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Basic Classification - Zoology
Classification of OrganismsKingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
KingdomsKingdoms are divided into groups called phylaphyla PhylaPhyla are subdivided into classesclasses
ClassesClasses are subdivided into ordersorders
OrdersOrders are subdivided into familiesfamilies
FamiliesFamilies are divided into generagenera GeneraGenera contain closely related speciesspecies
Species is unique
Thus, Categories within Kingdoms
How to remember?
Ken Poured Coffee On Fred’s Good Shirt.K P C O F G S
Or how about this one . . . . . .
King Phillip Calls Opal For Great Soup.
Easier for your brain to remember one sentence that 8 individual words
•We only know a fraction of all the organisms that exist or have existed on Earth.
•Taxonomists give a unique scientific name to each species they know about whether it’s alive today or extinct.
Scientific Names
Scientific Names
The scientific name comes from one of two “dead” languages
– Latin or ancient Greek.
Why use a dead language?
They are static – don’t change
So Why Use a Scientific Name?
Maybe if we use an example using an animal you know.
Mountain Lion
Devil Cat
Ghost Cat
Screaming Cat
Puma
Florida Panther
Cougar
•There are at least 50 common names for the animal shown on the previous 7 slides.
•Common names vary according to region.
•Soooo……why use a scientific name?
It is unique for that organism!
Scientific Names Helps eliminate confusion as to
which organism you are dealing with.
Thus the Mountain Lion is known as . . .
Felis concolor
Scientific Names Man Homo sapiens Dog Canis familiaris White Oak Tree Quercus alba House Cat Felis cattus
The Rules of the NameThe Rules of the Name Always binominal (2 parts)Always binominal (2 parts)
– Genus and speciesGenus and species Underline or italicsUnderline or italics Capitalize genus, species lower caseCapitalize genus, species lower case
Many (maybe even most) classification systems use . . . 2 main domains
– Archaebacteria– Everything else
– Along with 5 kingdoms
The Five Kingdom System
Monera Protista Fungi Animalia Plantae
Small Things in All KingdomsBut Mostly Protists and Monera
Big Things in 3 Kingdoms
Monera Kingdom UnicellularUnicellular,microscopic
No nucleusNo nucleus – Prokaryotic
Most HeterotrophicMost Heterotrophic– Saprophytic or parasitic– BacteriaBacteria, Archaea
Some AutotrophicSome Autotrophic– Cyanobacteria
Protista Kingdom Generally single celledGenerally single celled; microscopic Nucleus presentNucleus present
– Eukaryotic Autotrophic or heterotrophicAutotrophic or heterotrophic
AmoebaAmoebaEuglenaEuglena
Fungi Kingdom Generally multi celledGenerally multi celled Nucleus presentNucleus present
– Eukaryotic Made up of hyphae No root, stem and leaf HeterotrophicHeterotrophic
– Saprophytic or parasitic Sessile Sessile
– not move Reproduce by
forming spores
Plantae Kingdom Generally multi celledGenerally multi celled Nucleus presentNucleus present
– Eukaryotic AutotrophicAutotrophic
– photosynthesis SessileSessile
– Not move Can be divided into . .
– Non-flowering plants– Flowering plants
Animalia Kingdom
Generally multi celledGenerally multi celled Nucleus presentNucleus present
– Eukaryotic HeterotrophicHeterotrophic MobileMobile Divided into 9 major phylaDivided into 9 major phyla
– Need to be able to identify by sight
Animal Kingdom
We are going to focus on the Animal kingdom and learn more about -
If I have a backbone I am a:
–VERTEBRATEIf I do not have a backbone I am an:
-INVERTEBRATE
The following are the nine major you will need to know for the team test
1. Porifera (Sponges)• Don't have mouthsDon't have mouths• have tiny pores in their outer wallspores in their outer walls through which water is drawn. Cells in the sponge walls • Cells filter foodCells filter food from the waterfrom the water• Water is pumped through the body unidirectionaly
2. Coelenterata / Cnidaria• Comb jellies, corals, jellyfish, sea anemones, sea pens, and freshwater hydra.
• Radially symmetricalRadially symmetrical
• One openingOne opening
• Mouth is surrounded by tentaclesMouth is surrounded by tentacles that are used to capture food, and opens into a cavity which is used for digestion.
• Specialized stinging cellsSpecialized stinging cells
3. Platyhelmethes (Flatworm)• Long and flattened body
• Free living or parasitic
• One opening
4. Nematode Nematode (Roundworms)Long, cylindrical and bodyMost of them are parasites
5. Annelida (segmented worms)• Long and segmented body• Have chaetae for locomotion• Two openings (mouth & anus)
6. Molluscs• Snails, slugs, squid, octopi, and bivalves
• SoftSoft and un-segmented bodyun-segmented body
• Most covered by a hard shell
7. ArthropodaArthropoda
• Segmented bodySegmented body
• Have a hard exoskeletonexoskeleton and several pairs of jointed legspairs of jointed legs
• Divided into 4 classes- Crustaceans- Arachnids- Myriapods- Insects
8. Echinodermata• Starfish, Brittle Stars, Sea Urchins & Sea Cucumbers
•Marine animals with 5-radia5-radial plan body
• Have external spinesexternal spines
9. Chordata
NotochordNotochord Bilateral symmetryBilateral symmetry All Vertebrates and a few inverts are All Vertebrates and a few inverts are
included in this group included in this group
Which kingdom does each organism belong to?
The Insect Orders Most diverse group of animals on the
planet– Arthropods
– 3 body segments & exoskeleton
The Insect OrdersKnow TheseKnow These
1. Orthoptera (grasshoppers & crickets) 2. Coleoptera (beetles) 3. Lepidoptera (butterflies & moths) 4. Diptera (flies & mosquitoes) 5. Hymenoptera (ants, wasps & bees) 6. Hemiptera (true bugs – stink bug, boxelder) 7. Homoptera (sub order of Hemiptera) (aphids &
cicadas) 8. Odonata (dragonflies) 9. Isoptera (termites) 10. Ephemeroptera (mayflies and shadflies “short lived”) 11. Plecoptera – (stoneflies) 12. Mecoptera – (scorpionflies) 13. Trichoptera – (caddisflies)
1. Orthoptera (grasshoppers & crickets)
Two pairs of wings Hind wing is
membranous – held under the forewings
when at rest. Mandibulate mouth
parts Large compound eyes, Hind legs are elongated
for jumping.
KatydidKatydid
GrasshopperGrasshopper
CricketCricket
The Common Field The Common Field CricketCricket
Ovipositor – for laying eggsOvipositor – for laying eggs
2. Coleopetra (beetles)
Hardened shield-like forewings protect flying wings
3 segments usually easy to ID.
Lady Bug
Japanese Beetle
Giant Click Beetle
3. Lepidoptera (butterflies & moths) 2 pairs of large
showy wings Caterpillar Butterflies
– daytime Moths
– mostly night
Monarch Butterfly
Sulfur or Cabbage Butterfly
Skipper Butterfly
Hawk Moth
Lunar Moth
Polyphemus Moth
Clearwing Hummingbird Moth
4. Diptera (flies & mosquitoes) 1 pair wings Large eyes Maggot
Flesh Fly
House FlyMosquito
5. Hymenoptera (ants, wasps & bees)
2 pairs wings Narrow waist stinger
Bumble Bee
Ant
Honey BeeWasp
Paper Wasp Pest
6. Hemiptera (true bugs)
Triangular shield on back
Wings
Sting Bug Wheel Bug
7. Homoptera (aphids & cicadas)
8. Odonata (dragonflies & damselflies)
Large active hunters
2 pairs wings Fast fliers Large eyes
9. Isoptera (termites)
10. Ephemeroptera - mayflies
Insects in the order Ephemeroptera usually live in water as a nymph or larvae for a year or more and then emerge as an adult and live for a matter of hours or days
Notice the three tails on adult and nymph.
Mayflies have three and stoneflies have two.
Plecoptera – (stoneflies)
All species of Plecoptera are intolerant of water pollution and their presence in a stream or still water is usually an indicator of good or excellent water quality.
Note the two “tails” – stoneflies have two “tails” while mayflies have three
Mecoptera – (scorpionflies)
“scorpionflies” and “hanging flies”
Mecopterans are overwhelmingly predators or consumers of dead organisms
Trichoptera – (caddisflies)
The larvae of many species make protective cases of silk decorated with gravel, sand, twigs or other debris. The name "Trichoptera" comes from Greek: θρίξ (thrix, "hair") + πτερόν (pteron, "wing").