Basic Experiments for Nuclear Engineer-V2_B(Part 1)

8/13/2019 Basic Experiments for Nuclear Engineer-V2_B(Part 1)

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C O U R S E B O O K ( P A R T 1 )

D E P A R T M E N T O F N U C L E A R E N G I N E E R I N G

K Y UN G H EE U N IV E RS I TY

K WA NG HE ON P AR K

Basic (Electronic) Experimentsfor Nuclear Engineers

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Grade:

- Experiment note -- 30%

- Mid-term -- 20%- Final -- 30%

- Reports(HW) -- 15%

- Attendance -- 5%

- Electronic Gadget -- 10%(bonus)

weekTueteam

Thurteam

Lesson Experiment

13/5 3/8

(1) Introduction, Class schedule, Precautionscharge, electric current, voltage, electric circuit

-

23/12 3/15

(2) Ohm's Law, Digital MultimeterResistor, LDR, Diode

1, 2, 3

33/19 3/22

(3) Kirchhoff's Law, Resistor,Introducing Excel

4 (HW1,2)

43/26 3/29 (4) Capacitor 5, 6

54/2 4/5 (5) NPN, PNP Transistor 7, 8, 9 (HW3,4)

64/9 4/12

(6) Digital logic, AND_OR_NAND_NOR GatesCMOS IC

10, 11

74/16 4/19 MidTerm

84/23 4/26 (7) LabView and Data Acquisition 12

9

4/30 5/3 (8) NAND Gate Oscillator 13 (HW5)

105/7 5/10 (9) AC and DC, Amplifier ,Oscilloscope 14, 15, 16 (HW6)

115/14 5/17 Review

125/21 5/24 (10) OP amp - Feedback circuit 17, 18 (HW7)

13 5/28 5/31 (11) Making a gadget by yourself 19

146/4 6/7 Review

15 Final Exam Final

Text: Dave Cutcher, Electronic Circuits for the Evil Genius, Mc Graw Hill

Paul Scherz, Practical Electronics for Inventors, 2nd

ed. Mc Graw Hill3


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Fundamental Concepts.

Text: Dave Cutcher, Electronic Circuits for the Evil Genius, Mc Graw HillPaul Scherz, Practical Electronics for Inventors, 2nd ed. Mc Graw Hill

1-1


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1. Charge:Ordinary matter is made up of atoms which have positively charged nucleiand negatively charged electrons surrounding them. Charge is quantized as

a multiple of the electron or proton charge ( ).Unit= C (coulomb)

19

1.602 10 Coul

Fundamental Concepts.

1-2

-1C = 6.242x1018 electrons

Free electrons

Conductor Insulator

Valence electrons


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2. Electric current:The total charge that passes through a conductor per unit time.

Unit= A(ampere) = 1 C/s (coulomb per sec)

1-4

From now on, we consider positive charges are moving along the direction

of current, which is wrong, however, which is convenient to think over.7


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3. Voltage:

Electromotive force that is responsible for giving all free electrons (or ions)within the conductor a push to move.Unit= V (volt)

Electrical Battery:

chemical driving force = electromotive force.

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V+: Appliedvoltage

Current

Water flow:Current

Hydrostatic Potential:Voltage

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1-710


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4. Electrical circuit:An electrical circuit is a network that has a closed loop, giving a return pathfor the current.

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5. Ground, the earth (reference)

Ground (earth), the reference as V=0 volt.

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6. Ohms law:Free electrons in a material undergo frequent collisions with other electrons,

lattice ions, and impurities within the lattice that limit their forward motion.These mechanisms impede electron flow with electrical resistance.Resistance is the ratio of the applied voltage divided by the resultant currentflow.

or,

The unit of resistance, .

1 1V / 1A

V

R I( )ohm

V I R

7. Energy:The total work that 1 C of charge moves along 1 V of electromagnetic forceis 1 Joule.

1 Joule = 1 V x 1 C

8. Power:Energy per second used by a device such as a resistor.

22( / sec) ( )

VP joule P watt V I I R

R

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2

2

2-2

2

2

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2-3

2

2

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Resistors in series: R4R3R2R1

1 2 3 4TotR R R R R

Resistors in parallel:

R4R3R2R1

1 2 3 4

1 1 1 1 1

TotR R R R R or,

1 2 3 4

1

1 1 1 1TotR

R R R R

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2-618


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9. Digital Multimeter

Measure voltage, resistivity (impedance), current.

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2-820


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10. Diode

Diode is a one-way street. Diode lets current flow only in one direction.

Power diodeLEF (Light Emitting Diode)

Negative(cathode)

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2-1022


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Experiment 1. Preparation.

a) The solderless breadboard has a definite layout as shown in the figure.One strip of the spring metal in the breadboard connects the five holes.You can easily connect five pieces in one strip. Please draw lines wherethe holes are commonly connected.

b) You will be given 5 resistors that were known to have the same resistorvalue. Measure the resistor value of each resistor and record it.Find the average value and the standard deviation.

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Experiment 2. Start to make a basic electronic circuit.Purpose: The summation of each voltage at all components in a circuit

equals to the total voltage applied to the circuit.Setup the following circuit on your breadboard.

Parts Spec. No./ea

9V Battery cell 1

Safety diode IN4003 1

Resistor 470 Ohm 1

LED 1

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http://www.play-hookey.com/

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Experiment 2 (cont.)Let's look at how the voltage is being used in the circuit. Set the Digital Multimeter(DMM) to direct-current voltage (DCV).

a) Measure the voltage of the 9-volt battery while it is connected to the circuit.Place the red (+) probe at test point A (TP-A) and the black (-) probe atTP-D (ground). The arrows in the schematic shown in Figure indicate where to attachthe probes.

Record your working battery. voltage. _____V

b) Measure the voltage used between the following points:TP-A to TP-B across the safety diode: _____V

TP-B to TP-C across the 470-ohm resistor: _____VTP-C to TP-D across the LED: _____V

c) Now add all the voltages from b): _____V

d) Compare the voltage used by all of the parts to the voltage provided by the battery.The voltages added together should be approximately the same as the voltageprovided by the battery. It may be only a few hundredths of a volt difference.

e) Describe why there is a difference between two total voltages.

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R1=470 ohmR2= 1 kohmR3=470 ohmR4= 1 kohm

R4R3

R2

R1

A B

C

D E

Experiment 3. Ohms law conformation.Purpose: Application of Ohms law for the analysis of a circuit.

a) Measure the resistor value of R1, R2, R3, R4 by DMM.Check the accuracy.

Now, set up the circuit on the breadboard.

b) Measure the total resistor value connected in series (RACD)and in parallel (RBE). Be sure of that the connection thatyou are going to measure should be isolated. After settingup total connection, measure the total resistor value. Check

whether Ohms law is applicable.

c) Measure the voltage across each resistor.

d) Calculate the value of current passes through each resistor.

e) Calculate the power generated by each resistor.

f) Compare the sum of all powers generated by each resistorand the power calculated from the total resistor value.

22 VP I V I R

R

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11. Resistors

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10105=1M 5% 68103=68k 5%

51102=5.1k 5%

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12. Open circuit, short circuit

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13. Kirchhoffs Law

Voltage law (or loop rule): The algebraic sum of the voltages aroundany loop of a circuit is zero.

1 2 3 0NV V V V V

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Current law (or junction rule): The sum of the currents that enter a junction

equals the sum of the currents that leave the junction.

in out I I

1 2 3I I I

3 4 6I I I 2 4 5I I I

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Example

In a matrix form (multivariable-linear equations),

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6 variables, 6 equations

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AX Y

A X Ywhere,

where,1

A Inverse matrix of A I

1 1

A AX I X X A Y

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Office Excel is very useful and powerful.

Usage of Excel1. Spread sheet make tables, cells, reports, etc..2. Draw graphs and charts.3. Calculation tool easy and powerful.

Calculation Tools examples.1. Basic calculations in Excel

2. Solution of equations:- one variable, non-linear equation.- multivariable linear equations

Exl-135


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Basic calculations

Exl-236


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Linear Least Squares Fitting

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Excel Equation Solver

Setting up.

Exl-438


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Solution of non-linear single variable equation

solution of 2 3 4 0x x

Exl-539


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Solution of linear multivariable equations

then,AX Y 1 1A AX I X X A Y

Exl-640

M i S l


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Matrix

11 12 13

21 22 23

31 32 33

a a a

a a aa a a

1st row

2nd

row3rd row

3rd

column

2nd

column

1stcolumn

ija

ith row jth column

11 12 13 11 12 13 11 11 12 21 13 31 11 12 12 22 13 32 11 13 12 23 13 33

21 22 23 21 22 23 21 11 22 21 23 31 21 12 22 22 23 32 21 13 22 23 23 33

31 32 33 31 32 33 31 1

a a a b b b a b a b a b a b a b a b a b a b a b

a a a b b b a b a b a b a b a b a b a b a b a b

a a a b b b a b

1 32 21 33 31 31 12 32 22 33 32 31 13 32 23 33 33a b a b a b a b a b a b a b a b

Matrix multiplication B C1

N

ij ik kj

k

c a b

2 3 1 1 11 4

1 4 3 2 13 7

Example:1 1 2 1 3 1 5 6 8

2 1 1 2 1 1 3 6 0

1 3 2 1 1 3 5 4 2

1 2 1 1 1 4

2 1 4 2 2 24

1 1 3 2 3 16

2 1 2 1 4 2

N K K M N M

1 0 2

1 1 2 0 1 1 5 7 1

2 4 0

Supplementary

A

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S l t


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Unit matrix

1 0 0 1 2 1 1 2 1

0 1 0 1 1 3 1 1 3

0 0 1 0 2 4 0 2 4

I A AI AI A

4 2 1 1 0 0 4 2 1

2 1 3 0 1 0 2 1 3

1 2 1 0 0 1 1 2 1

Inverse matrix 1A 1

A I 1A A I

2 2 3 1 1 3 1 0 0

3 1 3 0 2 3 0 1 0

2 1 2 1 2 4 0 0 1

1 1 3 2 2 3 1 0 0

0 2 3 3 1 3 0 1 0

1 2 4 2 1 2 0 0 1

1 0 0 2 2

0 1 0 1 1

0 0 1 4 4

Supplementary

1 2 1 0 1 1 1 0 0

1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0

0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1

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Homework 1.You have learned Kirchhoffs law for the analysis of a circuit. Find total current

(i.e., the current passes through R1) in the circuit below. And compare theresult with that from the calculation based on Ohms law.

V

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Experiment 4


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Experiment 4Purpose: Application of Kirchhoffs law for the analysis of a circuit.

We are going to setup the following circuit on the breadboard.

a) Before setting up, measure the value of each resistor and check the accuracy.b) After setup, measure the voltage across each resistor.c) Find out the current passes through each resistor.

d) Analyze the circuit and calculate the current passing through each resistorusing Kirchhoffs law (Use Excel program to get the solution).Compare the values of the currents from the calculation and those fromthe measurements.

R1= 470 ohmR2= 1 kohmR3= 2.2 kohm

R4= 470 ohmR5= 4.7 kohmR6= 1 kohm

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Homework 2.A circuit called Wheatstone bridge is technically important in measuring the

unknown resistor value of a resistor. Explain the principles of Wheatstonebridge by applying Kirchhoffs law.

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14. Capacitor

A capacitor can store an electric charge. The capacitor is made of just twoMetal plates with a bit of insulation between them. The amount of chargea capacitor can store is proportional to the voltage applied. Capacitance ofa capacitor is defined by,

( )( )

( )

Q coulombC F farad

V volt

61 ( ) 1 10F microfarad F 121 ( ) 1 10pF picofarad F

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Metal foil

insulator

( 47x103pF, 5%)

( 33x103pF, 10%)

( 10x104

pF )

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4-348

C it b t d i i l d/ i ll l


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Capacitors can be connected in serial and/or in parallel.

Capacitors in parallel:

C1 C2 C3 C4

C1 C2 C3 C4Capacitors in series:

1 2 3 4TotC C C C C

1 2 3 4

1 1 1 1 1

TotC C C C C

1 2 3 4

1

1 1 1 1TotC

C C C C

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Experiment 5P R l f C it h t


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Purpose: Role of Capacitor as a charge storage.a) Set up the circuit on the breadboard. Look closely at the electrolytic

capacitors. Be sure to note the stripe and the short leg that marksthe polarity.

b) Describe what happens in your circuit as you push the button,then let go.

c) (1) Disconnect the wire between the capacitor and R1 (point A).(2) Push the button to charge the capacitor.

Now wait for a minute or so.(3) Set your DMM to the proper voltage range. Put the red probe

to the positive side of the cap, and the black probe to ground.Record the voltage that first appears. The capacitor will slowlyleak its charge through the DMM.

(4) Reconnect the wire and describe what happens.

d) Use the following Table to record your information as you playwith your circuit. As you replace each capacitor and record thetime, the LED stays on. Don't expect the time to be very exact.

Capacitor value Time

1,000 microF

470 microF

100 microF

Ax

R1=470 OhmC1= 1000 microF

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Experiment 6. Capacitors in serial / in parallell i f i i i l ll l i


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Purpose: Analysis of capacitance in serial/parallel connections.

a) Measure the capacitance value for each capacitorbefore setting up the circuit using DMM.

b) Measure total capacitance value of the capacitorsconnected in parallel (circuit A) using DMM. Check thetotal value is the sum of all capacitance of capacitors.

c) Calculate the electric charge stored in each capacitor.

d) Measure total capacitance value of the capacitors

connected in serial (circuit B) using DMM. Checkwhether the summation formula of capacitance in serialconnection can be applicable.

e) Measure total capacitance value of the capacitors

connected in a mixed circuit (circuit C). Calculate thetotal capacitance using the summation formula andcompare it with the measured one.

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15. Transistor

NPN transistor: semiconductor devices that act as either electrically controlled switchesor amplifier controls.

The arrow inside the symbol.-the direction of the current towards ground

-always on the side of the emitter.

The NPN transistor is turned on when a positive voltage is applied to the base.The NPN transistor acts very much like a water faucet. A little pressure on the

handle opens the valve, releasing the water under pressure.

5-1

N

P

N

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High PressureWater

HighCurrent

ControlValveby VBE

High PressureWater

ControlValve

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An NPN transistor control current flow through a light


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An NPN transistor control current flow through a lightbulb. When a positive voltage is applied to the base,

the collector-to-emitter channel opens, allowing currentto flow from Vcc through the light bulb and into ground.

Transistors are operated in the active region.Small amount of base current changes large

amount of collector current. For example,0.3mA of base current results 10mA ofcollector current.So, a little pressure (voltage) on the base ofthe NPN transistor leads to a very large

increase in the flow of current through theNPN transistor from the collector to theemitter.

5-3

Increasing VBE

VBEB

E

C

54

VCE


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a) Basic common-emitter amplifier circuit. b) Transfer characteristic of the circuit in (a). The amplifier is biased at a point Q,and a small voltage signal v

iis superimposed on the dc bias voltage VBE. The resulting output signal vo appears superimposed

on the dc collector voltage VCE. The amplitude of vo is larger than that of viby the voltage gain Av.

VBE

VCE

VBE (V)

VCE

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Experiment 7. NPN transistor demonstration circuit.P R l f th b lt t th itt t i NPN t i t


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Purpose: Role of the base voltage to the emitter current in NPN transistor.

Setup the following circuit on the breadboard.a) Press and release the push button. After you release the push

button, what part provides the power to the base of thetransistor?

b) Describe the path of the current that provides the power to theLED. Is the capacitor powering the LED?

c) Record three time trials of how long the LED stays on with the10 microF capacitor. Find the average.

d) Replace C1 with 100 microF capacitor. Time the LED here forthree times as well and find the average. Roughly, how much moretime did the 100 microF capacitor keep the LED on than 10 microFcapacitor?

e)Write down your prediction of how much time the 1000 microFcapacitor would keep the LED working? And check the estimationby trying it using 1000 microF capacitor. How accurate was yourprediction? Can you make a relation between the LED lightemitting time and capacitance?

C1= 10 micrFR1= 22 kOhmR2= 470 Ohm

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a) Briefly describe the purpose of the transistor.

b) There are many transistors that look different. Draw some of them, and indicateEmitter, Base, and Collector to the three legs.

c) What two separate things does the arrow inside the transistor symbol indicate?

d) Regarding the water faucet analogy, is the water pressure provided by the watersystem or the handle?

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15. Transistor (continue)

PNP transistor:

N

P

P

The PNP transistors action is opposite of the NPN. As you increase the voltageto the base, the flow decreases; and as the voltage to the base decreases, the

PNP transistor is turned on more. The PNP transistor still acts very much likea water faucet. A little pressure on the handle closes the valve, stopping the water.

The arrow inside the symbol still points in thedirection of the current , but is on the top side.

PNP emitters and collectors have reversedpositions relative to the NPN.

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In PNP transistor circuit, everything is reversed to that of the NPN.Current must leave the base in order for a collector current to flow.

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Experiment 9. PNP transistor demonstration circuit, 2nd Example.Purpose: Measurement of DC current gain of a PNP transistor


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Purpose: Measurement of DC current gain of a PNP transistor.Setup the following circuit on the breadboard.

a) When you first attach your battery, check whether LED turns onimmediately. Measure the voltage at point A with respect to theground.

b) Measure the voltage between points AD (VAD) and points FG (VFG).

c) Calculate the current through R3 (IB) and that through R4 (IC),respectively. Find the ratio, IC/ IB .

d) Replace R1 with 1 kOhm. Measure the voltage at point A again.

e) Measure the voltage between points AD (VAD) and points FG (VFG).Calculate the current through R3 and that through R4, and find theratio, IC/ IB .

R1= 47 kOhmR2= 10 kOhmR3= 22 kOhmR4= 470 Ohm

Ax x

x

x

D

F

G

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16. Digital Logic


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g g

Digital electronics deals with only two things; on/off (or 0/1, low/high, ).By combination of these two things, you can store, transfer, and makemeaningful information.

Binary system (0,1):

Decimal system (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9):

A byte is a basic unit of measurement of information storage in computerscience. In many computer architectures it is a unit of memory addressing.

There is no standard but a byte most often consists of eight bits.

10011101 8 bit/ 1 byte

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 010011101 1 2 0 2 0 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 0 2 1 2

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

45623907 4 10 5 10 6 10 2 10 3 10 9 10 0 10 7 10

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Binary alphabet: ASCII table


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Space= 20 = 00010100A = 65 = 01000001 a = 97 = 01100001B = 66 = 01000010 b = 98 = 01100010

Y = 89 = 01011001 y = 121 = 01111001

Z = 90 = 01011100 z = 122 = 01111010

6-2

Digital electronic system:Information is combinations ofonly two things, i.e., High or Low;1 or 0; On or Off; Yes or No;.

Time set by Clock

H H L L H H L H H1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1

+V

-V

0

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Analog Digital

advantage

Varying voltages. Precise transfer of information.

Easy to record. No generational loss.

Easy to play back. Footprint of a bit can be done at the molecular level.

Common transfer rate in billion bits per second.

Any material can be used for storing data. (0/1, high/low, on/off)

Disadvantage

Not precise. Needs special equipment to transfer, record, and read information.

Signal loss with each generation recorded.

Take up large recording space.

Limited transfer time.

Signal fades as media ages.

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OR Gate:


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OR Gate:

input A input B Output

High High High

High Low High

Low High High

Low Low Low

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NOT Gate:


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NOT Gate:

N T input Output

High Low

Low High

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NAND Gate:


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NAND Gate:


High High Low

High Low HighLow High High

Low Low High

If any one of inputs is low,the output is High.

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AND G


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High High High

High Low High

Low High High

Low Low Low


High High Low

High Low HighLow High High

Low Low High


High High High

High Low Low

Low High Low

Low Low Low


High High Low

High Low LowLow High Low

Low Low High

AND Gate OR Gate

NAND Gate NOR Gate

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18. Complementary metaloxidesemiconductor (CMOS) ICs


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18. Complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) IC s

-A major class of integrated circuits.-high noise immunity and low static power consumption.- 4000 series of CMOS Ics are very popular because they are

inexpensive and work with as little as 3 volts and as much as 18 volts.

Dual in-line package: a package type forintegrated circuits with pins lying alongtwo lines

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Precautions for CMOS ICs


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- CMOS ICs are static sensitive.

- Always store the IC in a carrying tube or static foam until it is placedinto the circuits.

- Remove static from your fingers. Touch some type of large metal objectto remove any static electricity from your fingers before you handle theCMOS chips.

- Always check that the chip is set in properly. (cautious about numbering).

- Dont walk across the room with a CMOS chip in hand.

- Always tie any unused inputs to ground. If an input is not connected,the small voltage changes in the air around us can affect the input.

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Experiment 10. NAND logic conformation.Purpose: Check the NAND gate output.

Setup the following circuit on the breadboard


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Setup the following circuit on the breadboard.

Be careful about numbering the legs of the 4011 IC chip.We use only legs, 1, 2, and 3. The other input legs (5, 6, 8,9, 12, 13) should be grounded.

a) Measure the voltages (VA, VC) at points, A and C. If the

voltage is higher than V/2, we call it is High. Otherwise, itis Low. Remember we are studying digital logic. Whichones are high and which ones are low?

b) Apply High voltage (VA) to point D and Low voltage (VC)to point E. Check whether LED turns on. Remove the LED,

then measure the voltage at point F.c) If we apply High voltages to both inputs (points D andE), what happens? Measure the output voltage at point F.

d) By changing high and low voltages applied to points D

and E, check NAND logic by filling up the following table.

R= 10 kOhm

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Documents

Basic Experiments for Nuclear Engineer-V2_B(Part 1)