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Bart JOURQUIN and Sabine LIMBOURG
Catholic University of Mons (FUCAM)
Group Transport & Mobility
Mons – Belgium
Optimal location of container terminalsThe case of a hub system in Europe
Optimal location of container terminalsThe case of a hub system in Europe
GRT conference, May 7, 2007
Optimal location of container terminals - The case of a hub system in Europe 2
• Major problems : – congestion;– environmental nuisance;– accidents.
• Objectives:– restoring the balance between modes of transport and
developing intermodality• Marco Polo’s objective: Decrease of 12.109 t.km by road per year
– combating congestion– putting safety and the quality of services at the heart of our
efforts– maintaining the right to mobility.
Introduction: European transport sector and policyMethodology
ApplicationConclusions - Prospects
European transport sector and policy
Optimal location of container terminals - The case of a hub system in Europe 3
Source : UIRR
Terminals’ location = crucial
Introduction: Combined rail-road transportMethodology
ApplicationConclusions - Prospects
Consolidate flows
Combined rail-road transport
Optimal location of container terminals - The case of a hub system in Europe 4
IntroductionMethology: Terminal typology
ApplicationConclusions - Prospects
T T
Terminal typology•Ballis (2002) •Wiegmans (2003) •Bontekoning and E. Kreutzberger (2001)•Wiegmans, Masurel and Peter Nijkamp (1998)•Daubresse (1997)•SIMET (1995)
Optimal location of container terminals - The case of a hub system in Europe 5
• 3 constraints:– all the hubs are connected directly
to each other; – no direct connection between non-
hub nodes;– spoke nodes are connected to a
single hub.• Problem class:
P-hub Median Problem (P-HMP)– O’Kelly (1987) – Campbell (1994) – Ernst and Krishnamoorthy (1996)
• Potential location – Arnold (2002) – Macharis (2004) – New feature : Systematic
approach based on transport flows
N O
M
L
K
A
B
C
D
E
FJ
IH
G
IntroductionMethology: Hub-and-spoke network
ApplicationConclusions - Prospects
Hub-and-spoke network
Optimal location of container terminals - The case of a hub system in Europe 6
Optimal terminal locations
SupplyDemand
Final assignment Waterways – Roads – Railways – Intermodal
IntroductionMethology: A four steps methodology
ApplicationConclusions - Prospects
Potential locations
Reference assignmentWaterways – Roads – Railways
Intermodal in an Hub-and-spoke network
0 Data
1 Identification
2 P-HMP
3H-S impact
Optimal location of container terminals - The case of a hub system in Europe 7
Freight OD matrixes for the year 2000 provided by NEA
– Roads, railways and inland waterways;– NST-R chapter 9 (“diverse” commodities);– Region-to-region at NUTS 2 level;– Most European countries.
IntroductionMethology
Application: DemandConclusions - Prospects
Optimal location of container terminals - The case of a hub system in Europe 8
IntroductionMethology
Application: DemandConclusions - Prospects
Optimal location of container terminals - The case of a hub system in Europe 9
Supply = DCW based network with associated transport costs
IntroductionMethology
Application: SupplyConclusions - Prospects
Optimal location of container terminals - The case of a hub system in Europe 10
IntroductionMethology
Application: Calibrated reference scenarioConclusions - Prospects
Virtual networks
Xa
U1 (W2)
U3 (R1)
U2 (W1)
Xb Xc
Xd
U1 (W2 = 1350T))
U3 (R1 = Train)
U1 (W1 = 300T)
Terminal
Optimal location of container terminals - The case of a hub system in Europe 11
IntroductionMethology
Application: Calibrated reference scenarioConclusions - Prospects
Virtual networks
c2W1 b2W1
b1W2
b1W1 a1W1
a1W2
d3R1
b3R1
b2W1
b1W2
b1W1
b000
b3R1
+
-
+
+
-
+
-
+
-
-
T
Optimal location of container terminals - The case of a hub system in Europe 12
IntroductionMethology
Application: Calibrated reference scenarioConclusions - Prospects
Virtual networks
Generation
Distribution
Modal split
AssignmentVirtual Network
OD
Optimal location of container terminals - The case of a hub system in Europe 13
IntroductionMethology
Application: Calibrated reference scenarioConclusions - Prospects
Behaviour
No Yes
Capacity
No All or Nothing Stochastic
Yes Equilibrium Stochastic equilibrium
Optimal location of container terminals - The case of a hub system in Europe 14
IntroductionMethology
Application: Calibrated reference scenarioConclusions - Prospects
Aggregated demand data
No Yes
Capacity
No All or Nothing Multi-Flow
Yes Equilibrium Equilibrium MF
Optimal location of container terminals - The case of a hub system in Europe 15
IntroductionMethology
Application: Calibrated reference scenarioConclusions - Prospects
Multi-modal, multi-flows assignment
Optimal location of container terminals - The case of a hub system in Europe 16
IntroductionMethology
Application: ConsolidationConclusions - Prospects
Consolidated flows on road networks
Optimal location of container terminals - The case of a hub system in Europe 17
Possible criteria :– Minimum flow threshold; – Maximum distance to railways;– Minimum distance to existing terminal;– Minimum distance to port; – Maximum distance to waterways.
IntroductionMethology
Application: Set of potential locationsConclusions - Prospects
Set of potential locations
Optimal location of container terminals - The case of a hub system in Europe 18
IntroductionMethology
Application: Set of potential locationsConclusions - Prospects
Set of potential locations
Optimal location of container terminals - The case of a hub system in Europe 19
(1) Transhipment cost : 3.29 €/ton
(2) Inter-hub discount : 10%
(3) Pre- and post-haulage : 1.483 x long haul road cost
Source : UIRR
IntroductionMethology
Application: HypothesesConclusions - Prospects
Hypotheses
(3) (3)(1) (1)(2)
Collection and synthesis:•Real Cost Reduction of Door-to-door Intermodal Transport (2001)•Prospects of Inland Navigation within the enlarged Europe (2004)•Comité National Routier français •Ministère de la Mobilité des Pays-Bas (2005)
Optimal location of container terminals - The case of a hub system in Europe 20
2 terminals 3 terminals 4 terminals
5 terminals 6 terminals 7 terminals
IntroductionMethology
Application: Inter-hub networksConclusions - Prospects
Inter-hub networks
Optimal location of container terminals - The case of a hub system in Europe 21
Existing situation: -1,34.109 t.km by roadMarco Polo’s objective: -12.109 t.km by road
IntroductionMethology
Application: Existing situation in 2002Conclusions - Prospects
Existing situation
Optimal location of container terminals - The case of a hub system in Europe 22
IntroductionMethology
Application: P-HMP Optimal locationsConclusions - Prospects
Optimal location: -7,59.109 t.km by roadExisting situation: -1,34.109 t.km by roadMarco Polo’s objective: -12.109 t.km by road
Optimal location
Optimal location of container terminals - The case of a hub system in Europe 23
Major contributions:– Flow based approach;– Methodology for potential locations;– Decision support tools embedded in a GIS.
IntroductionMethology
ApplicationConclusions - Prospects