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Basic Energy Systems Basic Energy Systems (Bioenergetics)(Bioenergetics)
The systems used to degrade fuels to The systems used to degrade fuels to provide the energy to form ATP are:provide the energy to form ATP are:
The The Oxidative systemOxidative system The The Glycolytic systemGlycolytic system The The ATP-PCr systemATP-PCr system
Muscle cells can produce ATP using any one or a Muscle cells can produce ATP using any one or a combination (IN MOST CASES) of the three combination (IN MOST CASES) of the three systemssystems
Anaerobic
The Energy ContinuumThe Energy Continuum
Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 4.1Figure 4.1
ATP-PCr SystemATP-PCr System
Relies on stored phosphagens as Relies on stored phosphagens as fuel - namely phosphocreatine fuel - namely phosphocreatine (PCr) - also called creatine (PCr) - also called creatine phosphate (CP)phosphate (CP)
PCr + ADP PCr + ADP ATP + CrATP + Crcreatine kinasecreatine kinase
Characteristics of ATP-Characteristics of ATP-PCrPCr
Anaerobic – occurs whether or not Anaerobic – occurs whether or not oxygen is presentoxygen is present
Creates Creates immediateimmediate ATP (high rate ATP (high rate ATP production)ATP production)– One enzyme reactionOne enzyme reaction
Characteristics of ATP-Characteristics of ATP-PCrPCr
Limited in ATP production Limited in ATP production capabilitiescapabilities– Can provide ATP for only 3 to 15 Can provide ATP for only 3 to 15
seconds of high intensity exercise seconds of high intensity exercise because stores of PCr are limitedbecause stores of PCr are limited
ATP-PCr SystemATP-PCr System
Dominates ATP production:Dominates ATP production:– During short-term, very high-intensity During short-term, very high-intensity
or all-out exercise (< 15 secs.)or all-out exercise (< 15 secs.) Tennis serve, high jump, power lifts, etc.Tennis serve, high jump, power lifts, etc.
Glycolytic SystemGlycolytic System
Glycolysis (lactic anaerobic)Glycolysis (lactic anaerobic) Glycolysis is an anaerobic pathway Glycolysis is an anaerobic pathway
that uses energy transferred from that uses energy transferred from glucoseglucose to rejoin P to rejoin Pii to ADP to form to ADP to form ATPATP
Glycolytic SystemGlycolytic System
Glucose Glucose
10 steps10 steps
Pyruvic Acid (aerobic conditions)Pyruvic Acid (aerobic conditions)
Lactic Acid (anaerobic conditions)Lactic Acid (anaerobic conditions)
ATP
ATP
Glycolytic System Glycolytic System
DominatesDominates ATP production from 15 ATP production from 15 seconds to 2 minutes of high-seconds to 2 minutes of high-intensity exerciseintensity exercise
Glycolytic System Glycolytic System CharacteristicsCharacteristics
Anaerobic Anaerobic Less immediate than ATP-PCr, but Less immediate than ATP-PCr, but
can provide ATP for longer (up to can provide ATP for longer (up to 2-3 minutes of high intensity 2-3 minutes of high intensity exercise)exercise)– Further contraction limited by lactic Further contraction limited by lactic
acid acid accumulationaccumulation
Illinois State UniversityIllinois State University
Lactic AcidLactic Acid
Lactic acid levels in blood are a balance Lactic acid levels in blood are a balance between production and clearancebetween production and clearance
At low intensities, clearance = At low intensities, clearance = production, and levels remain at or near production, and levels remain at or near resting (1-2 mmol/L)resting (1-2 mmol/L)
At high intensities, the shuttle molecules At high intensities, the shuttle molecules cannot clear all the lactate produced, cannot clear all the lactate produced, and accumulation occursand accumulation occurs
Maximal value = ~ 8 mmol/L, but values Maximal value = ~ 8 mmol/L, but values as high as 32 mmol/L have been reportedas high as 32 mmol/L have been reported
Anaerobic ATP Anaerobic ATP ProductionProduction
ATP-PCr and Glycolysis, collectively ATP-PCr and Glycolysis, collectively called the ANAEROBIC energy called the ANAEROBIC energy systems, work together to provide systems, work together to provide ATP during exercise that is too ATP during exercise that is too intense for all the needed ATP to be intense for all the needed ATP to be made aerobically (supramaximal made aerobically (supramaximal exercise)exercise)– Aerobic systems also begin to Aerobic systems also begin to
contribute (minorly) within the first 10 contribute (minorly) within the first 10 seconds of exerciseseconds of exercise
Oxidative SystemOxidative System
AerobicAerobic breakdown of food fuels breakdown of food fuels (CHO, FATS, some PRO)(CHO, FATS, some PRO)
AerobicAerobic Glycolysis or Beta Oxidation Glycolysis or Beta Oxidation
Krebs CycleKrebs Cycle
Electron Transport ChainElectron Transport Chain
Oxidative System Oxidative System CharacteristicsCharacteristics
Has a much higher ATP yield than either Has a much higher ATP yield than either anaerobic systemanaerobic system– Can produce ATP almost indefinitely provided Can produce ATP almost indefinitely provided
adequate fuel and oxygen are availableadequate fuel and oxygen are available Responds more slowly than either Responds more slowly than either
anaerobic system (low rate of ATP anaerobic system (low rate of ATP production, but high capacity)production, but high capacity)– Can’t produce enough ATP quickly enough to Can’t produce enough ATP quickly enough to
support high-intensity exercisesupport high-intensity exercise
Major Differences Major Differences between Energy between Energy
SystemsSystems Fuel(s) used Fuel(s) used Oxygen requirementOxygen requirement Rate of ATP productionRate of ATP production
– High (ATP-PCr)High (ATP-PCr)– Moderate (glycolytic)Moderate (glycolytic)– Low (oxidative)Low (oxidative)
Amount of ATP produced (and therefore Amount of ATP produced (and therefore the length of time each can fuel the length of time each can fuel activity)activity)
Key Point to RememberKey Point to Remember
When discussing energy systems, When discussing energy systems, it is important to remember that it is important to remember that the time ranges on the continuum the time ranges on the continuum for each energy system are based for each energy system are based upon maximal or all-out efforts at upon maximal or all-out efforts at optimal paces optimal paces
Longest distance in a given time Longest distance in a given time periodperiod
ExampleExample The ATP-PCr system will dominate ATP The ATP-PCr system will dominate ATP
production for the first 15 seconds of an production for the first 15 seconds of an activity that can only be performed for activity that can only be performed for 15-30 seconds because it is such a high 15-30 seconds because it is such a high intensity activity that it cannot be intensity activity that it cannot be performed for a longer time periodperformed for a longer time period
Walking for 15-30 seconds does not Walking for 15-30 seconds does not require a maximal effort and so is NOT require a maximal effort and so is NOT predominately fueled by the ATP-PCr predominately fueled by the ATP-PCr system even though it only lasts for only system even though it only lasts for only 15 seconds. 15 seconds.
ExampleExample
Maximal effort and optimal paces will differ Maximal effort and optimal paces will differ between a sprint and a marathon, because between a sprint and a marathon, because the time frame differs (30 seconds vs. 3 the time frame differs (30 seconds vs. 3 hours). One must judge the optimal pace hours). One must judge the optimal pace that will elicit the best performance. A that will elicit the best performance. A sprinter should not jog the first few sprinter should not jog the first few seconds; nor should a marathon runner seconds; nor should a marathon runner sprint the first few seconds. That would sprint the first few seconds. That would not be maximal effort or optimal pacing, not be maximal effort or optimal pacing, and therefore the energy system being and therefore the energy system being used could not be precisely assessed. used could not be precisely assessed.
Illinois State UniversityIllinois State University
1. Laboratory procedures – BIOPSY or 1. Laboratory procedures – BIOPSY or blood draws for lactate analysisblood draws for lactate analysis
2. Tests of anaerobic power and 2. Tests of anaerobic power and capacitycapacity
a.a. Wingate Anaerobic Test Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAT)(WAT)
b.b. Mararia-Kalamen Stair Mararia-Kalamen Stair ClimbClimb
c.c. Field testsField tests
Measurement of Anaerobic Measurement of Anaerobic MetabolismMetabolism
Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings