Basic First Aid2

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An EMS exists to fulfill the basic principles of First Aid, Preserve Life, Prevent Further Injury Promote Recovery. Each of the 6 star 'arms' represents a different stage: 1.Early Detection (A member of the public finds the incident)2.Early Reporting (The emergency services are summoned)3.Early Response (The emergency services get to scenequickly)4.Good On Scene Care (appropriate treatment is given)5.Care in Transit (the patient is looked after on the way to

hospital)6.Transfer to Definitive Care (the patient is handed to thecare of a physician)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Aidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Aid


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Basic First Aid

Emergency treatment administered to an injured or sickperson before professional medical care is available.

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Soft Tissue Injuries

Soft tissue injuries include several different types of tissue damage.If the injury includes bruises, swelling, cuts & punctures.

A wound is a break in the continuity of a tissue of the body,either internal or external.

Wounds are classified as open or closed .

An open wound is a break in the skin or in a mucous membrane.

A closed wound involves underlying tissues without a break in the skin.

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5 TYPES OF OPEN WOUND

ABRASION are superficial injuries involving scraping of the epidermis. The wounds can involve nerve endings andbecause of this can be painful. AVULSION Injuries are caused by accidents. The Tissue isforcibly torn off or separated. Bleeding can be profuse with

an avulsion injury.INCISIONS are neat, clean cuts they can be a result of asurgical instrument or an accidental injury from a sharpobject such as a knife.LACERATION is usually caused by a dull or bluntinstrument. The wound is usually jagged or irregular. With a

laceration there is usually tearing or breaking if tissues.PUNCTURE the skin is pierced with a sharp, pointed object.puncture wounds can be deep while appearinginsignificant.

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Open Wound First AidMinor1) Wash the wound with soap and water.2) Apply Antiseptic.3) Dress or bandage the wound.

Severe1) Call for Emergency Help2)Control the Bleeding ( Apply Direct pressure & Tourniquet if needed)3)Dress or bandage the wound.4)Wait for the Ambulance or transport to the nearest hospital.

Closed Wound First Aid1) Apply Ice wrapped in a cloth on the wound.2) Apply Splints if necessary.

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BURN INJURY A burn is a type of injury to flesh caused by heat, electricity, chemicals,light, radiation or friction. Most burns affect only the skin (epidermaltissue and dermis). Rarely, deeper tissues, such as muscle, bone, andblood vessels can also be injured.

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3 types of Burns1. Thermal Burns. Not all thermal burns are caused by flames. Contact with hot objects, flammable vapor that ignites andcauses a flash or an explosion, and steams or hot liquid are othercommon causes of burns.

Minor :1) Immerse burned area in water ( 15-20 minutes until the pain is gone.)2) Cover Burn with sterile or clean dressing.

Severe :1) Call for Emergency Help or rush conscious victim to the hospital.2) If Unconscious Check Breathing (ABC) . Start CPR if needed.3) Cover Burn with clean material.4) Treat the victim for shock by elevating the legs and keeping the

victim warm with a clean sheet or blanket.

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2. Chemical Burns.Chemicals will continue to cause tissue destruction until the chemicalagent is removed.

First Aid for Chemical Burns

1)Immediately remove the chemical by flushing with water.2)Remove the victim's contaminated clothing while flushing with water.3)Flush for 20 minutes or longer. Let the victim wash with a mild soapbefore a final rinse.4)Cover the burned area with a dry dressing or, for large areas, a clean pillowcase.

5)If the chemical is in the eye, flood it for at least 20 minutes using lowpressure.6)Seek medical attention immediately for all chemical burns.

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MUSCLE INJURIES

Muscle Cramps

1. Muscle Cramp is the sudden, painful tightening of a muscle.

First Aid

1)Have the victim stretch out the affected muscle to counteract the cramp.

2)Massage the cramped muscle firmly but gently.3)Apply heat. Moist heat is more effective than dry heat.4)Get medical help if cramps persist.

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Muscle Sprain

3. Sprain is caused by torn fibers in a ligament.

Signs and Symptoms

SwellingBruising

First Aid

1)Remove any clothing or jewelry from around the joint.2)Apply cold compress at once.3)Elevate the affected joint with pillow or clothing.4)The victim's physician may recommend an over the counteranti-inflammatory medication (aspirin, ibuprofen) appropriates for the victim's general health.

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Bone Fracture / Dislocation

Dislocation is the displacement of a bone from its normal position at a joint while fracture is a break or disruption in bone tissue.

Signs and Symptoms

PainMisshapen appearance.SwellingLoss of function.

First AidCheck ABC.Prevent infection by covering with a sterile dressing before immobilizing.Splint or sling the injury in the position, which you found it.Take steps to prevent shock.

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FIRST AID FOR POISONING

Poison is any substance: solid, liquid or gas, that tends to impair healthor cause death when introduced into the body or onto the skin surface. A poisoning emergency can be life threatening.

Causes:

Common in suicide attempts.Occasional accidental poisoning.

Ways in which poisoning may occur

ingestion - by mouth

inhalation - by breathing

injection - by animal bites, stings, syringes

absorption - by skin contact

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INGESTED POISON is one that is introduced into the digestive tract by way of themouth. One form of ingestion poisoning is food poisoning, a general form that

covers a variety of conditions.

Suspect food poisoning if:1)the victim ate food that "didn't taste right" or that may have been old, improperly prepared, contaminated, left at room temperature for a long time, or proceesed withan excessive amount of chemicals.2)several people who ate together become ill.

Signs and Symptoms

Altered mental status.History of ingesting poisons.Burns around the mouth.Odd breath odors.Nauseas, vomiting. Abdominal pain.Diarrhea.

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Instances when vomiting should not be induced

1)If unresponsive.2)Cannot maintain an airway open.3)Has ingested an acid, a corrosive lye, or a petroleum product such as gasoline orfurniture polish.4)Has a medical condition that could be complicated by vomiting, such as heartattack, seizures and pregnancy.

First Aid1)Try to identify the poison.2)Place the victim on its left side.3)Save any empty container, spoiled food analysis.

4)Save any vomitus and keep it with the victim if the person is taken to anemergency facility.

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INHALED POISON is a poison breathed into the lungs.

Signs and Symptoms

1)History of inhaling poisons.2)Breathing difficulty.3)Chest pain.4)Cough, hoarseness, burning sensation in the throat.5)Cyanosis (bluish discoloration of skin and mucous membranes).6)Dizziness, headache.7)Seizures, unresponsiveness (advance stages).

First Aid1)Remove the victim from the toxic environment and into fresh air immediately.3)Seek medical attention.

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ABSORBED POISON , also known as contact poison is a poison

that enters the body through the skin.

Signs and Symptoms

1)History of exposures.2)Liquid or powder on the skin

3)Burns.4)Itching, irritation.5)Redness, rashes, blisters.

First Aid

1)Remove the clothing.2)With a dry cloth, blot the posion from the skin. If the poison is a dry powder, brush it off.3)Flood the area with copious amount of water.4)Continually monitor the patient's vital signs.

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INJECTED POISON is a poison that enters the body through a bite, sting, or syringe.

Bee sting

Signs and Symptoms

Stingers may be present.PainSwellingPossible allergic reaction

First Aid

Remove stinger. Wash wound.Cover the wound. Apply a cold pack. Watch for signals of allergic reaction

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Spider bite

Signs and Symptoms

Bite markSwellingPain

Nausea and vomitingDifficulty breathing or swallowing.

First Aid

1)Wash wound.

2)Apply a cold pack.3)Get medical care to receive antivenin.4)Get local emergency number, if necessary.

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Marine OrganismsSigns and Symptoms

Possible marks.PainSwellingPossible allergic reaction.

First Aid

1)If jellyfish- soak area in vinegar2)If sting ray- soak in nonscalding hot water until pain goes away.3)Clean and bandage the wound.4)Call emergency number, if necessary.

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Basic First Aid2