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Basic First AidBasic First AidBy: Amberly JavarBy: Amberly Javar
ImportanceImportance
It is important to understand the basic first aid principles
You must be certified by a trained instructor in order to be totally qualified
Course is available in most communities
What is First Aid?What is First Aid?
Why learn First Aid?Why learn First Aid?
Accidents are the leading cause of death in people ages 1-38
Time is such a critical factor
Self-help as well as helping others can save lives
Preparation for disasters
What do you do first?What do you do first?
Take action – set priorities based on the type of injuries
Call for help Ensure the victim has an
open airway Control bleeding Give first aid for poisoning
Don’t move victim unless they are in danger
Look for emergency medical identifications, such as a band or bracelet
Avoid or overcome chilling Find out what happened Examine the victim Carry out the indicated first
aid
WoundsWounds
Abrasion: outer skin is damaged – little bleeding
Incision: a cut – heavy rapid bleeding
Laceration: jagged break of tissue – heavy, rapid bleeding
Puncture: a small hole in the tissue – bleeding limited
Avulsions: torn tissue
Caused by common
accidents: falls, vehicle
accidents and mishandling sharp objects
First aid proceduresFirst aid procedures
Call for help! Stop the bleeding –
apply direct pressure to the wound and elevate the body part
Protect the wound from contamination and infections
Use a dressing
Cleanse the area if it is not bleeding
Do not move the injured area
Attend for shock
First aid for animal bitesFirst aid for animal bites
Call for help! Stop the bleeding and
cleanse the area Apply a dressing Do not move the
injured area Restrain the animal
First aid for Closed woundsFirst aid for Closed wounds
Call for help!
Maintain open airway
Keep victim from moving
ShockShock
Signs of Shock Pale skin Moist skin Weakness of victim Rapid Pulse Shallow, deep, rapid
breathing Vomiting
Treatment Keep victim lying down Cover the victim to
prevent loss of body heat
Get medical help
Respiratory Emergencies &Respiratory Emergencies &Artificial RespirationArtificial Respiration
When normal breathing stops or is reduced you have a respiratory emergency! Artificial respiration is a procedure for causing air flow into and out of a person’s lungs.
The average person may die in 6 minutes if his/her oxygen supply is cut off
Cont.Cont.
All communities have organizations that offer training in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Many of these training courses are free. It is worthwhile to take on of these courses. They will off training demonstration and practice (on dummies) in the currently advised methods of treatment for cardiopulmonary arrest
When a victim is revived – treat for shock Always continue artificial respiration until:
The victim breathes for his/herself Is pronounced dead by a doctor
Mouth - to - MouthMouth - to - Mouth
Do not move the victim Loosen the clothing Remove foreign matter Tilt head back and listen
for breathing Pinch nose Blow air into the victim’s
mouth Watch chest Repeat
Chest Pressure Arm LiftChest Pressure Arm Lift
Remove foreign matter Place victim face-up Kneel at head, grasp his/her wrist and cross over
his/her lower chest Rock forward Rock back and pull arms out and up over his/her
head Repeat Watch for vomiting
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)(CPR)
This is a technique of manually forcing a person’s heart to beat and his/her lungs to breathe
Involves the following steps: A: Airway opening B: Breathing restored C: Circulation restored D: Definitive therapy
It should be carried out by qualified persons. You must be certified by the American Red Cross in order to administer CPR properly. We are only attempting
to acquaint you with the procedure.
The heart and lungs work together. A lack of air will eventually cause the heart to stop. When this occurs, CPR is needed. CPR combines mouth-to-mouth artificial respiration and chest compressions. By giving CPR you breathe and circulate the
blood for a person
Review of mouth-to-mouthReview of mouth-to-mouth
Click for review
NEXT
General RhythmGeneral Rhythm
The general rhythm for one person CPR given to an adult is: 15 compressions (in 10 to 15 seconds) then 2
quick breaths Check the pulse every few minutes. Continue
until help arrives or pulse breathing is restored
General RhythmGeneral Rhythm
Two person CPR is more effective. It allows more air to be given and is less tiring. The general rhythm for two person CPR is given to an adult is: 5 compressions, then 1 breath. Repeat Check the pulse every few minutes. Continue until help arrives or until pulse and
breathing are restored
Swallows objects and chokingSwallows objects and choking
The objective of first aid for a person who is choking, is to allow the victim to assume a comfortable position and encourage him/her to cough
If you suspect that someone is choking, ask “Are you choking?”
If the victim can answer or is coughing, let him/her continue coughing
Only if the victim cannot breathe or speak, should you give the Heimlich Maneuver
The Heimlich ManeuverThe Heimlich Maneuver
Stand behind the victim Wrap your arms around the victim’s waist. Make a fist with one hand. Place your fist (thumb side) against the victim’s
stomach in the center just above the navel and well below the rib margin
Grasp your fist with your other hand Press into stomach with a quick upper thrust Repeat
Victim is unconscious or Victim is unconscious or becomes unconsciousbecomes unconscious
Sweep inside the victim’s mouth with your fingers
Attempt mouth-to-mouth artificial respiration Give 6-10 abdominal thrust and repeat the
process as long as necessary
Break Time ???Break Time ???Do you want a break Do you want a break
ORORDo you want to continue?Do you want to continue?
POISONINGPOISONING
Always call the nearest Poison Control Center, local hospital, family doctor, or emergency services number (911) in the case of actual or suspected poisoning
When someone takes a poison into the body it must be neutralized as quickly as possible. Vomiting (in some cases) must be induced, respiration maintained, vital functions preserved and medical assistance provided
When you know it’s not an acid or petroleum product: Dilute with water/milk Induce vomiting (unless the
victim is drowsy or unresponsive)
Get help
When you don’t know what it was: Dilute with water or milk Try to find out what the poison
what Get help
Sometimes people are poisoned by contact with chemicals or poisonous plants: If this happens: Remove contaminated clothing Wash the area Apply soothing skin lotion Get medical advice
Food poisoningFood poisoning
Other items they may be poisoned by eating spoiled/bad seafood. If this happens: Induce vomiting Dilute poison Treat for shock Get medical help
Poison by insectsPoison by insects
Apply cold compresses to the area
Apply soothing lotion to the area
Snake PoisoningSnake Poisoning
Keep victim quiet and reassure him/her
Get medical help as soon as possible
BurnsBurns
An injury that is the result of heat, chemical agent or radiation is a burn. They vary in: Depth Size Severity
Burns are classified as first, second, or third degree.
1st degree
First Degree burnsFirst Degree burns
Redness
Mild Swelling
Rapid healing
Treatment: Apply cold water and
dressing2nd degree
Second Degree BurningSecond Degree Burning
Greater depth Red or matted appearance Blisters Swelling Wet appearance of the
skin Treatment:
Immerse in cold water Apply cloths (cold, wet) Dressing
3rd degree
Third degree burnsThird degree burns
Deep tissue destruction
White, charred appearance
Loss of layers of skin Treatment:
Cover with thick, sterile dressing
Elevate Get help
Heat ExhaustionHeat Exhaustion
Signs: Pale and clammy skin Profuse perspiration Headache, cramps Nausea Fainting
Treatment: Salt water (sips) Lie victim down, raise feet Loosen victim’s clothing Apply cool cloths
Heat exhaustion is a response to
heat characterized by
fatigue, weakness or collapse often caused by lack of
water to compensate for
loss of fluids through sweating
Heat StrokeHeat Stroke
Signs: Hot, red and dry skin High temperature Rapid pulse May be unconscious
Treatment: If victim is unresponsive,
check the airway and be sure the victim is breathing
Cool the body immediately by sponging with water
Do not cause shivering Call for help
http://www.jlcomicart.de/images/HeatWave1.jpg
Heat stroke is a response to heat characterized by extremely high body
temperature and disturbance of the body’s sweating
mechanism.
It can be life threatening!
Heat CrampsHeat Cramps
Signs: Cramping of leg and
arm muscles
Treatment: Pressure with hands on
the cramped muscle or massage
Sips of salt water
Heat cramps are muscular pains and spasms due largely
to loss of salt.
Sudden IllnessSudden Illness
Illness is often not related to injury, but can arise due to a crisis.
Sudden illnesses can be dangerous to one’s life.
Medical attention is very important.
Heart AttackHeart Attack
Signs: Chest Pains Shortness of breath Bluish color of the lips.
Skin and fingernails Shock Extreme exhaustion Sweating
Treatment: Call for help Keep victim
comfortable, usually sitting up!
If victim is not breathing, begin artificial respiration
Do not give liquids
StrokeStroke
Did you know?... every 53 seconds a
person in the U.S. has a stroke? 160,000 people under the age of 65 have a stroke every year?
stroke is the leading cause of adult disability and third-leading cause of death?
there are 4.5 million stroke survivors alive today?
StrokeStroke
Signs: Possible
unconsciousness Headache Paralysis or weakness
on one side Confusion Disturbance in
personality Slurred speech
Treatment: Call a doctor Keep victim calm Protect from harm
FaintingFainting
Signs: Paleness Sweating Cold skin Dizziness Nausea Blurred Vision
Treatment: Leave victim lying down Loosen tight clothing Observe after recovery
Fainting is partial or complete loss of
consciousness caused by a reduced supply of
blood to the brain for a short time
To summarize, no matter what the emergency, do your best to remain calm and keep control of the situation.
Know your limitations and seek medical attention as quickly as possible.
Do your skills check Do your skills check On pages 125-126On pages 125-126
You have 15 minutesYou have 15 minutes
Answers to Skills CheckAnswers to Skills Check
1. A 2. C 3. B 4. C 5. B
6. D 7. C 8. C/D 9. D 10. D