Basic Electricity Principles & Boiler Wiring Fundamentalscleaverbrooks.com/reference-center/resource-library/webinars/2016... · Steam Boiler. Alternating Current Power 8. 9 ... Old

Basic Electricity Principles & Boiler Wiring

Fundamentals

Presented by Steve Connor

April 20, 2016

2

Today’s Topics

Some basics & historical background

Electricity and its “current” types

The advantages and disadvantages

Terms and definitions you need to know

Basic Circuits and control devices; then

applied to a boiler wiring circuit

1

2

3

4• Importance of Training

• Summary and Q&A

First law of Thermodynamics

3

First Law:

• The energy of the universe is constant; it can be neither

created or destroyed, but only transferred and

transformed.

• The energy can be harnessed to produce work.

The Atom Elements

4

-Free Electron

+

+

-

Illuminating America 1878

5

Thomas Edison

Nikola Tesla

Direct Current Power

6

• Electric light bulb

• Phonograph

• Motion pictures

• Vote Recorder

• Iron ore separator

All DC powered

DC power Generator

7

DC Generator

Steam Boiler

Alternating Current Power

8

9

AC Generator

Steam Boiler

The Investor “Sharks” 1878/79

10

Edison

JP Morgan

Cornelius Vanderbilt

Edison electrifies Menlo Park

11

Edison electrifies the Columbia

12

Investment “Shark” 1884

13

Tesla

George Westinghouse

War of the Currents

14

Chicago Worlds Fair, 1893

15

Hydro Electric Power

16

Electrical reach AC vs DC

17

DC Power

18

AC Power

Kerosene Oil lighting

19JD Rockefeller

What is AC & DC Current?

20

Old steam turbine & Hydro power

21

DC Power Generator

22

Alternating Current

23

Sinusoidal Flow

Alternating Current

24

60 Cycles per Sec.

Advantage vs Disadvantage

25

Transforming AC Power

26

High Voltage Boosting TransformerPower Reducing Transformer

Line to house

Converting AC to DC

27

AC vs DC Voltage

28

DC AC

Terminology

29

• Ampere: The flow of an electrical charge through 1 ohm by force of 1 volt

• Current: Electrical flow measured in Amperes (Amps)

• Watt: The total power of a circuit at any given moment. [Volts X Amps = Watts]

• Kilowatt: One thousand Watts

• Hertz: Unit of frequency equaling one cycle per second (Hz)

• Voltage: Electrical potential difference between two points: Electromotive Force (EMF)

• Ohm: Resistance overcome by 1 volt pushing1 Amp.

• Ohm’s Law: The electric potential difference between 2 points (Voltage) is the product of the

current (Amps) X Resistance [E = I . R]

• Single Phase: The distribution of alternating current where voltages vary in unison

• Three Phase: A polyphase system for large loads; voltages reaching peak values sequentially

• Ground: A direct physical connection to earth for safety purposes. Should not carry current.

• Neutral: Known as “common,” completes the circuit, allowing current to flow back and forth

within both neutral and hot wires.

3 phase vs single phase

30

3 phase

Single phase

Polyphase

31

• Basic circuits

• Common devices

Series circuit

32

V = I.R

Ohm’s Law for voltage solving

450 Ohms total

I = V/R

Finding amperage

[9/450 = .02 Amps]

[.02 X 450 = 9 Volts]

Parallel Circuit

33

EMF

0.9A 4.5A 9.0A14.4 Amps

0.625 Ohms

Solving for amperage

• I = V/R

• Total the 3 circuits

Solving for Resistance

• R = V/I

Solving for Voltage

• V = I.R

Rules for Parallel circuits:

• Total current = sum of all circuits

• Voltage across each path is the same

• Total resistance always less than any individual circuit

= 13 Ohms

9/10 = 9/2 = 9/1 =

9/14.4 =

Starters & Contactors

34

Starter Contactor

Relays & Timers

35

Relays

Timer

Transformers

36

220/120V

120/24V

10,000V

The Burner Management System (BMS)

37

Switchman

38

Burner Management System

39

• Switchman

• Train engineer

Schematic wiring diagram, AC voltage

40Top Bottom

Hot

sideNeutral

Side

Flame Safeguard System

Sequence

“The Switchman”

Control circuit power applied.…………………...Circuits 4 & 5

Power enters…………………….……………………...4,L2

Limit circuit………………………………………………4,6

Pre-ignition interlock…………………..………….....4,20

Blower motor coil energized……………………….5

Modulating damper motor closed proof.……….13,14

Drive damper full open….…………………………….13,12

Combustion air proof…………………………………..7

Drive damper to low fire position………………….13,14

Ignition pilot………….……………………………………8

Flame proven (10 sec proof)..……………………….F,G

Open main gas valve(s)………………………………..9

Release to modulation………………………………..13,15

Alarms……………………………………………………….3


42Top Bottom

440/3/60 Power in CCT 220/120/3/60


Sequence


Power enters…………………….……………………...4,L2

Limit circuit………………………………………………4,6







Ignition pilot………….……………………………………8




Alarms……………………………………………………….3


44Top Bottom

Limit circuit


Sequence


Power enters…………………….……………………...4,L2

Limit circuit………………………………………………4,6







Ignition pilot………….……………………………………8




Alarms……………………………………………………….3


46Top Bottom


Sequence


Power enters…………………….……………………...4,L2

Limit circuit………………………………………………4,6







Ignition pilot………….……………………………………8




Alarms……………………………………………………….3


48Top Bottom


Sequence


Power enters…………………….……………………...4,L2

Limit circuit………………………………………………4,6







Ignition pilot………….……………………………………8




Alarms……………………………………………………….3


50Top Bottom


Sequence


Power enters…………………….……………………...4,L2

Limit circuit………………………………………………4,6







Ignition pilot………….……………………………………8




Alarms……………………………………………………….3


52Top Bottom

120/24V


Sequence


Power enters…………………….……………………...4,L2

Limit circuit………………………………………………4,6







Ignition pilot………….……………………………………8




Alarms……………………………………………………….3


54Top Bottom


Sequence


Power enters…………………….……………………...4,L2

Limit circuit………………………………………………4,6







Ignition pilot………….……………………………………8




Alarms……………………………………………………….3


56Top Bottom


Sequence


Power enters…………………….……………………...4,L2

Limit circuit………………………………………………4,6







Ignition pilot………….……………………………………8




Alarms……………………………………………………….3


58Top Bottom


Sequence


Power enters…………………….……………………...4,L2

Limit circuit………………………………………………4,6







Ignition pilot………….……………………………………8




Alarms……………………………………………………….3


60Top Bottom


Sequence


Power enters…………………….……………………...4,L2

Limit circuit………………………………………………4,6







Ignition pilot………….……………………………………8




Alarms……………………………………………………….3


62Top Bottom


Sequence


Power enters…………………….……………………...4,L2

Limit circuit………………………………………………4,6







Ignition pilot………….……………………………………8




Alarms……………………………………………………….3


64Top Bottom


Sequence


Power enters…………………….……………………...4,L2

Limit circuit………………………………………………4,6







Ignition pilot………….……………………………………8




Alarms……………………………………………………….3


66Top Bottom


Sequence


Power enters…………………….……………………...4,L2

Limit circuit………………………………………………4,6







Ignition pilot………….……………………………………8




Alarms……………………………………………………….3


68Top Bottom

24

(5)

LW/FFA with Alarm Silencing Switch

Boiler On Line 4

4

FFL

LWL

AB

R

LDLW

R

CR-1(6)(9)

CR-1(9)(3)

17

17

3

3149

24

OLC HLC

MR

(2) (1)

(4)

(6)

48LWCO

CONN’S FOR

FEED WATER

SYSTEM

34

16

CR-1(B) (A)

55

CR-2

(3)(9)

CR-2

(6)(9)

CR-2(B) (A)

ASS

(mom)

24

(5)

LW/FFA with Alarm Silencing Switch

Boiler Off Line 4

4

FFL

LWL

AB

R

LDLW

R

CR-1(6)(9)

CR-1(9)(3)

17

17

3

3149

24

OLC HLC

MR

(2) (1)

(4)

(6)

48LWCO

CONN’S FOR

FEED WATER

SYSTEM

34

16

CR-1(B) (A)

55

CR-2

(3)(9)

CR-2

(6)(9)

CR-2(B) (A)

ASS

(mom)

24

(5)

LW Alarm4

4

FFL

LWL

AB

R

LDLW

R

CR-1(6)(9)

CR-1(9)(3)

17

17

3

3149

24

OLC HLC

MR

(2) (1)

(4)

(6)

48LWCO

CONN’S FOR

FEED WATER

SYSTEM

34

16

CR-1(B) (A)

55

CR-2

(3)(9)

CR-2

(6)(9)

CR-2(B) (A)

ASS

(mom)

Relay

24

(5)

LW with Alarm 4

4

FFL

LWL

AB

R

LDLW

R

CR-1(6)(9)

CR-1(9)(3)

17

17

3

3149

24

OLC HLC

MR

(2) (1)

(4)

(6)

48LWCO

CONN’S FOR

FEED WATER

SYSTEM

34

16

CR-1(B) (A)

55

CR-2

(3)(9)

CR-2

(6)(9)

CR-2(B) (A)

ASS

(mom)

Relay


73Top Bottom

Hot

sideNeutral

Side

Knowledge is Power

Boiler outage & Un$cheduled downtime!

75

Knowledge is Power!

76

• At our facility

• At your facility

• On-line

77

78

79

80

81

Summary

• Electricity is the flow of electrons from more to less potential.

• Direct current is unidirectional and cannot be transformed.

• Alternating current moves in both directions above and below the zero volt horizontal

in a sinusoidal curve.

• AC can be transformed to increase and decrease voltage.

• Voltage is the electrical potential difference between two points and also referred to as

Electromotive Force (EMF).

• An ampere is the measurement unit used to determine the flow of current.

• Watt is the standard of unit power where a current of 1 ampere flows across a potential

difference of 1 volt.

• Ohm’s law for voltage is E = I.R

• Neutral is also known as the “common” which completes the circuit.

• Ground is a direct physical connection to earth for safety purposes and should not carry

current.

• Three phase power is also known as polyphase with 3 separate current supplies coming

into one connector.

• A schematic wiring diagram shows point to point connections, but not the logic of the

sequencing.

• The BMS provides the sequence for energizing the proper circuits for safe and reliable

boiler operation.

• Electricity is complicated, and requires training for adequate understanding.

Patrick Gore

Electrical engineering

[email protected]

cleaverbrooks.com

82

mailto:[email protected]

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Basic Electricity Principles & Boiler Wiring Fundamentalscleaverbrooks.com/reference-center/resource-library/webinars/2016... · Steam Boiler. Alternating Current Power 8. 9 ... Old