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16/27/03
© 2003 by Glenn Fishbine
Basic NanotechnologyBasic Nanotechnology
Commercial Activity
26/27/03
© 2003 by Glenn Fishbine
Mystery of Life SciencesMystery of Life Sciences
When we remember we are all mad
the mysteries of life disappear and life standsexplained.
-Mark Twain
36/27/03
© 2003 by Glenn Fishbine
LifeLifePerspective
Atom 0.1 nmDNA (width) 2 nmProtein 5 – 50 nmVirus 75 – 100 nm
Materials internalized by cells < 100 nmBacteria 1,000 – 10,000 nmWhite Blood Cell 10,000 nm
46/27/03
© 2003 by Glenn Fishbine
LifeLifeBiopharmaceutics
Drug DeliveryDrug EncapsulationFunctional Drug Carriers
Drug Discovery
Implantable MaterialsTissue Repair and Replacement
Implant CoatingsTissue Regeneration Scaffolds
Structural Implant MaterialsBone RepairBioresorbable MaterialsSmart Materials
Implantable DevicesAssessment and Treatment Devices
Implantable SensorsImplantible Medical Devices
Sensory AidsRetina ImplantsCochlear Implants
Surgical AidsOperating Tools
Smart InstrumentsSurgical Robots
Diagnostic ToolsGenetic Testing
Ultra-sensitive Labeling andDetection Technologies
High Throughput Arrays andMultiple Analyses
ImagingNanoparticle Labels
56/27/03
© 2003 by Glenn Fishbine
LifeLifeBiopharmaceutics
Drug Delivery
Drugs need to be protected during their transit to the target site in thebody while maintaining their biological and chemicals properties.
Some drugs are highly toxic if they decompose during their delivery.
The drug delivery material must be compatible and bind easily with thedrug, and be either metabolized or eliminated via normal excretoryroutes.
The production process must not degrade the drug, and be cost effective.
66/27/03
© 2003 by Glenn Fishbine
LifeLifeDrug Encapsulation - Tuberculosis
Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences / Department of PhysicsHarvard University
76/27/03
© 2003 by Glenn Fishbine
LifeLifeDrug Encapsulation
Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences / Department of PhysicsHarvard University
86/27/03
© 2003 by Glenn Fishbine
LifeLifeDrug Delivery
96/27/03
© 2003 by Glenn Fishbine
LifeLifeDrug Delivery
106/27/03
© 2003 by Glenn Fishbine
LifeLifeImplantable Materials - Implant Coatings
Catheters, heart valves, artificial hips
Implants confuse the cells responsible for tissue regeneration and causesthe body to react as if it had encountered foreign material.
The body's natural response to foreign material is to wall it off with scar-like tissue. This reaction can disrupt device performance.
116/27/03
© 2003 by Glenn Fishbine
LifeLifeImplantable Materials - Implant Coatings
A layer of desired proteins is spread overa smooth surface like mica.
The proteins and mica are then coatedwith a thin layer of sugar molecules,which in turn is covered with a Teflon-like polymer coating.
The coating is then peeled off the micaand dipped into a solution to dissolve theproteins.
This leaves behind a polymer coatingcontaining sugar-lined pits in the exactshape of the specific proteins.
126/27/03
© 2003 by Glenn Fishbine
LifeLifeImplantable Materials - Tissue Regeneration Scaffolds
Burns 1um pores
A is sponge-like collagen matrixprovides an "open scaffold"structure, which permits dermalcells to migrate into andthroughout the sponge and todeposit human collagen andglycosaminoglycans (human skin"biomatrix"). The open pores allowthe patient’s wound bed fibroblaststo migrate in and rebuild thetissue.
136/27/03
© 2003 by Glenn Fishbine
LifeLifeImplantable Materials - Bone Repair
Hydrocel
chemical vapor deposition
146/27/03
© 2003 by Glenn Fishbine
LifeLifeImplantable Materials - Bioresorbable Materials
156/27/03
© 2003 by Glenn Fishbine
LifeLifeImplantable Materials - Bioresorbable Materials
Scanning electron micrograph of human osteoblast cells attaching within a pore of a Bioglass porous foam
Professor Julia Polak, DirectorImperial College Tissue
Engineering & Regenerative Medicine Centre
166/27/03
© 2003 by Glenn Fishbine
LifeLifeImplantable Materials - Smart Materials
176/27/03
© 2003 by Glenn Fishbine
LifeLifeImplantable Materials - Smart Materials
A fiber made of biodegradable memoryplastic used to tie a smart suture.After forming a loose knot, the ends of thesuture are fixed when heated.
186/27/03
© 2003 by Glenn Fishbine
LifeLifeImplantable Materials - Smart Materials
Ray Baughman
196/27/03
© 2003 by Glenn Fishbine
LifeLifeImplantable Materials - Smart Materials
Drug pumps
Artificial muscles
Guide wires
206/27/03
© 2003 by Glenn Fishbine
LifeLifeImplantable Sensors
CardioMEMS microchip that could beimplanted in the body to transmitinformation about blood flow andpressure wirelessly.
216/27/03
© 2003 by Glenn Fishbine
LifeLifeImplantible Medical Devices
CoatingsSensorsDrug & other delivery
Primarily MEMS Medtronic, Inc
226/27/03
© 2003 by Glenn Fishbine
LifeLifeSensory Aids
Retina Implants
236/27/03
© 2003 by Glenn Fishbine
LifeLifeSensory Aids
Retina Implants
Makoto IshidaDepartment of Electrical & Electronic Engineering,Toyohashi University of Technology
246/27/03
© 2003 by Glenn Fishbine
LifeLifeSensory Aids
Retina Implants
Makoto IshidaDepartment of Electrical & Electronic Engineering,Toyohashi University of Technology
256/27/03
© 2003 by Glenn Fishbine
LifeLifeCochlear Implants
Coatings (rejection/infection)
Finer electrode arrays
Better on board signalprocessing
266/27/03
© 2003 by Glenn Fishbine
LifeLifeSmart Instruments
can learn individual preferencesand tendencies to provideautomated assistance, therebyacting as an "intelligentassistant"
i.e. biochips
276/27/03
© 2003 by Glenn Fishbine
LifeLifeSurgical Robots
Scales the surgeon'shand into precisemicro-movementsat the operativesite.
286/27/03
© 2003 by Glenn Fishbine
LifeLifeUltra-sensitive Labeling and
Detection Technologies
Electrical impedancemeasurements of the livemicroorganism, Listeriainnocua, injected into thechip demonstrate aneasy method fordetecting the viability ofa few bacterial cells.
Rafael Gómez, D. Akin, Rashid Bashir, School of Electrical andComputer Engineering
T. Huang, M. Ladisch, Department of Agricultural and BiologicalEngineering
T. Geng, A. Bhunia, Department of Food SciencesPurdue University
296/27/03
© 2003 by Glenn Fishbine
LifeLifeHigh Throughput Arrays and
Multiple Analyses
Affymetrix arrays hold over500,000 DNA probelocations within 1.28square centimeters
306/27/03
© 2003 by Glenn Fishbine
LifeLifeImaging
Nanoparticle Labels
analytical electrophoresis
colorimetric labels enzymaticdiagnostic procedures
DNA array testing
Clinical DNA assays for drugefficacy
Clinical DNA assays fornucleotide polymorphisms
common DNA sequence variations among individuals
Clinical DNA assays formultifactorial disease
Chad A. MirkinDepartment of ChemistryNorthwestern University
316/27/03
© 2003 by Glenn Fishbine
LifeLifeMarket Size
>$68 billion
Watch:AgendaPartekCeleraAgilent
CalipertechMikrotechnik
AclaraAffymetrixArraying
BiodiscoveryGenelogic
Molecular-sensingRii
AxonNanogenLumicyte
326/27/03
© 2003 by Glenn Fishbine
LifeLife454 CORPORATION
Accelrys Inc.
ADVANCED MAGNETICS, INC.
ADVECTUS LIFE SCIENCES, INC.
Advion BioSciences Inc.
ALCATEL Micro Machining Systems
Alnis BioSciences, Inc.
American Pharmaceutical Partners, Inc.
AMERSHAM BIOSCIENCES
ANSON NANO-BIOTECHNOLOGY (SHENZHEN) Co.LTD.
APPLIED MOLECULAR EVOLUTION, INC.
ARGONIDE CORP.
ARTIMPLANT AB
ASYLUM RESEARCH
ATOMIC FORCE F&E GmbH
BAXTER HEALTHCARE CORPORATION
BAYER CORP.
BioDelivery Sciences International, Inc.
BioForce Nanosciences, Inc.
Biomix Network Ltd
BIOPLEX CORP.
BIOSANTE PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.
BIOSOURCE INTERNATIONAL, INC.
BIOTOOLS INC.
BIOTROVE INC.
BTG plc
C SIXTY INC.
CANTION A/S
Capsulution NanoScience AG
CELL ROBOTICS INTERNATIONAL INC.
Competitive Technologies, Inc.
CYTIMMUNE SCIENCES, INC.
Dendritic Nanotechnologies Limited
DYNAL BIOTECH ASA
Eiffel Technologies Limited
ELAN CORPORATION, PLC
Emergency Filtration Products Inc.
ENGENE OS, INC.
EnviroSystems, Inc.
Evident Technologies, Inc.
F. HOFFMANN-LA ROCHE LTD.
FERX, INC.
Flamel Technologies, Inc.
GENEFLUIDICS
GENICON SCIENCES CORP.
GENORX
GILEAD SCIENCES
IMEDD INC.
IMPLEX CORP.
Innovative Micro Technology
INSERT THERAPEUTICS, INC.
INSTITUT STRAUMANN AG
INTEGRATED NANOSYSTEMS, INC.
ISOTRON CORPORATION
ItN Nanovation GmbH
JPK INSTRUMENTS AG
KnowmTech, LLC
LIPLASOME PHARMA A/S
METALLICUM LLC
MICROCHIPS
MICROMOD PARTIKELTECHNOLOGIEGMBH
MOLECUBOTICS, INC.
NANO-X GmbH
NanobacLabs Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
NANOBIO CORPORATION
NanoBioMagnetics, Inc. (NBMI)
NanoCarrier Co., Ltd.
NANODELIVERY, INC.
Nanofilm Technologie GmbH
NanoGram Devices Corporation
NANOLYTICS, INC.
NANOMED PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.
NANOMEDICA INC.
NANOMEDICA, INC.
NANOMEDX GmbH
NANOMIX INC.
NANOPHARM AG
Nanoprex, Inc.
NanoPro Corp.
NANOPROBES, INC.
NANOSCALE COMBINATORIAL SYNTHESIS,INC.
NANOSPECTRA BIOSCIENCES, INC.
NANOSPHERE, INC.
NANOSTREAM INC.
Nanostructures, Inc.
Nanotherapeutics, Inc.
NANOTYPE GmbH
NOVAGEN, INC.
NP NANOPRODUKTER AB
NPOINT, INC.
NPR HEALTHCARE
ODYSSEY PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.
ORTHOVITA, INC.
OXFORD BIOSENSORS LTD.
OXONICA, LTD.
PHARMASEQ, INC.
Picoliter Inc.
POTENTIA PHARMACEUTICALS
Power Paper Ltd.
PROLUME LTD. (NANOLIGHTTECHNOLOGIES)
PROTEOME SYSTEMS
PROTIVERIS
pSivida Limited
QinetiQ Group PLC
Quantum Dot Corporation
Quantum Insight
QUANTUM LOGIC DEVICES, INC.
QUANTUM POLYMER TECHNOLOGIES
RELAB AG
Robiobotics, LLC
SCHERING AG
SENSE PROTEOMIC LIMITED
SKYEPHARMA
SOLEXA LTD.
Solubest Ltd.
SPHERICS, INC.
STAR INC.
STARPHARMA GROUP
SuNyx Surface NanotechnologiesGmbH
Surface Logix, Inc.
SURROMED, INC.
Syrrx Inc.
TAKARA BIO INC. (TAKARAHOLDINGS INC.)
TARGESOME, INC.
TECAN GROUP AG
Teragenics, Inc.
Thales Nanotechnology Ltd
Triton BioSystems, Inc.
U.S. Genomics
Velbionanotech
WESTAIM BIOMEDICAL CORP.
ZEPTOSENS AG
ZYOMYX, INC.
ZYVEX CORPORATION
336/27/03
© 2003 by Glenn Fishbine
BreakBreak
346/27/03
© 2003 by Glenn Fishbine
Basic NanotechnologyBasic Nanotechnology
Commercial Activity
356/27/03
© 2003 by Glenn Fishbine
The FutureThe FutureThe future,
according to some scientists
will be exactly like the past
only far more expensive.-John Sladek
366/27/03
© 2003 by Glenn Fishbine
The FutureThe FuturePundits vs. Science
Intel will be manufacturing devices by 2007 with feature sizes about 20 nanometers across.
A red blood cell is on the order of 10,000 nanometers across.
In 2 dimensions we could stack about 250,000 components in the same space as a red blood cell.
If the trends continue as far as 2017, which may be the end-point of “Moore’s Law” we could be lookingat a manufactured device the size of a red blood cell with 256,000,000 components.
If we add the third dimension, that could translate into 65,536,000,000,000,000 components.
Somewhere along the way, we’re talking about the raw technical capability to produce a rathersophisticated robot small enough to wander around through your body doing whatever it has beenprogrammed to do.
If we make the robot 1/10,000th the volume of a red blood cell, we’re still talking about 655,360,000components, which is arguably perhaps enough to embody this machine with the ability to think,move, and do whatever we have programmed it to do.
376/27/03
© 2003 by Glenn Fishbine
The FutureThe FutureWhat do we need?
386/27/03
© 2003 by Glenn Fishbine
The FutureThe FutureWhat do we need?
Power SystemsLocomotion SystemsControl SystemsSensor SystemsActuator SystemsDisposal Systems
396/27/03
© 2003 by Glenn Fishbine
The FutureThe FuturePower Systems
B a t t e r i e s E l e c t r i c a l C h e m i c a l r e a c t i o n M i c r o m a c h i n e p o w e r s o u r c e f o r a l l a p p l i c a t i o n s .
T h e r m o e l e c t r i c E l e c t r i c a l H e a t d i f f e r e n t i a l M i c r o m a c h i n e p o w e r s o u r c e f o r e x t r e m e e n v i r o n m e n t t e c h n o l o g i e s .
S o l a r E l e c t r i c a l o r m o t i o n
L i g h t N a n o a n d m i c r o m a c h i n e p o w e r s o u r c e f o r e x t e r n a l e n v i r o n m e n t a p p l i c a t i o n s
S t e a m M o t i o n E l e c t r i c i t y M i c r o m a c h i n e p o w e r s o u r c e f o r i n d u s t r i a l a p p l i c a t i o n s
A d e n o s i n e T r i p h o s p h a t e ( A T P )
M o t i o n o r e l e c t r i c a l
C h e m i c a l r e a c t i o n N a n o m a c h i n e p o w e r s o u r c e : I d e a l f o r o p e r a t i o n w i t h i n t h e h u m a n b o d y .
B r o w n i a n M o t o r s
M o t i o n W e i r d p h y s i c s N a n o m a c h i n e p o w e r s o u r c e : P o t e n t i a l l y i n f i n i t e p o w e r .
406/27/03
© 2003 by Glenn Fishbine
The FutureThe FutureBatteries
416/27/03
© 2003 by Glenn Fishbine
The FutureThe FutureThermoelectric
426/27/03
© 2003 by Glenn Fishbine
The FutureThe FutureSolar
78 atoms – record is 58
436/27/03
© 2003 by Glenn Fishbine
The FutureThe FutureSteam
446/27/03
© 2003 by Glenn Fishbine
The FutureThe FutureAdenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
Hongyun Wang
456/27/03
© 2003 by Glenn Fishbine
The FutureThe FutureBrownian Motors
466/27/03
© 2003 by Glenn Fishbine
The FutureThe FutureLocomotion Systems
Legs Micro & nano machines: Propulsion in almost any environment.
Spiders
Wings Micro machines: Propulsion in airborne environments.
Insects
Rockets Micro machines: Propulsion in outer space Octopus Tails Micro and nano machines: Propulsion in liquid
environments including within the human body. Escherichia coli
476/27/03
© 2003 by Glenn Fishbine
The FutureThe FutureLegs
486/27/03
© 2003 by Glenn Fishbine
The FutureThe FutureWings
Dicopomorpha echmepterygis 0.139 mm
496/27/03
© 2003 by Glenn Fishbine
The FutureThe FutureRockets
TRW
506/27/03
© 2003 by Glenn Fishbine
The FutureThe FutureTails
516/27/03
© 2003 by Glenn Fishbine
The FutureThe FutureControl Systems
Micro processor Turing Machines: Computation through a series of steps through a small set of instructions.
Analog Control Control systems: Computation through dynamic seeking of equilibrium through continuous measurement of status.
Qubit Quantum mechanics: Computation by having multiple simultaneous outcomes with a means to select the desired outcome.
526/27/03
© 2003 by Glenn Fishbine
The FutureThe FutureMicro processor
536/27/03
© 2003 by Glenn Fishbine
The FutureThe FutureAnalog Control
546/27/03
© 2003 by Glenn Fishbine
The FutureThe FutureQubit
556/27/03
© 2003 by Glenn Fishbine
The FutureThe FutureSensor Systems
Vision Eye Photoelectric or Photochemical: Usable for most MEMS environments to see objects.
Chemical Gradient Smell or taste
Chemical: Usable in MEMS or nanotechnology environments, especially in medical diagnostic and repair devices.
Atomic Force Touch Various: Limited primarily to precision atomic or molecular manufacturing or research.
566/27/03
© 2003 by Glenn Fishbine
The FutureThe FutureVision
576/27/03
© 2003 by Glenn Fishbine
The FutureThe FutureChemical Gradient
olfactory nerve fibers from the garfish
586/27/03
© 2003 by Glenn Fishbine
The FutureThe FutureAtomic Force
596/27/03
© 2003 by Glenn Fishbine
The FutureThe FutureActuator Systems
Erosion Drilling, cutting: Production of micro-channels and specialty semiconductors
Friction, etching
Genetic Enzyme & Protein Expression: Chemical means of assembling valuable molecules and expressing or changing genetic traits.
DNA/RNA modification
Assembler Nanofabrication: Building something one atom at a time.
Unknown
606/27/03
© 2003 by Glenn Fishbine
The FutureThe FutureErosion
616/27/03
© 2003 by Glenn Fishbine
The FutureThe FutureGenetic
626/27/03
© 2003 by Glenn Fishbine
The FutureThe FutureAssembler
DNA replication operates at a rate ofapproximately 180,000 atomic assemblies persecond with an error rate that is astonishinglylow.
The standard mole weighs about 0.012 kilogram(about .4 ounce – ro4 carbon) and containsabout 6 X 1023 atoms.
600,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 atoms.With an assembly rate of 180,000 atoms persecond, the high-speed assembler in DNA couldmake half an ounce of something in about105,699,306,612 years.
If the atoms don’t stick together.
636/27/03
© 2003 by Glenn Fishbine
The FutureThe FutureDisposal Systems
Taggant Identifying targets of disease or locations to be sought by nano/micro devices.
Antibodies
Biodegradation Eliminating aberrant machines or machine parts from inside the body.
Digestion
Scavenging Eliminating aberrant machines or machine parts from inside the body.
Phagocytes
646/27/03
© 2003 by Glenn Fishbine
The FutureThe FutureTaggant
Code: M0929F5Size: 75-150 microns
656/27/03
© 2003 by Glenn Fishbine
The FutureThe FutureBiodegradation
666/27/03
© 2003 by Glenn Fishbine
The FutureThe FutureScavenging
676/27/03
© 2003 by Glenn Fishbine
Other FuturesOther Futures
computing
manufacturing
life sciences
aerospace and defense
686/27/03
© 2003 by Glenn Fishbine
Other FuturesOther Futurescomputing
The Law of Accelerating Returns
Ray Kurzweil
696/27/03
© 2003 by Glenn Fishbine
Other FuturesOther Futuresmanufacturing
706/27/03
© 2003 by Glenn Fishbine
Other FuturesOther Futureslife sciences
Carnegie Mellon
716/27/03
© 2003 by Glenn Fishbine
Other FuturesOther Futuresaerospace and defense
Grey Goo
Blue Goo
726/27/03
© 2003 by Glenn Fishbine
Other FuturesOther Futures?
Any sufficiently advancedtechnology is indistinguishablefrom magic.
- Arthur C. Clark
736/27/03
© 2003 by Glenn Fishbine
Thank youThank you
http://www.glennfishbine.com