Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Barbara WagnerChief EconomistMontana STEM Mentors SummitNov. 6, 2015, Bozeman, MT
Women in STEM:
What Does the Data Show?
Why the focus on STEM?
1.1% Job Growth 1.7%
5,950 New Jobs Per Year
1,008
$39,880 Average Wage
$66,182
~700 visas Worker Supply
~700 visas
ALL JOBSVS.
Why the focus of women in STEM?
1. STEM workers are predominantly men in US.
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
56.3%
90.0%
56.2%
16.5%
35.2%
26.7%
25.6%
Pharmacists
Registered nurses
Veterinarians
Civil En-gineers
Web De-velopers
IT Systems Managers
Computer and Math Occupa-
tions
Wom
en
Source: Current Population Survey, Bureau of Labor Statistics. MT OES, MT DLI
Men
Why women in STEM?2. Lack of women harms economy
• U.S. economic growth depends on – Innovation– Human capital
• Not using all of our resources to their best potential
• Lower entrepreneurialism
Women and Patents• 7.5% of all patents• 5.5% of commercialized
patents• Discrepancy attributed to
fewer women in R&D positions
• Eliminating the gender gap in patenting would increase GDP per capita by 2.7%
Source: Blume-Kohout et al, 2014. Small Business Administration
Time Warp Game
5
1993
2010
Why the focus on Women in STEM?3. Some fields haven’t improved over time
6
1993
2010
All Employed Workers
45.7%Of Employed
47.2%Of Employed
Time Warp Game
7
1993
2010
Physical Scientists ($74,800)
21.3%Of Employed
Were WOMEN
47.2%Of Employed
Source: National Science Foundation, STEM Education Data and Trends 2014.
Time Warp Game
8
1993
2010
Social Scientists ($67,600)
50.7%Of Employed
Were WOMEN
51.1%Of Employed
Source: National Science Foundation, STEM Education Data and Trends 2014.
Time Warp Game
9
1993
2010
Engineers ($86,500)
8.6%Of Employed
Were WOMEN
12.7%Of Employed
Source: National Science Foundation, STEM Education Data and Trends 2014.
Time Warp Game
10
1993
2010
Biology, Ag, Environment ($69,980)
34%Of Employed
Were WOMEN
48.2%Of Employed
Source: National Science Foundation, STEM Education Data and Trends 2014.
Time Warp Game
11
1993
2010
Computer and Math ($76,200)
30.8%Of Employed
Were WOMEN
25.1%Of Employed
Source: National Science Foundation, STEM Education Data and Trends 2014.
4. Women tend to work in lower paying STEM jobsPercent Female (US) and Average Wage (MT) in STEM Careers
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1000
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
140,000
Percent Women in Occupation
Ave
rage
Wag
e in
Occ
upati
on
Source: Current Population Survey, Bureau of Labor Statistics. MT OES, MT DLI
Percent Female (US) and Average Wage (MT) in Non-health related STEM Careers
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1000
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
Percent Women in Occupation
Ave
rage
Wag
e in
Occ
upati
on
Even within “hard science” occupations, women:• Get less funding dollars• Less likely to lead teams
Source: Current Population Survey, Bureau of Labor Statistics. MT OES, MT DLIHunt et al, Natural Bureau of Economic Research, WP 17888, 2012.
5. The Gender Wage Gap
Nationally,Women earn 70.6% of men.
In Montana,Women earn 67.5% of men.
Raw Gap=
Source: 2013 American Community Survey, 3-Year Estimates 14
The Full-Time, Year-Round Wage Gap
• Women more likely to work part-time than men.
• Including only people that work full-time, year-round,– Women earn 78% of men nationally,– Women earn 75% of men in Montana.
15Source: 2013 American Community Survey, 3-Year Estimates
Male
Female
76%
57%
7%
14%
17%
19%
Part-time Employment by Gender
Full-time, Year-roundPart-time, year-round
Part-year, Part-time
U.S. Occupations where Women Work
16Source: ACS, 2013 3-Year Estimates. Some small occupations removed for simplicity.
Food preparation and serving
Personal care
Building and grounds cleaning
Healthcare support
Sales and related
Office and admin support
Production and transport
Arts, entertainment, and media
Community services
Education and library
Healthcare practitioner
Life and social science
Business and financial
Management
Computer and math
Legal
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Millions of U.S. Working Women
More Money
Less Money
U.S. Industries Where Women Work
17Source: ACS, 2013 3-Year Estimates. Some small industries removed for simplicity.
Leisure Activities
Retail
Other services
Admin support
Ag and forestry
Health care
Construction
Education
Wholesale trade
Manufacturing
Transportation
Financial Activities
Public administration
Professional and technical services
Mining
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Millions of U.S. Women Workers
More Money
Less Money
Hours Worked, Occupation, and Industry Explain Part of the Wage Gap, But Also Evidence of Discrimination
• Men are more likely to be hired than women, with the bias towards men increasing in higher-paid jobs.– For a low-wage job, females are 9% less likely to get the job. – At the top of the wage distribution, females are 50% less likely to
get the job.
18Source: 2013 ACS 3-Year estimates, Census. 2014 Current Population Data, BLS . Gobillon, Meurs, Roux in Journal of Labor Economics, V33, n2, April 2015 and other studies.
• Most research finds an “unexplained” wage gap of 5% to 15%
Construction and extraction
Installation and repair
Protective service
Computer and math
Management
Building cleaning and maintenance
Arts and media
Sales and related
Legal
Food preparation and serving
Business and financial
Community services
Office and admin
Education and library
Healthcare practitioner
Personal care
Healthcare support
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Occupation Choice Only Part of the StoryMen Out-earn Women in All Job Categories
19
Pay Gap Ratio
Percent Female
Source: ACS, 2013 3-Year Estimates. Some small industries removed for simplicity.
Gender Pay Gap is Less in STEM14% gap in STEM vs. 21% in non-STEM
• Women in STEM earn 33% more than their peers in other jobs• 25% for men
• Adjusted pay gap is smallest in engineering, even if few women in field
Hourly Earnings by Occupation and Gender, 2009, Full-Time Workers
Source: Beede et al, U.S. Dept of Commerce, 2011
STEM Careers Ideal for Women• Gender pay gap partially explained by
“water cooler” time, which flex-time, part-time, or work from home workers might not get
• Some occupations require inter-office communication for success• Management• Communication
• Other occupations require long work hours to be successful• Business, sales
• IT jobs don’t require “water cooler time” or long hours to be successful
Why the focus on Women in STEM?
1. Rapidly growing area with high-paying jobs.
2. Women are under-represented.
3. Under-representation harms our economy.
4. Better representation may address the pay gap.
5. Representation is not improving fast enough.
6. Some research suggests STEM jobs ideal for women balancing work and family.
What are we doing wrong?
23
• In elementary, males and females have equal performance in math and science.
• In 8th grade, white males slightly outperform females on math and science exams.
• For blacks, the opposite is true, suggesting cultural factors play a role.
Source: National Science Foundation Education Data 2014.
• Some research has suggested that STEM teachers give male students more praise and opportunities. Other research disagrees about teachers; females need more encouragement.
Differences manifest in High School
• In high school, performance differences manifest, with females are less likely to take AP exams in STEM.
• Some research suggests females turned off by the competitiveness of high school STEM courses.
24Source: National Science Foundation Education Data 2014. Buser et al, 2013,
• Gender STEM gap exists across most developed countries, but not all
• Other countries have improved performance in international math competitions by increasing recruitment of females
Post-Secondary Gaps Emerge
25
• Women earn 57% of all bachelor’s degrees.– Roughly half of science and engineering degrees.– Men hold majority in engineering, computer
science, and physics– Share of women in computer science has fallen
from 28% in 2000 to 18% in 2011.
• Women earn 47% of all doctorates.– Less than 1/3 in physical science, math, computer science,
and engineering.
Source: National Science Foundation Education Data 2014.
Gender and Selection of School
• Male graduate students more likely to receive industry financial support in most fields– One study suggested women have $30,000 more education debt than men
• Female grad students in chemical and mechanical engineering are more likely to enroll in a school with no industry-funded R&D
• In fields with few women, women are more likely to attend programs with more female faculty
• Female STEM graduate students more likely to enroll in lower-ranked departments
Source: Blume-Kohot et all, 2012. Small Business Administration
Female Students Less Likely to Receive Private Funding
Source: Blume-Kohot et all, 2012. Small Business Administration
Percent of Graduate Students Funded by External Private Sector
Science Faculty Demonstrate Gender Bias Like Employers
• Identical resumes sent to hire laboratory manager– 50% male name, 50% female
• Female was rated less competent, less hirable, and was less likely to be offered mentoring
• Faculty gender, age, or field did not affect bias
Male Female
Source: Moss-Racusin et al, 2012. PNAS vol 109 no. 41
• Starting salary offer for men about $4,000 higher than for women
In the Workplace
29
STEM Ph.D.s who left their job
• 1 in 6 STEM Ph.D.s work outside of STEM• More likely for recent graduates• Females more likely than males• Minorities more likely than whites
• Female leavers were less likely than male leavers to be• In R&D positions• In management positions
Turk-Bicakci and Berger, 2014. American Institutes for Research.
Women Leaving Stem Fields
• #1 reason for exit is family and work/life balance– But this is true for most occupations
• Women exiting engineering are more likely than exits from other fields to– Report sexual harassment– Greater dissatisfaction with promotion and pay
• Suggests mentoring and networks would address STEM gender gap
Women exit science and engineering jobs more than any other type of job.
Hunt, Natural Bureau of Economic Research, WP 15853, 2010
Role Models Matter
• Women who interacted with “nonstereotypical” role models had greater confidence in their success in computer science
Source: Betz, 2013. Cheryan et. Al, 2011. Social Psychological and Personality Science
• Gender-neutral STEM role models were found to be more effective motivators among middle-school students
• Gender of role model less important
Mentoring Appears to Make a Difference
• Having a female primary school teacher has a negative impact on female student math performance• Not true for reading• No impact on male students
• Depends on teacher confidence in math ability(Antecol et al, 2015. Journal of Labor Economics, v 33 no. 1 p. 63.)
“women’s relative lack of professional confidence contributes to their attrition in STEM fields.”(Cech et al., 2011. American Sociological Review v. 76. n 5 p 641-666)
MORE INFORMATION AVAILABLE:WWW.LMI.MT.GOV
