Basic First Aid - Ce-Classes.comce-classes.com/exam_format/First-Aid.pdf · 2011-08-29 · 7 First-Aid Kits A well-stocked first-aid kit can help you respond effectively to common

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Basic First AidBasic First Aid

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DisclaimerDisclaimer

This course is intended to serve as a This course is intended to serve as a guideline for learning about basic guideline for learning about basic first aid. first aid.

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It is It is notnot intended to be medical intended to be medical training or a certification course.training or a certification course.

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If you are interested in a formal If you are interested in a formal certification in first aid, CPR or first certification in first aid, CPR or first responders please contact the responders please contact the American Red Cross by phoning your American Red Cross by phoning your local chapter. local chapter.

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Please NotePlease Note

The guidelines in this training are The guidelines in this training are only guidelines.only guidelines.Although they are taken from the Although they are taken from the credible sources, they can not credible sources, they can not substitute for medical advice or care.substitute for medical advice or care.Each situation is different and may Each situation is different and may have unique circumstances that have unique circumstances that require different actions.require different actions.

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Please NotePlease Note

First aid is intended to be an initial First aid is intended to be an initial response, not a sole response.response, not a sole response.

Please be sure to seek medical Please be sure to seek medical treatment from a licensed medical treatment from a licensed medical care provider to evaluate what care care provider to evaluate what care is needed.is needed.

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FirstFirst--Aid KitsAid Kits

A wellA well--stocked firststocked first--aid kit can help you aid kit can help you respond effectively to common injuries respond effectively to common injuries and emergencies. and emergencies. Keep at least one firstKeep at least one first--aid kit in a central aid kit in a central location where any employee can access it location where any employee can access it if necessary.if necessary.You should also have a personal first aid You should also have a personal first aid kit in your home and one in your car. kit in your home and one in your car. Store your kits in easyStore your kits in easy--toto--retrieve retrieve locations.locations.

Mayo Clinic retrieved 2011 from http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/first-aid-kits/FA00067

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First Aid KitsFirst Aid Kits

You can purchase a firstYou can purchase a first--aid kit at aid kit at many drugstores or assemble your many drugstores or assemble your own. own.


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Contents of a firstContents of a first--aid kit vary a bit aid kit vary a bit depending upon your organization.depending upon your organization.

Kits that are customized to meet the Kits that are customized to meet the predictable needs of an organization predictable needs of an organization are more likely to be useful. are more likely to be useful.

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When constructing or purchasing When constructing or purchasing your first aid kit consider:your first aid kit consider:–– The type of work your company doesThe type of work your company does–– The number of employees The number of employees –– The number and type of customers you The number and type of customers you

serveserve–– The history of emergencies at your The history of emergencies at your

organization (what has happened in the organization (what has happened in the last few years?)last few years?)

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The contents of the kit can be broken The contents of the kit can be broken down into 2 categories.down into 2 categories.

A review of what should be included A review of what should be included is helpful because it provides an is helpful because it provides an overview of what can be expected or overview of what can be expected or needed when providing first aid.needed when providing first aid.

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Basic suppliesBasic supplies

Adhesive tapeAdhesive tapeAntibiotic ointmentAntibiotic ointmentAntiseptic solution or Antiseptic solution or towelettestowelettesBandages, including a roll of elastic Bandages, including a roll of elastic wrap and bandage strips in assorted wrap and bandage strips in assorted sizessizesInstant cold packsInstant cold packs


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Cotton balls and cottonCotton balls and cotton--tipped swabstipped swabsDisposable latex or synthetic gloves, Disposable latex or synthetic gloves, at least two pairsat least two pairsDuct tapeDuct tapeGauze pads and roller gauze in Gauze pads and roller gauze in assorted sizesassorted sizesEye gogglesEye gogglesFirstFirst--aid manualaid manual


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Petroleum jelly or other lubricantPetroleum jelly or other lubricantPlastic bags for the disposal of Plastic bags for the disposal of contaminated materialscontaminated materialsSafety pins in assorted sizesSafety pins in assorted sizesScissors, tweezers and a needleScissors, tweezers and a needle


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Soap or instant hand sanitizerSoap or instant hand sanitizerSterile eyewash, such as a saline Sterile eyewash, such as a saline solutionsolutionThermometerThermometerTriangular bandageTriangular bandage


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Emergency itemsEmergency items

Emergency phone numbers, Emergency phone numbers, including contact information for including contact information for your local hospital, fire department, your local hospital, fire department, emergency services, and the poison emergency services, and the poison control centercontrol center

Contact phone numbers for key Contact phone numbers for key administrative personneladministrative personnel


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Emergency itemsEmergency items

Mylar emergency blanketMylar emergency blanketFirstFirst--aid instruction manualaid instruction manualEmergency protocols from your Emergency protocols from your agencyagency’’s policy and procedure s policy and procedure manualmanual


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Give your kit a checkupGive your kit a checkup

Check your firstCheck your first--aid kits regularly, at aid kits regularly, at least every three months, to be sure least every three months, to be sure the flashlight batteries work and to the flashlight batteries work and to replace supplies that have expired. replace supplies that have expired.


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In addition, be sure the emergency In addition, be sure the emergency contact list phone numbers are contact list phone numbers are current and accurate, as employees current and accurate, as employees leave, or change cell phone numbers, leave, or change cell phone numbers, your call list may become out of your call list may become out of date.date.

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Prepare employees for medical Prepare employees for medical emergencies in appropriate ways.emergencies in appropriate ways.The American Red Cross offers a The American Red Cross offers a number of helpful resources, number of helpful resources, including live classes designed to including live classes designed to help people understand and use firsthelp people understand and use first--aid techniques. aid techniques.


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The Importance of CPRThe Importance of CPR

NOTE:NOTE: This reference is only This reference is only intended to serve as a guideline intended to serve as a guideline for learning about CPR. for learning about CPR.

It is not intended to be a It is not intended to be a replacement for a formal CPR replacement for a formal CPR course. course.

WebMD retrieved 2011 from http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z- guides/cardiopulmonary-resuscitation-cpr-treatment

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Never practice CPR on another Never practice CPR on another person, because bodily damage person, because bodily damage can occur.can occur.


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If you are interested in taking a If you are interested in taking a CPR course contact the American CPR course contact the American Heart Association at (800) AHAHeart Association at (800) AHA--USA1, or the American Red USA1, or the American Red Cross by phoning your local Cross by phoning your local chapter. chapter.


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Cardiac ArrestCardiac Arrest

When a person develops cardiac When a person develops cardiac arrest, the heart stops beating.arrest, the heart stops beating.There is no blood flow and no pulse.There is no blood flow and no pulse.With no blood flowing to the brain, With no blood flowing to the brain, the person becomes unresponsive the person becomes unresponsive and stops breathing normally.and stops breathing normally.


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When you discover a person whom When you discover a person whom you believe is experiencing a medical you believe is experiencing a medical emergency, the first thing to do is emergency, the first thing to do is check for responsiveness. Gently check for responsiveness. Gently shake the victim and shout, "Are you shake the victim and shout, "Are you OK?"OK?"


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If the person does not respond to If the person does not respond to your voice or touch, they are your voice or touch, they are unresponsive. unresponsive.


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If the victim is unresponsive and you If the victim is unresponsive and you are alone, leave the victim and are alone, leave the victim and immediately call 911. immediately call 911.

If someone is with you, tell him or If someone is with you, tell him or her to call 911 and then return to her to call 911 and then return to help you.help you.


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If an AED is available, bring it back If an AED is available, bring it back to the person's side. to the person's side.

The moment an AED becomes The moment an AED becomes available, IMMEDIATELY press the available, IMMEDIATELY press the "on" button. "on" button.


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The AED will begin to speak to you.The AED will begin to speak to you.

Follow its directions to use the AED.Follow its directions to use the AED.

The AED machine will tell you exactly The AED machine will tell you exactly how to use it and when.how to use it and when.


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Chest Compressions Chest Compressions

While waiting for help or an AED, While waiting for help or an AED, begin CPR. begin CPR.

Start with chest compressions. Start with chest compressions. Here's how: Here's how:


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Place the heel of one hand on the Place the heel of one hand on the center of the chest, right between center of the chest, right between the nipples. the nipples.

Place the heel of your other hand on Place the heel of your other hand on top of the first hand and interlace top of the first hand and interlace fingers. fingers.


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Lock your elbows and position your Lock your elbows and position your shoulders directly above your hands. shoulders directly above your hands.

Press down on the chest with enough Press down on the chest with enough force to move the breastbone down force to move the breastbone down about 2 inches in adults.about 2 inches in adults.


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Compress the chest 30 times, at a Compress the chest 30 times, at a rate of about 100 times per minute rate of about 100 times per minute or more. or more.

That's about the same rhythm as the That's about the same rhythm as the beat of the Bee Gee's song "beat of the Bee Gee's song "StayinStayin' ' Alive." Alive."


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Airway and Breathing Airway and Breathing

If you've been trained in CPR, you If you've been trained in CPR, you can now open the airway by tilting can now open the airway by tilting the head back and lifting the chin. the head back and lifting the chin.


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Pinch closed the nose of the victim.Pinch closed the nose of the victim.

Take a normal breath, cover the Take a normal breath, cover the victim's mouth with yours to create victim's mouth with yours to create an airtight seal, and then give two, an airtight seal, and then give two, oneone--second breaths as you watch for second breaths as you watch for the chest to rise. the chest to rise.


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Continue compressions and breaths Continue compressions and breaths ---- 30 compressions, two breaths 30 compressions, two breaths ----until help arrives.until help arrives.


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Continuous Chest Continuous Chest CompressionCompression

Recent studies have suggested Recent studies have suggested that continuous chest that continuous chest compressions alone can save compressions alone can save lives lives

From: Circulation. 2007;116:2894-2896

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The study cites a report that lay The study cites a report that lay individuals certified in basic CPR individuals certified in basic CPR interrupted chest compressions for interrupted chest compressions for an average of 16 seconds to deliver an average of 16 seconds to deliver the 2 recommended mouththe 2 recommended mouth--toto--mouth mouth ventilations. ventilations.


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These interruptions result in These interruptions result in decreases in blood flow to the heart decreases in blood flow to the heart and brainand brain

So remember the importance of So remember the importance of continuous chest compressionscontinuous chest compressions


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Automated External Defibrillators: Automated External Defibrillators: Do you need an AED?Do you need an AED?

An AED may save a life during An AED may save a life during cardiac arrest. cardiac arrest.

Weigh the pros and cons to see if Weigh the pros and cons to see if your agency should get one. your agency should get one.

Mayo Clinic retrieved 2011 from http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/automated-external-defibrillators/HB00053

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How How AEDsAEDs WorkWork

An AED is a device that can be An AED is a device that can be attached to your chest. It senses attached to your chest. It senses your heart's rhythm during cardiac your heart's rhythm during cardiac arrest and, in some cases, delivers arrest and, in some cases, delivers an electric shock to get your heart an electric shock to get your heart beating again. beating again.


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Does your company need an AED?Does your company need an AED?

It may be worth the investment if:It may be worth the investment if:–– Your company has a large number of Your company has a large number of

employeesemployees–– The average age of employees is middle The average age of employees is middle

aged or higheraged or higher–– If you have a lot of customers/clientsIf you have a lot of customers/clients–– If your customer/client base tends to If your customer/client base tends to

have a lot of medical problemshave a lot of medical problems–– If your insurance carrier will discount If your insurance carrier will discount

rates (many do) if you have onerates (many do) if you have one

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When would you need to When would you need to use an AED?use an AED?

The Food and Drug Administration The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved an over(FDA) has approved an over--thethe--counter AED for home use. Because counter AED for home use. Because it's overit's over--thethe--counter, you don't need counter, you don't need a prescription to buy it. a prescription to buy it.


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The only automated external The only automated external defibrillator approved for home use defibrillator approved for home use without a prescription is the Philips without a prescription is the Philips HeartStartHeartStart Home Defibrillator. Home Defibrillator. The The HeartStartHeartStart AED can be used on AED can be used on children as young as 8 who weigh at children as young as 8 who weigh at least 55 pounds. least 55 pounds.


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If you use an AED on someone, it's If you use an AED on someone, it's still critical that you call 911 to get still critical that you call 911 to get help on the way before you begin help on the way before you begin using the AED. using the AED.


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In an emergency, the automated In an emergency, the automated external defibrillator essentially makes external defibrillator essentially makes the decisions. the decisions. It offers stepIt offers step--byby--step voice instructions step voice instructions to guide a user through the to guide a user through the defibrillation process. defibrillation process. It explains how to check for breathing It explains how to check for breathing and a pulse and how to position and a pulse and how to position electrode pads on the person's chest. electrode pads on the person's chest.


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Once the pads are in place, the AED Once the pads are in place, the AED automatically measures the person's automatically measures the person's heart rhythm and determines if a heart rhythm and determines if a shock is needed. shock is needed. If it is, the machine tells a user to If it is, the machine tells a user to stand back and instructs the user to stand back and instructs the user to push a button to deliver the shock. push a button to deliver the shock.


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It will also guide users through CPR. It will also guide users through CPR.

The process can be repeated as The process can be repeated as needed until emergency crews take needed until emergency crews take over. over.


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Other EmergenciesOther Emergencies

Cardiac arrest is just one of the Cardiac arrest is just one of the medical emergencies that might medical emergencies that might require first aid in the work place.require first aid in the work place.

We will now briefly review the other We will now briefly review the other common medical emergencies and common medical emergencies and the recommended first aid response the recommended first aid response to each of them.to each of them.

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Allergic Allergic Reaction(AnaphylaxisReaction(Anaphylaxis))

A lifeA life--threatening allergic reaction threatening allergic reaction (anaphylaxis) can cause shock, a (anaphylaxis) can cause shock, a sudden drop in blood pressure and sudden drop in blood pressure and trouble breathing. trouble breathing.

Mayo Clinic retrieved 2011 from http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/firstaidindex

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In people who have an allergy, In people who have an allergy, anaphylaxis can occur minutes after anaphylaxis can occur minutes after exposure to a specific allergyexposure to a specific allergy--causing causing substance (allergen). In some cases, substance (allergen). In some cases, there may be a delayed reaction or there may be a delayed reaction or anaphylaxis may occur without an anaphylaxis may occur without an apparent trigger. apparent trigger.


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If you're with someone having an If you're with someone having an allergic reaction with signs of allergic reaction with signs of anaphylaxis: anaphylaxis: Immediately call 911 or your local Immediately call 911 or your local medical emergency number.medical emergency number.Ask the person if he or she is Ask the person if he or she is carrying an epinephrine auto injector carrying an epinephrine auto injector to treat an allergic attack (for to treat an allergic attack (for example, example, EpiPenEpiPen, , TwinjectTwinject).).


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If the person says he or she needs to If the person says he or she needs to use an auto injector, ask whether use an auto injector, ask whether you should help inject the you should help inject the medication. medication. This is usually done by pressing the This is usually done by pressing the auto injector against the person's auto injector against the person's thigh.thigh.Have the person lie still on his or her Have the person lie still on his or her back.back.


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Loosen tight clothing and cover the Loosen tight clothing and cover the person with a blanket. Don't give the person with a blanket. Don't give the person anything to drink.person anything to drink.

If there's vomiting or bleeding from If there's vomiting or bleeding from the mouth, turn the person on his or the mouth, turn the person on his or her side to prevent choking.her side to prevent choking.


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If there are no signs of breathing, If there are no signs of breathing, coughing or movement, begin CPR. coughing or movement, begin CPR.

Do uninterrupted chest presses of Do uninterrupted chest presses of about two a second until paramedics about two a second until paramedics arrive.arrive.


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Get emergency treatment even if Get emergency treatment even if symptoms start to improve. After symptoms start to improve. After anaphylaxis, it's possible for anaphylaxis, it's possible for symptoms to recur. Monitoring in a symptoms to recur. Monitoring in a hospital setting for several hours is hospital setting for several hours is usually necessary.usually necessary.


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Animal BitesAnimal Bites

If an animal bites you, follow these If an animal bites you, follow these guidelines: guidelines: For minor wounds.For minor wounds. If the bite barely If the bite barely breaks the skin and there is no danger breaks the skin and there is no danger of rabies, treat it as a minor wound. of rabies, treat it as a minor wound. Wash the wound thoroughly with soap Wash the wound thoroughly with soap and water. Apply an antibiotic cream to and water. Apply an antibiotic cream to prevent infection and cover the bite prevent infection and cover the bite with a clean bandage.with a clean bandage.


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Animal BitesAnimal Bites

If an animal bites you, follow these If an animal bites you, follow these guidelines: guidelines: For deep wounds.For deep wounds. If the animal If the animal bite creates a deep puncture of the bite creates a deep puncture of the skin or the skin is badly torn and skin or the skin is badly torn and bleeding, apply pressure with a bleeding, apply pressure with a clean, dry cloth to stop the bleeding clean, dry cloth to stop the bleeding and see your doctor.and see your doctor.


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Black EyeBlack Eye

To take care of a black eye: To take care of a black eye: Using gentle pressure, apply a cold Using gentle pressure, apply a cold pack or a cloth filled with ice to the pack or a cloth filled with ice to the area around the eye. Take care not area around the eye. Take care not to press on the eye itself. to press on the eye itself. Apply cold as soon as possible after Apply cold as soon as possible after the injury to reduce swelling, and the injury to reduce swelling, and continue using ice or cold packs for continue using ice or cold packs for 24 to 48 hours.24 to 48 hours.


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Black EyeBlack Eye

Be sure there's no blood within the Be sure there's no blood within the white and colored parts of the eye.white and colored parts of the eye.

Seek medical care immediately if you Seek medical care immediately if you experience vision problems (double experience vision problems (double vision, blurring), severe pain, or vision, blurring), severe pain, or bleeding in the eye or from the nose.bleeding in the eye or from the nose.


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BurnsBurns

To distinguish a minor burn from a To distinguish a minor burn from a serious burn, the first step is to serious burn, the first step is to determine the extent of damage to determine the extent of damage to body tissues. body tissues. The three burn classifications of firstThe three burn classifications of first--degree burn, seconddegree burn, second--degree burn degree burn and thirdand third--degree burn will help you degree burn will help you determine emergency care: determine emergency care:


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BurnsBurns

FirstFirst--degree burndegree burnThe least serious burns are those in The least serious burns are those in which only the outer layer of skin is which only the outer layer of skin is burned, but not all the way through. burned, but not all the way through. The skin is usually red, with swelling, The skin is usually red, with swelling, and pain sometimes is present. Treat a and pain sometimes is present. Treat a firstfirst--degree burn as a minor burn degree burn as a minor burn unless it involves substantial portions of unless it involves substantial portions of the hands, feet, face, groin or buttocks, the hands, feet, face, groin or buttocks, or a major joint, which requires or a major joint, which requires emergency medical attention. emergency medical attention.


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BurnsBurns

SecondSecond--degree burndegree burnWhen the first layer of skin has been When the first layer of skin has been burned through and the second layer burned through and the second layer of skin (dermis) also is burned, the of skin (dermis) also is burned, the injury is called a secondinjury is called a second--degree degree burn. Blisters develop and the skin burn. Blisters develop and the skin takes on an intensely reddened, takes on an intensely reddened, splotchy appearance. Secondsplotchy appearance. Second--degree degree burns produce severe pain and burns produce severe pain and swelling. swelling.


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BurnsBurns

SecondSecond--degree burndegree burnIf the secondIf the second--degree burn is no degree burn is no larger than 3 inches (7.6 larger than 3 inches (7.6 centimeters) in diameter, treat it as centimeters) in diameter, treat it as a minor burn. If the burned area is a minor burn. If the burned area is larger or if the burn is on the hands, larger or if the burn is on the hands, feet, face, groin or buttocks, or over feet, face, groin or buttocks, or over a major joint, treat it as a major a major joint, treat it as a major burn and get medical help burn and get medical help immediately. immediately.


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Minor BurnsMinor Burns

For minor burns,For minor burns, including firstincluding first--degree burns and seconddegree burns and second--degree degree burns limited to an area no larger burns limited to an area no larger than 3 inches (7.6 centimeters) in than 3 inches (7.6 centimeters) in diameter, take the following action: diameter, take the following action: Cool the burn.Cool the burn. Hold the burned Hold the burned area under cool (not cold) running area under cool (not cold) running water for 10 or 15 minutes or until water for 10 or 15 minutes or until the pain subsides. the pain subsides.


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Minor BurnsMinor Burns

Don't use ice.Don't use ice. Putting ice directly on Putting ice directly on a burn can cause a burn victim's a burn can cause a burn victim's body to become too cold and cause body to become too cold and cause further damage to the wound.further damage to the wound.Don't apply butter or ointments Don't apply butter or ointments to the burn.to the burn. This could cause This could cause infection.infection.


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Major BurnsMajor Burns

ThirdThird--degree burndegree burnThe most serious burns involve all The most serious burns involve all layers of the skin and cause permanent layers of the skin and cause permanent tissue damage. Fat, muscle and even tissue damage. Fat, muscle and even bone may be affected. Areas may be bone may be affected. Areas may be charred black or appear dry and white. charred black or appear dry and white. For major burns,For major burns, call 911 or call 911 or emergency medical help. Until an emergency medical help. Until an emergency unit arrives, follow these emergency unit arrives, follow these steps: steps:


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Don't remove burned clothing.Don't remove burned clothing.However, do make sure the victim is However, do make sure the victim is no longer in contact with smoldering no longer in contact with smoldering materials or exposed to smoke or materials or exposed to smoke or heat.heat.Don't immerse large severe Don't immerse large severe burns in cold water.burns in cold water. Doing so Doing so could cause a drop in body could cause a drop in body temperature (hypothermia) and temperature (hypothermia) and deterioration of blood pressure and deterioration of blood pressure and circulation (shock).circulation (shock).


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Check for signs of circulation Check for signs of circulation (breathing, coughing or (breathing, coughing or movement).movement). If there is no breathing If there is no breathing or other sign of circulation, begin or other sign of circulation, begin CPR.CPR.Elevate the burned body part or Elevate the burned body part or parts. parts. Raise above heart level, when Raise above heart level, when possible.possible.Cover the area of the burn.Cover the area of the burn. Use a Use a cool, moist, sterile bandage; clean, cool, moist, sterile bandage; clean, moist cloth; or moist towels.moist cloth; or moist towels.


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Chemical BurnsChemical Burns

If a chemical burns the skin, follow If a chemical burns the skin, follow these steps: these steps: Remove the cause of the burnRemove the cause of the burn by by first brushing any remaining dry first brushing any remaining dry chemical and then rinsing the chemical and then rinsing the chemical off the skin surface with chemical off the skin surface with cool, gently running water for 20 cool, gently running water for 20 minutes or more.minutes or more.Remove clothing or jewelryRemove clothing or jewelry that that has been contaminated by the has been contaminated by the chemical.chemical.


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Chemical BurnsChemical Burns

Wrap the burned area looselyWrap the burned area looselywith a dry, sterile dressing or a clean with a dry, sterile dressing or a clean cloth.cloth.Rewash the burned areaRewash the burned area for for several more minutes if the person several more minutes if the person experiences increased burning after experiences increased burning after the initial washing.the initial washing.Seek emergency medical Seek emergency medical assistanceassistance


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Electrical BurnsElectrical Burns

While helping someone with an While helping someone with an electrical burn and waiting for electrical burn and waiting for medical help, follow these steps:medical help, follow these steps:Look first. Don't touch.Look first. Don't touch. The person The person may still be in contact with the may still be in contact with the electrical source. Touching the electrical source. Touching the person may pass the current through person may pass the current through you. you.


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Turn off the source of electricity Turn off the source of electricity if possible.if possible. If not, move the source If not, move the source away from both you and the injured away from both you and the injured person using a dry, person using a dry, nonconductingnonconductingobject made of cardboard, plastic or object made of cardboard, plastic or wood. wood. Check for signs of circulation Check for signs of circulation (breathing, coughing or (breathing, coughing or movement).movement). If absent, begin If absent, begin cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) immediately.immediately.


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Prevent shock.Prevent shock. Lay the person Lay the person down with the head slightly lower down with the head slightly lower than the trunk, if possible, and the than the trunk, if possible, and the legs elevated.legs elevated.Cover the affected areas.Cover the affected areas. If the If the person is breathing, cover any person is breathing, cover any burned areas with a sterile gauze burned areas with a sterile gauze bandage, if available, or a clean bandage, if available, or a clean cloth. Don't use a blanket or towel, cloth. Don't use a blanket or towel, because loose fibers can stick to the because loose fibers can stick to the burns.burns.


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An electrical burn may appear minor An electrical burn may appear minor or not show on the skin at all, but or not show on the skin at all, but the damage can extend deep into the the damage can extend deep into the tissues beneath your skin. tissues beneath your skin. If a strong electrical current passes If a strong electrical current passes through your body, internal damage, through your body, internal damage, such as a heart rhythm disturbance such as a heart rhythm disturbance or cardiac arrest, can occur. or cardiac arrest, can occur.


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Sometimes the jolt associated with Sometimes the jolt associated with the electrical burn can cause you to the electrical burn can cause you to be thrown or to fall, resulting in be thrown or to fall, resulting in fractures or other associated injuries. fractures or other associated injuries.


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Call 911 or your local emergency Call 911 or your local emergency number for assistance if the person number for assistance if the person who has been burned is in pain, is who has been burned is in pain, is confused, or is experiencing changes confused, or is experiencing changes in his or her breathing, heartbeat or in his or her breathing, heartbeat or consciousness. consciousness.


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Chest PainChest Pain

Causes of chest pain can vary from Causes of chest pain can vary from minor problems, such as indigestion minor problems, such as indigestion or stress, to serious medical or stress, to serious medical emergencies, such as a heart attack emergencies, such as a heart attack or pulmonary embolism. The specific or pulmonary embolism. The specific cause of chest pain is often difficult cause of chest pain is often difficult to interpret. to interpret.


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Finding the cause of chest pain can Finding the cause of chest pain can be challenging, especially if you've be challenging, especially if you've never had symptoms in the past. never had symptoms in the past. Even doctors may have a difficult Even doctors may have a difficult time deciding if chest pain is a sign time deciding if chest pain is a sign of a heart attack or something less of a heart attack or something less serious, such as indigestion. serious, such as indigestion.


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If you, or someone at your agency If you, or someone at your agency has unexplained chest pain lasting has unexplained chest pain lasting more than a few minutes, seek more than a few minutes, seek emergency medical assistance. emergency medical assistance.


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As with other sudden, unexplained As with other sudden, unexplained pains, chest pain may be a signal for pains, chest pain may be a signal for you to get medical help. you to get medical help.

When in doubt seek a medical When in doubt seek a medical opinion!opinion!


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Heart AttackHeart Attack

A heart attack occurs when an artery A heart attack occurs when an artery that supplies oxygen to your heart that supplies oxygen to your heart muscle becomes blocked. muscle becomes blocked. A heart attack may cause chest pain A heart attack may cause chest pain that lasts 15 minutes or longer. that lasts 15 minutes or longer. But a heart attack can also be silent But a heart attack can also be silent and produce no signs or symptoms. and produce no signs or symptoms.


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Many people who experience a heart Many people who experience a heart attack have warning symptoms attack have warning symptoms hours, days or weeks in advance. hours, days or weeks in advance.


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The earliest warning sign of an The earliest warning sign of an attack may be ongoing episodes of attack may be ongoing episodes of chest pain that start when you're chest pain that start when you're physically active, but are relieved by physically active, but are relieved by rest. rest.


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Someone having a heart attack may Someone having a heart attack may experience any or all of the experience any or all of the following: following: –– Uncomfortable pressure, fullness or Uncomfortable pressure, fullness or

squeezing pain in the center of the squeezing pain in the center of the chest lasting more than a few minuteschest lasting more than a few minutes

–– Pain spreading to the shoulders, neck or Pain spreading to the shoulders, neck or armsarms

–– Lightheadedness, fainting, sweating, Lightheadedness, fainting, sweating, nausea or shortness of breathnausea or shortness of breath


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If you or someone else may be If you or someone else may be having a heart attack:having a heart attack:

Call 911 or emergency medical Call 911 or emergency medical assistance.assistance.


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If you or someone else may be If you or someone else may be having a heart attack: having a heart attack: Chew a regularChew a regular--strength aspirin.strength aspirin.Aspirin reduces blood clotting, which Aspirin reduces blood clotting, which can help blood flow through a can help blood flow through a narrowed artery that's caused a narrowed artery that's caused a heart attack. However, don't take heart attack. However, don't take aspirin if you are allergic to aspirin, aspirin if you are allergic to aspirin, or if your doctor previously told you or if your doctor previously told you not to do so.not to do so.


8888


Take nitroglycerin, if prescribed.Take nitroglycerin, if prescribed.If you think you're having a heart If you think you're having a heart attack and your doctor has attack and your doctor has previously prescribed nitroglycerin previously prescribed nitroglycerin for you, take it as directed. Don't for you, take it as directed. Don't take anyone else's nitroglycerin.take anyone else's nitroglycerin.


8989


Begin CPR on the person having Begin CPR on the person having a heart attack, if directed.a heart attack, if directed.If the person suspected of having a If the person suspected of having a heart attack is unconscious, a 911 heart attack is unconscious, a 911 dispatcher or another emergency dispatcher or another emergency medical specialist may advise you to medical specialist may advise you to begin cardiopulmonary resuscitation begin cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). (CPR).


9090


Even if you're not trained, a Even if you're not trained, a dispatcher can instruct you in CPR dispatcher can instruct you in CPR until help arrives. until help arrives.

If help from a 911 dispatcher or If help from a 911 dispatcher or emergency medical specialist is emergency medical specialist is unavailable, begin CPR. unavailable, begin CPR.


9191


If you don't know CPR, begin pushing If you don't know CPR, begin pushing hard and fast on the person's chest hard and fast on the person's chest —— 100 compressions per minute100 compressions per minute


9292

ChokingChoking

Choking occurs when a foreign object Choking occurs when a foreign object becomes lodged in the throat or becomes lodged in the throat or windpipe, blocking the flow of air. In windpipe, blocking the flow of air. In adults, a piece of food often is the adults, a piece of food often is the culprit. culprit.

Because choking cuts off oxygen to Because choking cuts off oxygen to the brain, administer first aid as the brain, administer first aid as quickly as possible. quickly as possible.


9393

ChokingChoking

The universal sign for choking is The universal sign for choking is hands clutched to the throat. If the hands clutched to the throat. If the person doesn't give the signal, look person doesn't give the signal, look for these indications: for these indications: –– Inability to talkInability to talk–– Difficulty breathing or noisy breathingDifficulty breathing or noisy breathing–– Inability to cough forcefullyInability to cough forcefully–– Skin, lips and nails turning blue or Skin, lips and nails turning blue or

duskydusky–– Loss of consciousnessLoss of consciousness


9494

ChokingChoking

If choking is occurring, the Red Cross If choking is occurring, the Red Cross recommends a recommends a "five"five--andand--five"five"approach to delivering first aid: approach to delivering first aid:


9595

ChokingChoking

Give 5 back blows.Give 5 back blows. First, deliver First, deliver five back blows between the person's five back blows between the person's shoulder blades with the heel of your shoulder blades with the heel of your hand.hand.

Give 5 abdominal thrusts.Give 5 abdominal thrusts. Perform Perform five abdominal thrusts (also known five abdominal thrusts (also known as the Heimlich maneuver).as the Heimlich maneuver).


9696

ChokingChoking

Alternate between 5 blows Alternate between 5 blows and 5 thrustsand 5 thrusts until the blockage until the blockage is dislodged.is dislodged.


9797

ChokingChoking

To perform abdominal thrusts To perform abdominal thrusts (Heimlich maneuver) on (Heimlich maneuver) on someone else:someone else:Stand behind the person.Stand behind the person. Wrap Wrap your arms around the waist. Tip the your arms around the waist. Tip the person forward slightly.person forward slightly.Make a fist with one hand.Make a fist with one hand.Position it slightly above the person's Position it slightly above the person's navel.navel.


9898

ChokingChoking

Grasp the fist with the other Grasp the fist with the other hand.hand. Press hard into the abdomen Press hard into the abdomen with a quick, upward thrust with a quick, upward thrust —— as if as if trying to lift the person up.trying to lift the person up.Perform a total of 5 abdominal Perform a total of 5 abdominal thrusts,thrusts, if needed. If the blockage if needed. If the blockage still isn't dislodged, repeat the fivestill isn't dislodged, repeat the five--andand--five cycle.five cycle.


9999

ChokingChoking

If you're the only rescuer, perform If you're the only rescuer, perform back blows and abdominal thrusts back blows and abdominal thrusts before calling 911 or your local before calling 911 or your local emergency number for help. emergency number for help.

If another person is available, have If another person is available, have that person call for help while you that person call for help while you perform first aid. perform first aid.


100100

ChokingChoking

If the person becomes unconscious, If the person becomes unconscious, perform standard CPR with chest perform standard CPR with chest compressions.compressions.


101101

Electrical ShockElectrical Shock

The danger from an electrical shock The danger from an electrical shock depends on the type of current, how depends on the type of current, how high the voltage is, how the current high the voltage is, how the current traveled through the body, the traveled through the body, the person's overall health and how person's overall health and how quickly the person is treated. quickly the person is treated.


102102


Call 911 immediately if any of these Call 911 immediately if any of these signs or symptoms occur: signs or symptoms occur: ––Cardiac arrestCardiac arrest––Chest pain Chest pain ––Respiratory failureRespiratory failure––Muscle pain and contractionsMuscle pain and contractions––BurnsBurns––SeizuresSeizures––Numbness and tinglingNumbness and tingling––UnconsciousnessUnconsciousness


103103


While waiting for medical help, While waiting for medical help, follow these steps:follow these steps:

Look first. Don't touch.Look first. Don't touch. The person The person may still be in contact with the may still be in contact with the electrical source. Touching the electrical source. Touching the person may pass the current through person may pass the current through you.you.


104104



Turn off the source of electricity, Turn off the source of electricity, if possible.if possible. If not, move the source If not, move the source away from you and the person, using away from you and the person, using a nona non--conducting object made of conducting object made of cardboard, plastic or wood.cardboard, plastic or wood.


105105



Check for signs of circulation Check for signs of circulation (breathing, coughing or (breathing, coughing or movement).movement). If absent, begin If absent, begin cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) immediately.immediately.


106106



Prevent shock.Prevent shock. Lay the person Lay the person down and, if possible, position the down and, if possible, position the head slightly lower than the trunk, head slightly lower than the trunk, with the legs elevated.with the legs elevated.


107107


After coming into contact with After coming into contact with electricity, the person should see a electricity, the person should see a doctor to check for internal injuries, doctor to check for internal injuries, even if he or she has no obvious even if he or she has no obvious signs or symptoms. signs or symptoms.


108108


CautionCaution–– Don't touch the person with your bare Don't touch the person with your bare

handshands if he or she is still in contact with if he or she is still in contact with the electrical current.the electrical current.

–– Don't get near highDon't get near high--voltage wiresvoltage wires until until the power is turned off. Stay at least 20 the power is turned off. Stay at least 20 feet away feet away —— farther if wires are jumping farther if wires are jumping and sparking.and sparking.

–– Don't move a personDon't move a person with an electrical with an electrical injury unless the person is in immediate injury unless the person is in immediate danger.danger.


109109

FaintingFainting

Fainting occurs when the blood Fainting occurs when the blood supply to your brain is momentarily supply to your brain is momentarily inadequate, causing you to lose inadequate, causing you to lose consciousness. This loss of consciousness. This loss of consciousness is usually brief. consciousness is usually brief.


110110

FaintingFainting

Fainting can have no medical Fainting can have no medical significance, or the cause can be a significance, or the cause can be a serious disorder. serious disorder. Therefore, treat loss of Therefore, treat loss of consciousness as a medical consciousness as a medical emergency until the signs and emergency until the signs and symptoms are relieved and the cause symptoms are relieved and the cause is known. is known.


111111

FaintingFainting

If someone faints:If someone faints:Position the person on his or her Position the person on his or her back.back. If the person is breathing, If the person is breathing, restore blood flow to the brain by restore blood flow to the brain by raising the person's legs above heart raising the person's legs above heart level level —— if possible. Loosen belts, if possible. Loosen belts, collars or other constrictive clothing. collars or other constrictive clothing. To reduce the chance of fainting To reduce the chance of fainting again, don't get the person up too again, don't get the person up too quickly. quickly.


112112

FaintingFainting

If the person doesn't regain If the person doesn't regain consciousness within one consciousness within one minute, call 911.minute, call 911.


113113

FaintingFainting

Check the person's airway to be Check the person's airway to be sure it's clear.sure it's clear. Watch for vomiting. Watch for vomiting.


114114

FaintingFainting

Check for signs of circulation Check for signs of circulation (breathing, coughing or (breathing, coughing or movement).movement). If absent, begin CPR. If absent, begin CPR. Call 911 or your local emergency Call 911 or your local emergency number. number. Continue CPR until help arrives or Continue CPR until help arrives or the person responds and begins to the person responds and begins to breathe.breathe.


115115

FaintingFainting

If the person was injured in a fall If the person was injured in a fall associated with a faint, treat any associated with a faint, treat any bumps, bruises or cuts appropriately. bumps, bruises or cuts appropriately. Control bleeding with direct Control bleeding with direct pressure. pressure.


116116

Broken BoneBroken Bone

A fracture is a broken bone. It A fracture is a broken bone. It requires medical attention. If the requires medical attention. If the broken bone is the result of major broken bone is the result of major trauma or injury, call 911. trauma or injury, call 911.


117117


Also call for emergency help if: Also call for emergency help if: –– The person is unresponsive, isn't The person is unresponsive, isn't

breathing or isn't moving. Begin breathing or isn't moving. Begin cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) if cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) if there's no respiration or heartbeat.there's no respiration or heartbeat.

–– There is heavy bleeding.There is heavy bleeding.–– Even gentle pressure or movement Even gentle pressure or movement

causes pain.causes pain.


118118


Also call for emergency help if: Also call for emergency help if: –– The limb or joint appears deformed.The limb or joint appears deformed.–– The bone has pierced the skin.The bone has pierced the skin.–– The extremity of the injured arm or leg, The extremity of the injured arm or leg,

such as a toe or finger, is numb or such as a toe or finger, is numb or bluish at the tip.bluish at the tip.


119119


If you suspect a bone is broken in If you suspect a bone is broken in the neck, head, back, hip, pelvis or the neck, head, back, hip, pelvis or upper leg upper leg -- Don't move the person Don't move the person except if necessary to avoid further except if necessary to avoid further injury. injury.


120120


Take these actions immediately while Take these actions immediately while waiting for medical help: waiting for medical help: –– Stop any bleeding.Stop any bleeding. Apply pressure to Apply pressure to

the wound with a sterile bandage, a the wound with a sterile bandage, a clean cloth or a clean piece of clothing.clean cloth or a clean piece of clothing.

–– Immobilize the injured area.Immobilize the injured area. Don't Don't try to realign the bone or push a bone try to realign the bone or push a bone that's sticking out back in. that's sticking out back in.


121121


Take these actions immediately while Take these actions immediately while waiting for medical help: waiting for medical help: –– Apply ice packs to limit swelling and Apply ice packs to limit swelling and

help relieve pain until emergency help relieve pain until emergency personnel arrive.personnel arrive. Don't apply ice directly Don't apply ice directly to the skin to the skin —— wrap the ice in a towel, piece wrap the ice in a towel, piece of cloth or some other material.of cloth or some other material.

–– Treat for shock.Treat for shock. If the person feels faint If the person feels faint or is breathing in short, rapid breaths, lay or is breathing in short, rapid breaths, lay the person down with the head slightly the person down with the head slightly lower than the trunk and, if possible, lower than the trunk and, if possible, elevate the legs.elevate the legs.


122122

Head TraumaHead Trauma

Most head trauma involves injuries that are Most head trauma involves injuries that are minor and don't require hospitalization. minor and don't require hospitalization. However, call 911 if any of the following However, call 911 if any of the following signs or symptoms are apparent: signs or symptoms are apparent: –– Severe head or facial bleedingSevere head or facial bleeding–– Bleeding from the nose or ears Bleeding from the nose or ears –– Severe headacheSevere headache–– Change in level of consciousness for more than Change in level of consciousness for more than

a few secondsa few seconds–– BlackBlack--andand--blue discoloration below the eyes or blue discoloration below the eyes or

behind the ears behind the ears


123123


Call 911 if any of the following signs or Call 911 if any of the following signs or symptoms are apparent: symptoms are apparent: –– Cessation of breathingCessation of breathing–– ConfusionConfusion–– Loss of balanceLoss of balance–– Weakness or an inability to use an arm or Weakness or an inability to use an arm or

legleg–– Unequal pupil sizeUnequal pupil size–– Repeated vomitingRepeated vomiting–– Slurred speechSlurred speech–– Seizures Seizures


124124


If severe head trauma occurs:If severe head trauma occurs:Keep the person still.Keep the person still. Until medical Until medical help arrives, keep the injured person help arrives, keep the injured person lying down and quiet, with the head lying down and quiet, with the head and shoulders slightly elevated. and shoulders slightly elevated. –– Don't move the person unless Don't move the person unless

necessary, and avoid moving the necessary, and avoid moving the person's neck.person's neck.


125125


If severe head trauma occurs:If severe head trauma occurs:

Stop any bleeding.Stop any bleeding. Apply firm Apply firm pressure to the wound with sterile pressure to the wound with sterile gauze or a clean cloth. gauze or a clean cloth. –– But don't apply direct pressure to the But don't apply direct pressure to the

wound if you suspect a skull fracture.wound if you suspect a skull fracture.


126126


If severe head trauma occurs:If severe head trauma occurs:

Watch for changes in breathing Watch for changes in breathing and alertness.and alertness. If the person shows If the person shows no signs of circulation (breathing, no signs of circulation (breathing, coughing or movement), begin CPR.coughing or movement), begin CPR.


127127

Heat ExhaustionHeat Exhaustion

Heat exhaustion is one of the heatHeat exhaustion is one of the heat--related syndromes, which range in related syndromes, which range in severity from mild heat cramps to severity from mild heat cramps to heat exhaustion to potentially lifeheat exhaustion to potentially life--threatening heatstroke. threatening heatstroke.


128128

Heat ExhaustionHeat ExhaustionSigns and symptoms of heat exhaustion often begin Signs and symptoms of heat exhaustion often begin suddenly, sometimes after excessive exercise, heavy suddenly, sometimes after excessive exercise, heavy perspiration, and inadequate fluid or salt intake. Signs perspiration, and inadequate fluid or salt intake. Signs and symptoms resemble those of shock and may and symptoms resemble those of shock and may include: include: –– Feeling faint or dizzy Feeling faint or dizzy –– NauseaNausea–– Heavy sweatingHeavy sweating–– Rapid, weak heartbeatRapid, weak heartbeat–– Cool, moist, pale skinCool, moist, pale skin–– LowLow--grade fevergrade fever–– Heat cramps Heat cramps –– Headache Headache –– Fatigue Fatigue


129129


If you suspect heat exhaustion:If you suspect heat exhaustion:Get the person out of the sun and into Get the person out of the sun and into a shady or aira shady or air--conditioned location.conditioned location.Lay the person down and elevate the Lay the person down and elevate the legs and feet slightly.legs and feet slightly.Loosen or remove the person's Loosen or remove the person's clothing. clothing. Have the person drink cool water or Have the person drink cool water or other nonalcoholic beverage without other nonalcoholic beverage without caffeine.caffeine.


130130


If you suspect heat exhaustion:If you suspect heat exhaustion:Cool the person by spraying or Cool the person by spraying or sponging him or her with cool water sponging him or her with cool water and fanning.and fanning.Monitor the person carefully. Heat Monitor the person carefully. Heat exhaustion can quickly become exhaustion can quickly become heatstroke. heatstroke. If fever greater than 102 F, fainting, If fever greater than 102 F, fainting, confusion or seizures occur, call 911. confusion or seizures occur, call 911.


131131

Heat StrokeHeat Stroke

Heatstroke is the most severe of the Heatstroke is the most severe of the heatheat--related problems, often related problems, often resulting from exercise or heavy resulting from exercise or heavy work in hot environments combined work in hot environments combined with inadequate fluid intake. with inadequate fluid intake.


132132


Young children, older adults, people Young children, older adults, people who are obese are at high risk of who are obese are at high risk of heatstroke. Other risk factors include heatstroke. Other risk factors include dehydration, alcohol use, dehydration, alcohol use, cardiovascular disease and certain cardiovascular disease and certain medications. medications.


133133


What makes heatstroke severe and What makes heatstroke severe and potentially lifepotentially life--threatening is that the threatening is that the body's normal mechanisms for body's normal mechanisms for dealing with heat stress, such as dealing with heat stress, such as sweating and temperature control, sweating and temperature control, are inadequate. are inadequate.


134134


The main sign of heatstroke is a The main sign of heatstroke is a markedly elevated body temperature markedly elevated body temperature (generally >104 F) with changes in (generally >104 F) with changes in mental status ranging from mental status ranging from personality changes to confusion and personality changes to confusion and coma. coma.


135135


Skin may be hot and dry Skin may be hot and dry —— although although if heatstroke is caused by exertion, if heatstroke is caused by exertion, the skin may be moist. the skin may be moist.


136136


Other signs and symptoms may Other signs and symptoms may include: include: –– Rapid heartbeatRapid heartbeat–– Rapid and shallow breathingRapid and shallow breathing–– Cessation of sweatingCessation of sweating–– Irritability, confusion or unconsciousnessIrritability, confusion or unconsciousness–– Feeling dizzy or lightheaded Feeling dizzy or lightheaded –– Headache Headache –– Nausea Nausea –– Fainting, which may be the first sign in Fainting, which may be the first sign in

older adultsolder adults


137137


If you suspect heatstroke:If you suspect heatstroke:Move the person out of the sun and Move the person out of the sun and into a shady or airinto a shady or air--conditioned conditioned space.space.Call 911.Call 911.


138138


If you suspect heatstroke:If you suspect heatstroke:Cool the person by covering him or Cool the person by covering him or her with damp sheets or by spraying her with damp sheets or by spraying with cool water. Direct air onto the with cool water. Direct air onto the person with a fan or newspaper.person with a fan or newspaper.Have the person drink cool water or Have the person drink cool water or other nonalcoholic beverage without other nonalcoholic beverage without caffeine, if he or she is able. caffeine, if he or she is able.


139139

Human BitesHuman Bites

Human bites can be as dangerous as Human bites can be as dangerous as or even more dangerous than animal or even more dangerous than animal bites because of the types of bacteria bites because of the types of bacteria and viruses contained in the human and viruses contained in the human mouth. mouth.


140140


If someone cuts his or her knuckles If someone cuts his or her knuckles on another person's teeth, as might on another person's teeth, as might happen in a fight, this is also happen in a fight, this is also considered a human bite. considered a human bite.


141141


If you sustain a human bite that If you sustain a human bite that breaks the skin: breaks the skin: –– Stop the bleedingStop the bleeding by applying by applying

pressure.pressure.–– Wash the woundWash the wound thoroughly with soap thoroughly with soap

and water.and water.–– Apply an antibiotic creamApply an antibiotic cream to prevent to prevent

infection.infection.


142142


If you sustain a human bite that If you sustain a human bite that breaks the skin: breaks the skin: –– Apply a clean bandage.Apply a clean bandage. If the bite is If the bite is

bleeding, apply pressure directly on the bleeding, apply pressure directly on the wound, using a sterile bandage or clean wound, using a sterile bandage or clean cloth, until the bleeding stops.cloth, until the bleeding stops.

–– Seek emergency medical care.Seek emergency medical care.


143143

Insect BitesInsect Bites

Signs and symptoms of an insect bite Signs and symptoms of an insect bite result from the injection of venom or result from the injection of venom or other substances into your skin. The other substances into your skin. The venom sometimes triggers an venom sometimes triggers an allergic reaction. allergic reaction.

from http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/firstaidindex

144144


The severity of your reaction depends The severity of your reaction depends on your sensitivity to the insect venom on your sensitivity to the insect venom or substance and whether you've been or substance and whether you've been stung or bitten more than once. stung or bitten more than once. Most reactions to insect bites are mild, Most reactions to insect bites are mild, causing little more than an annoying causing little more than an annoying itching or stinging sensation and mild itching or stinging sensation and mild swelling that disappear within a day or swelling that disappear within a day or so. so.

from http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/firstaidindex

145145


Only a small percentage of people Only a small percentage of people develop severe reactions (anaphylaxis) develop severe reactions (anaphylaxis) to insect venom. Signs and symptoms to insect venom. Signs and symptoms of a severe reaction include: of a severe reaction include: –– NauseaNausea–– Facial swellingFacial swelling–– Difficulty breathingDifficulty breathing–– Abdominal painAbdominal pain–– Deterioration of blood pressure and Deterioration of blood pressure and

circulation (shock)circulation (shock)


146146


Bites from bees, wasps, hornets, Bites from bees, wasps, hornets, yellow jackets and fire ants are yellow jackets and fire ants are typically the most troublesome. typically the most troublesome.


147147


For severe reactionsFor severe reactionsSevere reactions may progress rapidly. Call Severe reactions may progress rapidly. Call 911 or emergency medical assistance if the 911 or emergency medical assistance if the following signs or symptoms occur:following signs or symptoms occur:–– Difficulty breathingDifficulty breathing–– Swelling of the lips or throatSwelling of the lips or throat–– FaintnessFaintness–– DizzinessDizziness–– ConfusionConfusion–– Rapid heartbeatRapid heartbeat–– HivesHives–– Nausea, cramps and vomitingNausea, cramps and vomiting


148148

Insect BitesInsect BitesTake these actions immediately while Take these actions immediately while waiting with an affected person for waiting with an affected person for medical help:medical help:

–– Check for medicationsCheck for medications that the person might that the person might be carrying to treat an allergic attack, such as an be carrying to treat an allergic attack, such as an EpiPenEpiPen. Administer the drug as directed .. Administer the drug as directed .

–– Have the person take an antihistamine pillHave the person take an antihistamine pill if if he or she is able to do so without choking. Do he or she is able to do so without choking. Do this after administering epinephrine.this after administering epinephrine.

–– Have the person lie stillHave the person lie still on his or her back on his or her back with feet higher than the head.with feet higher than the head.


149149

Insect BitesInsect BitesTake these actions immediately while Take these actions immediately while waiting with an affected person for waiting with an affected person for medical help:medical help:

–– Loosen tight clothingLoosen tight clothing and cover the person and cover the person with a blanket. Don't give anything to drink.with a blanket. Don't give anything to drink.

–– Turn the person on his or her sideTurn the person on his or her side to prevent to prevent choking if there's vomiting or bleeding from the choking if there's vomiting or bleeding from the mouth.mouth.

–– Begin CPRBegin CPR if there are no signs of circulation, if there are no signs of circulation, such as breathing, coughing or movement.such as breathing, coughing or movement.


150150

PoisoningPoisoning

Many conditions mimic the signs and Many conditions mimic the signs and symptoms of poisoning, including symptoms of poisoning, including seizures, alcohol intoxication, stroke seizures, alcohol intoxication, stroke and insulin reaction. and insulin reaction.


151151

PoisoningPoisoning

So look for the signs and symptoms So look for the signs and symptoms listed and if you suspect poisoning, listed and if you suspect poisoning, call your regional poison control call your regional poison control center or, the National Poison Control center or, the National Poison Control Center at 800Center at 800--222222--1222 before 1222 before giving anything to the affected giving anything to the affected person. person.


152152

PoisoningPoisoning

Signs and symptoms of poisoning:Signs and symptoms of poisoning:–– Burns or redness around the mouth and lips, Burns or redness around the mouth and lips,

from drinking certain poisonsfrom drinking certain poisons–– Breath that smells like chemicals, such as Breath that smells like chemicals, such as

gasoline or paint thinnergasoline or paint thinner–– Burns, stains and odors on the person, on his Burns, stains and odors on the person, on his

or her clothing, or on the furniture, floor, or her clothing, or on the furniture, floor, rugs or other objects in the surrounding arearugs or other objects in the surrounding area

–– Empty medication bottles or scattered pillsEmpty medication bottles or scattered pills–– Vomiting, difficulty breathing, sleepiness, Vomiting, difficulty breathing, sleepiness,

confusion or other unexpected signsconfusion or other unexpected signs


153153

PoisoningPoisoning

When to call for help:When to call for help:–– Call 911 immediately if the person is: Call 911 immediately if the person is: –– Drowsy or unconsciousDrowsy or unconscious–– Having difficulty breathing or has Having difficulty breathing or has

stopped breathingstopped breathing–– Uncontrollably restless or agitatedUncontrollably restless or agitated–– Having seizuresHaving seizures


154154

PoisoningPoisoning

If the person seems stable and has If the person seems stable and has no symptoms, but you suspect no symptoms, but you suspect poisoning, call your regional poison poisoning, call your regional poison control center or the National Poison control center or the National Poison Control Center at 800Control Center at 800--222222--1222.1222.


155155

PoisoningPoisoning

Provide information about the Provide information about the person's symptoms, the person's age person's symptoms, the person's age and weight, and any information you and weight, and any information you have about the poison, such as have about the poison, such as amount and how long since the amount and how long since the person was exposed to it. It helps to person was exposed to it. It helps to have the pill bottle or poison have the pill bottle or poison container on hand when you call. container on hand when you call.


156156

PoisoningPoisoning

What to do while waiting for help:What to do while waiting for help:If the person has been exposed to poisonous If the person has been exposed to poisonous fumes, such as carbon monoxide, get him or her fumes, such as carbon monoxide, get him or her into fresh air immediately.into fresh air immediately.If the person swallowed the poison, remove If the person swallowed the poison, remove anything remaining in the mouth.anything remaining in the mouth.Follow treatment directions that are given by the Follow treatment directions that are given by the poison control center.poison control center.


157157

PoisoningPoisoning

What to do while waiting for help:What to do while waiting for help:If the poison spilled on the person's clothing, skin If the poison spilled on the person's clothing, skin or eyes, remove the clothing. Flush the skin or or eyes, remove the clothing. Flush the skin or eyes with cool or lukewarm water, such as by eyes with cool or lukewarm water, such as by using a shower for 20 minutes or until help using a shower for 20 minutes or until help arrives.arrives.Make sure the person is breathing. If not, start Make sure the person is breathing. If not, start rescue breathing and CPR.rescue breathing and CPR.Take the poison container (or any pill bottles) Take the poison container (or any pill bottles) with you to the hospital.with you to the hospital.


158158

PoisoningPoisoning

What NOT to doWhat NOT to do

Don't give ipecac syrup or do Don't give ipecac syrup or do anything to induce vomiting.anything to induce vomiting. The The American Academy of Pediatrics advises American Academy of Pediatrics advises discarding ipecac in the home, saying discarding ipecac in the home, saying there's no good evidence of effectiveness there's no good evidence of effectiveness and that it can do more harm than good.and that it can do more harm than good.


159159

Puncture WoundsPuncture Wounds

A puncture wound doesn't usually A puncture wound doesn't usually cause excessive bleeding. Often the cause excessive bleeding. Often the wound seems to close almost wound seems to close almost instantly. But these features don't instantly. But these features don't mean treatment isn't necessary. mean treatment isn't necessary.


160160


A puncture wound, such as from A puncture wound, such as from stepping on a nail, can be dangerous stepping on a nail, can be dangerous because of the risk of infection.because of the risk of infection.The object that caused the wound The object that caused the wound may carry spores of tetanus or other may carry spores of tetanus or other bacteria, especially if the object has bacteria, especially if the object has been exposed to the soil. been exposed to the soil.


161161


Puncture wounds resulting from Puncture wounds resulting from human or animal bites, including human or animal bites, including those of domestic dogs and cats, those of domestic dogs and cats, may be especially prone to infection. may be especially prone to infection. If the bite was deep enough to draw If the bite was deep enough to draw blood and the bleeding persists, seek blood and the bleeding persists, seek medical attention. medical attention.


162162

Severe BleedingSevere Bleeding

If possible, before you try to stop If possible, before you try to stop severe bleeding, wash your hands to severe bleeding, wash your hands to avoid infection and put on synthetic avoid infection and put on synthetic gloves.gloves.


163163


Don't reposition displaced organs. If Don't reposition displaced organs. If the wound is abdominal and organs the wound is abdominal and organs have been displaced, don't try to have been displaced, don't try to push them back into place push them back into place —— cover cover the wound with a dressing. the wound with a dressing.


164164


For other cases of severe bleeding, For other cases of severe bleeding, follow these steps: follow these steps: Have the injured person lie down Have the injured person lie down and cover the person to prevent and cover the person to prevent loss of body heat.loss of body heat. If possible, position If possible, position the person's head slightly lower than the person's head slightly lower than the trunk or elevate the legs. This the trunk or elevate the legs. This position reduces the risk of fainting by position reduces the risk of fainting by increasing blood flow to the brain. If increasing blood flow to the brain. If possible, elevate the site of bleeding.possible, elevate the site of bleeding.


165165


Apply pressure directly on the wound Apply pressure directly on the wound until the bleeding stops.until the bleeding stops. Use a sterile Use a sterile bandage or clean cloth and hold continuous bandage or clean cloth and hold continuous pressure for at least 20 minutes without pressure for at least 20 minutes without looking to see if the bleeding has stopped. looking to see if the bleeding has stopped. Maintain pressure by binding the wound Maintain pressure by binding the wound tightly with a bandage (or a piece of clean tightly with a bandage (or a piece of clean cloth) and adhesive tape. cloth) and adhesive tape. Use your hands if nothing else is available. Use your hands if nothing else is available. If possible, wear rubber or latex gloves or If possible, wear rubber or latex gloves or use a clean plastic bag for protection.use a clean plastic bag for protection.


166166


Don't remove the gauze or Don't remove the gauze or bandage.bandage. If the bleeding continues If the bleeding continues and seeps through the gauze or and seeps through the gauze or other material you are holding on the other material you are holding on the wound, don't remove it. Instead, add wound, don't remove it. Instead, add more absorbent material on top of it.more absorbent material on top of it.


167167


Squeeze a main artery if Squeeze a main artery if necessary.necessary. If the bleeding doesn't If the bleeding doesn't stop with direct pressure, apply stop with direct pressure, apply pressure to the artery delivering pressure to the artery delivering blood to the area of the wound.blood to the area of the wound.


168168


Pressure points of the arm are on the Pressure points of the arm are on the inside of the arm just above the inside of the arm just above the elbow and just below the armpit. elbow and just below the armpit.

Pressure points of the leg are just Pressure points of the leg are just behind the knee and in the groin. behind the knee and in the groin.


169169


Squeeze the main artery in these Squeeze the main artery in these areas against the bone. Keep your areas against the bone. Keep your fingers flat. fingers flat.

With your other hand, continue to With your other hand, continue to exert pressure on the wound itself.exert pressure on the wound itself.


170170


Immobilize the injured body part Immobilize the injured body part once the bleeding has stopped.once the bleeding has stopped.Leave the bandages in place and get Leave the bandages in place and get the injured person to the emergency the injured person to the emergency room as soon as possible.room as soon as possible.

Call 911Call 911


171171

ShockShock

Shock may result from trauma, Shock may result from trauma, heatstroke, blood loss, an allergic heatstroke, blood loss, an allergic reaction, severe infection, poisoning, reaction, severe infection, poisoning, severe burns or other causes. severe burns or other causes.


172172

ShockShock

When a person is in shock, his or her When a person is in shock, his or her organs aren't getting enough blood organs aren't getting enough blood or oxygen, which if untreated, can or oxygen, which if untreated, can lead to permanent organ damage or lead to permanent organ damage or death. death.


173173

ShockShock

Various signs and symptoms appear Various signs and symptoms appear in a person experiencing shock: in a person experiencing shock: –– The skin is cool and clammy.The skin is cool and clammy. It may It may

appear pale or gray.appear pale or gray.–– The pulse is weak and rapid.The pulse is weak and rapid.

Breathing may be slow and shallow, or Breathing may be slow and shallow, or hyperventilation (rapid or deep hyperventilation (rapid or deep breathing) may occur. Blood pressure is breathing) may occur. Blood pressure is below normal.below normal.


174174

ShockShock

Signs and symptoms in a person Signs and symptoms in a person experiencing shock: experiencing shock: –– The person may be nauseated.The person may be nauseated. He or He or

she may vomit.she may vomit.–– The eyes lack luster and may seem to The eyes lack luster and may seem to

stare.stare. Sometimes the pupils are dilated.Sometimes the pupils are dilated.–– The person may be conscious or The person may be conscious or

unconscious.unconscious. If conscious, the person If conscious, the person may feel faint or be very weak or confused. may feel faint or be very weak or confused. Shock sometimes causes a person to Shock sometimes causes a person to become overly excited and anxious.become overly excited and anxious.


175175

ShockShock

If you suspect shock, even if the If you suspect shock, even if the person seems normal after an person seems normal after an injury:injury:Call 911Call 911Have the person lie downHave the person lie down on his or on his or her back with feet about a foot higher her back with feet about a foot higher than the head. If raising the legs will than the head. If raising the legs will cause pain or further injury, keep him cause pain or further injury, keep him or her flat. Keep the person still.or her flat. Keep the person still.


176176

ShockShock

If you suspect shock:If you suspect shock:Check for signs of circulationCheck for signs of circulation (breathing, (breathing, coughing or movement). If absent, begin CPR.coughing or movement). If absent, begin CPR.Keep the person warm and comfortable.Keep the person warm and comfortable.Loosen belt and tight clothing and cover the Loosen belt and tight clothing and cover the person with a blanket. Even if the person person with a blanket. Even if the person complains of thirst, give nothing by mouth.complains of thirst, give nothing by mouth.Turn the person on his or her sideTurn the person on his or her side to to prevent choking if the person vomits or bleeds prevent choking if the person vomits or bleeds from the mouth.from the mouth.Seek treatment for injuries,Seek treatment for injuries, such as such as bleeding or broken bones.bleeding or broken bones.


177177

Spinal InjurySpinal Injury

If you suspect a back or neck If you suspect a back or neck (spinal) injury, do not move the (spinal) injury, do not move the affected person. Permanent paralysis affected person. Permanent paralysis and other serious complications can and other serious complications can result. result.


178178

Spinal InjurySpinal InjuryAssume a person has a spinal injury if: Assume a person has a spinal injury if: –– There's evidence of a head injury with an There's evidence of a head injury with an

ongoing change in the person's level of ongoing change in the person's level of consciousnessconsciousness

–– The person complains of severe pain in his or The person complains of severe pain in his or her neck or backher neck or back

–– The person won't move his or her neckThe person won't move his or her neck–– An injury has exerted substantial force on the An injury has exerted substantial force on the

back or headback or head–– The person complains of weakness, numbness The person complains of weakness, numbness

or paralysis or lacks control of his or her limbs, or paralysis or lacks control of his or her limbs, bladder or bowelsbladder or bowels

–– The neck or back is twisted or positioned oddlyThe neck or back is twisted or positioned oddlyMayo Clinic retrieved 2011 from http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/firstaidindex

179179


If you suspect someone has a spinal If you suspect someone has a spinal injury: injury: Call 911 or emergency medical help. Call 911 or emergency medical help. –– Keep the person still. Place heavy Keep the person still. Place heavy

towels on both sides of the neck or towels on both sides of the neck or hold the head and neck to prevent hold the head and neck to prevent movement. movement.

–– The goal of first aid for a spinal injury The goal of first aid for a spinal injury is to keep the person in much the is to keep the person in much the same position as he or she was found.same position as he or she was found.


180180


If you suspect someone has a spinal injury: If you suspect someone has a spinal injury: –– Provide as much first aid as possible without Provide as much first aid as possible without

moving the person's head or neck. If the moving the person's head or neck. If the person shows no signs of circulation person shows no signs of circulation (breathing, coughing or movement), begin (breathing, coughing or movement), begin CPR, but do not tilt the head back to open CPR, but do not tilt the head back to open the airway. Use your fingers to gently grasp the airway. Use your fingers to gently grasp the jaw and lift it forward. If the person has the jaw and lift it forward. If the person has no pulse, begin chest compressions.no pulse, begin chest compressions.

–– If the person is wearing a helmet, don't If the person is wearing a helmet, don't remove it.remove it.


181181


If you suspect someone has a spinal If you suspect someone has a spinal injury: injury: –– If you absolutely must roll the person If you absolutely must roll the person

because he or she is vomiting, choking on because he or she is vomiting, choking on blood or in danger of further injury, you blood or in danger of further injury, you need at least one other person. With one need at least one other person. With one of you at the head and another along the of you at the head and another along the side of the injured person, work together side of the injured person, work together to keep the person's head, neck and back to keep the person's head, neck and back aligned while rolling the person onto one aligned while rolling the person onto one side.side.


182182

StrokeStroke

A stroke occurs when there's A stroke occurs when there's bleeding into your brain or when bleeding into your brain or when normal blood flow to your brain is normal blood flow to your brain is blocked. blocked.


183183

StrokeStroke

Within minutes of being deprived of Within minutes of being deprived of essential nutrients, brain cells start essential nutrients, brain cells start dying dying —— a process that may continue a process that may continue over the next several hours. over the next several hours.


184184

StrokeStroke

Seek immediate medical Seek immediate medical assistance.assistance. A stroke is a true A stroke is a true emergency. The sooner treatment is emergency. The sooner treatment is given, the more likely it is that given, the more likely it is that damage can be minimized. Every damage can be minimized. Every moment counts. moment counts.


185185

StrokeStroke

Signs and symptoms of a stroke Signs and symptoms of a stroke include: include: –– Sudden weakness or numbness in your Sudden weakness or numbness in your

face, arm or leg on one side of your face, arm or leg on one side of your bodybody

–– Sudden dimness, blurring or loss of Sudden dimness, blurring or loss of vision, particularly in one eyevision, particularly in one eye

–– Loss of speech, trouble talking or Loss of speech, trouble talking or understanding speechunderstanding speech


186186

StrokeStroke

Signs and symptoms of a stroke Signs and symptoms of a stroke include: include: –– Sudden, severe headache Sudden, severe headache —— a bolt out of a bolt out of

the blue the blue —— with no apparent causewith no apparent cause–– Unexplained dizziness, unsteadiness or a Unexplained dizziness, unsteadiness or a

sudden fall, especially if accompanied by sudden fall, especially if accompanied by any of the other signs or symptomsany of the other signs or symptoms

–– Risk factors for stroke include having high Risk factors for stroke include having high blood pressure, having had a previous blood pressure, having had a previous stroke, smoking, having diabetes and stroke, smoking, having diabetes and having heart disease. Your risk of stroke having heart disease. Your risk of stroke increases as you age. increases as you age.


187187

CPRCPR

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is a lifesaving technique useful in is a lifesaving technique useful in many emergencies, including heart many emergencies, including heart attack or near drowning, in which attack or near drowning, in which someone's breathing or heartbeat someone's breathing or heartbeat has stopped. has stopped.


188188

CPRCPR

In 2010, the American Heart In 2010, the American Heart Association updated its guidelines to Association updated its guidelines to recommend that everyone recommend that everyone ——untrained bystanders and medical untrained bystanders and medical personnel alike personnel alike —— begin CPR with begin CPR with chest compressions. chest compressions.


189189

CPRCPR

It's far better to do something than It's far better to do something than to do nothing at all if you're fearful to do nothing at all if you're fearful that your knowledge or abilities that your knowledge or abilities aren't 100 percent complete. aren't 100 percent complete. Remember, the difference between Remember, the difference between your doing something and doing your doing something and doing nothing could be someone's life. nothing could be someone's life.


190190

CPRCPR

Here's advice from the American Here's advice from the American Heart Association: Heart Association: Untrained.Untrained. If you're not trained in If you're not trained in CPR, then provide handsCPR, then provide hands--only CPR. only CPR. That means uninterrupted chest That means uninterrupted chest compressions of about 100 a minute compressions of about 100 a minute until paramedics arrive (described in until paramedics arrive (described in more detail below). You don't need more detail below). You don't need to try rescue breathing.to try rescue breathing.


191191

CPRCPR

Trained, but rusty.Trained, but rusty. If you've If you've previously received CPR training but previously received CPR training but you're not confident in your abilities, you're not confident in your abilities, then just do chest compressions at a then just do chest compressions at a rate of about 100 a minute. (Details rate of about 100 a minute. (Details described below.)described below.)


192192

CPRCPR

Trained, and ready to go.Trained, and ready to go. If you're If you're well trained and confident in your well trained and confident in your ability, begin with chest ability, begin with chest compressions instead of first compressions instead of first checking the airway and doing checking the airway and doing rescue breathing. Start CPR with 30 rescue breathing. Start CPR with 30 chest compressions before checking chest compressions before checking the airway and giving rescue the airway and giving rescue breaths.breaths.


193193

CPRCPR

The above advice applies to adults, The above advice applies to adults, children and infants needing CPR, children and infants needing CPR, but not newborns. but not newborns. CPR can keep oxygenated blood CPR can keep oxygenated blood flowing to the brain and other vital flowing to the brain and other vital organs until more definitive medical organs until more definitive medical treatment can restore a normal heart treatment can restore a normal heart rhythm. rhythm.


194194

CPRCPR

When the heart stops, the absence of When the heart stops, the absence of oxygenated blood can cause oxygenated blood can cause irreparable brain damage in only a irreparable brain damage in only a few minutes. A person may die few minutes. A person may die within eight to 10 minutes. within eight to 10 minutes.


195195

CPRCPR

To learn CPR properly, take an To learn CPR properly, take an accredited firstaccredited first--aid training course, aid training course, including CPR and how to use an including CPR and how to use an automatic external defibrillator automatic external defibrillator (AED). (AED).


196196

CPRCPR

Before you beginBefore you beginBefore starting CPR, check: Before starting CPR, check: Is the person conscious or Is the person conscious or unconscious?unconscious?If the person appears unconscious, If the person appears unconscious, tap or shake his or her shoulder and tap or shake his or her shoulder and ask loudly, "Are you OK?ask loudly, "Are you OK?““


197197

CPRCPR

If the person doesn't respond and If the person doesn't respond and two people are available, one should two people are available, one should call 911 or the local emergency call 911 or the local emergency number and one should begin CPR.number and one should begin CPR.


198198

CPRCPR

If an AED is immediately available, If an AED is immediately available, deliver one shock if instructed by the deliver one shock if instructed by the device, then begin CPR.device, then begin CPR.


199199

CPRCPR

If you are alone and have immediate If you are alone and have immediate access to a telephone, call 911 access to a telephone, call 911 before beginning CPR.before beginning CPR.


200200

CPRCPR

Remember to spell CRemember to spell C--AA--BBIn 2010, the American Heart In 2010, the American Heart Association changed its longAssociation changed its long--held held acronym of ABC to CAB acronym of ABC to CAB ——circulation, airway, breathing circulation, airway, breathing —— to to help people remember the order to help people remember the order to perform the steps of CPR. perform the steps of CPR.


201201

CPRCPR

Remember to spell CRemember to spell C--AA--BBThis change emphasizes the This change emphasizes the importance of chest compressions to importance of chest compressions to help keep blood flowing through the help keep blood flowing through the heart and to the brain. heart and to the brain.


202202

CPRCPR

Circulation: Restore blood Circulation: Restore blood circulation with chest circulation with chest compressionscompressionsPut the person on his or her back on Put the person on his or her back on a firm surface.a firm surface.Kneel next to the person's neck and Kneel next to the person's neck and shoulders.shoulders.


203203

CPRCPR

Circulation: Circulation:

Place the heel of one hand over the Place the heel of one hand over the center of the person's chest, center of the person's chest, between the nipples. Place your between the nipples. Place your other hand on top of the first hand. other hand on top of the first hand. Keep your elbows straight and Keep your elbows straight and position your shoulders directly position your shoulders directly above your hands.above your hands.


204204

CPRCPR

Circulation:Circulation:Use your upper body weight (not just Use your upper body weight (not just your arms) as you push straight your arms) as you push straight down on (compress) the chest at down on (compress) the chest at least 2 inches (approximately 5 least 2 inches (approximately 5 centimeters). Push hard at a rate of centimeters). Push hard at a rate of about 100 compressions a minute.about 100 compressions a minute.


205205

CPRCPR

Circulation:Circulation:If you haven't been trained in CPR, If you haven't been trained in CPR, continue chest compressions until continue chest compressions until there are signs of movement or until there are signs of movement or until emergency medical personnel take emergency medical personnel take over. If you have been trained in over. If you have been trained in CPR, go on to checking the airway CPR, go on to checking the airway and rescue breathing.and rescue breathing.


206206

CPRCPR

Airway: Clear the airwayAirway: Clear the airwayIf you're trained in CPR If you're trained in CPR and you've and you've performed 30 chest compressions, open performed 30 chest compressions, open the person's airway using the headthe person's airway using the head--tilt, tilt, chinchin--lift maneuver. Put your palm on lift maneuver. Put your palm on the person's forehead and gently tilt the person's forehead and gently tilt the head back. Then with the other the head back. Then with the other hand, gently lift the chin forward to hand, gently lift the chin forward to open the airway.open the airway.


207207

CPRCPR

Airway: If you're trained in CPRAirway: If you're trained in CPRCheck for normal breathing, taking no more Check for normal breathing, taking no more than five or 10 seconds. Look for chest motion, than five or 10 seconds. Look for chest motion, listen for normal breath sounds, and feel for the listen for normal breath sounds, and feel for the person's breath on your cheek and ear. Gasping person's breath on your cheek and ear. Gasping is not considered to be normal breathing. If the is not considered to be normal breathing. If the person isn't breathing normally and you are person isn't breathing normally and you are trained in CPR, begin mouthtrained in CPR, begin mouth--toto--mouth mouth breathing. If you believe the person is breathing. If you believe the person is unconscious from a heart attack and you unconscious from a heart attack and you haven't been trained in emergency procedures, haven't been trained in emergency procedures, skip mouthskip mouth--toto--mouth rescue breathing and mouth rescue breathing and continue chest compressions.continue chest compressions.


208208

CPRCPR

Breathing: Breathe for the personBreathing: Breathe for the personIf you're trained in CPR:If you're trained in CPR:Rescue breathing can be mouthRescue breathing can be mouth--toto--mouth breathing or mouthmouth breathing or mouth--toto--nose nose breathing if the mouth is seriously breathing if the mouth is seriously injured or can't be opened. injured or can't be opened. With the airway open (using the headWith the airway open (using the head--tilt, chintilt, chin--lift maneuver), pinch the lift maneuver), pinch the nostrils shut for mouthnostrils shut for mouth--toto--mouth mouth breathing and cover the person's breathing and cover the person's mouth with yours, making a seal.mouth with yours, making a seal.


209209

CPRCPR

Breathing: If you're trained in CPR:Breathing: If you're trained in CPR:Prepare to give two rescue breaths. Give Prepare to give two rescue breaths. Give the first rescue breath the first rescue breath —— lasting one second lasting one second —— and watch to see if the chest rises. If it and watch to see if the chest rises. If it does rise, give the second breath. If the does rise, give the second breath. If the chest doesn't rise, repeat the headchest doesn't rise, repeat the head--tilt, tilt, chinchin--lift maneuver and then give the second lift maneuver and then give the second breath. Thirty chest compressions followed breath. Thirty chest compressions followed by two rescue breaths is considered one by two rescue breaths is considered one cycle.cycle.Resume chest compressions to restore Resume chest compressions to restore circulation.circulation.


210210

CPRCPR

Breathing: If you're trained in CPR:Breathing: If you're trained in CPR:If the person has not begun moving after If the person has not begun moving after five cycles (about two minutes) and an five cycles (about two minutes) and an automatic external defibrillator (AED) is automatic external defibrillator (AED) is available, apply it and follow the prompts. available, apply it and follow the prompts. Administer one shock, then resume CPR Administer one shock, then resume CPR ——starting with chest compressions starting with chest compressions —— for two for two more minutes before administering a more minutes before administering a second shock. second shock. Continue CPR until there are signs of Continue CPR until there are signs of movement or emergency medical personnel movement or emergency medical personnel take over.take over.


211211

ConclusionConclusion

Please remember that every Please remember that every situation is different.situation is different.The advice provided in this training The advice provided in this training comes from credible sources.comes from credible sources.However, a unique situation make However, a unique situation make require a different response.require a different response.

212212

ConclusionConclusion

When in doubt about what to doWhen in doubt about what to doCall 911Call 911The operator will talk you through The operator will talk you through what to do in the situation.what to do in the situation.

213213

References References Airway establishment and control. The Merck Manuals: The Merck MAirway establishment and control. The Merck Manuals: The Merck Manual for Healthcare anual for Healthcare Professionals. http://www.merck.com/mmpe/sec06/ch064/ch064c.htmlProfessionals. http://www.merck.com/mmpe/sec06/ch064/ch064c.html#CIHBHHBF. Accessed Aug. #CIHBHHBF. Accessed Aug. 30, 2010.30, 2010.American Heart Association. 2005 American Heart Association guidAmerican Heart Association. 2005 American Heart Association guidelines for cardiopulmonary elines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care: Part 3: Overvieresuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care: Part 3: Overview of CPR. Circulation, w of CPR. Circulation, 2005:112(suppl.):IV.2005:112(suppl.):IV.American Heart Association. 2005 Guidelines for cardiopulmonary American Heart Association. 2005 Guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency resuscitation and emergency cardiac care. Circulation. 2005;112:1S.cardiac care. Circulation. 2005;112:1S.American Medical Association. Handbook of FirstAmerican Medical Association. Handbook of First--Aid and Emergency Care. New York, NY: Random Aid and Emergency Care. New York, NY: Random House, Inc.; 2009:52.House, Inc.; 2009:52.Anatomy of a first aid kit. American Red Cross. Anatomy of a first aid kit. American Red Cross. http://http://www.redcross.org/services/hss/lifeline/fakit.htmlwww.redcross.org/services/hss/lifeline/fakit.html. Accessed Nov. 19, 2009.. Accessed Nov. 19, 2009.Approach to the trauma patient. The Merck Manuals: The Merck ManApproach to the trauma patient. The Merck Manuals: The Merck Manual for Healthcare ual for Healthcare Professionals. http://www.merck.com/mmpe/sec21/ch307/ch307a.htmlProfessionals. http://www.merck.com/mmpe/sec21/ch307/ch307a.html. Accessed Aug. 25, 2009.. Accessed Aug. 25, 2009.Berg MD, et al. Pediatric resuscitation. In: Marx JA, et al. RosBerg MD, et al. Pediatric resuscitation. In: Marx JA, et al. Rosen's Emergency Medicine. 7th ed. en's Emergency Medicine. 7th ed. Philadelphia, Pa.: Mosby Elsevier; 2010. Philadelphia, Pa.: Mosby Elsevier; 2010. http://http://www.mdconsult.com/book/player/book.do?methodwww.mdconsult.com/book/player/book.do?method==display&typedisplay&type==bookPage&decoratorbookPage&decorator==heaheader&eidder&eid=4=4--u1.0u1.0--B978B978--00--323323--0547205472--0..000080..00008--66----s0090&uniq=174701688&isbn=978s0090&uniq=174701688&isbn=978--00--323323--0547205472--0&sid=927018561#lpState=0&sid=927018561#lpState=open&lpTabopen&lpTab==contentsTab&contentcontentsTab&content=4=4--u1.0u1.0--B978B978--00--323323--0547205472--0..000080..00008--6%3Bfrom%3Dtoc%3Btype%3DbookPage%3Bisbn%3D9786%3Bfrom%3Dtoc%3Btype%3DbookPage%3Bisbn%3D978--00--323323--0547205472--0. Accessed 0. Accessed Nov. 25, 2009.Nov. 25, 2009.

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