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Volume 21
Journal of the Numismatic Association of Australia
2010 (2011) Journal of the N
umism
atic Association of A
ustralia
21
Cover.qxd 6/01/2011 1:08 PM Page 1
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NOBLEN U M I S M A T I C S P T Y L T D
Celebrating the second millennium:AD2000 in coins
Barrie Newman
The year 2000 in the Gregorian calendar, the most widely accepted calendar system in the world, was deemed to be one of the most important events of the time and much hype and planning by enterprising peoples and countries ensued to capture opportunities surrounding this once-in-a-thousand-years’ event. No opportunity was lost to capitalise on this historic occasion and, in 1996 with the new millennium fast approaching, many government and private mints and numismatic agencies prepared to approach their client countries to issue commemorative coinage for the year 2000.
These mints and agencies had, since the mid-1960s, been promoting and marketing special coins commemorating significant events and programmes relating to their client countries, for which the countries received large royalty payments, and the presentations submitted by them for the issuing of the millennium coins was generally favourably received.
As planning got under way, a number of interesting developments occurred. It was pointed out that the year 2000 heralded a possible catastrophic phenomenon – the “Millennium
Bug” – with the likelihood of world-wide breakdown in communications and massive computer glitches (as it was thought computers would not be able to automatically roll over from 1999 to 2000), resulting in aircraft being immobilised and widespread disruptions throughout the world; none of this eventuated. At the dawn of the new millennium, computer experts from around the world were focused on countries immediately to the west of the International Date Line, like Kiribati, as they would be the first affected should computers fail. This created additional international interest in that particular small Pacific nation.
Also, much discussion was being aired in the press, particularly in Britain and in Australia, about the correct starting date of the new millennium. The Royal Greenwich Observatory produced a Special Information Leaflet stating that, “The date of the start of the new millennium is 1 January 2001 and not, as some would have it, the year 2000.”1 These comments were virtually ignored – the world saw 1st January 2000 as the start of the new millennium, and that was that!
Royal Greenwich also criticised the
JNAA 21, 2010 (2011) 91
controversial decision of the Republic of Kiribati to “declare that all the islands that it comprises will use the same date”2 regardless of which side of the International Date Line they were.
And then, a number of countries in the Pacific Ocean near the International Date Line looked at having special promotions to attract tourists to be the first to “see the old millennium out” or “to see the new millennium in” in their respective countries (Fig. 1).
These discussions fired the imagination of many promoters and one of the most novel proposals was presented to MDM Deutsche Münze (MDM), a leading European marketer of commemorative coins. It was suggested that a commemorative coin be issued by the last country to see the old millennium out and another to be issued by the first country to see the new millennium in, and that both coins be split and separated by the International Date Line (Fig. 2).
MDM advised that it was very
interested in this proposal and set about assessing and planning the necessary steps to produce such commemorative coins.
At that time, I was working for MDM in Germany as Project Manager and Manager International Agencies. My role was to present commemorative coin concepts to countries of the Pacific, South-East Asia and Africa whereby they would gain royalty income from MDM’s marketing and sale of the coins for them. Briefly, this involved presenting relative design concepts to selected countries, obtaining approvals from the Central Banks or Finance Ministers, and arranging for appropriate numismatic agreements to be drawn up and executed. On the technical side, I had to ensure that designs were appropriate and met requirements, not only of the country concerned, but also of the relative collector market, which meant liaising with artists, selected security mints and government authorities of the issuing country to ensure that all aspects were considered and completed up to pre-production stage, including approval of the plaster moulds used for engraving the actual dies.
Last and first countries – which would they be?
The first step was to find the respective “first” and “last” countries. Approaches were made to the Royal Greenwich Observatory to find the appropriate countries straddling the International Date Line, which passes
Barrie Newman
JNAA 21, 2010 (2011)92
Figure 1. Promotional brochure distributed by Kiribati.
Celebrating the second millennium: AD2000 in coins
JNAA 21, 2010 (2011) 93
Figure 2. Joe d’Armenia’s concept.
Barrie Newman
JNAA 21, 2010 (2011)94
from the North Pole, through the Bering Straits between Russia and the United States, into the Pacific Ocean and down east of New Zealand to the South Pole (Fig. 3).
Royal Greenwich advised the sunrise times on 1 January 2000, based on Greenwich Mean Time (GMT), at various locations, calculated on their coordinates east of Greenwich.3 Many of these are uninhabited:Balleny Is (Antartica) 1341hrs (Uninhabited)Caroline Is (Kiribati) 1543hrs (Uninhabited)
Cape Carr (Antartica) 1546hrs (Uninhabited)Pitt Is (Chatham Is) 1605hrs (Uninhabited)Christmas Island (Kiribati) 1633hrs (Population over 1000)East Cape (New Zealand) 1647hrsRaoul Is (Kermadec Is) 1654hrsVava U (Tonga) 1703hrs
Royal Greenwich had commented that Samoa had “a good claim to being ‘the last place of sunset’”4 but the necessary calculations for this had not been done.
MDM had numismatic
Figure 3. Pacific map with International Date Line. Kiribati Islands are indicated in black, Samoa in blue. The adjustment to the IDL is demonstrated by the dotted red line (drawn by Rebecca Banks).
Celebrating the second millennium: AD2000 in coins
JNAA 21, 2010 (2011) 95
agreements with the Pacific nations of Western Samoa, Kiribati, Tonga, Tuvalu, Fiji and had links with New Zealand and Pitcairn Island, and it was considered that Western Samoa would be the logical choice as the last country to see the old millennium out, and Kiribati as the first to see the new millennium in.
A series of concepts and coin designs were prepared linking the past to the present and to the future, with the coats of arms of both countries featured on either side of the International Date Line, which split a round coin in two (Figs 2 and 4).
A number of mints were then approached to see if a round coin could satisfactorily and cleanly be cut along the Date Line. This was the period that various European countries and mints were preparing sample Euro coins, and an advisory company, Euromint, was able to supply a sample coin, cleanly cut and finely split in two by wire erosion process produced by Münz-Prägstatt GmbH München (Munich Mint) (Fig. 5).
Appointments were then made
to see the Finance Ministers of both Western Samoa and Kiribati, seeking their approval for the split coin concept and to show them the sample split coin and the initial designs.
Royalty opportunities for participating countries
It was proposed that, for the issue to be successful, a series of coins should be issued in 1997, 1998, 1999 and 2000 and marketed around the world with royalties being paid to both countries based on the number of coins sold. Both countries showed much interest and agreed to sign appropriate agreements once the designs and details had been satisfactorily finalised.
Design development and variationsInitial designs were personally
presented to the Finance Ministers of both countries (Fig. 6).
Kiribati was concerned that the face value of the Western Samoa coin was double that of Kiribati ($5 vs. $10) and that the Western Samoa segment seemed larger than theirs. It was also
Figure 4. Initial designs showing Father Time and Date Line.
Figure 5. Example of wire erosion jagged line cut through sample Euro coin.
Barrie Newman
JNAA 21, 2010 (2011)96
of concern to Kiribati that the designs depicted showed that there were two series of islands (atolls) in the Kiribati chain of Islands when, in fact, there were three, and that two of their islands, Christmas and Caroline Islands, were actually located on the Eastern side of the International Date Line.
The Republic of Kiribati comprises 33 low-lying atolls and coral islands, straddling the equator and the International Date Line, in three groups – 16 in the Gilbert Islands, together with Banaba far to the west, 8 in the Phoenix Islands and 8 in the Line Islands (Fig. 3).
Discussions with Royal Greenwich Observatory had indicated that a country could marginally vary the International Date Line passing through it to include outer islands into its normal time zone provided it was approved and gazetted by the Government of the day. This was passed on to the Government of Kiribati and it subsequently decreed that Christmas and Caroline Islands would be designated to be on the Western side
of the International Date Line and the Date Line was re-adjusted accordingly (Fig. 3).
This enabled the whole of Kiribati to be shown on its part of the split coin and the coin design was amended to include a new stylized delineation of the International Date Line with the appropriate changes satisfactory to Kiribati.
In the meantime Western Samoa advised that it had changed its name to just Samoa and no longer required to have “I SISIFO” attached to its name on its currency. This simplified the design parameters enormously and, when Samoa agreed to reduce the value of its part of the split coin to $5, the same as for the Kiribati part, the new millennium coins were now able to be finalised and authorised by both governments (Fig. 7), and production and marketing could now proceed (Fig. 8).
World-wide involvement in 2000 for commemorative coins
The year 2000 was a very popular
Figure 6. Design development. Figure 7. Amended coin design to include new stylised International Date Line and changes agreed by Samoa
Celebrating the second millennium: AD2000 in coins
JNAA 21, 2010 (2011) 97
year for commemorative coinage. The millennium coins had to compete with the Sydney 2000 Olympics and the Queen Mother’s 100th Birthday, both popular topics for commemorative coin collectors (along with Endangered Wildlife and the History of Seafaring, which were on-going), as well as the 2000th Anniversary of Christianity.
Modern world coin catalogues show at least 75 countries issued commemorative coins for the millennium, prior to and during the year 2000, (as well as in 2001 and 2002), and they issued a total of more than 240 separate coins, expressly as millennium
coins (Appendix 1). A number of coins from countries,
like those of Britain, France, Italy and New Zealand, had not been specifically designated as “millennium” coins, but were clearly so; these countries have been included among the 75.
Many countries highlighted their coins as “Third Millennium,” others linked their millennium coins with space travel (Russia), elements of the Zodiac (Liberia) or famous figures or icons during the 20th Century (Somalia). Zambia even called its 5000 Kwacha Sterling silver coin, issued in 2000, as “Millennium Olympics” (Fig. 9j.). Some countries like Jordan and Switzerland linked the millennium with the birth of Jesus. All of these have been included in the listing, although those issued by Andorra in 1999 as “Jubilee 2000” (with biblical scenes) and the Vatican City in 2000, for “2000 Years of Christianity,” have not.
Eight countries, Australia, Gibraltar, Hungary, Isle of Man, Mexico, Poland, Slovakia and Ukraine issued coins for the millennium in 2001, and one country, Jamaica, issued a millennium coin in 2002, all obviously taking advantage of the opinions of those who felt that the new millennium really started on 1 January 2001 (Appendix 2). All, by the way, had issued commemorative millennium coins prior to or during the year 2000.
Those countries which issued the most coins for the millennium were:
Figure 8. Advertisement from MDM Journal Jan 1999 inserted in Deutsches Münzen Maga-zin Jan/Feb 1/99, showing the obverse of the split coin and the design concepts for each of the different reverses with descriptions for each.
Barrie Newman
JNAA 21, 2010 (2011)98
• Liberia – with 24 separate coin issues. (Liberia also issued another 27 separate coins in 2000, featuring different US leaders and celebrities with a heraldic Liberty eagle; these could not be classed as millennium coins)
• Somalia – with 16 coins• Kiribati – with a total of 14 coins.
(In addition to the 9 split coins issued together with Samoa, through MDM, Kiribati also used another company to issue another 5 regular shaped coins for the millennium)
• Canada – with 12 coins. (These were issued as proof coins of 12 separate circulating currency coins produced expressly for the millennium)
• Cuba – with 12 coins, and• Samoa – with the 9 split coins, all
linked to Kiribati split coins.
Additional research was also carried out to check whether Ethiopia issued any commemorative coins when it celebrated its millennium in 2008. Ethiopia’s calendar commenced 7 years and 8 months after the advent of AD dating and, although it had a number of millennium celebratory activities in 2008, it did not issue any commemorative coins.
Many different millennium designs and shapes
There were many varied and unusual designs produced by the various countries for the millennium coinage, including irregular shapes (Cyprus,
Fig. 9g.), map shape (Zambia, Fig. 9j.), various 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10 and 12 sided coins (Armenia, Fig. 9e., Tuvalu, Fig. 9i.), scalloped edges (Singapore, Fig. 9a.), rectangles (Malta, Fig. 9h.), squares, triangles, pierced zeros in the figure 2000 (Bulgaria, Fig. 9b.), some with holes (Guernsey, Fig. 9d., Latvia, Fig. 9c.), holograms, multi-colours, digital clocks (St Thomas & Prince Islands, Fig. 9f.) and bi- and tri-metals.
Many of the various coin shapes (multiple edges) and distinctive millennium designs were offered by MDM to their stable of countries as part of their Millennium Masterpiece Collection, jointly presented with the British Royal Mint, ensuring that each was distinctive and different from the others. Perhaps the most interesting and unique of them all were the split coins of Kiribati and Samoa.
Both Kiribati and Samoa were proud to have been linked to such a coin programme, and the close ties between both countries were even more evident when MDM was also able to influence both the Kiribati and Samoa governments to issue their cupro-nickel split coins, this time joined together as a single piece, in 1999, a first, with two countries coats of arms on one coin. This has not been done before by any other two countries. This coin is not included in the 2009 Krause Publications Standard Catalog of World Coins, but perhaps it will find a place in their next edition of Unusual World Coins.
Celebrating the second millennium: AD2000 in coins
JNAA 21, 2010 (2011) 99
Figure 9. Some of the unusual coin designs produced for the millennium: a. Singapore; b. Bulgaria; c. Latvia; d. Guernsey; e. Armenia; f. St Thomas and Prince Islands; g. Cyprus; h. Malta; i. Tuvalu; j. Zambia (for specifications see Appendix 1).
a.
g.
b. c.
d. e. f.
h.
i. j.
Barrie Newman
JNAA 21, 2010 (2011)100
1997 Coin of the Year AwardThe dual Samoa/Kiribati split coin
design (Fig. 10) was awarded the honour of being the “Most Innovative Coin for 1997” by the American Numismatic Association (ANA), and the award was presented to MDM at the Coin of the Year Awards at the ANA Convention in the USA in 1999.
The Millennium CollectionWith at least 75 countries
participating in producing over 240 commemorative coins for the millennium, this would appear to be the largest number of countries world-wide ever to issue commemorative coins for a single event. This presents a daunting task for anyone dedicated enough to collect all the coins from all the countries that participated!
AcknowledgementsNiels Hagemann, Managing
Director, MDM Deutsche Münze, Braunschweig.
Grant Morton, I.S. Wright, Coin & Militaria Shop, Adelaide Arcade,
Adelaide.Peter Lane, NSSA, Adelaide.Alex Wegner, Managing Director, BH
Mayer’s Kunstprägeanstalt GmbH, München.
Select BibliographyBruce II, Colin R. (Ed) (2007) Standard
Catalog of World Coins 2001-2008, Krause Publications.
Bruce II, Colin R. & Michael Thomas (Eds) (2009) Standard Catalog of World Coins 36th Edition 1901-2000, Krause Publications.
Notes1. Royal Greenwich Observatory (1996)
Special Information Leaflet: No. 22 ‘The First Sunrise of the New Millennium’, Information Services Department of the Royal Greenwich Observatory, 12 Feb 1996: 1.
2. Ibid: 1.3. Ibid: 2.4. Personal correspondence between Dr.
Peter J. Andrews, Head of Informational Services, Royal Greenwich Observatory and Mr J. d’Armenia, 1 April 1996.
Figure 10. Sterling silver split coin of Samoa and Kiribati.
Celebrating the second millennium: AD2000 in coins
JNAA 21, 2010 (2011) 101
Barrie Newman was Project Manager and Manager, Numismatic Agencies during the 1990s to MDM Deutsche Münze, a leading German commemorative coin marketing organization and he was involved in the development of a number of coin issues for the Millennium 2000 including the Kiribati/Samoa split coin. For the last three decades of the twentieth century, operating out of Adelaide, South Australia he designed and promoted commemorative coins for third world countries in the Pacific and Asia. Barrie is a Past President and currently Secretary of the Numismatic Society of South Australia and is Executive Director of The Adelaide [email protected]
Barrie Newman
JNAA 21, 2010 (2011)102
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