Basic CentOS Setup Before Building a Working Server

7/25/2019 Basic CentOS Setup Before Building a Working Server

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practices of initial server setup. This is aimed to tweak and apply

some basic security protection on your server and make it real

private. For instance, to change default root login, change default

SSH port and so on.

Following all steps in this initial CentOS server setup is not a must

but strongly recommended. However the decision is up to you. I

assumed you have either VPS or Dedicated server already so you

can follow this guide.

In this example, I use a VPS with 512Mb of RAM running CentOS

6.3 x32 located in Amsterdam hosted by DigitalOcean.

Step 1 Login to your remote server via SSH connection. You can

use either use Terminal (Mac / Linux) or Putty in Windows. You

should login as root. Read my previous articles:

Where To Download Putty and How To Use It

Top most used Unix commands to SSH to a Linux server

During your first login, Putty (or Terminal) will ask you to cache

servers host key in the registry and remember servers ras2 key

fingerprint. Dont panic and simply hit Yes.

Step 2 Change default password for root. Sometimes a VPS or

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3/25

server is created using random password generated by the

providers management software. It is good practice to change it to

something easier to remember by you but hard to crack or guess

by others. Use this command syntax:

Youll then be asked to enter your new password twice.

Make sure you use strong words and numbers combination but

also make sure you can easily remember it.

Step 3 Create new user. This new user will be used for you to

login to your server in the next time because you have to also

disable root login (Ill tell you in the next steps) because root isreally a standard username hackers can easily guess. Its just like

admin or administrator in Windows. Use command below to

create new username:

*change newuser above with your own new username. In this

example I use my name sawiyati.

Then issue this command to setup password for that user:

Upon hitting Enter on your keyboard your server will ask you to

type the password for that user.

1 passwd

1 /usr/sbin/addusernewuser

1 passwdnewuser


4/25

Step 4 Setup root privileges to that userso once you logged in

to your server using that new user you will still be able to perform

any root only tasks. To do that simply issue this command:

then look for the line / section called:

or in different CentOS release it may also like this:

Then add this line right after the root line:

## Allow root to run any commands anywhere

root ALL=(ALL) ALL

newuser ALL=(ALL) ALL

it should look like this:

How to edit? If you dont have Nano editor installed yet, simply hit

a (without quotes). Once done adding new line, simply hit Esc key

to exit editing mode. Now press Shift key + ZZ to save and exit vi

editor.

Step 5 Change SSH default port and disable root login. This is

what I mean in step 3 above. In this case youll need to edit

1 /usr/sbin/visudo

12

# User privilege specificationroot ALL=(ALL) ALL

12

## Allow root to run any commands anywhereroot ALL=(ALL) ALL


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sshd_config filewhich is the main configuration file of SSH service

in your server. You can either use vi or Nano to edit it. In this

example I use Nano editor:

Then fine following lines:

Remove the #symbol and change the 22 (it is default port) to to

any number between 1025 and 65536, For example is port 22000.

Example:

Next, also find:

Remove the # symbol and change yes to no

PermitRootLogin no

So it will look like this:

Next, find this line as well:

Remove the # symbol and change yes to no

1 nano /etc/ssh/sshd_config

1 #port 22

1 port 22000

1 #PermitRootLogin yes

1 #UseDNS yes


6/25

UseDNS no

It may look like this:

Dont close Nano editor just yet, now proceed to the next step:

Step 6 Allow new user to login via SSH to your server. Simply

add this line in the very bottom of that file:

Of course you have to replace newuser with your own username

created in the step 3 above. Example:

Once done, hit Control+O to save then Control+X to exit Nano

editor.

Step 7 Reload SSH service. To make sure the new configuration

is used by the service, simply reload SSH by using this command:

It should return with the OK message.

Step 8 Give it a try! I assumed currently you are still logging in as

root. Dont close that SSH session yet before you test it and make

sure all the settings you defined in SSH config file really works.

Now launch another Terminal window or launch another Putty

1 AllowUsers newuser

1 /etc/init.d/sshdreload


7/25

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Sawiyati

Hi! I'm Sawiyati, a mom with passion

about blogging, programming and

everything techy. Having no offline job,

so I decided to start blogging while

learning what I love for. You can find me at Google+ here.

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

instance then login using new SSH port, new username, and of

course new password.

After the changes, youll see your new username instead of root:

Enjoy..

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8/25

72 COMMENTS

hi/

Really helpful

Thanks

Replysaeed June 21, 2013

Thanks be blessed,,,,,,i am a newbie in Centos,

thanks for the well detailed tutorial

ReplyTendai Afrika March 13, 2015

A very well detailed tutorial. Thank you. I am trying out my

hands on linux for the first time and your tutorial was both

very well illustrated and helpful.

ReplySiddeswara July 3, 2013

Glad to know it is helpful

ReplySawiyati July 6, 2013

it seems that the most basic thing is missing; how to actually

install the OS itself, that I cannot find?? I am interested in

learning how to install a centos LAMP from the netinstall to

run headless.

A tutorial on that would be great! I love the other stuff that you

have in your blog. it is the most comprehensive and well

written, easy to understand blog I have ever come across. A lot

of sites assume the user already knows the commands to edit

ReplyNeville Scollop July 13, 2013
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9/25

and save configs, you dont make that assumption and I love it

for that!

Hi Neville, usually, most VPS providers are already

installed the OS of your choice during setup. So it is

ready-to-use. Well, some providers also provide

their users with VPS control panel where users can

re-install OS from there

ReplySawiyati July 16, 2013

hello in the begining id like to thank you

for your efforts making such beautiful

tutorial, can you please explain how do

we install the os because some of the

viewers are setting there own home web

servers at home for personal websites

and dont know how to install it or set and

config there ip addressesthx alot

ReplyAli Douglah May 20, 2014

very nice, i have learn something new today

bookmarked

Replyabu July 20, 2013

Thanks for your Tut madame. but i have problems

Why I get error after doing this, when I open putty and access

my server to the new port I configured.

ReplyCyrus August 2, 2013
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10/25

Network Error: Connection timed out.,,

Thanks for this great and clear tutorial for a VPS beginner like

me!

ReplyDaniel August 16, 2013

This is a great tutorial, thank-you heaps.

ReplyNathan September 1, 2013

You forgot to mention that they need to allow the new ssh port

through iptables.

ReplyVirtual October 2, 2013

thanks

ReplySawiyati October 5, 2013

Yes, it worked great AFTER setting up iptables!

These are really great tutorials. I wish you had

social media links so I could share them easier.

ReplyJim October 26, 2014

Great tutorial. You should also add how to forward the new

SSH port in iptables though, many people might get locked out

if they forget not to close their active section or if their

ReplyForo Ovnis October 11, 2013
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11/25

computer crashes while theyre working on it. Thanks!

Very understandable , i am just a begginer user of vps and I

could do it thanks a lot.

Replyalex November 10, 2013

Glad you liked it

ReplySawiyati November 12, 2013

Hi!

I follow the tutorial, but when I try to test the configuration

openning another SSH connection, shows me a error message:

Network error: Connection timed out.

On Putty, I put the IP address of the CentOS server with 22000

port.

I already close the first SSH connection where I was logged

with root, thinking thats was the problem.

If you can help me with this.

Thanks.

Replylpdourado November 19, 2013

Open your ports in iptables. See my original

comment.

ReplyCory November 28, 2013

Replyeugene March 10, 2014
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12/25

Yes, but if you closed the default root ssh

connection, you cant run commands

anymore. What have I done!? Please help

me.

You should follow all procedure

correctly. Also do not close

current ssh session while trying to

establish new ssh session to test

new username

Reply

Sawiyati March 11, 2014

About itables its true, dont forget! Anyway, I am confused. If

you disable root account and use just other one with su

priveleges to connect withh ssl, you leave the port open. If you

close ssh port as root, you cant enable ssh with su or I am not

right?

ReplyRimaS November 20, 2013

Just use another port. If it is closed then open that

port first while you can leaving default port (22)

open or closed thats up to you but you better

close any unnecessary ports. Anyway, this is just a

very basic security setup to avoid kiddies

bruteforcing your server, not total protection but at

least slow em down. For advanced protection then

youll need advanced security setup.

ReplySawiyati November 28, 2013
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13/25

I was getting connection time outs until I manually opened the

port in iptables using the following command:

Hope this helps someone.


iptables -I INPUT -p tcp dport YOUR-PORT-

NUMBER -j ACCEPT

Theres two dashes before dport. Correction:


iptables -I INPUT -p tcp -dport

YOUR-PORT-NUMBER -j ACCEPT

this should be added to the very end of

the tutorial in red big capital letters, so

people who are learning understand

better the all configuration process,

regards and thanks.

Replyanonimo October 17, 2014

Sweet. Thanks dude!

ReplyHilman January 5, 2014
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14/25

Makasi banyak Tante.. Thats really helps..

ReplyLeoui February 11, 2014

btw, i got this error note, Tan..

mkdir: cannot create directory /var/www': Permission denied

ReplyLeoui February 11, 2014

you should login as root or user with root privilege

ReplySawiyati February 12, 2014

I cant $ su from the newly created user.

I fixed the issue with $ chmod 4755 /bin/su , is this ok

security wise ?

Replyeugene March 10, 2014

It is very bad mate.

ReplyRImas March 11, 2014

Thank you for the tutorial,

Logging in from ssh works good with the new user, theres only

one problem i have right now: as soon as i try to acces the

Replywisse April 4, 2014
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15/25

/usr/sbin/visudo along with some other folders with root acces

i cannot acces it. When trying to acces the file i get this error:

visudo /etc/sudoers permission denied

I followed every step in your tutorial and i cannot figure out

why it does not work . Does anyone have this same problem or

does anyone know a good solution?

Thanks,

Wisse

Thanks for this guide.It has been very helpful to me and I learned something very

important today.

ReplyFernando Aguilar April 7, 2014

Great tutorial. this is my first time install Linux and all working

excellent.

btw what is the difference between using UseDNS yes and

UseDNS no

in /etc/ssh/sshd_config

ReplyHendra April 16, 2014

Luckily I followed the advice not to close the current

connection until testing is ok. Changing the port takes more

steps than editing the sshd_config, so one should be very

carefull with this in order not to lock him self out of the

system.

ReplyMelsi May 16, 2014
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16/25

I just fckdup my new entos install with this guideAs a new

user I cant install nothing not a sudoer not a sh!t. How am Igoing to reverse these changes since I screw up denying root

to ssh????

Replypredrag June 1, 2014

ok, got it! ssh as new user and when in just type su

- and then roots pass and youre in, destroy thedamn thing whatevertwo stupid posts from me

but it will help some newbie like me :/

Replypredrag June 1, 2014

thanks for the tutorial. I was greatly helped. I am also looking

for the same tutorial for debian OS. hopefully I also find ithere.

Replyarline's mom June 10, 2014

I followed the directions on a server I setup on a digital

hosting website. After creating the user, and after altering the

necessary files, when I try to log-in via ssh with the new user, I

get a connection refused message.

What did I do wrong? I just edited iptables and included port

22 and 22000, but still the connection is refused. I made sure

ssh and iptables both reloaded, and were running, and still no

connection allowed.

(Fortunately, Im still connection via root.)

Replyeljefe June 12, 2014
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17/25

What am I doing wrong?

make sure you edit /etc/ssh/sshd_config and add to

allow the new user (step 6)

ReplySawiyati June 12, 2014

Thanks a ton! Im very new to setting up my own server and

this is really useful information

ReplyHrishi June 29, 2014

Just one quick question. It seems I can login with the new user

perfectly fine but the new user does not seem to have root

privileges. I tried adding a new user from this new user login

and for certain things it kept saying you do not have enough

priviledges. How do I enable root login again?

ReplyHrishi June 29, 2014

you can always add sudo in every command you

want. Or, you can simply type su to switch login

as root user.

ReplySawiyati June 30, 2014

Thank you so much, I get it done easily..

ReplyBryan July 22, 2014

ReplyBob July 29, 2014
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18/25

Thanks for all the time you have put into your work here.. As a

total newbie using your tutorials I am setting up my vps with

nginx and wordpress. Has been smooth and Im learning so

much along the wayAgain thanks

mbaknya indonesia ya? lg bingung nih setup vps unmanaged

saya

Replydonjon August 8, 2014

Same problem than a lot of usDont have root privileges on

my user account, but it tells I have root privileges when doing

sudo -l.

if someone can help

ReplySam.P August 12, 2014

Tks for the nice tutorial.

I have one questions. when I upload the files by SFTP, it always

says : Permission denied

Please help.

Tks

ReplyKen September 3, 2014

THANKS for this!!!

Really Helpfull

ReplyBrain_Out September 6, 2014

ReplyHank September 19, 2014
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19/25

Excellent tutorials! Unfortunately,I set up my Digital Ocean VPS

without changing my ssh port. I also installed fail2ban.

Everything works.

When I now change the port number in the sshd config file

and in Putty to a non-standard port, I can no longer connect

with Putty.

I suspect I must do something with iptables and fail 2 ban as

well to make this work.

Could you suggest how I could make this change?

Hi, i follow exactly you basic centos setup, i even check a new

user to make sure i can logon to it, but when i want to proceed

to install httpd, it said i dont have root permission. I already

disable root logon therefore i could not login using root

anymore, i cant even edit sshd_config to reenable root login.

Appreciate your help.

ReplyHanif September 26, 2014

Truc sudo yum install httpd or su root yum install

httpd.it Williams as si you for the root password

and let you install httpd.

Hope this helps

Replymaxime September 26, 2014

there are two options:

First, you can switch from current user to root by

typing suhit Enter then type password for root.

Another option is to use sudoprefix in each / every

command that needs root privilege (eg: sudo yum

install httpd). I hope that helps.

ReplySawiyati September 26, 2014
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20/25

Damn autocorrection on french mobile.please remove

previous comment

Replymaxime September 26, 2014

Why you didnt mentioned that we need to change ports in

iptables!!! Now i cant access to my vps!

ReplyVladan October 19, 2014

Thanks!

I follow your steps, but i got a big problem!

Now when i want login in putty, appear this:

Putty Fatal Error

Network Error: Connection refused

How can i resolve? Please help me!

Replyjavier October 20, 2014

That most likely because Putty uses different port

as what you defined on your vps

ReplySawiyati October 23, 2014

I followed this tutorial. You forgot to mention about the

iptables. So now I exited it without adding it to the iptables. I

only have the ipaddress and password of the server. There is

no online control panel for it.

Now I cant login to it via PuTTy. Could someone help me?

ReplyAnirudh Kanabar November 12, 2014
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21/25

i have one doubt.cent os install normal home pc .its possible

or not.please tell me

Replyharikrishna November 21, 2014

In CENTOS 7, the command to reload SSH service is:

service sshd restart

at least, it is on the VPS, I was using.

ReplyKamal S. Prasad January 17, 2015

Hi,

I noticed I didnt have to open the new ports via iptables and

was still able to connect. Why is that?

Kamal

ReplyKamal S. Prasad January 24, 2015

Some vendors leave higher ports than 1024 open

by default, you can know more about your open

ports using netstat -an

ReplyDavid February 16, 2015

Hello, im newbie in Linux, and im stuck at Step 1: Login to

your remote server via SSH connection.

I dont have a remote server, i want to set the server on my pc,

so what should i do?

ReplyJonathan February 2, 2015
http://www.servermom.org/basic-centos-setup-before-building-a-working-server/414/?replytocom=143792#respondhttp://www.servermom.org/basic-centos-setup-before-building-a-working-server/414/?replytocom=142717#respondhttp://www.servermom.org/basic-centos-setup-before-building-a-working-server/414/?replytocom=93094#respondhttp://www.servermom.org/basic-centos-setup-before-building-a-working-server/414/?replytocom=145352#respondhttp://kamalprasad.com/http://kamalprasad.com/http://www.servermom.org/basic-centos-setup-before-building-a-working-server/414/?replytocom=141709#respondhttp://hitekcom.mx/http://www.hericxhub.com/


22/25

you can skip that step if you just want to do this on

local pc

ReplySawiyati February 3, 2015

I did everything except keeping the ssh port unchanged, but

putty shows Connection refused error. I now cant login. Any

help?

Replyeric March 5, 2015

Hi,

i cant run the command:

iptables -l INPUT -m state -state NEW -m tcp -p tcp -dport

22000 -j ACCEPT

i get the error:

[root@h2191522 ~]# iptables -l INPUT -m state -state NEW -m

tcp -p tcp dport 22000 -j ACCEPT

iptables v1.4.7: option -l requires an argument

ReplyPhilip March 17, 2015

Ive tried to replicate exactly the same steps on a fresh CENTOS

VPS server and the connection via the new user fails every time

I tried to login from my Mac terminal. After some debugging, I

found this is happening due to change of default port to

22000. Besides the steps mentioned above, is there anything

else I need to do to make sure my connections recognise port

22000? When I revert the post to 22, I can login with my new

Replykaushal March 24, 2015


23/25

ADD A COMMENT

username and password. Unfortunately not when I change the

port form 22 to 22000.

It would be best to use certificate instead of obfuscating

access. Just enable login only by certificate and you are set

ReplyAlex March 27, 2015

when Im trying to ssh client, its always asking for root

password. can you help me to solve this?

ReplyCaesar Louis April 3, 2015

Hi Sawiyati,

I have setup my server and able to view my site on my unit.

But, if I try to access the website thru internet, I cannot access

it though.

Thank You.

Replyme2 April 27, 2015

For some reason I cant install the nano

Reconfigure the baseurl/etc. for the repository, to point to aworking upstream.

ReplyAlibaba May 13, 2015


24/25

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Basic CentOS Setup Before Building a Working Server