ISSUES 30-9 'RELATED DONOR SUPPORT 322.1 AGRICULTURE 32.11 FISHERIES 32212 FORESTRY 34

3 POTENTIL EVVRONMENTAL IMPACTS 35

31 nE COASTAL EMBANKMENT PROfECT REVIEW OF IMPACTS 353.2 POSFTIVE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS 373.3 NEGA77VE ENWVRONMENTAL IMPACrS 42

4 PROIECT IMPACT ASSESSMENT 43

4.1 IN7RODUCTJON 434.2 AGRJCULTURE 434.3 FISHERIES 5044 YDROLOGY AND SEDIMENT DYNAMICS 524.5 SoCIo-ECONOM&CS 5346 MISCELLAEOUS 55

5 ENVIRONMENAL MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR 171E PROJECT AREA 56

5.1 MRODUCrION 565.2 MA NAGEMENT OF AGRICULTURAL IWFENSIFICAT7ON 575.3 MANAGEMENr OF FIShMIES ISSUES 625.4 MANAGEMENT OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC ISSES 635.5 COASTAL AFFORESTATION 63&6 INST7IUTIONAL RESPONSIBLITIES FOR ENVIRONMETAL MANAGEMENT 645.7 PROCrE CONDIONALTES 65

6 ANALYSIS OFALTERNA77VES 66

il TnE LAISSEZ-FAIRE OPTION 66

7 MAN CONCLUSIONS 68

7.I OVERAU DIRONMENTAL IMPAcF 687.2 SCOPE FOR LMPACT Mm7GAo770i 687.3 LmPACr MONFTORING 687.4 ENviRoNMEENTFAL MANAGEmENT 69

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EXECU77VE SUARY

1IIROD1IC7ON

1.1 BACKGROUND

This report has been prepared by Environmental Resources Limited (ERL) and is anenvironmental assessment of the proposed Coastal Embankment Rehabilitation Project(CERP) in Bangladesh. The project was formerly bkown as the Cyclone ProtectionProject 11. ERL's assignment has been funded by the Commission of the EuropeanCommunities (CEC) which is co-financing the project in conjunction with the WorldBank and the Government of Bangladesh (GOB).

1.1.1 The Assignment

7he CEC has contracted ERL to provide environmental consulting services to conductan assessment of the environmental and social aspects of the CPP 11 and to participatein the World Bank's project appraisal mission in Bangladesh. During the latter. ERLconsultants will assist the mission in project appraisal and will identify opportunitiesfor CEC support within the project.

T7his report is concerned with the environmental assessment of the project which wascarried out by an ERL Senior Consultant over a three week period in Bangladeshduring June 199Z A report on the World Bank appraisal mission and opportunitiesfor CEC support is the subject of a separate report which will be produced in Augustafter the Bank's appraisal mission (scheduled for July 7992).

2 THE PROJECT

The project has the following components:

* Rehabilitation and improvements to 12 sea-facing embankments.

* Minor rehabilitation and improvements ro the non-coastal sections of polders in themid-term programme (induding re-excavation of drainage canals and repair orreplacement of drainage structures).

* Afforestation of embankment slopes and a 700-200m wide strip offoreshore to reduceembankment damage and maintenance costs

* Improved Operation and Maintenance (O&M) of all embankments and polders inthe mid term programmew with provsfns for the inolvement of displaced/landlesspeople.

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* Technical assistance jpr implementation support and training of implementingagency staff and communities participating in O&M and afforestation activities.

* Vehides and minor equipment for GOB supervision and for Non CovernmentalOrganisations (NGOs) involved in organising community participation.

* Environmental monitoring and mitigation measures.

3 KEY POTE7NIfAL PROJECT IMPACTS

The key potential project inputs are summarised in Table 3a.

4 MAiV CONCLUSIONS

4.1 OVERALL ENVIRoNMENrAL DWPACT

7he environmental appraisal confirms that the overall environmental impact of thisproject is positive The expected impacts on fisheries, agrnogre and soco-economicstatus of the apouation in the project area will be significantly positive in mostreapects.

The main source of signifiamnt negative impacts is likely to be lant aeuisition_frembanknent construction and rehabilitation. Unless compensation and resettlementprovisions are adequate, long term residual impacts (which persist after ottempts atmitigation) may arise in relation to:

- Loss of fruit trees.L oss of prime aRrltural land

* Ibtion of surface water bWes.

4.2 SCOPE FOR IMPACT MIGATION

There is adeqate scope for the mitigation of virtually all the identified adverseenvironmental and social impacts of the project. We have stressed throughout thisreport the need for those families who are affected by embankment tcm tuon-tsbLcompensated for their immediate assets and loss of produce from lost trees and cropland

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TabIc 3a Key Pote,itiail Project limipacts and AMonitoriIj/Mitigation Measures

Nature of Impad lmpact Characterization (-, e Miligaltlor/Management ActivitiesGround water pollution Sig, LT, LP, LO, Irr Promnote efficient use of agrochemcakL

Restrict agrochemkal use in areas where problemsaris.Promote integrated pest managenenL

Changes in ladder availability Insig, LT, LP, La, Rev Encourage growth of lodder pants in afforestationareas and on public land

Salinisalion of groundwater 5ig, LT. HP, La, Irr Impose sirks contrls on grmundwater abstractionPromote crops of low water demiand.

Drawduwn of surface water resources Sig LT, HP, LO, Rev Encourage cultivation of low water demand cops.Provide LLP irrigation rorn outside pokiers.Rcstrict cropping pallerns.

Decline in openwater capture fisheries Insig, LT, LP, LO, Rev Artifkial stocking of captum fisheries.Time drainage schedule to migratory patterns.

Increased aquaculture production. Sig, LT. HP, Lo, Rev NGOs to provide assistance in aquaculluredevelopment.

Increased employment opportunities Sig, LT/ST, HP, Ex, Rev NGO - coordinated ernployment training.Increased credit dependence. Insig, LT, Lo, Rev NGO advice on credit invesiment managementImproved socio-economic stalus. Sig, LT, HP, Ex, Rev and income generating activiles.Loss of 14lad to embankment conutructitn and/ar Sig LT, HIP, Ex, Ir Minimise land take on landward side.raw material acquisition. Replace/compensate for affected assets.

Ensure adequate compensation for crop lss onlong term basis.Provide advke on management of cashcompensation.

Social conflicts amongst affected groups. Insig. ST, LP, Lo, Rev NGO mediationSocial fabric of communities disruptled. Insig, ST, LP, Lo, Rev Beneficiary participation in reseltleawnt plAnning.Genetic erusion Sig, LT, Ex, Iff Colleclion and prescrvation of indigenous

varieties.Rodd daiiage and accidlenits caused by Insig, ST, LP, LA), Rev Repair damaged ra sections and property.c(nstruclican tr4ffic. Impuse kiad/spexd restrictions on coristruclion

traffic.

Nature of Impact Impact Characterization MillatlganJMaaagement Activitie

Sedimentaliin (if khidls dnI wdlercourss Inrsig, LT, Lo, Rev Re-excavater allected watercourses if necessary.NGO saistance in fisheries deelopmenwt.

Increased recruitment of shrimp I.rvje due to Sig, LT, Lo, Rev NGO advice on patterns of afforeslation andmayngrove affurestatiun. suslainabkl explilakion

Suggest ranaagemenl practies as appropriate.

Conflicts of ldnd-use amongst rice/shrimp farmers. Sig, LT, HP. In, Rev Introduce land-use zonation

Key Sig - SignificantInsig - InsignificantLT. Long TermST - Staort TermHP - High prubabilityLP - Low probMbilityLo- LocalizedEx - ExtensiveRev * Reversiblehrr. Irreversible

7the fort required to mitigate tte effects of increased water demand and reducedavailability of surface water resources will vary widely. In some areas full mitigationmay be possible by excavating dep borrow pit ponds, whilst in other areas theprovision of surface water irr.gation schemes may be required. The NMIDP couldsupport some of these requirements.

4.3 ImPAClT MONIToRoNG

The impacts of the project can be monitored effectively by drawing upon the informationcollected by other agencs and donor-supported monitoring programmes.

The consultants of the Project Implementation Unit will have to formulate and establishmechanisms for this to be achieved.

44 ENViRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

The existing institutional framework is inadequatefor the purpose of long term holisticmanagement of coastal polders. The most appropriate way of achieving this goal is bydevelopment of an Environmental Management Cell within the Bangiadesh WaterDevelopment4 which could collaborate witlhout coordinating the actions of otheragencius involved in poWder management

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I WNRODUC77ON

11 BACKGROUND

This report has been prepared by Environmental Resources Limited (ERL) andis an environmental assessment of the proposed Coastal EmbankmentRehabilitation Project (CERP) in Bangladesh. The project was formerly knownas the Cydone Protection Project 11. ERL's assignment has been funded by theCommission of the European Communities (CEC) which is co-financing theproject in conjunction with the World Bank and the Government of Bangladesh(GOB).

1.1.1 The Assigment

The CEC has contracted ERL to provide environmental consulting services toconduct an assessment of the environmental and social aspects of the CPP 11,and to participate in the World Bank's project appraisal mission in Bangladesh.During the latter, ERL consultants will assist the mission in project appraisaland will identify within the project opportunities for CEC support.

This report is concemed with the environmental assessment of the projectwhich was carried out by an ERL Senior Consultant over a three week periodin Bangladesh during June 1992. A report on the World Bank appraisal missionand opportunities for CEC support is the subject of a separate report which willbe produced in August after the Bank's appraisal mission (scheduled for July1992).

1.1.2 Tffm of Refcwc (ToRs)

The Terms of Reference for ERL's environmental assessment of the CycloneProtection D Project are reproduced in Annex A. In summary they involve thefoilowing tasks:

* Reviewing the adverse impacts of the first Cydone Protection Project andsuggesting ways in which the proposed prQject can be modified to mitigateagainst such impacts.

* Identifying potential impacts of the project, in quantitative terms wherepossible.

* Comparing the environmental costs and benefits of project implementationagainst the laissez-faire option.

* Preparing an impact mitigation plan which includes cost estimates andimplementation arrangements.

* Describing, evaluating and making recommendations on the institutionalframework for environmental management of the project.

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* Preparing and costing an impact monitoring plan.

1.2 ASSESSMENT METHODOL OGY

This report is based upon the findings of a three week period in Bangladeshduring which field visits were undertaken and discussions held with localinhabitants and relevant agencies, primarily in Dhaka. We conducted theenvironmental assessment in accordance with the World Bank's OperationalDirective 4.00 on Environmental Assessment. Consideration was also given tothe World Bank's policy and guidelines on resettlement and compensation, andto the environmental assessment guidelines produced under the Flood ActionPlan (FAP) environmental component (A j

During the time available, it was not possible to collect detailed primary data onthe existing environmental and social characteristics of the project area. Theassessment is therefore largely based upon the data coDected for CycloneProtection Project II, other components of the Flood Action Plan and relevantprojects such as the Agricultural Support Services Project and the NationalMinor Irrigation Development Project. Information from these sources isavailable for environmental and social characteristics at the district and upazilaadministrative levels but not for individual embankment and polder areascovered by the project. This places limits on the depth to which environmentalassessment can proceed though we have attempted to take local conditions intoaccDunt as far as possible.

For many aspects of the environment, there is inadequate data to allow forquantitative analysis of environmental impacts refletiing poor data collectionactivities in the past. This has imposed constraints on impact analysis of someenvironmental aspects such as fisheries, water quality and agro-chemical basedpoilution. Similar difficulties have been noted by the Kampsax International-lead consortium.

The term 'environmental impact' is used here in its broadest sense to includesocio-economic issues unless otherwise stated.

We have characterised environmental impacts, where possible and appropriatein the following ways:

* Significance.* Duration.* Likelihood.* Extent.* Reversibility.

In devising impact monitoring and mitigation measures we have taken intoconsideration local institutional difficuties arising from inadequate resources,staffing levels and experfise, mainly bcattempting to combine the monitoringrequirements of this project with other related projects.

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Any quantitative assebsments of costs and benefits arising from project impactsare based on the Flood Plan Coordinating Organisadon (FPCO) guidelines onconversion factors.

1.3 ORGANISAT7ON OF TME REPoRT

This report consists of various sections which are supported by annexescontaining further information. Section I contains information on the proposedproject and its context within Bangladesh whilst in Section 2 we outline theenvironmental and social characteristics of the project area. Section 3 relates thepotential environmental and social impacts of the project and coastalembankments in general whilst in Section 4 the positive and negativeenvironmental impacts which we consider could occur are discussed.

In Section 5 environmental management of the project area is considered andindudes monitoring and nmtigation measures. In Section 6 a brief considerationof the laissez-faire option is presented. Finally, in Section 7 we present our mainfindings and conrlusions.

The supporting annexes contain the following information:

* Annex A: Terms of Reference.A Anner B: Fisheries.

* Anner C: Agriculture.* Annex D: Socio-economics.

A Annex E: Afforestation.- Annex F: Flora and Fauna.- Annex G: Selected Bibliography.

1.4 THE PROPOSED PRIOJECT

1.4.1 Cotext

Bangladesh has suffered from a spate of natural disasters in recent years mainlyas a result of its geomorphological and geographical position within thefloodplain of three of the world's largest rivers; the Ganges, BrahmaputraUamuna) and the Meghna which flow into the Bay of Bengal.

The country lies within the monsoon zone of the Indian Sub-continent andbeing a coastal low-lying country is subject to the full force of the monsoon.Annual rainfall totals in coastal areas rank among the highest in the world.Floods associated with the monsoon rains are a frequent phenomenon whichvary in the extent and depth of flooding according to rainfall and tidal patternsin the region. The worst floods in recent years were experienced in 1987 and1988 when much of the country was inundated.

Localised flooding of coastal low-lying areas also occurs during periods of highriver discharge and spring tides. In some areas 3m high tidal bores have sweptover the coastil zone. Flooding, particularly by saline waters, imposes major

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3

constraints on the agricultural and industrial development of coastalBangladesh.

An additional natural hazard experienced in the Bay of Bengal is that ofcydones. Over the last 125 years, 42 cyclones have hit the coastal area ofBangladesh; 14 of these have occurred in the last 25 years. Figure 1.4a indicatesthe trajectories of more recent cyclones. The most recent cyclone of April 1991resulted in the loss of 140,000 lives and severe damage to infrastructure and theagriculture and industry sectors of the economy.

GOB Protection Mmsures

Since the 1960s the Govemments of Pakistan (prior to independence) and morerecently, Bangladesh, have taken measures to reduce the risk of coastal floodingand afford some protection against cyclones. The Coastal Embanknent Project(CEP) was originally designed to prevent flooding by spring tides and monsoonassociated high river flows. It offered protection to approximately 14,000 km.of coastal land through the construction of embankznents along the coast.

Damage to the coastal embankments by successive cydones has beenexacerbated by coastal erosion (estimated at 2.5 m3L/rWr) and humandisturbance. After the November 1970 cyclone the GOB aided by the WorldBank and other donors, initiated a reconstruction programme which was alsoaimed at rehabilitating affected coastal areas. The benefits of this programmewere readily apparent during the May 1985 cyclone when the embankmentdissipated much of the tidal energy surge, considerably lessening the cyclonesimpact

Inadequate repair and maintenance of the coastal embankments meant thatwitfi iadeiintof ihe ApniT9cdonemuchof the coastal embankmentsystem was in a poor state and was overtopped and breached in many areas.

The GOB had been conscious of this state of affairs for some time and in 1986it had formulated a National Cyclone Protection Programme (NCPP) aimed at

* Improving the existing coastal embanknent.* Protecting newly accreted land.* Developing coastal forests.* Improving communications.* Rehabilitating local economies.* Providing cyclone protection.

This programme was to proceed in two stages:

* A mid-term programme for the strengthening of existing embankments.a A long-term programme aimed at the construction of new embankments to

extend protection to newly accreted land for example.

Following various delays, a contract was awarded to a consortium ofconsultants lead by Kampsax International ANS. The consultant's studies werein progress when the April 1991 cydone occurred and as a result the

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Figpm 1.Ua Recent Cyclone Paths aid the Area affected by the 1992 Cyclone_ __ _____ _ _ -r I I I fmq ii

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CYCLONE PATHS AND CYCLONE AFFECTED AREA

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consultants were asked to modify their outputs to produce a Priortv WVorksProgramme (PWP) for urgent embankment repair and rehabilitation work. Theprogramme involves the rehabilitation of 135 km-oLexisting embankment andthe construction of 55 km of retired embankment. This project is currentlybeing implemented an-disfina1nced by IDA.

Separate projects and programmes are addressing the need for improved roadaccess to the coastal areas, the construction of cyclone protection shelters andan effective cydone preparedness system.

Flood Action Plan

Following the disastrous floods of 1987 and 1988, the donor community and theGovernment of Bangladesh, lead by the World Bank developed a programmeof assistance which will greatly reduce the potential for natural phenomena tocreate such significant and widespread disruption to the economy of thecountry and to reduce the risks of loss of life. The Flood Action Plan (FAP)consists of over 20 components which address the risks due to flooding andcyclones. The CERP or Cyclone Protection I! Project constitutes FAP component7.

1.4.2 ProCct CoGponcts

It is intended that the coastal embankment design concepts proposed under thePriority Works Programme should be extended to other coastal areas by theproposed project which has the folowing components:

• Rehabilitation and improvements to 12 sea-facing embankments.

* Mfinor rehabilitation and improvements to the non-coastal sections of poldersin the mid-term programune (including re-xcavation of drainage canals andrepair or replacement of drainage structures).

* Afforestation of embankment slopes and a 100-200m wide strip of foreshoreto reduce embankment damage and maintenance costs.

* Improved Operation and Maintenance (O&M) of all embankments andpolders in the mid term programme, with provisions for the involvement ofdisplaced/landless people.

* Technical assistance for implementation support and training ofimplementing agency staff and communities participating in O&M and.afforestation activities.

* Vehicles and minor equipment for GOB supervision and for NonGovernmental Organisations (NGOs) involved in organising communityparticipation.

* Environmental monitoring and mitigation measures.

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Project Area

The project will target discrete coastal areas which have been identified on thebasis of economic analyses and in relation to their vulnerability and pronenessto cydones. The areas range along the coast from Teknaf in the extreme southeast to Sarankhola in Bagerhat District (Figure- 7.4b). The figure-distinguishes between those areas which are included in the PWP (shown inred) and those included in the mid term programme. Adi;;4stively, theproject ranges over 11 Districts and 32 upazilas of the country.

The coastal embankments of Bhola Island are the subject of an AsianDevelopment Bank (ADB) project (Second Bhola Irrigation Project) and aretherefore not catered for in this present project.

-1.43 Prject Benefits

The PWP and Coastal Embankment Rehabilitation Project will provide thefollowing benefits to the coastal areas affected.

* Protection to human life: approximately 140,000 people died during theprevious cydlone.

= Increased agricultural production: it is expected that flood protection willresult in increased production due to the prevention of flooding and by theincreased investment in farming inputs which will result from enhancedfarmer confidence.

e Increased production of fish and shrimp through aquaculture developments.

* Protection of property (over 5 million houses) and coastal infrastructure.

* The generation of forestry products such as fuel, building materials andfoods as a resuit of afforestation.

* improved long term employment opportunities in intensified agriculturalproduction, aquaculture development and O&M activities.

The area protected by the project is approximately 4 million ha and supports apopulation of about 30 million. Some insight into the protection afforded by theproject can be gained by considering the recorded losses of the April 1992cyclone:

* Human life; @140,000.* Livestock; 1,061,029.

D Damaged housing; 819,608.* Crops affected; 55,530 ha.e Educational establishments damaged; 3.865.* Forest destroyed; 112,316 acres.* Embankments affected; 697 miles.* Bridges and culverts affected; 496

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2 BASELMETORMAT77NONENVIROAN TALAND SOCLALASPECTS OF771E PROJECT ARE4

In general, the available data in Bangladesh is inadequate for the purpose ofenvironmental assessment. This view is echoed in many reports on the FloodAction Plan such as the Regional Plan Report for the South East region whichstates that 'views of the available regional database in a number of subject areashave raised concem over the quality of data on which good regional projectplanning can proceed. Data on climate and soils is adequate though the lengthof time series data is limited. Official data sources on basic agricultural,irrigation and yield statistics have often proved inconsistent and unreliable oncloser examination'.

In this section we provide baseline infornation on the foDowing environmentaland socio-economic aspects of the project area:

* Natural environment* Socio-economic characteristics.* Agriculture sector.* Industrial sector.0 Institutional framework for environrmental management* Related projects in Bangladesh.- NGO activities in environmental, fisi;eries and agricultural issues.

21 NNATuRAL ENVIRoNMENT

-1.1 Climate

General climatic data are available for Comnilla and Noakhali and there arerainfall stations at a number of sites along the coast According to climaticnorm data, temperature varies fro:;A 19-28.3"C, relative humidity from 66-875%,windspeed from 0.9-4.3 rn/sec, and rainfall from 6-700mnVmonth.

21.2 Physical Zonation of the Coastal Area

Much of the coastal area is low lying; a im rise in sea level would inundatemuch of the south western triangular part of the country from (and including)Khulna to the south of Noakhali.

Various studies have delineated geographical zones in Bangladesh based uponphysical and chemical characteristics. One of the most comprehensive attemptsat this has been the zonation of the country into agro-ecological zones (AEZs).These are based on climatic conditions, soil characteristics, physiography andland use capabilities. The agro-ecological zonation of the coastal zone consistsof the following-

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* Ganges Tidal Floodplain (AEZ 13) in the west* Young Meghna Estuarine Floodplain (AEZ 18) in the central area.* Chittagong Coastal Plain in the eastern part

The agro-ecological zones for embankments and polders of the project areindicated in Annex C of this report

The Master Plan Organisation also developed a countrywide zonation on thebasis of the depth and duration of flooding, which is a reflection of localhydrology and elevation.

Conscious of the fact that these geographical zones are comparatively large andthat at the individual polder level there may be considermble variations in soilfertility and crop suitability, the Kampsax consortium have categorised poldersin the project area according to soil salinity and cropping intensity Annex C

An examination of current physical processes allows one to recognise threedistinct physical areas along the coast In the south west, there is a closeanastomosing network of rivers and creeks which do not permit extensiveerosion. In this area is found the largest mangrove forest in the world, theSundarbans. In terms of sediment dynamics, this region is relatively stable.It is also less liable to flooding, experiencing on average Z floods in 10 yearscompared to 3-5 floods in 10 years further eastwards.

In the central region of coastal Bangladesh lies the confluence zone of 3 of theworld's largest rivers; the Meghna, Jamuna and Ganges. The. sedimentdynamics of this region is highly unstable with considerable simultaneouserosion and deposition. The rivers migrate laterally to a large extent, creatingnew char lands and eroding older lan,d.

In the south east, along the Chittagong and Cox's Bazaar coast is foundextensive areas of sandy beaches and a coastal belt which rises into theChittagong H1i Tracts.

Parts of the coast can be considered to be seismically active. The south east isa zone of medium risk from earthquakes.

v1.3 Soil Resources

Within the project area some 9 soil types are recognised and their polder-wiseand AEZ occurrence have been described in Appendix D of the KampsaxInternational reporL In summary they are as follows:

* Alluvium (calcareous and non-alcareous).* Floodplain soils (calcareous and non-calcareous).* Acid sulphate soils.* Peat.

In the Ganges Tidal Floodplain, the soils are mainly calcareous and non-calcareous floodplain soils with a significant proportion of acid sulphate soilswhich can be extremely acidic during the dry season. Soils of the Sundarbans

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area are alkaline in nature. In terms of fertility, the soils of this AEZ havemedium to high fertility and high organic content. The land capabilityclassification is poor to moderately good, with salinity being the mainconstraint

The Young Meghna Estuarine Floodplain has loam and silty clay floodplain soilsand alluvium. The general fertility is medium but the soils are reported to below in nitrogen and organic matter. The land capability status of soils in thisAEZ are poor to moderately good with scope for improvement folowing floodprotection measures.

The soils of the Chittagong Coastal Plains are quite variable with floodplainsoils, alluvium and acid sulphate soils being the predomninant types. Soil fertilityis classified as medium with some limiting factors. The present land capabilityclassification is poor to moderite but there is scope for improvement withadequate flood protection to moderately good/good.

Variations of salinity in coastal soils are illustrated in Annex C

Z1.4 zWatcryo

There are very little data upon which to characterise the water quality in theprojecL GeneraDly it appears that water quality is satisfactory in most areasapart from the Chittagong area where some industrial pollution occurs.

Natural Habitats

The following natural habitats can be identified along the coast of Bangladesh:

* Intertidal estuarine mudflats and sandflats.Forested regons.

* RiverOmhals and tidal creeks.* Char lands.* Arable land.

The main coastal forest area is the Sundarbans in the south west. This foresthas an area of 395,600 ha. The forest supports a varied flora and fauna and isone of the last refuges of the Bengal tiger. The forest is an important source oftimber and other products of which Sundari and Gewa constitute 80% of themarketable volume.

In addition to the Sundarbans forest, natural mangrove forest also exists alongthe Chittagong coast though this has been subject to felling by shrimp farmersin recent years and has lost much of its faunal diversity. The crab eatingmonkeys are reported to have virtually disappeared in some areas.

Since 1966, an additional 0.036 million ha of mangrove forest has been plantedalong the coast in the Noakhali, Chittagong, Patuakhali and Barisal Districts.

Mangrove forests are an important spawning and nursery area for many fishand shrimp species. Associated mudflats also support valuable shellfish.

* E,AumSONNAL RmuoKi L.AMM Co_> OuF TM Ewus C _wau

11

The char lands support little natural flora and fauna apart from a sparsepnrmary colonising community.

2.1.5 Resecves and Prtectcd Areas

Within the coastal region are three protected forest areas:

* Sundarbans Foreste Choakhalia Mangroves, south of Chittagong.* Teknaf tropical forest, near Cox's Bazaar.

2.1.6 FPa and Fauna

The coastal zone supports communities of flora and fauna which are ofeconomic importance to the fisheries and tourism sectors and are also ofconservation importance. Unfortunately the database on wildlife is consideredinadequate to allow satisfactory impact assessment by most workers. Partialinventories of the flora and fauna have been compiled by KampsaxInternational and are presented in Annex F.

.

Mammals

Noteworthy mammals of the -coastal area which are mainly found in theprotected areas are spotted deer, leopard, tiger, jungle and leopard cats, civets,Gangetic dolphin and various monkey species (Annex F).

Birds

Over 660 species of birds have been recorded in Bangladesh, about 80 of whichare found in the coastal zone. About 170 birds are associated with wetlandsand some 220 are migratory birds. Banglidesh is an important transit area for'birds overwintering, birds migrating latitudinally between India and South EastAsia, and for seasonal migrants from Burma and the Himalayan region.Amongst these species are several intemationally imnportant and endangeredspecies such as:

* Spoon-billed sandpiper.* Asian dowitcher.* Green shank.

Reptes

There are many species of terrestrial snake (such as cobra), lizard, tortoise andaquatic reptiles in the project area, including the gavial and saltwater crocodilewhich are linited to small areas of the coast and are endangered.

Fish and Shnmp

Over 70 species of fish from the coastal zone can be found in Bangladeshmarkets and the coastal zone is an important breeding zone for many manne

I _

EIvm,aaAL RmE CI c-n h ~Eiom Cmm~

1X

spedes. In addition, there are major spawning beds of the giant shrimp alongthe coast, particularly near the coast of the Sundarbans and Cox's Bazaar.

Flora

Bangladesh has over 5000 recorded plant species. However, little is known ofthe flora of the project area- apart from the mangrove forests which havereceived considerable attention. Common speces of the coastal area are listedin Annex F.

The most common species of mangrove tree found along the coast indude thefoUowing

* Keora (Sonneratio aseolans).* Baen (Avicennif offinalis).* Gewa (Excoario agailodw).* Kankra (Brugeria gymnorrhiza).* Babul (Acacia niliticz).

Keora is the most common tree species and al of the above are used inmangrove afforestation exercises. Acacia which is the main component ofplantations in drier littoral areas, is an introduced species.

2.2 SOaO-FcoMoMIc CAuCA uRISTICS

The socio-economic characteristics of human settlement vary considerably alongthe coast of Bangladesh. Some variations such as the nature and size ofsettlements can be attributed to the 'remoteness' and poorly developedcommunications network whilst other characteristics such as land use and

J socio-economic status may reflect agro-ecological differences. For example thecontribution of various economic sub-sectors such as fishing and aquacultureto the local economy vary along the coastal zone.

Rural water supply in the project area is mostly from two sources, tubewellsand ponds and shallow ditches (Annex D). A small minority of people obtaintheir water from flowing surface waters such as canals and rivers.

Western and Central Coastal Areas

In the south westem and central parts of the project area, the land mass isheavily dissected by anastomosing rivers and creeks and there are largenumbers of coastal islands and newly accreted 'char lands'. The level ofdevelopment in these areas is quite low and settlements mainly consist of smalvillages and individual homesteads scattered amongst agricultural land. Thedifficulties of surface communications imposes constraints on the level ofeconornic development and there is a general absence of 'urban' infrastructureand institutions such as banks.

One of the major constraints to economic development is likely to be access tocredit facilities; most people borrow from professional moneylenders (who

E_vmmarAL Rmamnc LED Cmm oi in EzmcwLvh Co_amu

13

charge exorbitant interest rates) or less commonly from family or friends. NCOcredit provisions are limited to those small areas in which the NGOs operate.Targets for agricultural lending by the formal credit sector have been poorlymet over a number of years (Annex D).

Markets are an important focal point in the rural communities and they providesome opportunites for families to supplement their incomes by seling excessproduce and livestock and homemade items.

The costs of transport to remote polder areas also result in higher prices forgoods and supplies which is also a constraining factor. This is likely to be lessof a problem as the rural road network improves.

The main forms of transport in these areas are boats and rickshaws; motorvehides are scarce. There appear to be no major official river navigation routesin the project area (apart from the Meghna) which could be affected. Anyunregistered routes from the coast or river delta area along smalE tidal rivershave long since been disrupted by the construction of the original coastalembankments.

Despite the absence of large hospitals, health care is reasonably well developedand in areas visited villagers report that several doctors are available localEy.

Most people are engaged in agricultural activitiess ch as crop cultivation,fishing and aquaculture (Annex D). Livestock rearing is also important butsupports tew families in its own right. In some areas it is reported that up to17% of males may be engaged in migrant labour in other parts of Bangladeshand neighbouring countries. This can create local labour deficiencies andprovides opportunities for women to gain employment. Generally, it appearshowever that female employment in the agricultural sector is comparativelyuncomnon.

There are appreciable numbers of landless people living upon the embankmentsor upon char lands (Annex D). Often tbese people have lost their own landthrough debt repayment or because of river erosion. They appear to subsistmainly by fishing, crop cultivation and labouring.

Eastern Coastal Areas

The coastal stretch from Chittagong to Teknaf is markedly different in severalways. Firstly, the area is much more sparsely populated than further north andthe land rises from a narrow low lying coastal strip into the foothills. As aresult, cropping patterns are different.

The infrastructure of the area is much more developed, being served by twoairports, good quality roads, train links and port facilities. Tourism is promotedin the vicinity of the sandy beach resort of Cox's Bazaar.

Industrial activities in the Chittagong area are quite diverse and support asignificant labour force. The fisheries sector also supports many families,especially the landless people living along the beaches who catch shrimp larvae.

FieNwWaxr RKoucTs EmIw Cowm oN am Ew a Comm_um

On some islands such as Moaskhali agricultural labour shortages have beennoted since most families are engaged in the fisheries sector.

2.3 CROP PRODUCTION

In this section we briefly review the nature of crop production practices in thecoastal area of Bangladesh in relation to the potential environmental and socialimpacts of coastal embankments. More detailed information on agriculture inthe project area can be obtained from Appendix D of the 'Draft ProjectPreparation Report for CPP 11 Feasibility and Design Studies' produced by theKampsax-lead consortium (BWDB,1992).

2.31 Farming Put ices

There are two main cropping seasons in Bangladesh (Table 23a):

* Kharif: March to%November (pre-monsoon and monsoon periods).* Rabi: November to March (dry or winter period).

Kiarnf Crpping Practices

In the pre-monsoon period, water can be in short supply and soil salinity is atits highest. During this period an 'aus' rice crop may be planted in fieldmoistened by the pre-monsoon showers. This crop is a short season crop andmatures in about 3 months. Transplanted aus rice (T.aus) is grown as seedlingsin watered beds and transplanted to the land after its preparation. It is usuallyharvested in July though the time of harvesting and crop yield depend to alarge extent on the timing of pre-monsoon and monsoon rains. Transplantedvarieties usually produce higher yields than broadcast (B.aus) rice.

The monsoon rice crop ('aman') can be grown from broadcast or transplantedseedlings. In the case of transplanted aman (T.aman), seedlings aretransplanted into prepared fields which have a water depth of about 0.3m. Thisis usually in late July/August. The crop is harvested in November or December.

In some areas B.aus and B.aman crops are sown together though they areharvested at the usual periods. This strategy is adopted in areas where floodingis unpredictable to an extent and the farmer hopes to secure at least one crop.The Baman used in this fashion is a long stalked floating variety and cansurvive prolonged extensive flooding. This practice is declining with thedevelopment of FCD schemes.

Rabi Cropping Practices

During this period the crops grown are generally of lower water demand,unless irrigation is possible using surface or ground water. Such crops arewheat, vegetables, lentils, chilies, oilseeds and pulses and these are grown forhome use and for sale.

EwwamPffAL Rmoua Umu Coaau ouiW Ehmima Coammum

11 r

Table 73. Gamemlised Cropping Pattern in the Project Area

Season Crps C Land Ptcp.rmon S owinElTrnsPiueamC lIr ng

Khalif-I B. Aus Febmry/Maveb Mid Match-Mid Apnil Mld July-Mid Augu(MarchJunc) T. Aus March Early March-Early :..jrly July-Lame July

Jute Febnaary/marh Apnil Early July-Early Augt5 Tm! Marh Eary March-Early JuneS. Vegable March April Juiy- September

MardiLApnl

I;hrir-ll T. Amen (HYV) June Early July-Lame July Laie Nuvcmbcr-Mid(July-Otober) T. Amon (L) July Late July-Late Augst Dccembcr

______________ .________________ loNwomber/Dccemnber

Rabi Born (IIV) DeCember/Jauu- LAtc Jan.-Mid Febria- Early June-Lage June

(Novenbef- Wheat am ivy Late Februar-EavlyFcbruny Oil Seels November March

Poawr November Mid Nov.-Early Dec. FebruarySpaao Novcmber December MarchW.Melon Decerber January May

ului Dccember January Apnl-MayW.Veptablc November Latc Nov.-Mid Dcc. Fcbrnary-Mareh

G. Nut November Mid Nov.-Mid Dcr January-MaelabC-PC (Fal

o Ner Deembr MarchSpucS Dceinber. January Marth-Apul

December Janmuaty March-April

Soue: BWDB (1992)

If irrigation is possible by pumping with low lft pumps from surface waters(groundwater is not available for irrigation purposes in the coastal zone), a dryseason ('Boro) rice crop can be grown. Generally HYVs are used and grownin seed beds prior to transplanting in late January/early February. The crop isharvested in May and June.

212 Faras Ad Farm Sim

Those people whose livelihoods mainly depend on the agriculture sector can becategorised as follows.

Squatters; having no land or homesteads.* Sharecroppers; who may have homesteads but cultivate anothers land.* Small farmers cum sharecroppers.* Marginal farmers.* Large farmers; these may be absentee landlords.

The proportion of each category vanies widely throughout the project area.Generally as one would expect there are a greater number of landless andhmaWlmarginal farmers (Annex C). In the south west, farms tend to be largerand many are owned by absentee landowners who lease their land.

2.33 Land Use ad Cropping Patterns

There is little irrigated agriculture in the coastal zone of Bangladesh. This isbecause the sparse freshwater aquifer bodies are conserved for potable supplies.Agriculture is therefore constrained in the drier periods of the year.

General comments on the cropping patterns and land use of the project area,which varies on an annual basis to a certain extent, are presented below. Theyare based on a categorisation of land use devqloped by the KampsaxInternational consortium.

K tha Area (Category 1)

In the south western Districts of Satkhira, Khulna and Bagherhat, the land isgeneraDy flat with little significant variation in elevation. Approximately 80%of this region is cultivated, the remainder is accounted for by ruralinfrastructure, homesteads and water bodies. The soils have moderate to highdry season salinity. This is the main limiting factor for crop cultivation and thesoils of this area support a low cropping intensity, mainly of T.aman. Onlyabout 8% of this area can support a second crop as a result.

Barisal Artr (Category II)

Approximately 65% of the Districts of Borguna and Patuakhali are cultivated.About 5,575 ha remains uncultivated. The principal crops grown in this areaof low to moderate dry season soil salinity are T.aman, and B.aman in the lowerareas which are more prone to flooding. Single cropping predominates (78%of cultivated area) though some double cropping is possible.

ENvu0MWENAL RBOI*C L&AED Ca_ O Eaumu Commm

'17

Northem Boin Area (Category 111)

In the northern part of Bhola District (which has less saline soils) and onSandwip Island, about 76% of the land is cultivated. Double cropping ispredominant (50% of cultivated area), mostly with local and high yield varieties(HYV) of T.aman and T.aus. About 15% of the cultivated area supports triplecropping consisting of rabi crops, B.aus and LYV Taman. Jute is grown in asmall portion of this area during the pre-monsoon period.

Southern Bhola and Suidharom (Category IV)

The southern part of Bhola District is characterised by high dry season soD andwater salinity and the soils generaDy support only a low cropping intensitythough 75% of the total land area (36,150 ha) is cultivated. Single cropping withBJT aman predominates (83% of cultivated area) whilst double cropping ispossible to a lesser extent (rabi(T.aman, B.aus).

NoakhalilLaximpur/Feni Areas (Category V)

In these central areas of the coastal belt about 85% of the available land (99,640ha) is cultivated, mostly by a single LYV T.aman crop. Soils are often inundatedby saline water through breaks in the embankments and this liniits dry seasonand pre-monsoon cropping. In the drier season, before the monsoon, crops oflower water demand such as chilies and lentils may be grown.

Chittago/Cox's Baaar Area (Category VI)

In this eastem region of the coast lies the second largest concentration ofinfrastructure in Bangladesh, mainly around the port of Chittagong. About 64%of the area is cultivated out of a gross area of 48,240 ha, mainly with B.aus andT.aman rice. Besides B.aus, other pre-monsoon crops are water melon, chiliesand cowpeas. In the Teknaf area, betal leaves are the main cash crop. Dryseason soil salinity can be high in this eastem part of the coast. Some triplecropping is reported in this area with rabi crops,B.aus and LYV T.aman (12%of cultivated area).

Z3.4 Agricultnl Inputs

Seed Supplies

Statistics collected on an upazila basis suggest that the use of improved seedvarieties is very limited. The rabi crops and T.aman crop are grown almostentirely from local seed varieties whilst some improved varieties are used forT.aus, boro and water melon crops. There is scope for substantial improvementof crop yields by promoting the adoption of new improved varieties of seed.

Agrodiemicals

Agrochenical usage varies widely throughout Bangladesh, particularly at thepolder leveL The use of fertblise.s is dictated largely by soil fertility and theeconomic status of the fanner. In some cases, fertiiiser use is consbtained by the

E_awmANaL Raswi Duv Cawmot ow we EiMoaF h Ca _u

18

occurrence of unpredictable adverse conditions which may damage crops;farmers will not invest heavily in agrochemicals unless they can be reasonablysure that the crop can be successfully brought to harvest.

In some areas of the country where the constraints of climate uncertainties havebeen removed; by the provision of irrigation water for example; the use offertilisers and pesticides has increased by a factor of 2 to 3 fold.

It appears from district-wise statistics on fertliser consumption (Annex C) thatferdliser consumption in the project area is quite low compared to the rest ofthe country (13-17% of the national average usage). This low usage is probablyrelated to the level of farmer uncertainty since fertiiser appears to be availablein anl areas. Financial constraints are possibly a major factor determining therates of ferdliser usage in some areas.

There is no information on the variation in pesticide use at the polder level;statistics are only available at the district level, produced by the PesticidesAssociation (Annex C).

As in other parts of Bangladesh, farmers have a poor knowledge of theappropriate application and safety issues of pesticide use and use poor qualityinefficient sprayers.

A wide range of pesticides are reported to be in use, particularly in theChittagong area where the usage appears to be the highest for project areas.Noakhali district has the second highest consumption rate followed by Barisal,Patuakhali and Khulna. In the Chittagong area herbicides are also in use.

Rural Credit

It is reported that the main forms of credit are provided through the informalsector (moneylenders, friends and relatives). Institutional lending is mainlyprovided through the Grameen Bank and the Bangladesh Rural DevelopmentBank. Short term loans are available for the purchase of farm inputs such asseed and agrochemicals. These loans are repayable after the harvest. Mediumterm loans (1-4 years) is available for the purchase of livestock and minorequipment. Longer termn loans are also available.

NGO credit is also available in some areas. Proshika, BRAC and the GrameenBank are predominant in this area.

Labour

Most small holdings are managed by household members and it is only on thelarger farm holdings that farm labour is hired. Generally the requirement forfarm labour is seasonal and local demand is affected by a number of factorssuch as the following:

* Farm size and cropping intensity.* Availability of landless and low income marginal farmerAabourers.* Crop value.

EW,UQImar.fAL RmSOUaK LaaMM Cnmm.u ou we EuRo,wj CowAuwws

* Labour costs.

Labour requirements are at their highest in June and July when the T.amancrop requires transplantation. The daily wages for labouring do not varysignificantly throughout the country; this is partly because migrant labour ischeap and suppresses any tendency for local prices to rise.

In some areas, women are also able to provide labour though they role is stillmainly confined to household activities and homestead farming.

Extension and Research Support

The Department of Agricultural Extension (DAE) has an extensive network ofextension officers (Block Supervisors) who offer extension advice to farmers oncropping practices and the control of pests. The DAE will shortly receiveinstitutional strengthening to improve its effectiveness and outreach capabilities.This is considered further in Section 2.9).

There are numerous research institutes charged with the task of improvingtropvarieties, cultivation methods and disease and pest resistance. Those relevantto the crops grown in the project area are as folows.

* Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI).* Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI).- Bangladesh Jute Research Institute.- Fisheries Research Institute.

Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute (BLRI).* Forest Research Institute.

BARI conducts research on all crops not covered by the specialist crop researchmstitutes.

The activities of the research institutes has been evaluated in relation to theWorld Bank's Agricultural Support Services Project, a component of which is toimprove the quality of research, making it more farmer orientated. Amongstthe conclusions drawn are that the research institutes are to some extent 'outof touch' with farmer requirements and that there is some reluctance of thefarmers to adopt locally produced strains when better strains can be obtainedillegally from neighbouring countries.

Several NGOs are also actively supporting agriciltural development in theproject area. These are considered in Section 2.8.

2.35 Constraints on Agricudtural Production

Food production is generally low compared to more northerly parts, forexample, the per capita food grain production in polder 59/2 is estimated at>0.4kg/day whilst in Gumti it is estimated at 0.6 kg/day.

E_AUcNgAL RSSLY* Comama r rA Eumai Cbm,

20

The main constraints on agricultural production in the coastal area of thecountry are listed below. Not all these constraints operate within individualpolder areas though in general the list is fairly indicative of average conditions.

* Variability in the weather, mainly the timing and intensity of rainfali events.* Short winter season which limits the time available for rabi crop cultivation.* Comparatively high soi salinity and saline intrusions.* Low fertility status of soils; particularly in terms of individual macro- and

micro-nutrient concentrations.* Inadequate supplies of irrigation water during the dry season which limits

boro and rabi crop cultivation.* Unavailability of improved crop varieties.* Highly variable soil conditions which dictate different cropping patterns and

irrigation schedules and detract from the value of general extensionmessages.

* Perennial waterlogging in some areas arises due to inadequate O&M ofdrainage structures.Land use conflicts with shrimp farmers who often breach embankmnents andintroduce saline waters to the detriment of crop production.

* Inadequate agricultural extension activities.* Poor communication networks which mitigate against effective provision of

farm inputs.- Unequitable distribution of cultivable land, often concentrated amongst a few

large landowners, which discourages land improvements by tenant farmers.* Inadequate fodder provision may also be a limiting factor for the use of

draught animals in some areas.

There is considerable scope for these constraints to be addressed throughvarious means of assistance. The pre-requisite to success is an initialimprovement in flood prevention, drainage and cydone protection.

e4 FISHEES

The fisheries sector contributes approximately 35% of Bangladesh's CDP (WorldBank,1991) and accounts foar_0%-of the national protein intake. The sectorearns about 12% of the nation's eiport earrngs; mainly from shrimp export.The sector employs about 1.2 million commercial fishermen and the numbersof occasional or subsistence fishermen is likely to be considerably higher. TheRegio-nal Plan Report for the South East Region (FAP 5) remarks that 'there isa dearth of data on the actual numbers of full time and subsistence fishermen'but reports that rapid rural appraisal suggests that 2% of the population arefull-time fishermen whilst 5% fish on a subsistence basis.

Over 62% of the area under surface water in Bangladesh is located in theproject area and thus these waters contribute a considerable proportion of thenation's protein supply. We can conveniently subdivide the activities in thefisheries sector into the folowing categories which are considered further in thissection.

E_NNOAMAL REWMcS LOAM Co asn< o; Ewopuivi Co_mwu

'1

* Freshwater capture fisheries.* Freshwater aquaculture.* Brackish water aquaculture.* Marine fisheries.

* 2.41 Freswauter Capture Fishies

It is estimated that the total annual fish catch from open surface waters in theproject area is 166,681 mt, mainly from rivers and estuanies. The contributionsof the various water body types in the project area to this total is indicated inTable 24a. It is estimated that in the average 150 days when floodplain spillingoccurs, I ha of land produces over 100 kg/ha of fish. The World Bank (1992)recognises that this could be infcreaseWd k 150 with appopriatemanagement

Fishing in major govemment water bodies requires a licence; this is a far moreequitable arrangement for the poor than the previous system where waterbodies were leased to (comparatively wealthy) individuals who then sub-leasedor sold fishing rights to others.

Many of the important food fish species such as hilsa and carp are migratoryand there is circumstantial evidence in many areas that the abundance offreshwater fish is declining due to the construction of flood control, drainageand irrigation structures which have prevented the migrations necessary tocomplete the life cycle, and which also prevent fish from dispersing across floodplains during the monsoon season. These issues are clouded by the fact thatindigenous fish biology is not weU understood. The 1992 Regional Plan Reportfor the South East region (FAP 5) comments that 'there is not any weildocumented study of fish migration in the river systems of Bangladesh andmisgration patterns of the majority of fish...are very poorly understood'.

There are reported to be 4 species of freshwater crab and 20 freshwater shrinmpspecies which are captured, of these, the freshwater giant prawn (Macrobradhiumrosenbergii) is an important additional fishery resource. It also is migratory,returning to the sea in order to breed in identified breeding grounds. FCDIstructures are reported to adversely affect this species.

Z4.2 Frskwater Aquaculturc

A recent survey by the Bangladesh Fisheries Resource System (Annex B)estimates that there are about 1%,000 ponds in the project area of which themajority support fish cuture (54%) whilst 32% are 'culturable'. The remaining14% are stated to be 'derelict' which means that due to poor maintenance theycould not support fish life. These ponds account for about 8% of the projectarea (31,024 ha). Many of these ponds are multi-purpose, supplying domesticwater requirements, laundry and bathing facilities.

Fish production from pond aquiculture in the project area is about 53,861 mtThe Kampsax International report estimates the yield from these ponds to be

E,AvMo,P_L Rmasuc lai Comwio oF n Euma Cmas_

".1

Tabk Z4a Distsibution of Fish Catch by Inulad Open Water Bodies in Project Districts,1987-88

_________________ _______________ ___________ in mn )

District Riwuis & esauan= Sundem BHeels Floodlnds Rnw toal

Onilagong 270019 -191 12519 39726

NoakhIli 1651 I 1 9722 26291

Banral 41300 n7 11391 59718

Khulna EE B066 125 87 21972

Patuakhali 15 . 3222 18974

PrJt Tool 112437 1066 251 45877 16681

Bangladcsh Total 133817 8066 45610 182037 419530

Projc shae as % 61.2 10.0 0.3 25. 39.7of Bangi

oc BEWDE (9

Table 2.4b Princp modes of bnakish uwteaqnaclturm deelopmet in Bangkdesh

Si. Mode Major Physica Componcn«sNcL

1. Shnmp/rish only (pesent Minor embankmcnt. eanhworl; wOoden inliLs. pOst larvacpracce) and traps-

2. Shnmp and nce (presen Mmnor cmbankmcnt. carthwork. wooden inlets, post larvac._____ practic) taps and additional inputs for nec cultivation

3. Shrimp and salt (present Minor embanukment. eanhworLk wooden inleuts post-lame.practie) traps and additional embankment for salt

4. Shnmp only - Major embankment. canhworL &enilizcr, ltnc. sccncdtrei4i..intensire) minlt and oullenL concretc replaors and pstl4aivac

S. Shnrmp only Major cmbankmnct earthworl, screened inlets and oulcts(Intensie) concte mgulaiots past-lamc, fetiizcr, lime and Iced

6 Shnmp only and ncc Shnmp Major cmbankment, carh worL screcned concrctc(impmved) inlets and outlets, lare and fertslizcr. Rwc: Requircd

inputs for riee cultivation

7 Shnrnp only and salt Shrmp: Major embankmenL carthwork, screened concr,te(imped and outlet pon lam and fcrilizer. Salt Additil

S c BWahwo19

soumv BWDB (19,)

281 kg/ha, This is comparatively low and there is considerable scope to increasethis yield to 3000 kg/ha without substantial inputs. Yields as high as 9000kg/has are possibleiwith intensive culture methods, including pond aeration.

A small number of hatcheries are located in the project area; at Raipur, inLakshmipur and at Chhagainaiya near the Muhuri river. The former wasestablished in 1979 to mitigate against the adverse effects of FCDI schemes inthe area.

Pond species recorded in the Noakhali and ComiDa districts include thefolowing.

* Rohu (Labco rohita); 34% of catches.* Catla (Catla catla); 28-31%.* Mrigal (Cirrhina mrigala); 19%.* Silver carp (Hypophtlwlmichthys molitrix).* riapia (0. Niloticus, mossambicus).* Boal (Wallago atts).* Shol (Channa sp.).* Shing (?Chrnna batranc*s).

Puti (Puntius sp.).

Prices quoted (April 1991) for these species vary in different areas of thecountry, for example, catla vanes from 35-90 Tklkg and carp vanes from 30-60

24.3 Brackish Water Aquaultuve

Coastal brackdsh water aquaculture is mainly concemed with shrimp farming.bie v4b. sumnmarises the prindpal modes of brackdsh water aquaculture in

Bangladesh. This activity has increased rapidly in recent years, primarily dueto the high export value of the commodity. Exports of shrimp in 1989/90 eamedabout 84 million ecu in foreign exchange.

The species Peneus monodoa is farmed in the Satkhiia, Khulna and Cox's Bazaarareas.

During shrimp culture, post-larvae are netted in coastal waters and introducedinto brackish water ponds where they are allowed to grow and mature beforeharvesting. A more traditional method simply involves flooding ponds withbrackish water which introduces the larvae. Both approaches tend to givevariable yields since predatory fish larvae may also be introduced and these canconsume much of the potential shrimp yield.

Shrimp culture was a long practised activity along the coast of the Khulnaregion which was interrupted, temporarily by the construction of coastalembankmnents. The rise in market values has caused a resurgence of shrimpculture in the Khulna and Cox's Bazaar areas.

Generaily farmers stock up to 20,000 post larvae per hectare-in ponds of up to40 hectares in size. The ponds are often fertilised and may incorporate sluice

E&-.MrAL _ RoSmcES Cobau o WE EuoW.4 Caa.u

24

gates and fry screens. Average production is reported to be about 100-175 kglhathough up to 700 kg/ha is possible without supplementary feeding; even thisis considered low by intemational standards.

Rottional Skrimp/Rice Farming

In some areas, such as Khulna, 'double cropping' in agricultural fields withshrimp and aman rice occurs. The shrimp are grown from January to late Julyand rice is grown from August to December. It. has been reported in someareas that shrimp farming in this manner has adversely affected adjacent cropproduction due to salinisation of the soil. It has also been reported that ricefarmers are being forced to allow shrimp cultivation on their land after theaman crop.

In the Cox's Bazaar area shrimp farming is carried out in rotation with saltproduction.

24.4 Constrints in Coastal Aquaclture

The following constraints on coastal aquaculture have been identified fromexisting reports and discussions.

* -High tidal amplitude causes soil erosion and the subsequent loss of valuablenutrients.

* Cyclones and tidal bores tend to discourage capital investment.* Crabs often seriously damage shrimp farm embankments, allowing shrimp

to escape.* Variable quality of collected wild seed.* Conversion of mangrove forest to ponds leads to loss of spawning and

nursery areas.Inadequate draiage provisions and O&M which results in poor watercirculation and control of water supply by shrimp farmers.

2.5 FORESMr

Natural forest in the project area is almost entirely restricted to the coastalmangrove; the Sundarbans, Choakhalia and Teknaf forests. It is estimated thatthere are about 587,380 ha of natural mangrove forest. Very little natural forestexists further inland in southem Bangladesh though there is a considerableamount of social forest, particularly around homesteads.

The Forestry Department has been involved in coastal afforestation since themid 1960s and has planted an estimated 1.08 million hectares along the coastusing species from the Sundarbans. The initial plantations of the CoastalAfforestation Project were in Chittagong, Noakhali, Barisal and PatuakhaliDistricts (Figure 2.5a). Initial afforestation rates in the 1970s were about 4000ha/yr but this slowed down to about 1000 ha/yr in the early 1980s.

Etwahn. ROOM= Lam Ccminu oruE Ewi m

75

Khtdna ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~NoakhaII

-4-I

MNIA 0 htaog)

,,,°I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Se.i-ii. NOAI'C~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~00HALI -4

~~ CA DIV. ICHITTAGONGC/A Div.

PATUAKHALI 0 S °ARISALC/A Div. C/A Div.

B A Y OF 8 E N G A L NCoas Baz ar

"BURMA

Figure 2.5a Planltations of the Coastal Afforestation Project

_ 30 * Sl .0 Ic0

Attempts at afforestadon have yielded nixed results. The Regional Plan reportfor the South East (FAP 5) notes that 'attempts at afforestation to stabilise thecoast have had mixed results for a number of ecological, social andadministrative reasons. The coastline is generaUy too active to supportextensive areas of mangrove'. Some of the ecological factors are physical factorssuch as soil salinity and other physico-chemical characteristics, the nature offlooding and the degree of maintenance. Some species establish themselvesbetter in certain regions. For example, Avicennia officinalis is now mostlyconfined to the Chittagong area whilst Excoecaria agullocha is linited to areaswithin Noakhali Division. Attempts at afforestation with Bruguiera gymnorrhizaare reportedly not very successful whilst Acacia is reported to grow mostsuccessfully on higher drier ground.

v 6 INDUSTRY

Industry along the coast is predominantly concentrated within the Patenga areaof Chittagong area (polder 62). This area supports a variety of industrial plantwhich include the following:

* Fertiliser manufacturing plant (TSP).* Chittagong steel mills.* General Electrical Manufacturing.* Chittagong Cement Clinker Factory.

Eastern Cable.* Eastern Refinery.

Another concentration in this industrial area is the Bangladesh ExportProcessing Zone which was established in 1983. Industry continues to beattracted to the area and it is reported that when all recently approveddevelopments are established, the total value of investment will reach 473million US dollars.

*Z61 Salt Production

It is reported that 14,600 ha of land are used for salt production, mainly in theChittagong area Table 26a. Approximately 29,000 farmers were estimated to beinvolved in this activity recently (Kampsax 1992). Production estimates suggestthat 50 tonnes of unrefined salt can be produced from I hectare of land.

Z7 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

In this section we briefly describe the activities, organisational structure andenvironmental management capabilities of selected agencies and describe anyinstitutional strengthening activities which are in progress or forthcoming.

Z7.1 Depabnent of Ervimnment

The DoE, formerly known as the Department of Pollution Control has recentlybecome the focus of attention by the Government in terms of its functions in

E_rN.L RuEmxI L1_ Cbm cr n, Egmw C _muwm

27

Table 26 Main Areas of Salt Production

Pdlder No. Upazila Salt-Ccntrc Area Undcr P.C.Salt Malking

l __________ _____________________ (in ha.)

P 71 1.Kutubdia 1.LCmSILhali 1473.09 10.08

P 69 2.Maheskhali ' U[iara Nalbila 2024.28 13.86P 70 3.Gorokghata 1274.38 .72

4.Maiarbari 1809.80 19

Sub-Td2al 5108.46 34.97

P 66/3 3.Cox's Bazar 5.Gomatoli 1341.96 9.196.Cloufaldandi 842.17 5.767.Dulhazari 49.78 0.348.Fulchari 1320.52 9.04

l________ .Sub-Total 3554.43 24.33

P 64/2B 4.Chokoria 9.Darbcshata 328M88 22.47

P 64/IA 5Banskhali 10.Purbo Boroghona 800.48 5.4811Sarol 299.07 2.05

i_________ ________________ Sub-ToLal 1099.55 753P 68 6.Tcknaf 12. Tcknaf 91.06 0.62

Total 14609.47 100.00

Soure: BWDB (1992)

potlution control and the development planning process. This is mainly due toincreasing global (and donor) awareness of environmental issues. The DoE hasbeen involved in the sporadic monitoring of river polution for several years,mainly at well known polluted environments such as the Kharnafuli River.

The central office is based in Dhaka and there are regional offices in Khulnaand Chittagong. The DoE is inadequately staffed, particularly at the middle andhigher management levels. This is not due to inadequate financial resourcesbut is a reflection of the inadequacies of the education system which fails todeliver sufficient expertise for the DoE's needs. Expertise in environmentalissues is mainly concentrated in the private sector where the remunerativerewards are higher.

The DoE has received substantial donor support in recent years, particularlyfrom the Asian Development Bank's institutional strengthening programmes.Pollution monitoring capabilities and EIA expertise have been strengthenedthough the management of natural resource issues has not been specificallyaddressed. The regional offices are deficient in skilled technical manpower andare poorly equipped. This may be addressed by further donor support;principally the World Bank.

Given the existing state of affairs and the emphasis on the management ofindustrial pollution and EIA, it is unlikely that the DoE will be able tosubstantially contribute to the management of natural resource issues in thenear future apart from giving general advice and guidance.

27.2 Fowst Department (IFD)

The FD of the Ministry of Ernvironment and Forests is the main agencyconcerned with -the management of forest resources. Field operations aremanaged on a regional basis, with each of 6 regional offices headed by aConservator of Forests. Each regional cirde is sub-divided into several divisionspatrolled by Divisional Forest Officers.

At the end of 1991, the FD had a staff of about 10,000 which includes 4850technical and professional staff. There is also an additional manual labour forceof 0.5 million.

The SAR for the World Bank's Forest Resources Management Project makes thefollowing points about the operational capabilities of the DF.

* Performance of the field organisation varied widely due to inadequatemonitoring of quality and effectiveness.

* The structure relies too heavily on the Chief Conservator of Forests forcontrol and decision-making.

* The organisation is not sufficiently developed on functional lines.

* The headquarters is weak in project planning, programming, monitoring,and evaluating and has poor environmental management capabilities.

E,4vm_waFErAL RlCES~XUCWS L~UmI comN lwe Ei ar C_aiww

* There is a shortage of technical staff at the .iddle and upper managementlevels.

The SAR also comments that the FD has been slow to introduce 'people-orientated forestry'.

There has been on-going donor support for mangrove afforestation for severalyears assisting not only in the area of plantations but also in training, remotesensing and colorisation research.

The proposed Forest Resources Management Project will also finance thestrengthening of environmental management capabilities. This would involvethe FD establishing an Environmental Management Wing which would beconcerned with:

* Planning and implementation of nature conservation activities.* Establishing environmental standards and criteria for forest management.* Collecting environmental data.

Monitoring environmental effects of forestry operations.U

The staff salaries of the Environmental Management Wing woultd alsro befinanced by the project, in addition to the short term inputs of a mangroveafforestation research scientist and an entomologist

These developments should substantially enhance the capabilities forenvironmental management of forestry issues under the CPP H.

.7.3 Bangladesh Water Development Board

The BWDB is the responsible agency for all aspects of FCDI development,operation and management within the Ministry of Irrigation. It has been inexistence since 1972. Its operations are administered on a regional anddivisional basis and there is a total of 18,000 staff in the organisation. TheWorld Bank's draft Final Executive Project Summary notes several problemswithin the BWDB which include financial constraints, management systemdeficiencies and poor staff motivation. It further notes that benefits of pastprojects have not been fuly realised due to weaknesses in the O&M system.

At present the BWDB does not have environmental management capabilitiesthough environmental issues related to water quality and supply can beadequately addressed by existing technical staff resources.

ZZ4 Departmnt of Agricultural Extension

The DAE is the executing agency within the Ministry of Agriculture that isconcerned with providing knowledge support to the farming community. Thereare urrently some 12,000 officers (Block Supervisors) who interface with thefarming community. Technically, they come under the administration of theUpazila Pauishad (village council) though their extension activities are directedby the Ministry through higher levels in the DAE. The block supervisors are

&m"awwAL Rawcu Lum Camm oP 76 EAman C auwuhs

,n

involved in the collection of basic aricultural data on cropping pattems, yieldsand use of agrochemicals amongst other things.

Deficiencies in the efficiency and adequacy of the DAE's extension work withthe farming community is being addressed through the World Bark'sAgricultural Support Services Project which amongst other things improves thetraining and outreach capabilities of the field staff.

2.8 SELEcTED NGOs INVOLVED IN ENiRONMENAL AND SOCIAL ISSUES

Of the several thousand NGOs operating in Bangladesh, the following are themain ones operating in the areas relevant to the project. It is likely that manysmaller ones operate at the village level.

2.8.1 NGO Involvement in Embankment Leasing

The concept of leasing stretches of embankment to the landless is not new tothe BWDB. One NCO which has been involved in such activities is BithahinShamabaya Society which is an organisadon geared to catering for landless,destitute or widowed women.

2.8.2 iVNGOs mwolved ix Agrwcultre, Fisheries and Forcstry Activities

Bangladesh RumOL Aduancament Committer (BRAC)

Founded in 1972, this is the largest national NGO with over 3000 staff workingin health, agriculture, education and income-generating programmes for therual poor. BRAC activitie., are not uniformnly distributed around the country;they are presently concentrated in the districts of Manikganj, Sherpur, Ramgpurand Pabna Districts. Recently some agricultural development activties havebegun on Kutubdia.

In terms of social forestry, BRAC's main area of involvement has been inroadside planting and homestead gardening. Fodder. cultivation has also beena main area of farmer encouragement. Experience of coastal afforestation islimited.

Proshik&aManobik Unnayan Kendra

Proshika branched off from BRAC in 1976 and has become involved with ruralgroups in the areas of group formation, training and income and employmentgeneration. It has organised approximately 20,000 groups of farmersthroughout the country (72 upazilas) and- conducts training and groupformation activities through over 35 Area Development Centres. Like BRAC,it has a rural credit scheme which operates on a revolving basis.

Proshika's objectives in the forestry sector are to develop environmentalawareness and provide training and credit for self development of the poor.The organisation has considerable experience of roadside afforestation,homestead agroforestry, nursery developmer.t and protection of natunrl forests.

Eua_OMamA RamUac LaM C <anm o 1W EuwANm C.waIU

1

Following submission of a proposal for participatory forestry in the sal forestsof central Bangladesh, Proshika is now collaborating with the ForestryDepartment in forest protecdon and agroforestry activities.

Apart from activities in the Comilla area, Proshika is not well represented in thecoastal areas of the project.

Suanirbhar

This movement, which began in 1975, promotes self-help amongst the ruralpoor, the target population being mainly landless women and marginal farmers.The NGO's main area of activity in the forestry sector is in homestead agro-forestry. Substantial numbers of its staff have received training fr-m theForestry department in this area.

Banchte Shekha

This NGO, established in 1976, works with widows, divorcees, abandoned orlandless women mainly in the Jessore region where there are over 400 BSgroups. It is mainly involved in social forestry, tree planting and homesteadnursery development. It has been promoting tree planting on char lands,particularly fruit trees whose produce can be sold.

Gono Unnayan Prochesta (GUP)

GUP was established in 1973 and works with the poor in Madaripur andPatuakhali Districts. It is involved in social forestry and agricultural andhomestead crop production.

CARE International

CARE began worldng in Bangladesh in the 1950s and now has over 1300 staffinvolved in a range of projects concerned with agricultural development,women's development, agroforestry.and farmer training.

Mennonite Central Committee

The Mennonites are involved in agricultural development, tree-planting andnursery developrBenL Districts where the NGO is particularly active are Feniand Noakhali.

Cantos

Caritas is the relief and development agency of the catholic church. It is wellestablished in Bangladesh, having regional offices in Barisal, Chittagong andKhulna amongst other places. The organisation has been involved in socialforestry issues for about 20 years, the main thrust being in fruit treedevelopments on homesteads.

EWNVCWAL Ruosacmm C OFu ELOmN ComaU"=

32

2.9 RELATD DONOR SUPPORr

210 ACRICULT7URE

National Minor Imgation Deelopment Project

This project will be executed over a period of 7 years and will be co-financed bythe Overseas Development Administration (ODA)-and the Commission of theEuropean Communities. It has the following components:

* Installation of new and rehabilitation of existing old deep tubewells.

* Provision of pnimary water supplies to about 100.000 ha of coastal land byimprovements in drainage infrastructure to allow tidal freshwater irrigation.

* Provision of primary water supples to 30,000 ha by river abstraction usingpontoon-mounted low lift pumps.

* Demonstration of command area distribution systems on 10,000 ha of low liftpump schemes.

* Environmental monitoring and consultancy advice.

Agriculture Support Services Project

This project which will be co-financed by the ODA and the World Bank will beimplemented over a 10 year period. Its main aim is to improve the efficiencyand effectiveness of the extension system which will hopefuDy be reflected inincreased crop production, crop diversification and more efficient use of farmirputs. Some of the projects cr.iponents address the foDlowing:

- Improving seed availability to farmers.Promotion of crop diversification and horticultural export activities.

* Promotion of integrated pest management and more appropriate use of farminputs, including water and agrochemicals.

There will be an environmental monitoring component which will addressissues such as soil physical and chemical characteristics and agrochemical usage.

v.11 FIsHERIES

Second Aquaculture Development Programme

The on-going ADB financed SADP project focuses on carp and shrimp culturein various parts of the country and floodplain stocking in eastem Bangladesh.The project also provides credit facilities through internediate financialinstitutions for shrimp and fish farmers to upgrade ponds and for theconstruction of new ponds, hatcheries and nurseries.

E,ma6AL REMoWB LAar CAu e w Eawmnh C_.msw

33

Shrimp Culture Project

This IDA financed project ended December 1991. It was concerned withimproving shrimp culture in the eastern Cox's Bazaar area. Paddy/shrimpcultivation is also part of the project. The project has supported hatcherydevelopment, extension services, credit and technical assistance. NCOs havebeen involved in organising farmers into groups. Yields have reportedlyincreased from 75 to 135 kg1ia in pilot study areas .

Institutionl Strengthening of the Department of Fisheries

The UNDP and FAO are co-financing a 4 year project aimed at improving themanagement capabilities of the DOF. It also involves support for pond andfreshwater shrimp culture through the use of demonstration farms and stafftraining.

Integrated Fisheries Development Project

The GOB has solely financed this project which began in 1988. It involved theestablishment of mnini hatcheries in upazilas throughout the country as well asfloodplain stocking and surveying of all public water bodies in the country.

Third Fisheries Project

This project aims to improve the fisheries sector in the western half of thecountry through the foDowing

Major stocking of up to 100,000 ha of floodplain fisheries over a six yearperiod (not in the project area however).

* Improvements in infrastructure for draipage and irrigation on 13,000 ha ofexisting polder-based shrimp cultivation.

* Financing packages at the upazila and district level to support pondaquaculture developments, and women's involvement in fisheries amongstother components.

Production of freshwater prawns is also supported.

Noakhali Integrated Rural Development Project

This project which has entered its second phase is concemed with thepromotion of rural development from several angles. Extension work toimprove agricultural yields and social development in the area is a majoractivity. Cooperatives have been forned , consisting of local farmers, landlessand destitute groups. Ponds have been leased to cooperatives for fishcultivation which has proved successful. The groups are for the time beingprovided with free fingerlings and fry and technical advice.

Em_mopWiAL ROIAKU Lamm Cogmaui oe wE Euinom C _maua,

34

X.12 FoRErm

Forest Resources Manogemnmt Project

This World Bank project is concemed with establishing a forest managementsystem 'responsive to the economic, environmental and social goals of thecountry' and increasing the productivity of the forestry sector.

The project has the foflowing components:

* Forest Resources Management; this involves improving the capabilities tomake forest management plans and involving local communities in forestdevelopment and protection.

* Expansion of forest resources; rehabilitation of degraded forest and plantingof 60,000 ha of new mangrove forest.

* Nature conservation; preparation of management plans for all national parksand wildlife sanctuaries.

* Institutional support; reorganisation of the FD headquarters, training anddevelopment of an environmental wing.

Upazila Afforestation and Nxrsery Development Projedt

This UNDP/ADB-funded project supports tree planting on public non-forestland, homesteads and along transport corridors and river and coastalembankments.

Integrated Resource Development of Sundarbans Reserve Forest Project

The UNDP and FAO are financing this project which is concemed with thedevelopment of a multi-use management plan for the Sundarbans.

E&#AmrWL RocUK LANf CGa oW hw EmmuLw C_wdu

35

3 POEV14L ENVRONAMENTAL IMPAC7S

In this chapter, we briefly list and describe the environmental impacts whichcould arise from or be exacerbated by the project. The impacts identified arebased primarily on an environmental review of the existing literature on flood.control, drainage and irrigation (FCDI) projects in Bangladesh, and also on ourexperience of the country.

It should be emphasised that the CERP does not involve the construction ofentirely new embankments. Apart from a few areas where existingembankment sections will be retired, construction works will involve elevating,repairing and strengthening existing embankments. To our knowledge thealignment of the embankment will not be substantially altered and no newwater courses will be either regulated or obstructed by the project. In mostcases the impacts of coastal embankment construction have been extant for aconsiderable period of time and will continue to exist with or without theproposed project, unless actions have or will be taken to address them.

We preface our discussion of potential positive and negative impacts of theproject by first reviewing the impacts of the original Coastal EmbankmentProject (CEP).

31 THE COASrAL EMUANKMENT PROJECJ: REVIEW OF IMPACZS

3.1.1 Backgmund

Coastal embankments have been constructed in Bangladesh for many years, at-sast since the creation of the East Pakistan Water and Power DevelopmentAuthority (EPWAPDA) in 1939. Prior to this period low lying embankments ofthe Zamindar System were in existence. In 1961 the Coastal EmbankmentProject (CEP) was conceived and implemented over a 10 year period, its mainaim being to afford flood protection to the coastal area.

An evaluation of the CEP was carried out for EWAPDA in 1969 by Leedshill DeLeuw Engineers and the report makes several general comments andobservations on the project's impacts Table 3.1a.

The report does not elaborate on the nature of the impacts or the extent towhich rural communities were affected. Neither is there an indication ofproject-instigated or individual-inspired mitigation measures which address theimpacts. An exception to this relates to the negative impacts on polder drainageand flooding due to siltation and land accretion where civil workswere carried out We were unable to locate any information which documentshow affected people adapted to adverse impacts such as the decline in openwater fisheries or the obstruction of navigation channels. Discussions that weheld suggest that people engaged in such activities were forced to change theiroccupations.

_gv..u~fALROMui Law COMm_ O im ELaw.v Cmmw

The main benefits envisaged of the project; increased production of crops, salt,fish and shrimp; have occurred to a large extent. However the relationshipover time between polder construction and increased production has beenconfused by natural disasters in subsequent years.

We are able to draw some lessons from this project for the planning of the CPPI1. These are listed briefly below and considered further in Section S which dealswith impact mitigation.

* Borrow pits should be excavated on the landward side of the embankmentsto provide water storage areas for local inhabitants.

* Improved drainage capacity to relieve drainage congestion during the rainswas required in some areas, beyond that originally thought necessary.

* It was thought that the suitability of drainage sluices should be improved toaDow them to be used for the introduction and control of irrigation waterand to allow passage for migratory fish and shrimp.

* The land acquisition process was often extremelyjengthy, delaying projectprogress; the acquisition process should be improved/expedited to avoiddelays in obtaining necessary land.

* To prevent embankment damage, grazing on the embankmnents should beprohibited or carried out under strictly controlled conditions.

* A public relations exercise should have been undertaken to communicate theadvantages of the project to local inhabitants.

* In some areas saline waters could be introduced through the embankmnentsundeircontrolled conditions to mitigate adverse impacts on shrimp culture.

* Fisheries development should be encouraged inside polder areas to offset lossof natuzal fisheries by involving on-going donor and NGO assistanceprogrammes in the area.

VirtuaDly al these issues have been addressed adequately by the CPP II.

EmwamaL Ruxmc Lauu cm.a O TM Eumalvl COwwgus

37

Table 3la Evaluation Report Commcnts on the Coastal Embankment Projcct

* Confinement of river channels by embankments tended to increase the flushing of salinewaten fom the project ara during the miny seson.

* Incresed water levels in rivem contained by embankments would be limited to about 30cms and conained by the embankments.

* Water quality was not considered to be substantially altred in surface streamssurrounding the polders and water quality within the polders should have improvedbemuse of the elimination of saline walers by the embankwents.

* Grater protection to surface and groundwaler supplies would result from the preventionof saline floods.

* Alteration of sedimentation and erosion dynamics would not be significant and anyefforts to control or prre.ent erosion would be ineffective and costly.

* Sedimentation of closed channels took place due to the bss of energy from riverine ortidal motion.

* Unsubstantiated reports suggested that fish catches in channels closed by theembankments were reduced. It was rmarked that this may be due to overfishing.

* Some ponds and shrimp rearing ponds were lost during construction. In addition theshrimp rearing ponds were cut off from a source of sea water and shrimp post-larvae.

- Project embankments closed some khals and navigation routes necessitating transhipmentand overland transport

a Embankmnents blocked freshwater flooding in some areas, depriving them of freshwatersupplies.

* Natural drainage channels were blocked in some areas leading to flooding within thepoldem.

* In polders which had elevation diffeences (for example. 35fl in Khulna District) somelandowners wanted excessive floodwaters drained from their land whilst Fhrmers withhigher land wanted the water to be retained for irrigation of their land during dryperiodse

32 PoSITrVE EwVRONMEWVAL IMPACTS

We list in Table 3.2a the potential positive entrironmental impacts which couldarise from the project. It is widely accepted that the project will have significantpositive impacts on the human and economic communities by affording a highdegree of flood and cydone protection.

It is difficult to assess the number of lives that will be saved by protection fromcyclones and floods though reference to the numbers of lives lost in the April1992 cydone readily indicate that this could be substantial.

EwivmowAL Ru.oua LiC u mg Eaeu.w Cm_am

R

Table 3.2a Potential Positive E,wivowental Impacts of the Project

AFFORESrATION

* Stands of forest will act as a naturl wind bmak and may lead to incrsed riceproduction by preventing polen losa

* Affomestation with mangroves provides bmreding and nurwsy grounds for shrimp andfish,

* The coastal nangrove strip will protect the coastal embankmient by absorbing wave andtidal bore energy.

* The maturing mangrove forests will provide fuel, as chamoal or wood, for domnestic use.

* Afforested ares will provide valuable grazing for livestock. amelionrating local lodderdeficiencies.

* Forests will also provide fruits and materials for agro-processing and construction.

* Affiestation will provide additional habitat for wildlife and may lead to an increase inthe numnbes of endangered species.

e Mangrove affomestation provides additional breeding and nursely habitat for mnanyspecies of food frsh and shrimp and provides habitat for shellfish which are collected on acommercial basis.

* Coastal afforestation will provide long term employment and a means of liviihood for themost vulneable groups in Bangladesh society.

Coastal afforestation may lead to increased rates of sedinent accetion and thus stabilisethe coastline.

EMBANKMENT CONSTRUC7tON

M The project will offer greater protection against lass of life and damage to coastalinfrastructure.

* Short term employnent opportunities will increase during the construction phase.

* Local rural economies will receive short term stimulation, providing services toconstruction workers (meals, local transport).

* Embankbents will provide increased protection to. and facilitate extension andimprovements within brackish water aquaculture.

* The greater degree of coastal protection afforded will eliminate the potential forcontamination of surface water supplies and shallow groundwater aquifers

* Flood pmtection will reduce lbws of fodder supplies due to salinity related death ofvegetation.

* Embankments will provide incrnased protection against floods and will encourageintensification of freshwater pond culture.

* Construction borrow pits provide enhanced opportunities for water storage andaquacultue.

E,SoeMWArL Rususu Loom C N o hw Eua.n Camam

* Incread crop prmduction will stimulale the rurnl economy through increased demandfor Ibour, agrn-proceuing, agricultural inputs and tunport

* Crop production is likey to inceas due to increasd cropping intensity and use of farminputs (ferdliser, pesticide and improved seed vaieties).

* Imprved quality of agricultural cash crops may arise from to minimisation of damagedue to saiuation and flooding.

* Many of the above impacts will contribute to an overall increase in the nutritional statusof the kcd population.

MISCELLANJEOUS

* The project may encourage fulurm, further collaboration between NGOs and Govemmentagencies on ruma development.

* The social development component will facilitate technology transfer to governmentagencies in the management of resettlement and compensation issues and beneficiaryinvolvemenL

EsmN aL RoKa Lass Camm or TB Euen Commuaw

An

Table 33a Potential Negative Environmental Impacts

EMBANKMENT CONSTRUCTION

* Intenfiction of agricultume involving HYV cmps nmy lead to deceaed availability odlivestock fodder and fuel beause of ek rmsidual stubble.

* Agnculturl intemwifixation nuy result in incread uwe of agiuchemicals and lead toground and surfae water pollution

* Farmem encouraged to intenify crop pmduction may begin to dmw upon groundwater,jeopaidising donestic freshwater supplies by saline incursion into aquifem

* LLP irigation ol crnp using rsidual water bodies within polders in the dry sason willredues avibbility of water to the poor and landkea

* Embankment construction will requirr land acquisition and the loss of homesteads andagricultural land.

* Embankments prevent the seasonal flushing of sediment in khals and other waterwaysleading to sedinientation.

* Embanklnts prevent the seasonal flooding of land by rivers. klading to lob of naturalnutrient replenishmenL

* Reduced avaiablity of dry season water supply may anse due to loss of access to watercourses and rduced retention of floodwaterk

* Due to oss of flood induced sedimentation within poldemn polder klvels remain staticwhilst the land elevations outside poldem rise. This causes difficulties for gravitydrainage of poWers.

• Embankmenrts can lead to soil waterogging problems due to poor or siltation-affecteddinage systens (eg Beel Dakatia).

* Emnbankments pernwantly disrupt mnmor inland water transportation Outes, affectirgthe livelihoods of boat ownes

* Coastai embankients reduceteliminate periodically available numseTy and grazinggrounds (on flooded land) for juvenile fish and shrimp.

* Embankments isolate populations of aquatic organisms preventing genetic interchange.

* Embankments restrict the natural movements of fish and shrimp, preventing breedingand feeding migrations and thus lead to a decline in natural fish and shrimp stocks.

* Embanknents will tend to 'trap' people living on char lands, making them morevulnerable to flood and cyclone events.

Emmmmwrax Rousa LaDm Coamin wF 1t #mm Cowaugi

All

AFFORESTATION

* Affoemstation will lead to increased habitat diversity and may enhance the potentiai forcorp, human and livestock pests to arise.

* By encouraging the exploitation of foreshore forest resources. the proiect My inditilykead to an inemsed exploitation of natural existing mangrove forest.

MISCELLANEOUS

* Shrimp farwmes, encouraged to increase production, may fal ciear natural mangrovefonst lor pond construction, diminishing wildlife divemity and larval fish and shrimpproduction.

* The nutritional status of some poor and destitute people may fall due to the decline inopen water capture fisheries.

* Construction traffic may advemely affect local roads and villages by physical damage.The potential for accidents also increases.

* Land-take for embankment consiruction could reduce the economic status of marginalfanrnems who may lose prine agricultural land. Compensation in the form of poorer landor cash mnay be insulficient to maintain pne-project living standards on a long term basis.

* By encouraging agricultural intensification, farners will become more dependant onagricultural inputs and credit than previously.

* The adoption of HYV crops will lead to 'genetic erosion' of local indigenous cropvariefes.

X The soci jtlfaria Dof rural communities may be disrupted as a result of land-take andconcomitant resettlement of existing homesteads clbse to the embanklment andlandlessidestitute people. This may lead to social conflicts within new communites

* Some agrictural land may be lost during raw material acquisition (earth and clay).

The value of economic investments in the irndustry sector in the Chittagongarea alone is in the order of hundreds of millions of ecu. Protection of thisinvestment and of human lives and infrastructure serves to prevent thecountry's sparse development funds from being continuaUy sapped in disasterreGef.

Most of the potential impacts we lst relate to the crop and fisheries sub-sectorsand changes that may arise due to their intensification. The nature of theseimpacts will be largely determined by farmers individual responses to greaterprotection. Some farmers may seek to intensify their farming, others may not.

The socio-economic impacts will largely result from increased econonmicinvestment and returns from crop production and aquaculture. These willcreate employment opportunities both directly, and indirectly, in serviceindustries such as agro-processing, packaging and transport. Increasedindustrial development in the Chittagong area will have similar Tesults.

&EM.OMAWdAL hSuES L&D CO OF A s h'S EUAii CM.Wu

These positive impacts will not be universally or equally received by all sectionsof the project's communities. Land and wealth distribution affects the extentto which impacts are equitably experienced by the rural community. This issueis considered fully in the next chapter.

The afforestation component of the project serves two important functions;firstly, through the social forestry component, it provides low cost long termmaintenance of embankments by disadvantaged groups. Secondly, it offerssuch groups long term means of Uvlihood through social forestry and mninorcrop cultivation activities.

3.3 NEGATIvE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

Potential negative environmental impacts of the project are listed in Table 3.3a.Most of the impacts relate to the following:

* Agricultural practices.* Fisheries sector activities and impacts on fish and shrimp natural history.* Socio-economic aspects of the affected communities.* Natural and modified field hydrology.

As mentioned earlier, negative impacts will not be experienced everdythroughout the rural communities. Large landowners and aquacultura}ists areless likely to be adversely affected by the project than marginal farmers andopen water subsistence fishermen who are amongst the most impacted groupsin the community.

E,aaMNWra ROwcis Lui CFauuou ci Eu nm Cmouw&E

43

4 PROJECT IMPACT ASSESSMENT

41 ITRODUCTION

In the previous chapter, we identified a range of potential positive and negativeimpacts of the project based on previous FCDI experience in Bangladesh. Inthis section we consider the key environmental impacts which are likely to arisefrom the project and artempt to characterise them in terms of their scope,duration, probability of occurrence, significance and other appropriate factors.

Since many of the potential positive and negative impacts are inter-related, canoccur simultaneously amongst differing social groups and to a certain extent,negate each other, we wil consider them together. This will allow a greaterappreciation of the relative environmental costs and benefits of the project.

For convenience, we consider project impacts under the foDowing headings:

* Agriculture.* Fisheries.= Hydrology and Sediment Dynamics.e Socio-econonics.- Miscellaneous.

The impacts are summarised in Table 4.7a.

4.2 AGRICULTURE

Two of the greatest constraints on agriculture in the coastal strip are tlSesalinisation of soil and flood damage due to incursion of saline and tidal freshwaters. One of the main aims of the project is to offer greater protection tocoastal areas from high tide levels and cyclone surges. One would t xpect to seea decline in soil salinity in the post-construction years and an increase in thefarmers confidence that investments in agriculture will be secure. It is widelyexpected that these changes will manifest themselves as agriculturalintensification. Kampsax have estimated the increase in cropping intensitieswhich are likely to occur in the various categories of coastal land. In terms ofenvironmental assessment, the two key issues are how intensification will beachieved and what groups in the rural community will be impacted.

Predictions of the changes that will occur in cropping patterns have been madeby the Kamsax consultants. Generally, it appears that the percentage ofcropped area under single cropping will decline and the area that is doublecropped will increase. This mostly involves cultivation of rabi and T.amancrops. It is not likely that the area which is triple cropped will increasesubstantially. This is mainly due to the constraints of inadequate water supplies(HYV cultivation in the drv season has a very high water demand). The reportdoes not suggest that the replacement of local varieties with high yield varietieswill be widespread.

EMWO,aArL RfLUcU Lae Comminm cG U EuowN Ca_w_

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Table 4.1a Key Potenttiail Prtiject eimpacts anid AMonitoring/Mitigation Measures

Nature of Impact Impact Charactcuizallon MiligationManagerent AdivitlGround water pullution SIg& LT, LP, Lo, Ir Promote efilent use of agrocuhmikak

Retict agrchemicul use in as whl problersarse.Promote integyraed pst malngement

Changes in fodlder availability fnrig, LT, LP, Lo, Rev Encourage growth af fdder plants in alloismionareas and on public land.

Salinisation of groundwaler Sig, LT. HP, Lo, Irr Impose stricl controls on groundwater abstractonLPromote crops of low water demandr

Drawdown of surface waler resources Si LT, HP, La, Rev Encourage cultivation of low water demand crps.Provide LLP irrigation Irom outside poldCeResrict cnopping patlerns.

Decline in openwater caplure lisheries Insig LT, LP, La, Rev Artifcial stocking of capture fisheris.lime drainage schedule to migraloqy pmtterm

Increased aquacullure production. Sig LT, HP, Lo, Rev NGOs to provide assistance in aquaculturedevelopwenL

Increased employment opportunities. Sig& LT/ST, HP, Ex, Rev NGO coordinated employment training.Increased credit dependence. Insig, LT, Lo. Rev NCO advice on credit investrenl managenetImprwved socio-economic status. Sig, LT, HP, Ex, Rev and incorf geneating activities.L"ss of land (a embankmnent construction and/or Sig LT, HP, Ex, Irr Minimise land take on andward side.raw materiil acquisilion. RepcWcompensate for affected assets

Ensure adeqjuate compensation for crop km onlong lern basi.Provide advkce on nanagement of cashcompensation-

Sucidl conflicts amongst affected gronups. Inisig. ST, LP. Lo, Rev NGO mediationSocial fabric of comnnunitics dignpted Insig, ST, LP, Lo, Rev 8enerwciary participation in rsettleent panning.Cenetic erosion Sig, LT, Ex, Irr Collection and preservation of indigenous

vaiietiesRoad da1mage and accidents caused by Insig ST, LP, Lo, Rev Repair damaged nod Ctions and property.construction Irdalic. !mpcse loadspeed nsthiio on constntion

Iraffk.

Nature of Impact Impact Chafacteuatlion MiltlgatIoMaapment AciviLu

Sedimentation of khials and watercourses. Insig, LT, Lo, Rev Re-excavator affected watercoursa f necessay.NGO assistance in fisheries devekpmenL

IncreasVd rucruitment of shrimp larvae due to Sig LT, Lo, Rev NGO advice on 'utterns of affoestation andniangrove afforestation. sustainable exploitatiorL

Suggst maugeuwnt practkes as appropriate.

Conflicts of land-use amongst rice/shrimp farmers. Sig, LT, HP, Lo, Rev Intfoduce land-use zonation

Key Sig - SignificantInsig * InsignificantLT - Long TermST Sholrt TermHP - High probabilityLP - Low probabilityLa- LWcalizedEx - ExtensiveRev - ReversibleIn - Irreversible

4.2.1 AgrAcultural Intensification

The sources of environmental impact which are associated with agriculturalintensification are as follows.

* Increased use of agrochemicals.* Exploitation of groundwater for supplementary irrigation of crops.* Depletion of existing surface water resources within polders for

supplementary irrigation.* Increased use of improved seed varieties and the abandonment of traditional

local varieties.* Increased dependence on credit for agricultural production.* Increased employment opportunities in the agricultural sector.

Increased Use of Agrachemicals

Intensification of agriculture is usually accompanied by increased use offertilisers and pesticides which may pollute surface waters by runoff from soilsand contaminate groundwater and aquifer bodies due to the downwardpercolation of polluted soil water. As a result, surface and groundw'atersupplies may be rendered unpotable and fisheries and other aquatic life may beadversely affected.

Bangladesh has a comparatively low rate of fertiliser and pesticide consumptioncompared to neighbouring countries. Statistics at the upazila level indicate thatthe rate of agrochemical use in the coastal area is quite low compared to otherparts of the country where agriculture is more intensive, for example in theSyhlet area, where tea is cultivated, and in much of the country where HYVboro rice is grown. In areas where irrigated agriculture has developed, doubleand triple cropping are widespread. Previous socio-econornic surveys indicatethat in areas where the development of groundwater resources has allowed aboro crop to be cultivated, the consumption of fertilisers and pesticides hasincreased two to three fold. Much of this increased consumption is the resultof boro cultivation with HYV rice which has a greater demand for nutrientsthan low yielding varieties and is also more prone to pests.

We are aware of no figures which document increased consumption ofagrochemicals due to improvements in agricultural conditions which arise fromcoastal flood protection projects. As stated above, it is not expected hat triplecropping or the adoption of high yield varieties will be widespread and so wewould not expect the agrochemical consumption rate to increase as much astwo fold.

Another factor that constrains the rate of agrochemnical use is the financialstatus of the fanner. Richer farmers, or those who have access to creditthrough leasers, cooperatives or family will be able to invest in . grochemicalswhilst marginal and landless farmers.may be unable to do so. The rate atwhich agrochemical consumption increases will therefore vary widely withinpolders and there may also be some regional variation; the south west has alarger proportion of large farms for example.

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47

In summary therefore, we do not anticipate that agrochemical consumption willincrease to rates which cause environmental concem. Furthermore the build-upof unacceptable levels of agrochemicals within polders is unlikely to occur dueto the flushing effects of seasonal flooding and drainage of polders.

With respect to contamination of groundwater and aquifer bodies by pesticides,any residual pesticide which is not bio-degraded in the upper soil horizons willmost likely be adsorbed onto clay particles. Thus the potential for groundwatercontamination is low. Many of the coastal aquifers are smaDl and isolated and'protected' by the imperneability of the confining layers; widespreadcontamination is therefore difficult to envisage.

As a result of the above, we make the following comments on theenvironmental impact of agrochenmcal use:

* For the project area in general, there is a low probability that surface watersresources will become polluted to the extent that the water is rendered unfitfor use or that fisheries and aquatic life will be significantly affected. Thisimpact is considered insignificant as a result.

* There may be local incidences of water pollution which could be deemedsignificant but these are lkely to be the result of inappropriate use oraccidental spills rather than a general build-up over time.

* There is a low *robability that the groundwater or underlying aquiferswithin localised areas will become contaminated by agrochemicals. Ingeneral we would not expect such contamination to reach significant levels.

Supplementary Irrigation using Surface Water Resources

Intensification of crop production which involves the growth of ttew HYVvarieties, extends the length of the rabi season, or involves cultivation of anadditional aus/aman crop will require some irrigation to supplement the existingsoi water resource. In polder areas, opportunities for using water courses areusually limited by embankments; water in residual watercourses is no longerreplenished by upstream flow and access to adjacent surface water bodiesoutside the polder is constrained by the embankments. In this case, farmers,polder residents and vulnerable groups have to rely on surface water bodieswithin the polder area for agricultural and domestic use.

An increased demand on this resource during the dry season can clearly leadto conflicts of interest amongst the users of surface water bodies; the potentialexists for vulnerable groups to be adversely affected. Many marginal farmers,sharecroppers, landless and destitute people rely on surface water bodies fortheir domestic use, for bathing and laundry, for livestock watering and forfishing. The quality of surface water in ponds and khals is often directly relatedto its quantity such that any significant reduction in water volume will renderthe water unfit for many uses. It is important to remember that access totubewells is not universal in rural communities.

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Fish in reduced volumes of water are more iikely to suffer from thermal stressand die from asphyxiation, depriving poor people of a valuable source ofprotein.

The actions of the richer farmers and landowners are more likely to precipitateproblems of surface water supply than the marginal and landless farmers. Theirability to hire or purchase low lift pumps (LLPs) make supplementary irrigationof crops highly feasible.

* It is highly probable that the poorer elements of rural communities will besignificantly and adversely affected by increased use of surface water bodiesfor supplementary irrigation. Such impacts are liable to occur for severalmonths during the dry season on a yearly basis.

* FLsheries resources are highly lkely to be adversely affected by seasonaldrawdown of surface water bodies. Species diversity and abundance arelikely to decline over a period of years with concomnitant effects on nutritionin poorer groups.

* The nature of inpacts will vary amongst polders, depending on farmingpractices, the number and location of surface water bodies and access totubewell water supplies among other factors.

Supplomnary Irrigtion Using Groundwater

Within the National Water Plan, the coastal groundwater resource is to be usedfor domestic purposes only. This is to prevent saline incursion of aquiferswhich would render them unsuitable for domestic use. Some farmers may betempted to further exploit the groundwater resources for supplementaryirrigation of their crops. Whilst this may not result in any-appreciable declinein the quantity or quality of water in limited areas, as a widespread practice itwoutd have drastic effects in the project area.

Soil Waterlogging

One of the adverse impacts of the previous coastal embankment project wasthat waterlogging of soils occurred in some areas as a result of inadequatepolder drainage. In general, this appears to have been addressed by polderdrainage improvement schemes. The rehabilitation of embankments will resultin their height being increased. If the existing drainage structures areemployed, it is possible that flood waters (rain-derived) will accumulate to agreater depth within the polders andwill take a longer time to be cleared undergravity drainage.

This may result in soil waterlogging in some areas, particularly where fieldlevels vary greatly. It is difficult to determine the significance of this impact; atthe farm level though any waterlogging which results in loss of cropproductivity wiil be significant to the farmer.

Since we are not aware of any significant waterlogging problems at presentwhich are attributable to coastal embankments, we do not consider that this

EmeoNaawL Rk I_ms oo CLaLun OF h .. M CO_&**=

44

impact has a high probability of occurrence or significance. Further, the projectwill finance additional drainage improvements in selected polders which willhelp to prevent this impact from occurring.

Abandonment of Local Seed Varieties

A widespread environmental concern in the Asia region is the abandonmentand loss of traditional seed varieties which are adapted to local conditions, infavour of 'improved' high yield varieties. This has lead to considerable erosionof the local genetic resource which may at some future date be extremelyuseful. It is estimated that 62% of Bangladeshi rice varieties share a singlematernal parent which places the total crop in a vulnerable position shoultd amajor crop epidemic arise.

It is uncertain to what extent varietal use will change in the project area as aresult of the project. In the initial post-construction years, the pattem of usemay not change greatly due to the residual salinity of the soil. As'this declinesdue to the flushing effects of yearly flooding and drainage, it may be possibleto replace local salt tolerant varieties with HYV strains.

The significance of this impact at the farm level is not great; some would arguethat it is a positive impact rather than a negative one. However, it is ouropinion that at the national level this impact is a significantly adverse one. Thecoastal area of Bangladesh is liable to change markedly as a result of globaleiimate change. Rising water levels may lead to greater depths and duration offlooding which would tend to favour traditional flood resistant strains of ricerather than improved HYV rice, for example.

An additional impact related to the adoption of HYV rice is the poten'tialreduction in fodder availability. This arises because the residual straw after riceharvesting is much less with HYV rice than with local varieties. Whilst thisinpact may be of local significance, we do not anticapate that it will be ofsignificance throughout most of the project area since it is not envisaged thatHYV strains will be widely adopted. We have no information on changes infodder availability which may arise in relation to changes in other crop varietiessuch as wheat. It is likely that the afforestation component of the project willprovide opportunities for fodder production which may reduce or eliminate thisadverse impact.

Credit Deedew

The extent to which credit dependence occurs is largely dictated by individualfarner behaviour, economic status and credit availability.Whilst it is undesirable that credit dependence should arise, we do not considerthat this will become a significantly negative envirenmental impact Indeedprovided that credit is obtained through the formal credit sector, NGOs andcooperatives, it will allow marginal farmers and the landless to reap someadditional benefits from the project.

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42.2 Costs and Benefits

The overall impact of agricultural intensification can be determined bycomparing the positive and negative impacts associated with intensificationwhich are described above. The two key negative impacts which have to beweighed against agricultural intensification are the loss of genetic diversity andthe depletion of surface water resources as a result of increased irrigationrequirements. It is difficult to compare these impacts on a quantitative basiswith the benefits of increased crop yields. A more central issue to the cost-benefit analysis however, is the scope and cost for impact mitigation and thesignificance of any residual impacts. It is possible to collect and preserve forfuture use coDections of indigenous seed (a component of the World Bank/ODAAgriculture Support Services Project addresses this issue). It is also possible toencourage farmers to plant crops of lower water demand and to makeprovisions for improved surface water irrigation using water resources outsidethe polders (where practical). The cost of the latter option is likelv to be asignificant factor which will have to be weighed against increased cropproduction on a polder by polder basis. It should be noted that credit facilitiesfor surface water irrigation are available for the coastal areas under the WorldBank/CEC National Minor Irrigation Development Project.

43 FISHERIES

The construction of coastal embankments affects the fisheries sector in twoways. Open water capture fisheries are most likely to be adversely affected dueto the barrier effect of the embanknents. In contrast, embankment constructionand the protection it affords will create a relatively risk-free environment forinvestments in intensive aquaculture to take place.

4-31 Opn Water Captive Fisherics

Open water capture fisheries are extremely important sources of income andnourishment for the poor. It is estimated that a 25% decline in open waterfisheries production would require a doubling of the dosed water fisheryharvest to maintain fish production at its present levels.

Open water fisheries are affected by embankments in the following ways.

* The life cycles of many species of fish and shrimp include a migratory phasein the sea or estuary which is essential for successful breeding.Embankments may prevent this and thus the species will eventuallydisappear due to poor stock recruitment.

* The loss of fish and shrimp diversity that this would entail has adverseeffects throughout the aquatic food chain; induding man.

* The barrier effect of embankments prevents the interbreeding of localpopulations when extensive flood plain conditions previously prevailed. Thisresults in a loss of genetic diversity and makes the species affected morevulnerable to disease.

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Generally inland fisheries have been in decline for some time. The reason forthis is not clear-cut and is likely to involve a combination of factors in differentareas, including overfishing and the development of FCDI systems.

In many areas there is insufficient data upon which to draw any firmconclusions on the cause of decline. One area in which the effects ofembankmnent construction has been studied is the Chandpur FCDI project,north west of Noakhali. It was found that overall diversity and the abundanceof important food fish and shrimp declined significantly. Two years afterproject completion, the total fish catch declined by 35%; this was also reflectedin per capita fish consumption.

It is unlHkely that the CPP 11 will have any significant discernable impacts on theopen water capture fishery which are additional to existing pressures on thefishery. Any impacts related to coastal embankment construction arose due tothe previous Coastal Embankment Project. Any impacts of the CPP 1I will berestricted to areas where previous embankments have virtually been destroyedby previous natural disasters allowing a greater degree of free movement of fishand shrimp. This is likely to occur in only a few restricted areas. Due to thesefactors, we do not consider that the project wiU have significant adverse impactson inland fisheries.

4.12 AquaCUlALm

In Section 2.4 we relate how aquaculture production in the coastal areas ofBangladesh is well below potential rates of production for the country.With a greater degree of protection, investments in both brackish andfreshwater aquaculture could yield significant increases in fish and shrimpproduction.

Freskwater Aquaculture

In the Kamsax report estimates of the area of cultivable and derelict ponds aremade and of the approximate production of existing cultured ponds. Ifadequate investment of manpower and capital were available freshwaterproduction of fish and shrimp could increase greatly.

Increased production benefits in existing cultured ponds will accrue to theowner or leaser rather to the population in general. There may be limitedadditional employment opportunities for the underemployed, however.

There ib considerable potential for involving the rural poor in reclaiming derelictponds for freshwater fish and shrimp culture with the assistance of NGOs.This could have significant positive impacts on the nutritional and economicstatus of people involved, bringing project benefits to a wider section of therural community.

Brackish Water Aquaculture

It is highly probable t1tat the project will result in an increase in the productionof existing bracldsh water shrimp and fish fanns, and also an increase in the

Ewmaw.ofruA RKouwcs amD Coumaf o1K FSaOIU CoLNamm

area under aquaculture activities. The net result will be increased income tofarm owners, increased employment opportunities and stimulation of supportactivities such as product processing and packaging, refrigeration services andtransport.

Some conflict of interest with rice farmers is likely to arise in areas where bothactivities co-exist. It has been reported in some areas that shrimp farmers areforcing rice farmers to yield their land for expansion. Even in areas where thisdoes not occur salinisation of agricultural land adjacent to aquaculture farmsis an interference factor. Where rice farmers are coerced into allowing shrimpproduction on their land during the dry season, late release of the land maycompromise the farmers ability to prepare and plant his land prior to the rains.

4.3.3 Costs ad BCnefits

It has been argued that any decline in the open water capture fishery is morethan compensated for by the potential increases in fish and shrimp aquacultureand the secondary effects mentioned above. This is a simplistic view for thefollowing reasons.

The increase in employment opportunities arising from aquaculturalintensification and expansion are not large; in economic terms it is highlyunlikely that they would compensate for the loss to the poor of open watercapture fisheries.

= The main beneficiaries of increased aquacultural activities are the richerelements of the rural community since ownership of aquaculture ventureslies almost entirely in their hands.

- Whilst fish and shrimp production and availability benefit from improvedFCD measures, the market cost of protein to the poor is much highercompared to subsistence fishing.

In summary, it can be said that the net result of improved FCD measures;including coastal embankments; has been a shift in fishery resources from thepublic to the private sector with predictable economic effects on thosedependant on open water capture fisheries. We conclude therefore that themain beneficiaries of the CPP 11 in terms of fisheries resources will be the- higherincome groups whilst the poor wiD benefft rinallgriry-orallan.---

4.4 HYDROLOGY AND SEDIMENr DYAMICS

The construction of embankments alters the natural pattern of river flow andof seasonal flooding in the project area. These changes in hydrology manifestthemselves in different ways:

* A relative increase in land elevation outside polders due to the deposition ofmaterials during floods; this may cause natural drainage problems in thepolders.

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* In shrnmptrice rotations, during the flushing of fields to remove salt, aconsiderable loss of soil nutrients also occurs.

* Alteration of natural drainage patterns may cause land accretion outsidedrainage structures, affecting their operation.

* Changes in the natural drainage patterns may affect the ecology of existingmangrove areas. Since the project does not involve significant changes tothe alignment of existing coastal embankmeats, this is unlikely to arise dueto CPP H.

We do not consider that any of the above impacts can be consideredsignificantly adverse since they are likely to be localised, and, through adequateoperation and maintenance, the impacts need not arise at all.

4.5 SocIo-EcONoMIcs

The CPP n gives rise to several socio-economic impacts which are related to theconstruction of embankments, agricultural and aquacultural intensification andto the afforestation component of the project. Some of these impacts have beenaddressed in Sections 4.2 and 4.3 which deal with fisheries and agriculture. Inthis section we wiD concentrate on the folowing key socio-economic impactsarising from embaninent construction and afforestation.

3 Resettlement and Compensation.3 Improved econonic status of the Landless.* Changes in the Social Fabric of Rural Communities.

4.51 Rtesettlement and Compensation

The rehabilitation of embankments will require additional land on both theseaward and landward sides of the embankments. This will affect existing landowners within the polders in the folowing ways.

* Some homesteads which lie close to the existing embankments will have tobe relocated.

* Homestead gardens, fruit trees and ponds may be lost due to land take.

* Agricultural land may be lost, affecting the families ability to sustain itself.

In general, family agricultural land consists of small scattered fields around thehomestead area which usually has a smail homestead garden immediatelysurrounding it. At first impression it would appear that if a land owner losesan area of land due to land-take this would not create significant problems forthe family concemed since they would have land elsewhere upon which theycould intensify agricultural production and offset the loss of production fromthe destroyed land. This may not be the case however and such assumptionsshould not be used as a basis for compensation planning.

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54

Unless adequate provision is made for compensation and resettlement, theaffected land owners could face long term hardship since their ability toproduce food for subsistence use and for sale could be seriously compromised.There is a general shortage of agricultural land in the coastal area and any thatis available for re-allocation is unlikely to be as good as land which has beenlost (otherwise it would already be farmed). For marginal farmers the loss ofany land could be enough to entrain them in a cycle of long term indebtedness.

The loss of fruit trees can also have significant adverse impacts on familyincome budgets particularly for established coconut trees which yield a varietyof products induding fuel, cooking oD, water, buDding materials and rawmaterial for cottage industry.

We understand that a detailed polder-wise survey of affected assets is inprogress. A preliminary assessment indicates that about 800 ha of land will beacquired for embankment construction, affecting 2000-3000 families (about 10-20,000 people). The information from the polder survey should be used as thebasis for compensation planning.

It has been remarked in other FAP reports (eg FAP 5) that unfair assessment ofland values often occurs due to a deflation of reported land prices at the timethat transactions are recorded for the purpose of tax evasion. In addition,farmers may be subject to substantial delays in payment of compensation, andto complex and costly payment procedures. According to land acquisition rulesabout 14 steps are required which can take up to 2 years to complete.

It is apparent that there is scope for land owners to be significantly adverselyaffected by land take and deficiencies of the associated compensation process.Loss of income whilst awaiting compensation issues to be settled could lead toindebtedness and hardship for affected families which would be long term innature.

Adequate provisions for short term resettlement of people affected byembankment construction will need to be made if adverse impacts are not to

* arise from this source. It is our experience in many countries that this does notoccur due to poor planning and surveying of affected people and resources.

Provided the issue of compensation and resettlement is managed efficiently andeffectively, only short term inconvenience may be experienced which could bedeemed insignificant

4.5.2 Economic Status of the Landless

The landless people currently living on the existing embankments or on charlands will receive the opportunity to lease embankment and foreshore landwhich can be cultivated for the long term livlihood of the landless family. Theminor income which they will receive for embankment maintenance will alsoimprove significantly their economic status. The net result of successfulafforestation and embankment leasing will be a long term significant positiveimpacts on the landless community. The detailed proposals for coastal

ENV_ON*WM Rasuwu Lmw CmammF no EUNmm Cammumi

Zcz

afforestation were not yet available from the Forest Department. We willappraise these during the Bank's appraisal mission.

Presently We are not aware of any surveys which have been carried out on thenumber of char land inhabitants which could benefit from the project and weare therefore unable to estimate the number of potential beneficiaries.

4.53 Social Fabric of Rural Communities

There is the potential for social conflicts to arise between the land owners whoare affected by land take, and the newly settled landless who may occupy thearea of the formers land. In addition, the social fabric of existing ruralsettlements may be disrupted by the resettlement of land owners elsewhere.Overall such impacts may not be significantly adverse. However, at the locallevel serious conflict could arise. This can largely be prevented by carefulconsideration during the planning stage and the involvement of beneficiaries.

The existing char land communities will of necessity have to disperse if they areto benefit from the leasing of embankment sections. -This is not considered asignificant inpact however.

4.S4 Costs and Benefits

At the gross project level, it is apparent that project benefits far outweigh thecosts; one has to compare the loss of about 800 ha of land due to land take(affecting up to 3000 families or 30,000 people) with the protection afforded to3.1 million ha of paddy land and approximately 5 million homesteads.

At the polder level, the positive impacts which arise from the CPP n are of highsignificance for the landless and land owning groups of the project area. Theenhanced opportunities for long and short term emnployment for landless andmarginal farmers and the reduced potential for loss of life gMreatly outweigh, inour opinion the potential negative impacts of disruption to rural communitiesand hardship for land owners due to land take; there is considerable scope toprevent or mitigate these negative impacts.

4.6 MISCELLANEOUS

We do not consider that it is likely that the afforested areas will give rise tosignificant increases in wildlife populations other than birds, smail mammalsand other vertebrates and invertebrates. The area of habitat will be too smallto offer additional habitat refuge to predatory cats for example.

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C"A

5 ENVVROWMEIVAL MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR 771E PROJECT AREA

5.1 INTRDUC77ON

In this chapter we draw upon the findings and condusions of the previoussections to develop a strategy for the environmental management of the projectarea which will achieve the following:

Monitoring of environmental impacts in a cost effective way and wherepossible combining the project monitoring requirements with those of relatedprojects.

* Enhancement of the positive impacts of the project by providing assis.anceto beneficiaries in achieving sustainable development of polder resourcesthrough technical assistance and the development of self-help groups.

* Prevention and/or mitigation of negative impacts through improved poldermanagement involving beneficiaries, agricultural extension activities andNGO guidance and assistance to beneficiaries.

We have drawn upon the experiences of the first Coastal Embankment Projectand of other FCDI projects in Bangladesh in developing an EnvironmentalManagement Plan (EMP) for the project area. The key factors which haveshaped our approach are as foilows.

- The relative weakness of the Department of the Environment inenvironmental management and monitoring (apart from pollution controland water quality monitoring) limits such activities to those agencies whichdeal with agricultural and water resource issues, at least for the present.

* The failure of past FCDI projects to incorporate the views of beneficiarieswho were expected to cooperate in managing the projects in itself lead tonegative environmental impacts.

* The key to adequate management of compensation and resettlement issueslies in detailed evaluation of families affected by the project early in theproject's life and involvement of the rural community in the compensaltionplanning process.

* To maximise the benefits received by the landless and marginal farmers andto prevent benefits being usurped by the richer elements of the ruralcommunity, it is important to galvanise the rural poor into groups which candefend and promote their interests.

* There is a need ror a stron& supervisory role in the management ofenvironmental and socio-economic issues during project implementation bythe consultants to ensure that issues are addressed satisfactorily.

E_NM.WAL RnmUK5 LEiI Cg apma Eumog Coiagw

* Long term environmental management of coastal polders is required toprevent adverse impacts arising in the future. For this purpose there is aneed to develop environmental management c.-pabilities within the BWDBand an established framework for liaison and collaboration with otheragencies concerned with in-polder management (such as the DAE, FD andDoF).

We have summarised in Table 5.la the options for the environmentalmonitoring, mitigation and management of project impacts. Comments onthese options are presented below.

5.2 MANAGEMENT OFAGRICULTURAL INTENSIRCATION

The potential for negative environmental impacts of agricultural intensificationto arise are directly related to the nature of cultivation practices in the projectarea.

The requirements for environmental management of agriculture are two-fold:

* To maximise agricultural production by all elements of the rural community.* To ensure that such production increases take place in an environmentally

sustainable way, minimising the potential for water pollution and otheradverse inpacts.

It is evident that these requirements will not be met by the rural communitieswithout assistance and that this could be provided by NGOs and GOs such asthe Department of Agricultural Extension (DAE). A catalyst for the necessaryactions to take place is required. Mechanisms to achieve this are outlinedbelow.

5.21 Stimulating SusStinable Agrculturl Development

The role of GO and NGO agencies in promoting appropriate methods ofagricultural intensification is a vital one not only iLl the coastal areas otBangladesh. The approach and strategies adopted by these agencies is different,reflecting their philosophies and raison d'etre. The approach of the NGOs isessentially a 'bottom up' approach where NGO village level workers workdirectly with farmers to improve production methods. In contrast, the GOssuch as the DAE operate in a 'top down' approach with agricultural productionstrategies and extension methods being developed at relatively high levels in theadministrations. Often extension messages which originate from centralisedstructures are inappropriate for local conditions. The aim of this project shouldbe to entrain the assistance of both types of agencies to ensure that effectivestrategies for agricultural intensification, appropriate at the individual polde.level are formulated and implemented by farmers.

The Role of the DAE

The DAE's approach to its role in promoting agricultural production in thecountry is in the process of being transformed under the Agricultural SupportServices Project (ASSP). The changes involve improving the dffectiveness,

Emmouwea. biataci Law Commom up ima Eumm*, Cmwwm

5R

Table 5.1a Key Eiviromnental and Social hoipact AMonitoring Requirments

Natur of Impact Monitoring Activity Frequency and Duration Moriltoring Agency

Etiviroiineilat Issies

Increased use ol agroxhemicals Tlst groundwater quality at Annual basis for 5 years DWDD/DADC '

leading to gruundwater pollution. BADCBWDB monitoring wells.

Incredsed absiraclion of groundwater Monitor dry season well water levels BWDBIDADC'for irrigdtion purposes. at BADC/BWDB monitoring wells.

Random field visits. BWDB

Decline in open water capture Monitor upazila catch statistics. Annual basis for 5 years. DoF/Jpazila Paslhad.fisheries,

Increased aquaculture proxduction. Monitor upazila production statistics. Annual basis for 5 years. DoF/Apazia Parishad.

Shrimp/rice farming conilicts. Farmer groups to report Upazila Parishad to investigate as DoF/DAE/Upazia Pasihad.encroachment attempts and farnning required.dilficulties.

Destruction ol mangroves for Examine remote sensing imagery. Annual basis for 5 years. FDaqUdCUliure expdnsion. a

Codslal afforestation. Exdmine remole sensing imagery in Annual basis for 10 years. FDconjunction with ground-truthing.

Genetic erosior/cWhanges in cropping Mionitur varietal use and cropping Annual basis for 5 years. DAE/Upazila Parishadpatternm pdalerrs.

Increased abundance of shrimp Monitor littoral shrimp larvae Every 2 years for 6 year. DOPlarvae. recorded catches.

Drawdown in surflace water badies. NGO dialogue with affected Investigate grievances as requiud. NGO/DAEcommunities.

Socio-ecotiowic issues

Increase in employment rate. Examine upazila statistics. Annual basis for 5 years BWDBAJpaib, PaIishUVNGOs

Changes in income budgets for Sicia-economic survey of prnoect Investigate specilic grievances. BWDWUpaula PaishahuNGOsmarginal farmers antI IdndIess. impdcled groups.

Review progress and adeLuacy ofcI)mnpvsetion provisitUIs.

Nature of Impact Monitoring; Activity frquency and Vunaatbn Monitoring Agency

Social connlicts amongst landless and NGO dialogue with affected Investigate grevances as required. NGOJUpmila Pmisiad.landed groups. communities.

Changes in community social Iabric. NCO dialigue'with alfected Investigate grievances as required. NGO/Upailia Pauisha4communillts.

Changes in fodder availability. NGOIDAE dialogue with farmers Annual basis for 5 years. NGO/DAE/Upazia Purishad.and livestock owners.

Increased credit dependence. Mi-nitor NGO and banking sector Annual basis for 3 yearm post- NGO.lending. construction.

Incrnased agricultural production. Review upazila and polder wise Annual basis for 5 yeamn. DAEAl.pazila Parishadstatistics.

Changes In cropping patlem. Review upazila and polder wise DAE/Upazia Parishad'statistics.

Sedimrientation of didals and other Investigate specific complaints As required. BWDB/JpaziIa Panshad.walelcourses. relaling In lisheriesVnavigalion

activities.

Funded by NNIIDP

Funded by ASSP

BADC BangiddLsl1 Agricultural Development CorporalionBWVDB Odnglddesh Water Develtpment BEkarnJDuF Depdriment of FisheriesDAE Department af Agricullural ExtensionFD Forest Department

efficiency and outreach capabilities of the extension services. It also involvesdevolving the responsibilities for fornulating extension messages to the regionaland upazila level centres, thus a0owing more appropriate local extensionmessages to arise. The project will also promote, through demonstration farmsand other communication means:

* Integrated pest management.* Appropriate application and handling of agrochenicals.* Crop diversification (also involving lower water demand crops).* Development of horticultural export businesses.* Appropriate irrigation water management.

In addition the project will also support the development and cultivation ofmore appropriate seed varieties and the establishment of genetic seed banks.

It is important that laison with the ASSP PIU is undertaken to ensure that theproject area benefits from its extension activities. The project implementationunit (PIU) should establish formal links with its counterpart unit in the DAE toensure that its data coDection activities cover the polders of the project area andthat coilected information is shared.

The Role of NGOs

Appropriate NGOs should be invited to collaborate in efforts to increaseagricultural production and promote appropriate use of farm inputs. Theyshould also play a role in assisting the landless to establish agricultural activitieson the embankments and foreshore areas. One or two of the large NCOs suchas Proshika or BRAC should be given overall responsibility for this task. Itwould be desirable if they could utilise the resources of smaller iocal NGOs inthis respect The DAE and the FD should also provide technical support to theNCOs.

NGOs should be invited to organise farmers and the newly settled landless intofarmer groups. This would have the following benefits:

* It would allow extension messages to be communicated more efficiently andwith much reduced effort than on a 1:1 basis.

* It would allow changes in cropping practices, agrochemical use and irrigationmethods to be monitored with relative ease through the NGO mediatedgroup meetings.

* It would provide a strong position for the more disadvantaged members ofthe rural community to ensure that project benefits and community assets(such as surface water features) are not sequestered entirely by the higherincome farmers and rural elite.

* It would provide a forum for discussions with the BWDB on projectimplementation and polder operation and maintenance which is notdominated by the rural elite.

EmusaSwmIL Rmmcut Lw.w Cair OF TM EAAauiCoWAiau

One of the abovementioned NGOs should be commissioned to undertake asurvey of smaller NGOs which operate in the project area and could be ofassistance to the project.

It is important to take into consideration the fact negotiations on the roles ofthe potential collaborating NCOs such as Proshika and BRAC will need to becarried out. This should be carried out at the earliest opportunity since it willtake some time for the initial NGO survey to be conducted and for thecollaborating NGOs to develop management systems in the project area. Anassessment of their resource requirements and fees will also be required.

Coordinating Devlopment Efforts

To stimulate and coordinate the above activities we recommend that anAgricultural Development Officer (ADO) is appointed to the ProjectImplementation Unit for a 10 month period spread over 18 months commencingtowards the end of the first year of construction. The main duties of this officerwould be to ensure that the necessary actions take place to promote agriculturalintensification in the project area. The officer would be responsible forchannelling inputs of the NGO and GO agencies to achieve this. In particularthe ADO will seek to ensure that extension messages appropriate at the polderlevel are communicated by NGOs and the DAE on the folowing issues:

* Integrated pest management.* Appropriate application and handling of agrochemicals.

C Crop diversification (also invoiving lower water demand crops).- Development of horticultural export businesses.- Appropriate irrigation water management.

*The ADO would coBaborate with the Social Development Officer and the0 Environmental Specialist in ensuring that a holistic approach to environmental

management is adopted.

5.22 Icmrsug the Potential for Surf ace Water imgation

To further increase the dry season water storage volume within polders. it isrecommended that deep borrow pits be excavated rather than relatively shallowtrenches which have a high surface area to vJlume ratio for evaporation. Theresulting ponds can also be used for aquaculture purposes.

The project has provisions for the re-excavation of silted khals and otherwatercourses by BWDB. In colaboration with NGO groups and the upazilaparishad, suitable khals should be identified for excavation to supportaquaculture and provide water supplies.

Staff of the PIU should collaborate with their counterpart staff in the NMIDPProject implementation unit to identify suitable polder sites which could benefitfrom the surface water irrigation provisions of the NMIDP. The NMIDPenvironmental consultants would carry out EIAs of the chosen developmentschemes.

E,vwtam RaOcD I..u Comm oP nE hAmmi C_mmim

5.3 MANAGEMENr OF FISHERIES ISSUES

The main issues which have to be addressed in terms of the environmentalmanagement and monitoring of fisheries impacts are the potential increase infreshwater and brackish water aquaculture, and the decline in open watercapture fisheries.

We recommend that the Environmental Specialist should monitor and superviseall fisheries related activities during project implementation.

5I3.1 Incrasing Frshuater fisheries Production

Aquaculture

We recommend that the following actions are carried out:

Promotion of freshwater aquaculture development by marginal farmers andlandless by encouraging and assisting in:

* leasing of water bodies by fisherman/farmer groups.* rehabilitation of derelict ponds.e increasing production of public water bodies by artificial stocking and

enhanced aquaculture practices.* training of group members in intensive aquaculture techniques.

NGOs should be invited to provide the necessary assistance in conjunction withthe Department of Fisheries. The main NGO which should be involved in thisactivity is Proshika.

Through NGO dialogue with aquaculture groups, increases in freshwaterfishery production can be monitored at the polder level by the P1U staffand the DoF. The experience and assistance of the DANIDA-funded NoakhaliIntegrated Development Project should be sought to provide initial impetus toaquaculture development.

Polder Management

To the fullest extent possible drainage structures which-obstruct major naturalwater courses should be open at least for certain periods during fish and shrimpmigration. The locations of these watercourses should be identified by theenvironmentalist in consultation with local groups and DoF staff at the upazilalevel. Generalised calendar schedules for shrimp and fish movements areillustrated in Annex B. It should be emphasised that in some cases, it may notbe feasible for drainage structure opening schedules to coincide with fish andshrnmp movements due to adverse tidal conditions.

5.3.2 Incasing Brzckish Water Aquaculturc

The intensification and expansion of the area under bracidsh water aquacultureis being addressed by on-going donor funded projects in this sector such as theIDA-funded Third Fisheries project which is concemed with improving public

E_iVoUa4a. Imouwc L.- c_.oA o TM EcWWCA

infrastructure on 13,000 ha of land already under shrimp cultivation in thesouth west of the country. No further assistance is recommended under thisproject.

Expansion of the area under bracidsh water cultivation should not be aDowedto proceed at the cost of mangrove deafforestation such has been occurmngnorth of Cox's Bazaar. The Forestry Department and the Department ofFisheries should discourage ail such activities. Credit assistance to develop suchareas should be blocked.

In order to reduce the potential for land use conflicts between shrimp and ricefarmers, it is recommended that land use be zoned within affected polders sothat farm crops are not adversely affected by salinisation from adjacent shrimpfarms. The BWDB in conjunction with the upazila fisheries and agriculturalofficers should devise and enforce such restrictions.

5.4 MANAGEMENT OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC ISSUES

In order to determine requirements and options for satisfactory resettlement andcompensation, it is recommended that a detailed socio-economic survey of theembankment areas is undertaken to determine the number of families affectedby the project and the nature in which they are affected. The assessmentshould indude an inventory of rural assets which require compensation shouldalso indude communal assets such as wells, ponds and social forestry stands.

The study should be conducted by local consultants or NGOs. The SocialDevelopment Officer should be responsible for designing the study and shouldplay a supervisory role during its execution.

Based on our experience of compensation issues elsewhere we would stronglyrecommend against lump sum cash compensation payments. BWDB shouldencourage NGOs to offer counselling to compensation beneficiaries.

We would further recommend that loc,i groups and NGOs be involved in theplanning of compensation and resettlement provisions.

5.5 COASTAL AFFORESTA4ION

The variable conditions along the coast of Bangladesh are not universallysuitable for mangrove afforestation. Some degree of experimentation istherefore required to identify suitable species for afforestation. We thereforerecornmend that pilot studies be carried ouit at the earliest instance to identifysuitable species for afforestation along the coast of the project area.

Ermo.TAL REoS Lam_ Cf ns im CEUEWU

'4,

£6 INSTIUIONAL RESPONSIBILJES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

5.6.1 Polder Opetion and Maintenance

The operation and management of polders should ultimately rest witn theBWDB through its local offices. O&M schedules should be developed whichtake into account the drainage and irrigation requirements of polder occupants.The DAE and the DoF are the most appropriate agencies for fisheries andagriculture. We suggest that the most appropriate local forum for suchcollaboration is the upazila parishad.

The PIU consultants should ensure that mechanisms are put in place for thisto occur.

5%62 Land Lse Management

The BWDB would be responsible for enforcing land use restrictions withinpolders based upon the development of a suitable land use plan for each polder.

S.63 Eaironmental Monitoring

It is important that ata coUlected for monitoring purposes should be on apolder-wise basis, where possible, to allow infonnation generated to bechannelled into management decisions at the polder level. Again, the PIUconsultants should ensure that working mechanisms are put in place to achievethis.

We will be in a position to offer further advice on environmental monitoringwhen the detailed monitoring proposals for the NMIDP and ASSP are available.

3@64 Deucoing WWDB's Einm ental Manajm6nt Capabilities

The BWDB is concerned with the development and management of a widerange of flood control, drainage and irrigation measures throughoutBangladesh. It would be appropriate the agency whose actions have farreaching consequences for the human and natural environment to incorporateenvironmental considerations into its activities. At presen,t there is no formalinstitutional capacity to achieve this.

We would recommend therefore that an environmental management cell bedeveloped within the BWDB. This could be achieved by providing short termin-country training to a limited number of technical and senior managerial stafffrom each region within the agency. On a wider time frame, long termoverseas environmental management training could be provided for selectedindividuals. The proposed activities of the PIU could be considered as an initialstep in this direction. Counterpart staff would receive initial environmentalawareness from working with the expatriate PIU consultants.

E,v-nMWAi R'u osacus Cauwn c op im Eiua. C_wAuw

.6.5 Estimated Costs of Enirovnmental Managemcnt Mcasures

At this stage we have not been able to estimate the costs of environmentalmitigation, monitoring and management options since we do not have sufficientinformation on the folowing factors.

* The nature and extent of NGO involvement.* NCO transportation requirements.* Detailed proposals for Forest Department assistance in afforestation.* Detailed monitoring proposals for the NMIDP and ASSP.

During the appraisal mission many of the above factors wiln be adequatelydarified and cost estimates can then be prepared.

The relative cost of mitigation options for the reduced availability of surfacewaters varies from the inexpensive (such as excavation of khals and borrowponds to the expensive (low Uft pump irrigation using improved drainagechannels). Cost-benefit analyses should be undertaken by the PIU economistto ensure that 'real' benefits accrue from such measures.

5.7 PRoyEcr CoNDmoNALrFIEs

The World Bank and the CEC may wish to consider the followingconditionalities for the Mid Term Programme.

* Development of an environmental management cell within BWDB.* Detailed pre-acquisition survey of affected people and assets.o Involvement of NGOs in the assessment and management of compensation

issues, forestry and agricultural development.* Land use zoning in polders where shrimp/rice farming conflicts arise.

EtJ LRs5OUDum CtOO hU EAUIiM C_&Wn

6 ANALYSIS OF ALTERVATIES

6.1 THE L4ASSEZ-FAIRE OPTON

In Section 4 we discussed the environmental costs and benefits of the project inrelation to certain environmental issues. In this section we qualitativelycompare the environmental state of affairs which would prevail in the 'WithProject' (WP) and 'Without Project' (WOP) scenarios.

6.1.1 Fisheries

Aquaczdture

In the WP situation, the rehabilitation of embankments would offer a greaterdegree of protection (though not absolute) from flooding and it is highly likelythat aquacultural activities would both intensify and expand within certainpolders. It is difficult to estimate the extent of this because there are too manyvariables involved at this stage. The WOP scenario would most likely see theexisting state of affairs continue; a gradual increase in the area underaquaculture over time accompanied by only modest increases in productivity.

Open uwater Capture Fises

It is unlikely that the existing state of embankaent disrepair would continueindefinitely, even without the project The BWDB would eventually address thedeficiencies by Food For Work programmes and with the assistance of otherdonors. We woultd not therefore expect that the embanknent system woulddecay to the extent that all original natural water:ourses and navigationchannels would become unobstructed. The open water capture fishery in thecoastal area would therefore either continue to decline or stabilise ait some lowlevel of productivity. It would be difficult to envisage substantial efforts beingmade to improve productivity without a greater degree of protection fromflooding. We conclude therefore that improvements in the fishery will onlyarise from rehabilitation of coastal embankments accompanied by some attemptsto synchronise drainage outlet operation schedules with fish and shrimpbreeding movements.

6X12 Agriculture

In the WOP scenario, the activities supported by the Agricultural SupportServices Project wiil lead to improvements in agricultural production,stimulation of crop diversification and the promotion of more efficient use offarm inputs. Increased crop production and crop diversification will beconstrained by soil salinity and flooding events. With the WP scenario, theeventual flushing of soil salinity, the reduction in flood risk and increase infarner confidence will lead to some synergism in these impacts.

It is unlikely that water consumption will increase dramaticaily in the WOPsituation. Some increase in consumption is expected in the WP situation

E&MM M_AL REaSac Law= CoMMiN OF s EmF Cm

67

though the extent to which this will be tempered by the effects of the ASSP isnot known.

61.3 Industy

lndustrial Development

It is likely that industrial development will continue in the WOP situationbecause of increased economic opportunities and the incentives offered by theCOB. The WP scenario would be expected to result in a greater rate of increasein industrial development, particularly in industries which are more susceptibleto damage during flooding, such as chemical industries.

Salt Production

In the WOP situation salt production is likely to increase in an attempt toreduce import requirements. The rate of increase is likely to be much higherin the WP case.

6.1.4 Socma-ecnnic Conditions

The WOP scenario is Ukely to result in the continuation of the existing socio-econonic status of the majority of people whose relative prosperity will beconstrained by flood events and soil salinity problems. The landless willcontinue to languish in poverty on the char lands, w.tere they are exposed toflood risks, and will lack long term means of livelihood. The WVP situationwould however result in improvements in the socio-economic status of thelandless, the marginal farmers (provided compensation provisions are adequate)and the relatively rich land holders.

6.1.5 Coastal Affo ,station

Efforts to afforest the coastal area will continue to be made by the GOB andwill be assisted by the donor community without the project; The projectwould however accelerate the process, affording protection to coastalembankments and a long-term means of livelihood to the landless in theprocess. It also provides the opportunity for NGO involvement in embankmentrehabilitation in which may not be possible without the project.

ENVUOPaQiTAL Rasem D coa.CiaoN 0 Euaeuu CA_nwuu

7 MAV CONCLUSIONS

7.1 OVERALL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACr

The environmental appraisal confirms that the overall environmental impact ofthis project is positive. The expected impacts on fisheries, agriculture and socio-economic status of the population in the project area will be significantlypositive in most respects.

The main source of significant negative impacts is likely to be land acquisitionfor embankment construction and rehabilitation. Unless compensation andresettlement provisions are adequate, long term residual impacts in relation tothe fogowing may occur:

* Residual impacts (which persist after attempts at mitigation) may arise inrelation to:

* Loss of frtit trees.* Loss of prime agricultural land.• Depletion of surface water bodies.

7.2 SCOPE FOX IMPACT Ml77GATION

There is adequate scope for the mitigation of virtually aD the identified adverseenvironmental and social impacts of the project. We have stressed throughoutthis report the need for those famnilies who are affected by embankmentconstruction-to be compensated for their immediate assets and loss of producefrom lost trees and crop land.

The effort required mitigate the effects of increased water demand and reducedavailabildity of surface water resources will vary widely. In some areas fullmitigation may be possible by excavating deep borrow pit ponds, whilst in otherareas the provision of surface water irrigation schemes may be required. TheNMIDP could support some of these requirements.

7.3 IMPACT MONITOR[NG

The iLmpacts of the project can be monitored effectively by drawing upon theinformation coDected by other agencies and donor-supported monitoringprogrammes.

The consultants of the Project Implementation Unit will have to formulate andestablish mechanisms for this to be achieved.

E>a_aFmAL Rocus Lau ComN ov nlE EfiAN Couaim

Ic

7.4 EmnRONMENrAL MANAGEMENr

The existing institutional framework is inadequate for the purpose of long ternholistic management of coastal polders. The most appropriate way of achievingthis goal is by development of an Environmental Management CeD within theDWDB which could collaborate without coordinating the actions of otheragencies involved in polder management.

_,dNUG&_AL KUicis LEMi C m ism AEa Caa..mu

70

Annex A

Terns of Reference

0

ANNEX liI

Part I : Environmental Assessment of the Coastal Embankment Prolect

The terms of reference shall involve completion of the following tasks:

review of the adverse Impacts of the first Cyclone ProtectionProject. suggesting ways in which the proposed project may bemodified to mitigate against such impacts;

compare the relative environmental costs and benefits of projectImplementation against the laissez faire option;

Identify potential impacts of the project and attempt to assess inquantitative terms where possible these impacts;

prepare an impact mitigation plan which includes details ot costestimates and implementation arrangements;

describe and evaluate the existing institutional arrangements forenvironmental management of the project and recommend measures tostrengthen these where required.

prepare and cost a plan for impact monitoring and for takingcorrective measures where required.

Methodoloay

The consultant will conduct his assessment of the project based upon theWorld Bank's operational guidelines on environmental assessment. To thefullest extent possible all potential impacts will be characterised interms of their likelihood. duration. extent. reversibility andsignificance. The extent to which identified impacts are assessedsnall. in addition to the measures listed, be determined by theirsignificance relative to other impacts.

The following observations regarding potential impacts arising from theproject shall guide the contractor in his assignment:

- The mission will start from. u.e and develop the information andanalysis in the EC-financed "Cyclone Protection 1I Study" reportsproduced by KAMPSAX.

Impacts on Open Water Catchment Fisheries

The mission will attempt to assess the effects of the proposed projecton fish production in the coastal areas included in the proposedproject. Account shall be taken of the special characteristics of theproDosed embankment project. Special attention snall go to ensure thateffects on fishing in the khals can be minimised through, among others.aporopriate operation of regulators (which the mission should prescribein the report). In assessing the project's likely impact on fisheriesand in recommending Possible corrective measures, the mission will makemaximum use of knowledge and information generated under the FloodAction Plan (particularly in the fields of environment and fisheries).

-2-

Loss of Agricuitural Land to Embankments

This is likely to be a major impact of tne proposed project sincevirtually everywhere in tne coastal zone. cultivable land is extremelyscarce. The approach In assessing land take impacts on agriculturalproduction will therefore take Into account potential increases Inagricultural production due to Improved crop protection afforded byembankments. Assessment of this impact must also take Into account thestatus of affected farmer/producers; as it is likaly that landlessproducers and lessees will be more significantly affected. specialattention will go to analyse the project's impact on these categories.

lmnacts of FarPer Land Use Chanoss

ImDrovements within the agricultural sector in Bangladesh over recentyears have caused significant chanqes In cropping patterns throughoutthe country. D -elopments In irrigated agriculture and FCDI are themain causative factors. The mission will attempt to identify changes infarming practices and land use due to improvements in the embankmentsystem of coasta, areas. Conversion to shrimp cuiture foLlowingembankment construction will be given special attention.

Increased Use of Aaro-Chemicals

Assessment of the impacts of increased agro-chemical usage will becarried out within the Agriculture Support Services lioject (ASSP) andthe NMIDP. The mission will examine mechanisms to satisfy the mutualrenuirements of these projects and the Coastal Embankment Project inorder to overcome the lack of information adequate for quantitativeassessment of agro-chemical impacts in future.

Qothr IRRAWIS

The impacts described above are, to a large extent, adverse in nature.It is important that the mission seeks to identify both positive andadverse impacts of the project. Potential positive impacts includeenhanced employment opportunities (short term), improved security oflife and Property and also secondary benefits derived from afforestationof embankments and foreshore areas.

ImpaCt Monitoring and Mitigation

Many of the impacts which will need to be monitored and mitigatedagainst in this project will also be addressed within the context ofthe Agricultural Sector Services Project (ASSP). The mission shallexplore ways in which overlapping impacts can be monitored jointly forboth projects with due consideration to the relatively weak capabilitiesof Bangladeshi agencies in terms of environmental/agriculturalmonitoring and management.

- 3 -

This part of the mission provides for uP to 20 days in Banglaaesni(including travel) plus 10 days of report writing in EuroDe.

The mission will produce a report (in English) acceptable to both theCommission and the World Bank. A draft report will be available in 10copies latest 5th of July 1992. A final report will be produced by 30thof September 1992 In 15 copies.

Annex B

Fisheries

r

Lr, rilgr,uti(iii aiioal 1'iuislwcries (Talki,dar iii the South Fast Region

Man FWw t hCt

Monih J FM A M | N

B amaiit bofo

F3 land ItYV bolaCrop Ptlses

calendar Oil seed

.F4 LboF

Spawning migrationSpawning l j j

HLisa IRivoliinhavsl - __:

Harvest al sea .- -

Dispersal of young in rivers

Spawniing migrationSpawniingDisporsal ol young over flood plain

Major carp fletuirii tolyonig to beel and riverI laivost in beal and liVer

Ilarvest dtiuifkg spawning migration

Laloral migiation to (lood plain -

Floodplain RoproditlionFloocfplc-in ~~Dispaisat and GiowLh

resident Ilotiuri to standing waite

species I farvestl tIDry season residence in standing water - -

Mglrtalioi to estluarySiiawrniino in esatuary

Giant Fresh Water Prawn JIivaL,iloiniufatioi to fieoslwalerf outinirj dipisoeal into flood plainI .larvusl , I II ,_ .. ,

Stiurce: I'AI'

GHNER&LIZKI PINARID SEBIMP LIFK CYCLE

No. of Approx.Stage Duration Moults Total Length Comments

Egg 15 hours - 0.3mm Demersal marine

Nauplius 24-48 hours 5 lm Demersal marine

Protozoea 5-7 days 3 3mm Planktonic marine

Mysis 5-7 days 3 4-lO. Planktonic marine

Post-larvae 1 month about 10 1-3cm. Enters nursery area;gradual metamorpho-sis to juvenile form

Juvenile 3-4 months many 3-10cm Estuarine phase,males often matureas they leavenursery area.

Adult 8 months many iO-30cm Marine phase;females generallymature at sea andspawn after ferti-lization.

Source: MPO (1987) Coastal Shrimp Aquaculture Resourrces

Enclosue 15: Distribution of Ponds in the Study Areas

Poldcr Upazila Numbcr of Ponds Toul Arcah No. of pun:ds Prop. of ponjNumbcr Cultivcd Cult:- |Dcrclic Total Under per R0I arca to ZICt

I vabic I nlld ilia: liusuchlcIls cronned arci

Group 1: AEZ. 13Sub-croup 1:

P-S Kalieani 1835 636 408 1059 27('.2 4 1:82

P-7/1 & P-7/2 Asashuni 11(14 383 293 1 7X0 168.0 SI. I cis

P-10.12 Paikeacha 2121 735 565 3421 322.5 11 1:93

P-14/1 & P-14/2 Kovra 4217 1462 133 6802 641 4 3( 1:30

P-S (pan) & P-15 Shamnacar 485 168 130 783 j 73.7 2 1:461

P-31 & P-32 D;aconc 4443 1541 1182 7166 675 x 4.4 1-24

Sub-eroup 2 .P-35/1 |Sarankhob | 3S7 | 134 | 103 624 5 5 7 4 1 j :17tn

Sub-eroup 3:

P-40/l & P-40/2 4Patherchala 2736 1315 932 | 4983 3 ;75.6 2| 4 1:53

P-45 Bareuna 4377 2105 1491 7973 t4(1 1 4 25 1:44

P45 & P46 IKalanara 4346 2090 1481 7917 597(1 | 32 1:53

Group 11: AEZ - li

Group 4:

P-57/56 Char Fasson 81|77 3932 27R5 14894 1123.0 33 1:40

Daulatkhan 3556 1710 1212 6478 488.5 27 1:29

Burhanuddiii 3435 1651 1170 6256 |471.9 17 1:56

T;azumnuddin 4073 1959 1387 7419 559.7 66 1;28

LalmoiGn 4425 | 2032 1439 7696 58(0.3 23 1:41

P-5912 Ramcati 6734 I 3442 1374 11550. 1297-4 26 1:32

P-5913B & P-59/3C(Pan) Sudharam 11148 5699 2276 19123 214s8.5 23 1:29

P-59/C (pan) Comnanican: 2870 11467 586 4923 553 3 20 1:4| 1 i

P.60 Sonacaza 2594 I 1326 530 4450 |499.8 - 14 1.2b

P-732rB Hanava 11011 J 5628 2247| 1886 2121 s| 44h 1.23 7P-72 Sandwi.p 4439 T 4808 1297 10544 I 1401. i 2- J 1:12

rGroup III: AEZ -23

Sub-eroup 5:

P-62 ChaiL2conePon I 755 | 818 | 220( 1793i 248.5 5 1:37

Sub Group 6:

P-61/1 Siiakundu 2355 2 '551 689 5 S595 775.0 ! 13 ! :I(1

P-63/IA Anowara 876 948 256 | 2080 288.1 15 | S 1:32

P-64/1A Banslikhali 2114 2290 617 7 5021 695.5 11 1:26

P-64/2B Chokoria 3518 3811 1028 7 8337 1157.8 17 | 1:26

P-66/1 Ramu 2250 2437 65.7 5344 74(1.T 25 1:10

P|66/3 Coxs Bazar 1163 12601 339 2762 3X2.8 12 1:23

PC68 Tduaf 2144 2322 627 5093 705.4 4 1:16

jP.9&P-70 Maheskhali 1887 2044 52 24483 61.2| 19 1:13

IP-71 Kutubdia 619 | 670 181 1470 203.6 -1 1:21

Sourcc: DcparneCn of FisheriCs. GOvL of Bangladesh Tab-3/CPPI[

i~~~~~~~~~

EENv f@ENGA L

%5

LSJ - - -\s !AJ _n. 1' 1°- '. ' ,'l

E//XA~~~~~~~~ ~~

A-t s.

0 Ft V

.~~~~~l- PERCtJARE- OF UPA; IL;. \1

<,,*.,."z.^,l.*c_ ..................... F. . .F.qO_...___. ....... ..... . ---- jl. v ...... , _,,<,

BANGLADESHBRACKISH WATER SHRIMP AND FISH

CULTURE CROPPING PATTERN

M 0 N T H SI TRAOITIONAL

JAN M WARt &FII t 0^ JU JUL AV IcP oclr Nov ote

A. Shrlmp/ Fl oh

i sCOU'u 11ArAR--;-

B.Shrimp/Ralh/RCe.

I 111HULMAISATUINA, 4 ' - /Rl E /FRESHWATER SHRINIP/

qX~~~~~~~~~

ha

_ 9.Shrlmr /Safl

" ".coXs ^z^|*_S A L T : **

I SEMIU-INTEA SIVE _INTENSIV E-

A.

O A ShrImp /SaIhmHv

_ Ricl/FProdeshwa Ot Shrimp ro

*1~~| 'ol -AA.. S2 £rwt JrdcLoJlrt ptTr

a~~ A| Shbtp4tmw. Hers,

Ecoza~~ Rlco.~... .. -.swoo .. n ro

or Salt.

Note.

Brackish water required throughout growth and production period

is 1-5 % of the total water volume exchanged/ day

MPO/HARZA JULY 1CS.

Souwe MPO (19S8 Coasta s9imp Aqucahiw Rcsosac

EMPLOYMENT( MANDAYS/HA I IN BRACKISH WATER SRm"|p DULYSHRIMP FARMING ACTIVITIES

L.ARVAL SHRIMP!} '9COllECTION*- O \

IN RIVERS p F00S\\5 S

present: liN M e..hih.ot \ _h:\Pusure. 333-555 " ' a

PrPV.g: 2.5i: 222lso iteru SSmnFutur: m O- ; 12. O O 2 hg/I

StOtlI uuIUUWinY I E LD

r"zw; ,000-2.000l/z: >; :S

PROCESSING BEHEADINGFOR ExPORTI.

Ptgfl: 1.4 a wejs/ma.tPof uwu Present: 6 MsedayeeU/S. of ProducePufure 29-S_mori.IrNfp'UiS Fuiurm: 25-S0 Iloamedsdbo. of produce

/eUoud on ! future Sloctifig r"eq mnI of 60.000 -iO0,O0O/Io.

3,For Softife Dlelct. See TibIas 2 and 3 of Sefhumlro S5uy3/Mar6w narf D. CMfftg"O. 0oor; ama o a .rw m HE ed by

U/S. siwimo sM Fish TuCeGeS. P1o.1 LTO. CT6

Anex C

Agriculture

-.l -

-

____

_____ ____

w .fI,0 B SS 8> t 0t S b a 0 b: a _. g 3

r- n a FI2 |~ EdP i!-UrUHa-ifiP I1

LA,, ,, ,. E ' ' ' ' '' A* -~~~~~~~~~~~~~s

FiGURE 1I5-

~~~~~~** I * ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

* ~ ~~~~~~~ A r o~. .4 * X * 9

s~|t,.,,,-,., . E,,,,. * __ .

Wor"Z_ l,.,\,* .K_. _I" _ 'aS

es *.fwze.X .......... '..'. - . ' !-.CATLAE i

lo, 111gM, lob. 3-4 I~fl

a-

~~~ernernmg S.W~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1v, -_",o

*1,I'WI S..WAv~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ WA be.4 .~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~%

IIp.*US S3Wd8~~~~~~~ M@~~~ ~ ~~ COASTAL AREA~~~~N

Simon WI 01540 -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

MOF,mw, f.smNe..a.~oc..A OLSLNT A______________ ___________________________ -- - (DRY EASON CNDITIO') a ~aeoumaA

a-n~~~~~LANOV

Peveatage DistibutionI of Farms as per Si= of Holding

1w | UpBh ]PUmemap DsanbuLon jPcanuia Domnbuton: ; Avenue Famn Suac 1' of Non.

Nkgu INo. of Forms Operued Ama n in Ilecuatm Fann lIeou.I Smal iMediu Lro ia | Tmil Smalnl ed%uv4 LarteI Total Small Miedium | I AvcVS holds (No

GCnp l:AEZ -13

Sab.toup 1:

P-5 ';almann 66.7 24.6 3.7 1000 20 1 399 0 0(11 000 033 1 76 4Jh| 1.111 276

P.711 & P72 Asaihuni 67.0 24.1 3.2 11100 22.7 395 37.3 inno0 037 . 32 50J 4 I On 263

P.10.12 Paikgacha 61.1 23.1 10.3 I M0. 173 40.0 42.2 100 0 0 36 2_77 435 1.24 21 5

P-l4I1 & P-1472 I;ovm 64.5 26. 9.3 1000. 19.3 29.3 5t) 4 l00 n 0 35 1 74 5 03 2.1 222

P*S(pool& P-15 Shamunar 60.7 27.2 11.i i 0.n0 154 38.5 46.1 100.0 0.32 1.30 5000 1. 272

P_31 &P-32 D cop Iso. 50.1 35.3 14.1 10001 12.5 43.2 44.3 1000 0.38 12 4 73 1.51 205

Sub.um2 2_-

P_3511 _S_ankho1a f 6912 254 5.5 1100O0 22.6 4Sh 1 23S| Ion o02e 171 |.1641 70 266

Sub-emu3 _ __

PA4ll & P. 40R Padhcrvh1am 67.1 26.3 6 1 InO0 22.E 43.5 2H 7 1000 032 1.72 452 { 095 | 93

P.45 Barruna 7. 1 27 5. 1.0 266 43.6 29- -0-.o 0.33 169 5.0 0 O 203

P-4&p.46 I;aapa n 55.0 29.5 15.5 100.0 1Z.1 32.7 55.1 I0001 0.35 1.7b | 5 159 3,0GrowlI: AEZ- 15

GNup 4:

P.57/5 CharFasmo 62.2 25.4 3.4 100.0 .21.6 39.0 394 1n0.0 10.37 1.73 5.30 1.13 30.2

Daulaikhan |73.7 13.1 3.2 100.0| 36.2 41.4 22.4 200.01 0.33 2.66 4|96 0W72 35.1

Burhanuddin 71.7 23.3 5.0 100.0 23.3 412.2 7 100.0 I035 2.67 4 73 0339 27 3

Tazumuddun 73.4 22.6 4.0 100.0 32.6 45.5 21.9 100.0 0-37 1.67 4 57 (133 26 5|_______________ Lalmoh|an 70.0 I 23.3 6.2 1200.0 26.4 42.2 31 4 1000 0.36 1.69 4.34 095 28.5

IP-5912R_ me41i 66.3 25.3 7.4 100.0 23.3 42.0 34 7 100.0 0.36 1.70 4.95 1.05 | 29

P-5W03B& P-5913CfPan) Sudharam 73.3 20.3 6.4 1100.01 26.3 36.5 36.7 100.01 0.34 1.65 5.30 0.92 21.9

P-5913C(panI Comnanmean, 79.6 17.1 3.3 100.01 35.9 37.9 26.2 100.0 0.33 1.61 5 71 073 25.5

P.60 Snsaea2z 32.9 15.7 1.4 100.0 490 40.2 10.3 100.0 0.36 1.55 4 72 0.61 294

P.73)29 a Haiwva 66.2 25.0 38.3 TIO.O 20.54 39.3 40.2 100.01 034 .-75 5104 111 256

P.2 {Sandwnp 70.61 25.6 3.3 100.01 31.8 1 46.1 22.1 100.l0 0.381 1.50 4 301 03 4 I 51 U

Crua I11 : AEZ - D

Sub.gw,u 5:

P-62 |Omunaon Pn 36.7 I 11.9 1.4 1 00LO 50.9 36.5 12.6 1000 10.32 1-6 i 49 | 1 054 539 1_ _ _ _ _ _ I _ _ I _ _ I T 1 T

P.6111 $Siukundu 36.0 13.2 0.3 1200.0 554 37.5 71 1000 0 5 1.53 5.24 0.54 62.3

P-M IA IAnOwara I39 l0.4 0.7 2000 62.9 30.2 6.9 tOO0 0.7 1.52 404 0.52 310 1

P-6411A lBanshkhab 34.2 14.3 1.5 1000 50.7 37.1 12.2 100.0 G.,36 1.55 494 1 060 305 I

P.64)2B lChokona 734 2.:4 4.2 1OO 337 41.7 246 1000 1040 7n0 452 f(96 311.1|D6/ iRamu 63.1 26.9 5.0 100.0 23.6 47.7 23.7 100.0 04n 1.70 1 4521 096 331

____________Cocs .fLawa T777 19.5 2-3 100.0 331.0 43.0 19. 200.0 0.36 1.63 4-90 0.74 41.3

P.6| Tdknaf 67.4 26.0 166 100.0 224 45.4 3Z2 100.0 033 2.76 4.92 I.00 42.2IP69&P-70 Mabcskhai | 77914 2.7 100.0 416 40.9 17.5 1000 041 |62 5.22 0.77 47.3P171 IKuubdia 773 19.3 I.9 200.0 40.7 422 17.1 100.0 0.40 1.6T 4.46 077 I 33.3 Sa am giWes, Cems of Agncaltum Lavsad. 193486

Distrct-wise Distibution of pfeticides

(Mectric Tonne)

|Pamo Yer _On- Cam1- sail Amnc- Fin. Rait- We-D lu4a uI N1MI_ law. Idn PC *iuadea edic.

/Doep. twiod idu mks

l ~ ~pies---

Oimu 19UJ7 m 55 2.5 2 2 20 0.5prg 191174 345 52 2 5 2 0.5 16

193.9 405 63 1.5 3 2 0o5 10

Nok- 1986.17 210 33 1 1 2 0.5hail 19740 230 32 1 5 I

1953 270 46 1.5 Z 3 05 .

Bar l9 13687 190 32 0.5 I .193743 212 30 - , . .13199 245 34 . 1.5 .

* KUzhulm 193617 so 20 1 0.5 -19I74S 92 IS I I I . .193549 107 26 1.5 1.5 Z

atuak- 1964 ISO 16 - OShbe 197-43 130 16 2 . . .

139U39 115 21 - 13 _ .

Distrit-wi Cosmption of Fertilir

1985-86 1986-87 198748 1988-89

Chittagong 5 5 4 3Noakhali 3 3 4 3Barisal 2 3 3 3Khulna 3 2 3 7Patuakhaii 1 1 1

Total 13 14 15 17

Bangladesh 100% 100% 100% 100%

rofDis- 13% 14% 15% 17%

relation to

Bla:ngladesh

Sour=: DWDB (192)

Annex D

Sodo-economics

a

Position of Agricultural Lending by the Institutional Credit Agencies

______ ________ ______ ________ ______ ______ ____ _ 'Am ount in Crore Taka)Targei Ior Disbursed P.C. of Turgei Dcmand for Net Credit Flow P.C. of Oulsianding P.C. of Overdue to

Year Disbu:semcnt Acliicved Rccovcry Rccovcry Rccovcry Overducs including Outstmnding(Col. 3 - 6) overdues

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II

1980-81 548.30 373.42 68.1 452.36 221.35 152.07 48.9 234.91 678.51 34.6

1981-82 653.740 423.84 64.8 648.30I 314.34 109.5(1 48.5 322.30 839.87 38.4

1982-83 817.20l 678.55 83.0 817.27 342.33 336.22 41.9 456.69 1321.51 33.8

1983.84 II 5s.nn 1005.30 90.1 1238.22 517.57 488.73 41.8 755.67 2077.35 36.4

1984.85 I ' .n0 1149.68 1(1.0 15I5.50 583.90 565.78 38.5 1158.89 3034.24 38.2

1985.86 1276 50 631.72 49.5 2375.19 607.15 24.57 25.6 1778.77 3514.25 50.6

1986-87 1075.0 667.28 62.1 2683.54 1107.56 (-1 440.28 41.3 1575.98 3294.41 47.8

1987.88 050.0 656.31 6'.5 '528.16 595.78 60.53 23.6 1932.38 3863.49 50.0

1988.89 1250M.0 807.62 64.6 2933.66 577.96 229.66 19.7 2355.68 .411M66 50.0

1989-90 1350.00 686.7T 50.9 3986.27 701.95 15.17 17.6 3284.33 5381.29 61.0(Provisional)

Includes lk. 200 Crore uniir SACP* Includcs the T1. 625 Crure E&riiaukeld fur inisc.AgpicuIure

Source: Bangladesh Bank

Availability and Settlement of Khas Agricultural LAnd in the Coastal DistrictsC Area In Hectares )

H Coastal District IKthas Agril.land: Land actually 5 No. of farm Average land :Agr1l. land yet It of TotalAvailable for settled upto I families alloted per to be settled avallable

tH t settlement 1 31.10.90 t benefitted family ' land

I 1 Khulna t 875.82 557.51 , 1,657 0.34 318.31 36.3t 2 Bagerhat 854.21 672.85 3,131 0.21 , 181.62 21.3t 3 Borguna 1399.94 .1219.35 2,464 0.50 180.59 12.9t 4 Patuakhali I 4720.88 713.31 1,302 t 0.55 4007.57 84.9 :,t 5 Bhola 1046.43 4577.50 7,858 0.53 2468.93 35.6 ;

6 6 Satkhira t 3066.70 1 2341.43 8,683 0.27 1 724.05 23.6 :1I 7 Chittagong 7669.32 ' 4035.99 11,127 0.36 3633.33 47.4' 8 Cox's Bazar 4497.08 1 960.71 3,924 ' 0.24 3536.38 78.6 :tig Feni 2364.08 1938.00 ' 8,409 0.23 426.07 18.0" 1o Laxmipur 12252.08 0 2046.37 4,286 0.48 426.07 83.3HII Noakhali 9211.95 6086.91 7,650 0.80 3125.03 ' 33.9

'':::=:=--=-=:===,-:::=::=: -------,::-:::-:t--- -- ====-:=:z==='--:=:-::==-==,'t Total : t 53958.55 25149.73 a 60,491 0.42 . 19027.95 35.26 :,

Source : Hinistry of Land Reforms and Land Administration.Oovernment of Bangladesh , Dhaka.

Pautarg' U of VarwouS Drinking Water Sourac

Polder | Upazila | Tap, Tube- Pond. Shallow Rivcrs. SurcamsNumberg Waler Wells Wells Canals TotalGroup I: AEZ-13SUb-grOUp 1:P_ _ _ Kaligani 0.01 73.05 26.92 0.0 10.0P_.1/ &P-7/2 Asashuni 0.01 48.76 51.08 0.15 100.0

P-10-12 Paikgacha - 61.43 38.38 0.19 100.0

P-14/1 & P.1412 Kovra 1.21 98.61 0.18 100.0P-S {) & P-Is Shamnaear 0.01 7.77 92.05 0.17 100.0P-31 & P-32 Dacope 0.08 9.02 83.48 7.42 100.0

Sub-iroup 2:P-35/1 |Sarankhok | 0.05 4.37 78.59 16.99 100.0Sub-g tp 3: _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _

P-40/1 & P-40/2 Patherchata 0.03 8.90 72.89 18.18 100.0

P-45 Bareuna 0.25 50.78 27.94 21.03 100.0P-48 &P-46 Kalapa 0.06 49.10 46.34 4.50 100.0

Group 11: AEZ-18Grou 4:P-57/56 Char Fasson 0.06 44.29 48.71 6.94 100.0

DaulatIchan 0.13 66.66 24.89 8.32 100.0

Burhanuddin 0.26 44.15 52.08 3.51 100.0

Tazmnuddin 0.15 43.01 52.69 4.15 100.0

Laimohon 0.11 46.91 46.85 6.13 100.0

P-592 Ramnau 0.13 46.98 48.18 4.71 100.0

P-59/3B & P-59/3CParz) Sudharam 0.99 38.72 60.08 0.21 100.0

P-59/3C (pan) Copmoanianj 0.30 60.76 38.59 0.35 100.0P-60 * Sonarazi - 67.46 31.90 0.64 100.0

P-7312B Hativa 0.22 46.43 51.74 1.61 100.0

P72- Sandwip 0.70 34.50 94.60 0.90 100.0

Group m: AEZ-23Sub-group 5:P-62 *ChiuaIong Pon ISub Group 6:P-61/1 Simakundu 5.57 50.34 43.58 0.51 100.0

P-63/1A Anowaa . 62.78 37.10 0.02 100.0

P-64/lA Banshkhaili 0.40 67.70 31.00 0.90 100.0

P-64/2B Chokona . 78.12 17.13 4.75 100.0P.66/I Ramu 0.96 72.83 14.58 11.63 100.0

P-66/3 Cox's BaZar 2.57 68.90 25.71 2.82 100.0P-68 Teknaf 0.96 40.37 57.58 1.09 100.(

P469 & P-70 Mahcskhali . 0.09 59.08 39.43 _ 1.40 100.0P-71 KulUbdia 67.00 33.00 100.0

Saurce: UIpazila Sucs of Bangladesh 1988. BBS

Pentage Distrinbution of Households as per Ownuship of Laud andHomestd and Agricultural labour

-_________________ _____________(Figueis Pcrcenar clPdider Upala Total Households Households Houschold with AgnculuralNunber Farm & with no with no Homes- Honc t ad but no Labour

.__________________ _______________ Non-Farm Owned Land tead Amca cultivatcd Iland Households

Group I AEZ 13 _

Sub.anup 1:P-5 KaliSani 100.0 IOA 1.5 18.0 46.3

P-71i & P-7/2 Asashuni 100.0 3.8 1.6 20.5 62.0

P-10-12 Paikpacha 100.0 6.5 1.3 15A. 42.4P-15 Shunnaiar 100.0 3.0 0.1 20.9 58.7

P-31 & P-32 Dacope 100.0 10.6 1.4 13.2 44.1

Sub-rroup 2 :P-3SA 2 ISarankhola 100.0 1 12. 1.2 13.0 42.9Sub-crotup3:

P-4011 & P-4012 IPatherIphaia 100.0 4.0 1.4 Iii5 40.5P.45 jBaraun| 100.0 5.1 2.6 . 10.9 36.2

P-46&P-48 Kaiapara 100.0 15.9 1.5 25.3 41.0

P.54 Amioii 100.0 10.7 6.2 23.4 43.1

Group nI AEZ 18

GMup 4:

P*57/56 Chr Fasson & 100.0 18.7 1.8 19.6 51.0

_ OiUpazilaP-s9/2 Raogati 100.0 17.8 17 19.2 48_7

P-59/313 & P-59/3EnPrt) Sudharsun 100.0 1.0 1.9 11.3 40.7

P-5913C (pa) Companizuani 100.0 3.9 1.7 15.1 33.7,P0 Sonarazi 100.0 23 3.3 I 20.4 32.2

P-73l2B Hauva 100.0 1.8 2.0 17.2 47.5

P-72 Sandwip 100.0 167 1.9 473 35.9

Group M: AEZ 23Sub-Ump 5:

P-62 IChittagong P 100.0 2.2 1.9 46.7 24.9

Sub Group 6:

P-6111 Sitakundu 100.0 35.6 6.6 46.2 16.0

P-6311A Anowan 100.0 1.6 1.7 34.8 37.3

P-6411A Banshkhali 100.0 1.6 1.6 19.1 44.5

P-64/2B Chokoria 100.0 9.8 1.7 26.1 39.7

P.66/ RUnu 100.0 15.5 I 2.2 35.8 28.3

P366/ Coxs Bazar 100.0 10.8 2.6 37.4 45.7

P.68 Teknaf 100.0 19.2 25 36.1 27.0

P69&P-70 Mahcskhali 100.0 6.6 3.1 45.7 1 345

P-71 KUIbdir 100.0 5.7 1.3 31.7 1 32.3

Soumace: B _Aadesh Cawu of Agiculnae & Liv _ok. 198344

Annex E

Afforestation

a a~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

lOOm. COCONUTDATE FULM

TREES

MANGROVE CA5UARIIIA SP.

SEA/RIVER

L BOUIROW PIT OERM EMBANKMEIIT

SliOY SOIL

TYPICAL DESIGN OF AFFORESTATION (SAHDY SOIL IN 1 HE BERN AND FOREL A)

Source BWDB (1992)

MINIMUM zoom. |I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~IEF@ MANGROVE ' HEE

[HOULA PATA

SEA/RIVER

BORROW PIT

TYPICAL DESIGN OF AFroRESTATION (CLAY/SILTY SOILS)

Source BWDB (1992)

Annex F

Flora and Fauna

* COMMON FLORAL SPECIES IN THE SUNDARBANS

Tree Species

1. Keora Sonneratia apetala

2. Gewa Exeoecaria agallocha

3. Kankra Bruguicra gymnorhiza

4. Bean Avicennia officiualis

5. Goran Ceriops decandra

6. Pussur Carapa moiuceensis

7. Sundari Heriteria fomes

Shrub Species

1. Gol-patta Nypa fruitcms

2. Hogla-patta Typha angustata

3. Keya Dandanus odoratissimus

COMMON FISH AND CRUSTACEANS

FISH

Scientific Name Common Name

L Rohita RohitCatla catla KadaCirrhinus mrigal MrigalLalbeo calbasu Kal-BaushHilsa sp. Elish, HilshaPangasius PangasMystus or M. seenghala ShilongRita rita RitaScrranus lanceolatus Bhol, Poma Bhol, Koia BholeS. Sonneratt VetWiAnabus testudincus Koi (climbing fish)Heteropucustes fassilis Shinghi (stinging fish)Carias batrachus MagurPlotosus carUus Gang-MagurCarcharhinus gangeticus Hangur, KamotMastoLembelus pancalus Bain, eelNotopterus notopterus FoBiM. (Rhinomtugil) corsula BhataE. ambuinensis BaleA- (Tachystopus) gugord GhagraE. (Thryssa) hamiltonii Physapellona elungata Toposhi (Mango fish)Trichopaster sp. KhalishaSilania silondia BanchaMystus gulio TangraT. savala PuttiiDrepane punciata Rupi ChandaC. Hamiltona Bashpatta

CRUSTACEANS

Scientific Name Common Name

Panulirus hontarus Galdha Chingri (Lobster)Metapenucus affinis Shawla Chingri (Prawn)M. brevicornis Bagdha Chingri (Prawn)Acetes enythracus Chamuya Chingri (Prawn)Matutol lunanis Lonai kakraDaranuthrox aculeatus Macorsa kakraOcypoda cratopthalma - Lal kakraChrydis cruciara Jugi kakraScylla serrata Shila karaNeptumus pelagicus Santaru kakraParatelphusa lamrelifvons Patafalak kakraN. sangvinolentus Neptune kakra

AMMNALS

Scientifc Name Common Name

Axis aids Spotted DeerPanthera pardus LeopardPrionailurus bengalensis Leopard catFelis chaus Jungle catV. zibertha Civet catCanis qureus JackalVulpes bengalensis FoxHoma sapiens HanumanM. mulatta MonkeyHerpestes Edwardsil MongooseS. scrofa HogAntherurua macrourus Sajaru - (Hedge-hog)Lepus nigricoUlis HareB. indica RabbitCallasciurus pygerythus SquirrelPieropus gigamten Bat (Flying fox)Megoderma lyra Vampire batRattus rattus RatBankdicota bergulensis Mole-ratVandeleuria aleracea Tree Mouse

Gargetic dolphin.Tiger

REPTILES

Scenific Name Common Name

Crocodylus porosus Crokodile (Saltwater)Gavials gangeticus Ghorial (Reptile)Trionyx gangeticus Turtle (Soft shelled)Chitra indica Kachim (Tortoise)Naja naja CobraDryophis mycterizans Tree SnakeHernidactylus flavivindis tik-ti-kd (wall lizard)Gecko gecko Girgiti (tree lizard)

BIRDS

Scientific Name Common Name

Lethyophoga Icthyactus Grayhinded Fishing EagleGyps Bengalensis White-backed VultureG. fulvas Griffin Vulture(Falco chicquera) Red-headed FalconPerms pidorhynchus Crested Honey BuzzardSariddiomis melanotos Knob-biRed GosseArdea cineyea Gray HeronArdeala grayii Pond Heron

BIRDS (CONTINUED)

Scientific Name Common Name

Egretta alba Great EgretCiconia-cconia White StorkIbis leucocephalus Painted StorkMilvas migrans Chil, Black KiteHaliastur indus Laichil, Brahmini KiteFlanus caeyuleus Black Winged KiteAnas sp. Duck, wigeon, tealA. poecilorhyneha Spot BiRled DuckCarina scutulata White winged wood duckS. aurantia Gang-chil, River TernLaurs ridibundus Sea gulp. capensis Stork Biled KingfisherH. smyrnensis White breasted kingfisherAleedo atthis Common KingfisherGallinago sp. SnipeCafdris niinutus Little StintT. hypolcueos Sand PiperS. nilotica Gull biled TemS. fhscata Sooty TemRhynchops albicollis Indian SkimmerHaloyon cioris SwallowGallicyex cincrea Water-cockNumentus arquata CurlewChaleophops indica Emerald doveStreptopelia chnensis Spotted doveT. pompadora , PigeonC Toulou CuckooApus Sp. SwiftCypstursn parras Pal SwiftCatandrella Raytal Sand larkGallus gallus Red jungle foulEudynomis scalopacea KoelCorvus macroyhynchas RavenC. splendens Crow

Source: BWDB (1992)

Annex G

Selected Bibliography

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

ATAUR RAHMAN, AK. (1989). Freshwater Fishes of Bangladesh. Zool. Soc.Bangladesh.

BARC. (1986). Women's Work in Rural Bangladesh. Winrock Intemational.

BWDB. (1986). Feasibility Report Package 1: Khulna Coastal EmbankmentRehabilitation Project. Asian Development Bank.

BWDB. (1987). Rehabilitation of Water Development Project: Draft FeasibilityReport Rehabilitation of CEP Polder 59/1A.

BWDB. (1992). Cydone Protection Project Il-FAP 7 Feasibility and DesignStudies: Draft Project Preparation Report. Kampsax Intemational.

CHOU-rlRY, SA. (1986). Women in Development in Bangladesh: briefingMaterial for Country Dept on WID Policy.

CHOWDHURY, AN. (1989). Let Grass Roots Speak: Peo-tle's ParticipationSelf-help Groups and NGOs in Bangladesh. Dhaka.

FAO/SIDA. (1986). Fisherwomen's Activities in Bangladesh: A ParticipatoryApproach to Development

FAO/UNDP. (1987). The Maturing Mangrove Plantations of the CoastalAfforestation Project FAO Field Document No 2. FAO/UNDP Proiect NoBGDI15/085.

FALLON, L (1989). Aquatic Resources and Fisheries in Bangladesh. WorldResources Institute (WRI) Washington.

HIFAB & MARC. (1991). Land Acquisition and Resettlement Study. FloodAction Plan Component 15.

IUCN. (1989). Proposal for Rapid Assessment of Areas of EnvironmentalConcem in Bangladesh.

JHINGRAM, VG. (1968). Fish Synopsis on Rohu. FAO Fish Synop. Vol 32,p386-401.

KHAN HA & JHINGRAM, VG. (1975). Synopsis of Biological Data on Rohita.FAO Fish Synopsis VoL 111.

LEEDSHILL DE LEUW ENGINEERS. (1968). Coastal Embankment Project:Engineering and Economic Evaluation Volume 1.

Master Plan Organisation (MPO). (1987). Coastal Shrimp AquacultureResources. Technical Paper No 18.

MPO. (1987). Fisheries and Flood Control, Drainage and IrrigationDevelopment Technical Report No 17.

PILLAY, SR & ROSA A. (1963). Synopsis of Biological Information on Hilsa.FAO Fish. Bio. Synopsis Vol. ;3.

PROSHIKA. (1989). A Proposal on Embankment Protection and Management:An Afforestation and Environmental Eduction Programme in the Meghna-Dhonagoda Irrigation Project Area. Comilla Proshika Centre forDevelopment

SHOWLER, A. (1989). Pesticide Use and Environmental Polution inBangladesh. WRI, Washington.

YOUSSOUF ALI. Environmental Conservation and Fisheries Resources inBangladesh. In: Inland Fisheries Management in Bangladesh.DOF/BCASAICLARM.

WORLD BANK Involving NGOs In Bank-supported Activities. OperationalDirective 14.70.

WORLD BANK. (1989). Bangladesh Action Plan for Flood Control.

WORLD BANK (1990). Third Fisheries Project: Bangladesh. Staff AppraisalReport (No 8392-BD).

WORLD BANK (1990). Bangladesh Third Fisheries Project Staff AppraisalReport.

WORLD BANK (1992). Bangladesh Coastal Embankment RehabilitationProject Staff Appraisal Report

WRL (1990). Bangladesh Environment and Natural Resources AssessmenLWashington.

Annex H

Photographic Material

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CSar Lands Homesteads

I ._ _ __ _ ................................ , .... . . .

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Embasnkmet at Polder 59

Embankmcnt Bach along Cowwe of Natural Channel

Homstads adjacent to Existing Embankment