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Barcelona, September 14, 2009 1
SCIENTIFIC OUTPUT OF SINGLE APERTURE IMAGING
OF EXOPLANETS
Raffaele Gratton, INAF-OAPD, IAnthony Boccaletti, LESIA-OAPM, FMariangela Bonavita, INAF-OAPD, ISilvano Desidera, INAF-OAPD, IMarkus Kasper, ESO, DFlorian Kerber, ESO, D
Barcelona, September 14, 2009 2
Outline
• Introduction: direct imaging of planets, no longer a dream!
• What planets can be observed in the near-mid term• Statistics:
– Mass distribution– Orbits and system parameters
• Spectroscopy and atmosphere composition• Synergies with other techniques dynamical masses
– Radial velocities– Astrometry– Transits
Barcelona, September 14, 2009 33
No longer a dream !2M1207 5 MJ 46 AU
GQ Lup 17 MJ 100 AU
AB Pic 14 MJ 248 AU
CHRX73 12 MJ 210 AU
HN Peg 16 MJ 795 AU
DH Tau 12 MJ 330 AU
RSX 1609 8 MJ 330 AU
Detection was made possible because :
- small mass ratios (contrast is lower)- young ages (planet is brighter)- large physical / angular separations
Barcelona, September 14, 2009 4
Fomalhaut < 3 MJ 120 AU
HR8799 b 7 MJ 68 AU
HR8799 c 10 MJ 38 AU
HR8799 d 10 MJ 24 AU
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ProblematicPlanets are faint and close ….
109 = 1 milliard
106 = 1 million
Reflected light Thermal emission
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• Ground based 8m telescopes (2011-)– Hi-Ciao (Subaru) – SPHERE (VLT) – GPI (Gemini) (http://gpi.berkeley.edu/)
• JWST (2014-)– <5 μm: NIRCAM/TFI (http://ircamera.as.arizona.edu/nircam/)– >5 μm: MIRI (http://www.roe.ac.uk/ukatc/consortium/miri/index.html)
• 1.5 m class space coronagraphs (??)– PECO: Guyon et al. 2008, SPIE, 7010, 70101Y– EPIC: Clampin et al. 2006, SPIE, 6265, 62651B; Lyon et al. 2008, SPIE, 7010,
101045– ACCESS: Trauger et al. 2008, SPIE, 7010, 701029– SEE-COAST: http://luth7.obspm.fr/SEE-COAST/SEE-COAST.html
• ELT Instruments (>2018-)– NIR: EPICS (E-ELT), PFI (TMT), HRCAM (GMT)– MIR: METIS (E-ELT: Brandl et al. 2008, SPIE ), MIRES (TMT), MIISE (GMT)
Single aperture planet imagers of the next future
Barcelona, September 14, 2009 7
Niches: Contrast, Wavelength, IWA
Year Contrast Wavelength (μm)
IWA (arcsec)
Ground based 8m 2011 10-7 0.9-1.7 0.08
JWST –NIRCAM
MIRI
2014 10-5
10-4
2.1-4.6
5-16
0.3-0.6
0.35
1.5 m Space Coronagraphs
? 10-9-10-10 0.3-1.3 0.08
ELT’s – EPICS (NIR)
METIS (MIR)
>2018 10-8-10-9
10-5
0.9-1.7
2.5-20
0.004
0.08
Barcelona, September 14, 2009
Observable planets: methodology - inputsSTELLAR PARAMETERS (MStar (Msun), d (pc), Age (Myr), etc.) from two samples of real stars: • Young sample (Age < 500 Myrs, d<100 pc), ~1200 stars • Nearby sample (d < 20 pc) ~600 stars
PLANET PARAMETERS: • Mpsini (MJ) and P (days) randomly generated using the distributions from Cumming et al. 2008, extrapolated up to periods corresponding to a = 40 AU (for MStar = 1 Msun) and scaled with the stellar mass• 0.0 < e < 0.6 generated following the observed RV distribution• All the orbital elements (including inclination), randomly generated using uniform distributions
MONTE-CARLO SIMULATION TOOL: • MESS (Multi-purpose Exo-planet Simulation System) see Bonavita et al.(2009) in prep.
DETECTION LIMIT CURVES:• Direct Imaging (SPHERE, GPI, EPICS, METIS, JWST, Space Coronagraphs)• Radial velocity (HARPS, EXPRESSO, CODEX)• Astrometry (GAIA)
Barcelona, September 14, 2009
Observable planets: methodology - outputs
DERIVED PLANET PARAMETERS:
• Semi-major axis (AU) and projected separation (arcsec) evaluated assuming Distance and Mass of each star
• Radius (RJ) estimated following the approach of Fortney et al. (2007)
• Teff (K) estimated using the models by Sudarsky et al. (2001)
• Intrinsic luminosity obtained using the models by Baraffe et al. (2003)
• Reflected luminosity in visible and NEAR-IR (V, H, K, L Band) obtained scaling the Jupiter luminosity with planet semi-major axis and radius
• Reflected luminosity in MID-IR (λC = 11.4 μm) obtained assuming a black body emission at T = Teff and λ = λC
• Radial Velocity Semi-amplitude (m/s)
• Astrometric Signature (mas)
Barcelona, September 14, 2009
SYNTHETIC PLANET POPULATION: • 5 planets per star (mass>0.7 MEarth), randomly extracted from a set of 10.000 combinations of planet parameters
CHARACTERISTICS OF DETECTABLE PLANETS• Contrast vs projected separation• Mass vs Semi-major Axis• Radial velocity signal (K(RV)) vs Period• Astrometric Signature vs Period
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Planets observable with Sphere and GPI (2011-)
Nearby stars (<20 pc) Young stars (<5 108 yrs)
Tens of young giant planets at rather large separations
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Planets observable with JWST-MIRI (2014-)
Nearby stars (<20 pc) Young stars (<5 108 yrs)
Tens of young giant planets at large separationsBut care of disks!
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Planets observable with E-ELT+EPICS (2020-)
Nearby stars (<20 pc) Young stars (<5 108 yrs)
Many giant planets (both young and old)Tens of Neptune-like planetsA few rocky planets
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Planets observable with ~1.5 m dedicated space telescopes (?-)
Nearby stars (<20 pc) Young stars (<5 108 yrs)
Many giant planets (both young and old)Tens of Neptune-like planetsA few rocky planets
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Planets observable with E-ELT+METIS (2020-)
Many young and a few old giant planets at rather large separations
Nearby stars (<20 pc) Young stars (<5 108 yrs)
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Mass/semimajor axis distribution of detectable planets: Present
Nearby stars (<20 pc)
CURRENT STATUS
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Mass/semimajor axis distribution of detectable planets: 2011-
Young stars (<5 108 yrs)Nearby stars (<20 pc)
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Mass/semimajor axis distribution of detectable planets: 2014-
Nearby stars (<20 pc) Young stars (<108 yrs)
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Mass/semimajor axis distribution of detectable planets: >2018-
Nearby stars (<20 pc) Young stars (<5 108 yrs)
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Mass/semimajor axis distribution of detectable planets: ??
Nearby stars (<20 pc) Young stars (<5 108 yrs)
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Mass/semimajor axis distribution of detectable planets: >2018
Nearby stars (<20 pc) Young stars (<5 108 yrs)
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Planets in the habitable zone: 2011-2018
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Planets in the habitable zone: >2018
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Planets in the habitable zone: >2018
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Summary
Year Young Giant
Planets
Old Giant
Planets
Neptunes Rocky Planets
Habitable Planets
Ground based 8m
2011- tens few
JWST 2014- tens few
1.5m Space Coronagraphs
? tens tens tens few ??
ELT’s >2018- hundreds hundreds tens few ??
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Atmospheric composition
Barcelona, September 14, 2009 27
Visible: Space Coronagraphs
H20
H3+
H2S
C2H2
PH3
02
C0
C02
03
NH3
CH4
Wavelength (μm)
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NIR: Sphere, GPI, NIRCAM, EPICS
H20
H3+
H2S
C2H2
PH3
02
C0
C02
03
NH3
CH4
Wavelength (μm)
Barcelona, September 14, 2009 29
MIR: MIRI, METIS
H20
H3+
H2S
C2H2
PH3
02
C0
C02
03
NH3
CH4
Wavelength (μm)
0.5-30 m spectrum of an isolated 2 MJ planet (Burrows et al.2003, ApJ 596, 587) vs Visible (Space Coronagraphs)
0.5-30 m spectrum of an isolated 2 MJ planet (Burrows et al.2003, ApJ 596, 587) vs NIR (Sphere, GPI, NIRCAM, EPICS)
0.5-30 m spectrum of an isolated 2 MJ planet (Burrows et al.2003, ApJ 596, 587) vs MIR (MIRI, METIS)
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Spectroscopic characterization
Spectra at higher resolution than in standard set-up for planet detection will allow a more detailed characterization (for planets detected with high enough S/N)
Some science goals: identification of spectral features, determination of physical parameters (temperature, gravity, chemical composition), cloud process and their variation with time (e.g. for planets in eccentric orbits)
R=3000, R=20000 considered
See Poster by Claudi et al.
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Medium resolutionMedium resolution
McLean+2007
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High resolution (R=20000) High resolution (R=20000)
R=20000 J band spectrum of a T4.5 BD (Mc Lean+2007), many spectral lines available
Identified H2O lines marked
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Planet radial velocity
Earth semi-amplitude: 30 km/s Useful to constrain the planetary orbit if only visual
measurements available, planet-star mass ratio even based on small time baseline
Detection of binary planets, if any Several lines at high resolution, resolved sky lines to be
used as wavelength reference.
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Planet rotational velocity
Jupiter: Vrot:12.6 km/s, Saturn: 9.9 km/s, Neptune: 2.7 km/s
Field T dwarfs typically rotate faster (30-50 km/s: McLean et al., Zapaterio Osorio et al. )
R=20,000 corresponds to FWHM=15 km/s, R=3000 to 100 km/s
Possibility of measuring rotational velocity similar to that of Jupiter
Very interesting if coupled with photometric rotational modulation ( Planet radius independent of luminosity; inclination of rotational axis over orbital plane)
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Estimate of the number and type of accessible targets using Monte Carlo simulation (R=3000, R=20000)
R=3,000hundreds
R=20,000tens
Number of targets for EPICS
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Synergies with radial velocitiesPlanets already discovered from RVs
Very important: planet mass independent of model assumptions!
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Synergies with radial velocitiesPlanets already discovered from RVs
Very important: planet mass independent of model assumptions!
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RV signal of detectable planets
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RV signal of detectable planets
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RV signal of detectable planets
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RV signal of detectable planets
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Astrometric signal of detectable planets
SIM(Beichman et al. 2008)
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Astrometric signal of detectable planets
SIM(Beichman et al. 2008)
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Astrometric signal of detectable planets
SIM(Beichman et al. 2008)
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Astrometric signal of detectable planets
SIM(Beichman et al. 2008)
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Potential overlap with PLATO• PLATO: ESA Cosmic Vison proposed mission for the search of transiting planets• Planets down to about 10 MEarth around K and M dwarfs with V=8.5-10 (bright end of
PLATO) can be detected also with EPICS• For K dwarfs, planets in the habitable zone are detectable• Availability of planet spectrum from EPICS and planet radius from PLATO will be
relevant for the physical study of the planets.• For G and F stars (and K and M dwarfs as well) planets at separation larger than that
accessible to PLATO can be detected, allowing to study the outer planetary system of PLATO targets
See talk by Claudi et al.