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BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF RUBBER WOOD FOR SOME RECOMMENDED CLONES IN
INDONESIA
H. I. Boerhendy, D. Shinta AgustinaH. Suryaningtyas
SEMBAWA RESEARCH CENTRE
INDONESIAN RUBBER RESEARCH INSTITUTE
INTRODUCTION
Natural rubber plays important roles in Indonesia : export earning for the country, income for > 10 million smallholders, and more than 1.7 million labors working on the rubber industry
Rubber wood was initially used only for fire wood, but with improvement in wood preservation technology the economic value of rubber wood has increased
In many countries (Indonesia,
Malaysia, Sri Lanka, India) rubber
wood has been utilized for a variety of
products such as hard board, particle
board, furniture, fiber board, etc
Breeding program has been directed to
produce not only high latex yielding
clone but also high timber volume
This study was done with the objective
to determine the difference in basic
characteristics of rubber wood (in
relation to suitability for a variety of
products) among several clones
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Research was conducted at the
Experimental Field of Sembawa
Research Centre, Indonesian
Rubber Research Institute
Rubber clones : IRR 39, IRR 44,
GT 1, AVROS 2037, PR 255, PR
261, and seedling (28 years old)
Wood Sampling
Trees felling wood sample preparation
Wood preservation : painting each end of wood cut by
using TB 192 to prevent water evaporation
Analysis : physical, mechanical, chemical
characteristics
Physical and Mechanical
Characteristics
Wood cut (log) of 150 cm representing base, middle
and tip of tree
Testing method : ASTM D 143-94
Physical : bulk density, depreciation from wet to dry
(air and oven dried) - radial and tangential directions
Mechanical : strength (static bending, compression,
shearing, impact bending, cleavage, tension), and
hardness
Chemical Component of Wood
Wood chips of 5 cm thickness were allowed to air dry
milled to sawdust 40 mesh filter and accommodated
by 60 mesh filters
Chemical analysis : lignin and ash contents, solubility
in cold and hot water, holocellulose content (ASTM
1104-56), pentose (ASTM) by using gravimetric method
Fiber Dimension
Wood chips sizing match sticks
The samples were dipped into the organic solution (FPL Madison) for one night at 60oC temperature
After having been apart, fiber was filtered and colored using safranin
Measurement of fiber dimension : fiber length and diameter, lumen diameter, and fiber wall thickness
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Clones
Bulk Density Based on
Wt/Vol
(wet)
Wt oven dried/
Wet vol
Wt. oven dry/
vol. air dried
Wt./Vol.
(air dried)
Wt./Vol.
(oven dried)
IRR 39 1.00 0.60 0.61 0.66 0.64
IRR 44 0.94 0.56 0.59 0.66 0.60
GT 1 0.93 0.60 0.64 0.70 0.65
AV 2037 0.92 0.52 0.54 0.60 0.54
PR 255 0.90 0.55 0.60 0.66 0.60
PR 261 0.94 0.56 0.59 0.66 0.59
Seedling 0.93 0.57 0.59 0.66 0.60
Average 0.93 0.57 0.59 0.65 0.61
TABLE 1. AVERAGE OF BULK DENSITY
Clones
Depreciation (%)
Wet – Air dry Wet – Oven dry
R T T/R R T T/R
IRR 39 2.00 3.14 1.57 3.11 5.02 1.61
IRR 44 2.16 2.70 1.25 3.72 4.42 1.18
GT 1 2.62 3.39 1.29 4.04 5.17 1.27
AV 2037 1.62 2.39 1.47 3.15 4.08 1.29
PR 255 1.33 3.36 2.52 2.70 5.44 2.01
PR 261 1.30 3.29 2.53 2.72 5.23 1.92
Seedling 1.37 3.11 2.27 2.65 5.31 2.00
Average 1.77 3.05 1.84 3.16 4.95 1.61
Ramin *) 2.60 5.80 2.23 4.40 9.60 2.18
TABLE 2. AVERAGE DEPRECIATION OF RUBBER WOOD
Physical Characteristics
The bulk density varied from 0.60 to 0.70, could be to
genetic variation, agro-climatic growing condition
Bulk density of rubber wood (relates to strength) is
equivalent to Acasia and Ramin woods (in the category
of medium level) – higher bulk density, stronger
property
T/R rubber wood depreciation - stability of wood
dimension. High T/R (PR 255 and PR 261) require
careful drying process to avoid instability form likes
broken, curved, twisted
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
IRR 39 IRR 44 GT 1 AV 2037 PR 255 PR 261 Seedling Average
Clones
Rati
o o
f S
tren
gth
to
Bu
lk D
en
sit
y
MOR (kg/cm2)
Press (kg/cm2)
Radial Shearing (kg/cm2)
Tangential Shearing (kg/cm2)
MOR/BD
FIGURE 1. RATIO OF STRENGTH/BULK DENSITY OF WOOD
HIGHEST LOWEST
Mechanical Characteristics
Overall, all clone showed good strength properties. But
the ratio of strength/bulk density varied (811.63 –
1,368.29), the highest (IRR 39) and the lowest (PR 261)
Higher ratio (strength/bulk density) suitable for
construction material, and the lower ones suitable for
light constructions likes furniture, door frame,
handicraft
Chemical
Compone
nt (%)
Rubber Clones
IRR
39
IRR
44
GT 1 AV
2037
PR
255
PR
261
Seedli
ng
Averag
e
Holoselulo
se
66.89 67.40 67.44 67.65 67.89 67.27 67.10 67.38
Lignin 21.05 20.72 20.99 20.90 20.87 20.50 20.46 20.78
Pentose 17.80 17.30 17.90 17.60 17.90 17.30 17.00 17.54
Solubility
in cold
water
4.75 5.06 4.14 4.77 4.91 5.01 4.61 4.75
Solubility
in hot
water
8.46 8.93 7.86 6.65 8.58 9.01 7.98 8.21
Solubility
in 1%
NaOH
14.35 17.60 14.45 11.55 16.20 12.80 15.90 14.69
Solubility
in 1: 2
benzene
4.46 4.76 4.25 4.62 4.71 4.71 4.57 4.58
TABLE 3. CHEMICAL CONTENTS OF RUBBER WOOD
Chemical Components
All clones revealed similar chemical properties
Wood with high holocelluloses (mixed of cellulose and
hemicelluloses) content – suitable for pulp
Those with high lignin content is less desired – it
produces pulp with a low compression strength
properties and dark color pulp
Fiber dimension
(micron)
Clones
IRR
39
IRR
44GT 1
AV
2037
PR
255
PR
261
Seedlin
g
Averag
e
Length of fiber (L) 1,995
.00
1,657
.00
1,731
.00
1,575
.00
1,579
.00
1,571.
00
1,660.0
0
1,681.2
4
Diameter of fiber
(D)
23.68 27.17 25.02 23.14 23.58 23.25 22.30 24.16
Diameter of lumen
(I)
15.31 15.32 15.66 15.41 15.79 16.38 16.80 15.81
Thickness of cell
wall (W)
4.20 4.42 4.68 3.86 3.95 3.53 3.61 4.13
Runkel number
(2W/1)
0.55 0.58 0.60 0.50 0.50 0.43 0.43 0.61
Weaving strength
(L/D)
84.35 60.99 69.18 68.08 66.96 67.57 74.44 70.32
Ratio of Flexibility
(1/D)
0.646 0.637 0.68 0.67 0.67 0.70 0.75 0.67
Coeffi of Stiffness
(W/D)
0.18 0.16 0.18 0.16 0.16 0.15 0.16 0.16
Class of fiber II II II II II II II II
TABLE 4. FIBER DIMENSION AND ITS
DERIVATIVES
Note : *) stated in percent based on oven dry weight**)quality of fiber was stated as necessity of wood as pulp raw material
Fiber Dimension
Fiber dimension – relates to the strength of the paper
produced
Based on all the fiber dimension properties – rubber
wood is classified into second class in term of fiber
quality (produces pulp sheet with medium level of tear
and tension strengths)
CONCLUSSIONS
Based on physical and mechanical characteristics, rubber
wood was in the second class of strong wood, and no
differences among rubber clones
It could be used as construction materials, wooden
frames, door frame, furniture, and handicrafts, but it
requires proper preservation
Chemical component and fiber dimension of rubber wood
was classified into the second class of fiber quality, which
could be used for MDF