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Basic Beef Cow Nutrition
Katherine Whitman, DVM, MSGreat Plains Veterinary Educational Center
Overview
• Recognizing a problem• Basic requirements•Matching cow cycle with forage cycle• Critical time points in the cow cycle• Evaluating feedstuffs• BRaNDS program application• Nutrition in practice
Obvious…
…Sub-clinical
How do we know?• Tools to evaluate nutritional status• Body Condition Scoring
• https://beef.unl.edu/learning/condition1a.shtml• Behavior?
• Health issues• Increases is morbidity or mortality• Unthrifty• Ineffective preventatives, treatments
• Performance issues• Reproductive deficiencies• Poor growth
Nutritional Requirements• NRC for technicals• Minimum requirements• Feed values are averages
• Feed analysis is under utilized!!• Sampling-what feedstuffs?
What does she need?• Age?• Stage of production?• Body condition?• Environment?• Feedstuffs available?• Producer goals?
Changes in requirement
Production Cycle
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
1ST 2ND 3RD
Lactation
Grazing Supplement?
Nutritional Demands
• Demands vary with physiologic state of cow• Trimester• Lactation• Growth• Other stressors
Determining What to Feed
•Availability•Cost• Feasibility•Quality
Feedstuff Evaluation
• Testing• LOOK!!!• Ask questions
What is the Focus?
• Major balancers• Protein: 8% Cows, 13-14% Heifers
(MINIMUMS!!)• Energy: TDN, NEm, NEg, NEl
• Ca:P ratio-what is appropriate?• Adjustments• Supplementation??
Forage dry matter intake relative to forage crude protein concentration Source: Adapted from Moore and Kunkle, 1995
Carbohydrate Fractions
Total Carbohydrate
Nonfiber Carbohydrate
Organic Acids SugarsStarches (NSC)
Neutral Detergent
Soluble Fiber
Pectins
Fructans
ß-Glucans
Structural Carbohydrate
(NDF)
HemicelluloseAcid Detergent
Fiber
Cellulose
Lignin
Maillard Protein
Stimulate Fermentation
Stimulate Milk Production
Decrease Intake Increase Milk fat
• 2 Year Olds 1560• 3 Year Olds 1242• Matures 5894
• Calving season begins March 21• Wean October 20• Turned out to winter grazing• Winter ration?• Other questions?
Case background
Feeding options• Supplemental forages• Supplemental concentrates• Corn stalks• http://
www.ianrpubs.unl.edu/epublic/live/ec290/build/ec290.pdf• Dry lot• http://
www.ianrpubs.unl.edu/epublic/pages/publicationD.jsp?publicationId=1639
• https://beef.unl.edu/confinement-cows-series-part-1-nutritional-considerations
Reading Feed Analysis As Fed 100% Dry MatterMoisture, % 7.3
Dry Matter, % 92.7
Crude Protein, % CP 19.5 21.0
Acid Detergent Fiber, % ADF 26.6 28.7
Neutral Detergent Fiber, % NDF 35.4 38.2
Total Digestible Nutrients, % TDN 65.3 70.4
Net Energy, Maint, Mcal/lb 0.70 0.75
Net Energy, Gain, Mcal/lb 0.44 0.47
Net Energy, Lact, Mcal/lb 0.68 0.73
Digestible Energy, Mcal/lb 1.31 1.41
Met. Energy, Beef, Mcal/lb 1.07 1.16
Relative Feed Value, (RFV) 162
Calcium, % Ca 1.18 1.28
Phosphorus, % P 0.27 0.29
Magnesium, % Mg 0.25 0.27
Potassium, % K 2.93 3.16
Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (NIRS) Analysis
Ration formulation
• Scratch paper• Rules of Thumb
• Excel spreadsheets• Numerous online resources
• Software programs• BRaNDS• BRaNDS.xlsm
• NRC• D:\NRC\UNL Practicum Revised NRC - Novemb
er 2013.xls