Basic Persian

Basic Persian

Lesson 1 câh well

âb water

dârad has

ân that

1. ân câh ast that is a well

2. ân âb ast that is water

3. câh âb darad a well has water

4. âb âbi ast water is blue

5. ân âb âbi ast that water is blue

6. ân âbe câh ast that is well water

jâ place

pâ foot

bu smell

dud smoke

zud early

âmad he/she came

1. u jâ dârad he/she has a place

2. u pâ dârad he/she has foot

3. dud bu dârad the smoke has smell

4. âb âbi ast the water is blue

5. u zud âmad he/she came early

Exercise 1.1

1. Learn the pronunciations of “a” and “â” by pronouncing them aloud.

2. Learn the meaning of the above Persian words and pronounce them aloud.

3. Copy the above example sentences five times.

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Lesson 2 âsân easy

dars lesson

mâ we

in this

bud was

kâr job/work

man I

dâram I have

1. in dars âsân ast this lesson is easy

2. ân dars âsân bud that lesson was easy

3. kâre mâ âsân ast our work/job is easy

4. ân âbe câh ast that is well water

5. u pâ dârad he/she has foot

6. man kâr dâram I have work

7. darse man âsân ast my lesson is easy

8. in darse man ast this is my lesson

9. u zud âmad he/she came early

10. ân câh âb dârad that well has water

Forming Interrogative Sentences

For forming an interrogative sentence add the word “âyâ” in the beginning of a declarative one. For a positive answer to an interrogative sentence, use the word “bale” and for a negative answer use the word “na”.

Excerice 2.1

Answer the Following Questions:

1. âyâ in dars âsân ast? bale, in dars âsân ast

2. âyâ kâre mâ âsân ast? bale, kâre mâ âsân ast

3. âyâ ân câh âb dârad? bale, ân câh âb dârad

4. âyâ u zud âmad? bale, u zud âmad

5. âyâ âb âbi ast? bale, âb âbi ast

6. âyâ ân âbe câh ast? bale, ân âbe câh ast


7. âyâ dud bu dârad? bale, dud bu dârad

8. âyâ u jâ dârad? bale, u jâ dârad

Exercise 2.2

Read the Following Words Loudly and Distinctly: âsân - dars - mâ - in - bud - kâr - man - dâram


Lesson 3 asb horse

guš ear

dom tail

sag dog

dar door/in

yek one

do two

dast hand

lab lip

1. in asb ast this is a horse

2. ân asb do guš dârad that horse has two ears

3. in asb yek dom dârad this horse has a tail

4. asbe mân do guš dârad my horse has two ears

5. in dar ast this is a door

6. u yek asb dârad he/she has a horse

7. ân asb ast that is a horse

8. in asbe mân ast this is my horse

9. ân sag, yek dom dârad that dog has a tail

10. in sage u ast this is his/her dig

11. in labe mân ast this is my lip

12. ân daste ust (ust = u ast) that is his/her hand

13. u do asb dârad he/she has two horses

14. man yek sag dâram I have a dog

15. man do pâ dâram I have two feet

16. asb dom dârad a horse has a tail

17. asb lab dârad a horse has lips

18. u do dast dârad he/she has two hânds

19. in sag do lab dârad this dog has two lips

20. ân dar ast that is a door

Exercise 3.1


1. Remember the pronunciation of “o” in the word “do (two)”. Pronounce this word several times. 2. Learn these combinations and make others similar to them: “abe câh” “kâre mâ” “do guš” 3. Put the following declarative sentences into interrogative:

1. u yek sag dârad âyâ u yek sag dârad?

2. asb dom dârad âyâ asb dom dârad?

3. ân sag ast âyâ ân sag ast?

4. in asbe ust âyâ in asbe ust?

5. ân sag do guš dârad âyâ ân sag do guš dârad?

6. in âbe câh ast âyâ in âbe câh ast?

7. ân câh âb dârad âyâ ân câh âb dârad?

8. ân daste ust âyâ ân daste ust?

Exercise 3.2

Put the following words in the right order:

1. dârad - yek - u - sag u yek sag dârad

2. dom - asb - ân - dârad ân asb dom dârad

3. man - sag - guš - dârad - do - e sage man do guš dârad

4. asb - ast - ân ân asb ast

5. man - in - ast - sage sage man in ast

6. asb - u - do - dârad u do asb dârad

7. pâ - do - man - dâram man do pâ dâram

8. dârad - dom - asb asb dom dârad

9. asbe - do - pâ - u - dârad asbe u do pâ dârad

10. câh - âbe - ast - ân ân âbe câh ast


Lesson 4 mu hair

abru eyebrow

damâq/bini nose

sar head

dahan/dahân mouth

cašm eye

kucak little/small

bozorg big/large

va/o and

1. u do guše bozorg dârad he/she has two large ears

2. daste man kucak ast I have a small hand

3. sare man mu dârad I have hair on my head

4. u yek damâqe bozorg dârad he/she has a large nose

5. man do cašm dâram I have two eyes

6. u yek dahan dârad he/she has a mouth

7. man yek sar dâram I have a head

8. u do pâ dârad he/she has two feet

9. man yek dahân va/dahâno do lab dâram (dahan + o = dahâno)

I have one mouth and two lips

10. u do abru va/abruvo do cašm dârad (abru + o = abruvo)

he/she has two eyebrows and two eyes

11. sare man va/mano sare u mu dârand he/she and I have hair on our heads

12. sare u kucak va/kucako guše u bozorg ast his/her head is small and his/her ears are large

13. u do dast va/dasto do pâ dârad he/she has two hands and two feet

14. daste u kucak va/kucako daste man bozorg ast his/her hands are small and mine are large

15. sare šomâ bozorg ast your head is large

Exercise 4.1

Answer the following questions: 1. âyâ daste man kucak ast?

2. âyâ sare u bozorg ast?

3. âya asb dom dârad?


4. âyâ in sag do guš dârad?

5. âyâ in labe man ast?

6. âyâ in dar ast?

7. âyâ in dars, âsân ast?

8. âyâ man zud âmadam?

9. âyâ kâre mâ âsân ast?

10. âyâ man do pâ dâram?

The plural of the majority of nouns is formed by adding "hâ" to the singular and sometimes by adding "ân".

Exercise 4.2

Add “hâ” to the singular nouns below to make them plural:

câh câhhâ

dars darshâ

kâr kârhâ

sag saghâ

guš gušhâ

lab labhâ

dast dasthâ

sar sarhâ

abru abruhâ

cašm cašmhâ

Read and learn the following pronouns: man I

šomâ you

to thou

u he/she

mâ we

išân they


Lesson 5 ketâb book

kelâs class

dârid you have

medâd pencil

be to

âmadid you came

xâne house

raft he/she went

se three

âmadim we came

1. šomâ do ketâb dârid you have two books

2. u yek qalam dârad he/she has one pen

3. kelâse ma bozorg ast our classroom is large

4. u se medâd dârad he/she has three pencils

5. ma be kelâs âmadim we came to class

6. u be xâne raft he/she went to the house

7. asbe u bozorg ast his/her horse is big

8. šomâ se medâd dârid you have three pencils

9. medâde man âbi ast my pencil is blue

10. u be kelâs raft he/she went to class

11. man do qalam dâram I have two pens

12. u yek damâq dârad he/she has one nose

13. ketâbe u âbi ast his/her book is blue

14. medâde man kucak ast my pencil is small

15. u yek sage bozorg dârad he/she has a big dog

16. u do medâde âbi dârad he/she has a blue pencil

17. man do cašmo do abru dâram I have two eyes and two eyebrows

18. u do dasto do pa dârad he/she has two hands and two feet

19. ketâbe u kucak ast his book is small

20. medâde man bozorg ast my pencil is big


Exercise 5.1

Answer the following questions:

1. âyâ šomâ yek qalam dârid? bale, šomâ yek qalam dârid

2. âyâ u do medâd dârad? bale, u do medâd dârad

3. âyâ kelâse mâ bozorg ast? bale, kelâse mâ bozorg ast

4. âyâ man do dasto do pâ dâram? bale, man do dasto do pâ dâram

5. âyâ man do lab dâram? bale, man do lab dâram

6. âyâ šomâ zud be kelâs âmadid? bale, šomâ zud be kelâs âmadid

7. âya šomâ do dast dârid? bale, šomâ do dast dârid

8. âyâ šomâ do guš dârid? bale, šomâ do guš dârid

9. âyâ asb dom dârad? bale, asb dom dârad

10. âyâ in daste man ast? bale, in daste man ast

11. âyâ ân ketâbe man ast? bale, ân ketâbe man ast

12. âyâ sag dom dârad? bale, sag dom dârad

13. âyâ šomâ do pâ dârid? bale, šomâ do pâ dârid

14. âyâ šomâ do cašm dârid? bale, šomâ do cašm dârid

15. âyâ daste u kucak ast? bale, daste u kucak ast

16. âyâ daste man bozorg ast? bale, daste man bozorg ast

17. âyâ medâde man âbi ast? bale, medâde man âbi ast

18. âyâ man do guš dâram? bale, man do guš dâram

19. âyâ man do dast dâram? bale, man do dast dâram

20. âyâ dars âsân ast? bale, dars âsân ast

Negative Form of the Verbs

The prefixes “na” or “ne” make the verbs negative: Examples: dâram — nadâram raft — naraft miravam — nemiravam There is a special case for the word “ast” (is). To make it negative the prefix “ni” is added instead of “na” at the beginning: Example: ast — nist


Exercise 5.2

Change the following positive sentences into negative:

1. in dars âsân ast in dars âsân nist

2. kâre mâ âsân ast kâre mâ âsân nist

3. ân câh âb dârad ân câh âb nadârad

4. u do asb dârad u do asb nadârad

5. in asbe ust in asbe u nist

6. man do ketâb dâram man do ketâb nadâram

7. u be kelâs raft u be kelâs naraft

8. man se qalam dâram man se qalam nadâram

9. šomâ do ketâb dârid šomâ do ketâb nadârid

10. man do medâd dâram man do medâd nadâram

11. ân ketâbe ust an ketâbe u nist

12. man be kelâs raftam man be kelâs naraftam

Numbers 1. yek one

2. do two

3. se three

4. cahâr four

5. panj five

6. šeš six

7. haft seven

8. hašt eight

9. noh nine

10. dah ten

Sentences 1. man dah ketâb dâram I have ten books

2. u hašt qalam dârad he has eight pens

3. âyâ šoma yek ketâb dârid? do you have a book?

4. man šeš ketâbe âbi dâram I have six blue books

5. u haft medâde âbi nadârad he/she does not have seven blue pencils


6. mâ cahâr sag nadârim we do not have four dogs

Combinations do pâ - panj câh - noh dars - haft asb - cahâr ketâb - šeš medâd - se xâne - hašt sag


Lesson 6 âvardam I brought

âvard he/she brought

âvardid you brought

bordam I took away

bord he/she took away

bordid you took away

didam I saw

šomâ didid you saw

1. man šomâ râ didam. I saw you.

2. man u râ nadidam. I did not see him/her.

3. šomâ u râ didid. you saw him/her.

4. u marâ did. he/she saw me.

5. man ketâbhâ râ bordam. I took away the books.

6. âyâ u medâde šomâ râ bord? did he/she take away your pencil?

7. âyâ šomâ qalame urâ be xâne bordid? did you take his/her pen home?

8. šomâ mâ râ nadidid you did not see us.

9. u ketâbhâ râ be xâne nabord. he/she did not take the books home.

10. man cahâr medâde âbi be kelâs âvardam. I brought four blue pencils to class.

11. âyâ šomâ qalame u râ âvardid? didyou bring his/her pen?

12. âyâ u ketâbe šomâ râ be xâne bord? did he/she take your book home?

13. âyâ u šomâ râ did? did he/she see you?

14. man dah ketâb dâram. I have ten books.

15. âyâ šomâ mâ râ didid? did you see us?

16. u be kelâs naraft. he did not go to class.

17. mâ zud be kelâs âmadim. we came to class early.

18. âyâ šomâ ketâbe u râ be kelâs âvardid? did you bring his/hr book to class?

19. man medâde šomâ râ nadidam. I did not see your pencil.

20. u yek xâne dârad. he/she has a house.

Verb Conjugation

Past tense of the verb: Didan To see


man didam I saw

to didi you saw/thou sawest

u did he/she saw

mâ didim we saw

šomâ didid you saw

išan didand they saw

Âvardan To bring

man âvardam I brought

to âvardi you brought/thou broughtest

u âvard he/she brought

mâ âvardim we brought

šomâ âvardid you brought

išân âvardand they brought

Bordan To take away

man bordam I took away

to bordi you took away/thou tookest away

u bord he/she took away

mâ bordim we took away

šomâ bordid you took away

išân bordand they took away

Execrcise 6.1

Answer the following questions with positive and negative sentences:

1. âyâ šomâ marâ ( = man râ) didid? na, man šomâ râ nadidam.

2. âyâ u ketâb râ bord? bale, u ketâb râ bord.

3. âyâ medâde u dar kelâs bud? na, medâde u dar kelâs nabud.

4. âyâ in qalame šomâ ast? bale, in qalame man ast.

5. âyâ u mâ râ did? na, u mâ râ nadid.

6. âyâ šomâ ketâbhâ râ bordid? bale mâ ketâbhâ râ bordim.

7. âyâ u ketâbe šomâ râ be kelâs bord? na, u ketâbe marâ be kelâs nabord.

8. âyâ u be kelâs raft? bale, u be kelâs raft.

9. âyâ šomâ medâde marâ didid? na, man medâde šomâ râ nadidam.


10. âyâ u yek xâne dârad? bale, u yek xâne dârad.

11. âyâ šomâ dah ketâb dârid? na, mâ dah ketâb nadârim.

12. âyâ u do ketâbe âbi dârad? bale, u do ketâbe âbi dârad.

13. âyâ šoma cahâr sag dârid? na, mâ cahâr sag nadârim.

14. âyâ šoma panj medâd darid? bale, mâ panj medâd dârim.

15. âyâ in dars âsân ast? na, in dars âsân nist.

16. âyâ medâde man âbi ast? bale, medâde man âbi ast.

Exercise 6.2


1. medâde - do - âbi - u - dârad u do medâde âbi dârad.

2. bozorg - ast - mâ - kelâse kelâse mâ bozorg ast.

3. zud - be - man - âmadam - kelâs man zud be kelâs âmadam.

4. pâ - do - šomâ - va - dârid - do - dast šomâ do pâ va do dast dârid.

5. kucak - daste - ast - u daste u kucak ast.

6. guš - šomâ - dârid - do šomâ do guš dârid.

7. câh - âb - dârad - ân ân câh âb dârad.

8. šeš - âbi - ketâbe - dâram - man man šeš ketâbe âbi dâram.

9. yek - sag - dârad - u u yek sag dârad.

10. ketâbhâ - bordam - râ - man man ketâbhâ râ bordam.

11. be - xâne - bordid - šomâ - u - râ - qalame šomâ qalame u râ be xâne bordid.

12. man - âbi - cahâr - be - kelâs - medâde - âvardam

man cahâr medâde âbi be kelâs âvardam

13. qalame - âvardid - šomâ - u - râ - âyâ âyâ šomâ qalame u râ âvardid?

14. ketâbe - u - šomâ - râ - bord - be - xâne u ketâbe šomâ râ be xâne bord.

15. u - râ - didid- šomâ - âyâ âyâ šomâ u râ didid?

16. u - xâne - yek - dârad u yek xâne dârad.

17. ketâbe - šomâ - râ - u - kelâs - be - bord u ketâbe šomâ râ be kelâs bord.

18. qalam - dah - nadâram - man man dah qalam nadâram.

19. zud - xâne - be - šomâ - âmadid be šomâ zud be xâne âmadid.

20. do - man - cašm - guš - o - dâram - do man do gušo do cašm dâram


Exercise 6.3

Read the following words aloud; then find their equivalents in English: kucak - bozorg - damâq - dahân - abru - sar - mu - dom - lab - guš - asb - sag - didid - bordam - zud - dud - âmad - âvard - did - bord - jâ - câh - âb- dârad - âbi - âsân - âvardid - didam - dars - ân - in - bud


Lesson 7 xord he/she ate

dânešgâh university

bâzâr bazaar

deraxt tree

goft he/she told

sib apple

raftam I went

az from

xarid he/she bought

1. u be bâzâr raft. he went to the bazaar.

2. u az bâzâr sib xarid. he bought apples at the bazaar.

3. u sib râ xord. he ate the apple.

4. man dar dânešgâh šomâ râ nadidam. I did not see you at the university.

5. man az dânešgâh be xâne raftam. I went home from the university.

6. u mâ râ dar bâzâr did. he/she saw us at the bazaar.

7. ketâbe šomâ dar kelâs ast. your book is the classroom.

8. u sibe šomâ râ naxord. he/she did not eat your apple.

9. u be man goft. he/she told me.

10. mâ be dânešgâh raftim. we went to the university.

11. man ketâbe šomâ râ âvardam. I brought your book.

12. u ketâbe šomâ râ be xâne bord. he/she took your book home.

13. âyâ šomâ medâde marâ be kelâs âvardid? did you bring my pencil to class?

14. man išân râ dar dânešgâh nadidam. I did not see them at the university.

15. u marâ dar kelâs did. he/she saw me in class.

16. mâ šomâ râ nadidim. we did not see you.

17. âyâ šomâ sibe marâ xordid? did you eat my apple?

18. man ketâbe šomâ râ be dânešgâh nabordam. I did not take your book to the university.

19. âyâ in medâde šomâst? is this your pencil?

20. na, ân medâde man nist. no, that is not my pencil.

21. âyâ ân medâde šomâst? is that your pencil?

22. bale, an medâde man ast. yes, this is my pencil.

23. in deraxte sib ast. this is an apple tree.


24. in sib az ân deraxt ast. this apple is from that tree.

25. ma sib râ az bâzâr xaridim. I bought the apple from the bazaar.

26. u ketâb râ az man xarid. he bought the book from me.

27. man be bâzâr naraftam. I did not go to the bazaar.

28. âyâ šomâ sibe u râ xordid? did you eat his/her apple?

29. na, man sibe u râ naxordam. no, I did not eat his apple.

30. bale, man sibe u râ xordam. yes, I ate his apple.

Verb Conjugation

Past tense of the verb (in the negative form): Naxordan Not to eat

man naxordam I did not eat

to naxordi you did not eat/thou didest not eat

u naxord he/she did not eat

mâ naxordim we did not eat

šomâ naxordid you did not eat

išân naxordand they did not eat

Nagoftan Not to say/Not to tell

man nagoftam I did not say

to nagofti you did not say/thou didest not say

u nagoft he/she did not say

mâ nagoftim we did not say

šomâ nagoftid you did not say

išân nagoftand they did not say

Naxaridan Not to buy

man naxaridam I did not buy

to naxaridi you did not buy/thou didest not buy

u naxarid he/she did not buy

mâ naxaridim we did not buy

šomâ naxaridid you did not buy

išân naxaridand they did not buy


Exercise 7.1

Put the following verbs in negative form:

bordam nabordam

didid nadidid

raft naraft

didam nadidam

ast nist

xordam naxordam

dârad nadârad

xord naxord

xaridand naxaridand

dârand nadârand

bordid nabordid

dâram nadâram

didand nadidand

bord nabord

did nadid

bordim nabordim

xaridam naxaridam

Exercise 7.2


1. âyâ šomâ yek qalame âbi dârid? bale, man yek qalame âbi dâram

2. âyâ u zud be xâne raft? na, u zud be xâne naraft

3. âyâ kelâse mâ dar dânešgah ast? bale, kelâse mâ dar dânešgah ast

4. âyâ ketâbe šomâ dar kelâs bud? na, ketâbe mâ dar kelâs nabud

5. âyâ u sib râ az bâzâr xarid? bale, u sib râ az bâzâr xarid

6. âyâ u ketâbe šomâ râ be kelâs âvard? na, u ketâbe mâ râ be kelâs nayâvard

7. âyâ šomâ išân râ dar dânešgâh didid? bale, mâ išân râ dar dânešgâh didim

8. âyâ šomâ medâde marâ be xâne bordid? na, man medâde šomâ râ be xâne nabordam

9. âyâ ân ketâbe šomâst? bale, ân ketâbe mâst


10. âyâ in sib az ân deraxt ast? na, in sib az ân deraxt nist

11. âyâ šomâ ketâbe marâ dar kelâs didid? bale, man ketâbe šomâ râ dar kelâs didam

12. âyâ in dars âsân ast? na, in dars âsân nist

13. âyâ in qalame šomâst? bale, in qalame man ast

14. âyâ šomâ ketâbhâ râ be kelâs bordid? na, mâ ketâbhâ râ be kelâs nabordim

15. âyâ šomâ yek xâne dârid? bale, mâ yek xâne dârim

16. âyâ šomâ yek sag dârid? na, man yek sag nadâram

17. âyâ šomâ ketâbe u râ be xâne bordid? bale, mâ ketâbe u râ be xâne bordim

18. âyâ šomâ zud be xâne raftid? na, mâ zud be xâne naraftim

19. âyâ man zud be kelâs âmadam? bale, šomâ zud be kelâs âmadid

20. âyâ ketâbe šomâ âbist? na, ketâbe man âbi nist

Exercise 7.3


1. zud - kelâs - be - man - raftam. man zud be kelâs raftam.

2. sib - u - az - râ - xarid - bâzâr. u sib râ az bâzâr xarid

3. dar - kelâse - mâ - dânešgâh - ast. kelâse mâ dar dânešgâh ast

4. az - sibhâ - u - naxord - in. u az in sibhâ naxord

5. ketâbe - man - šomâ - râ - âvardam - dânešgâh - be

man ketâbe šomâ râ be dânešgâh âvardam

6. deraxte - ân - ast - sib ân deraxte sib ast

7. dâram - yek - man - medâde - âbi. man yek medâde âbi dâram

8. yek - sag - u - dârad. u yek sag dârad

9. do - šomâ - dârid - guš. šomâ do guš dârid

10. bozorg - ast - mâ - kelâse. kelâse mâ bozorg ast

11. do - šomâ - pâ - va - dast - do - dârid. šomâ do pâ va do dast dârid

12. dârad - âb - câh - ân. ân câh âb dârad

13. be - šomâ - xâne - âmadid. šomâ be xâne âmadid

14. cašm - do - man - do - va - dâram - guš. man do cašmo do guš dâram

15. cahâr - u - ketâb - kelâs - be - âvard. u cahâr ketâb be kelâs âvard

Numbers 11 yâzdah 16 šânzdah

12 davâzdah 17 hafdah


13 sizdah 18 hajdah/hašdah/ha� dah

14 cahârdah 19 nuzdah

15 pânzdah 20 bist


Lesson 8 Ranghâ = Colors

rang color

sefid/sepid white

sabz green

syâh black

zard yellow

rowšan light

1. Medâde man syâh ast. My pencil is black.

2. Ketâbe u zard ast. His/her book is yellow.

3. Muye u syâh ast. His/her hair is black.

4. Range in sib sabz ast. The color of this apple is green.

5. Range ân medâd zard ast. The color of that pencil is yellow.

6. Ketâbe u âbist. His/her book is blue.

7. Ân sag syâh ast. That dog is black.

8. Man yek medâde zard az bâzâr xaridam. I bought a yellow pencil from the bazaar/market.

9. Išân šeš ketâbe sabz az bâzâr xaridand. They bought six green books from the bazaar/market.

10. U yek qalame âbiyo yek ketâbe zard az bâzâr xarid.

He/she bought a blue pen and a yellow book from the market.

11. U medâde syâh nadârad. He/she does not have a black pencil.

12. Išân cašmhâye syâh dârand. They have black eyes.

13. U yek medâde âbiyo do ketâbe zard be kelâs âvard.

He/she brought a blue pencil and two yellow books to class.

14. Âyâ in ketâbe zard dar kelâs bud? Was this yellow book in the classroom.

15. Medâde sabze u dar kelâs nabud. His/her green pen was not in the classroom.

sir dark

sorx/qermez red


qahveyi brown

xâkestari grey

banafš purple

1. Ân sib sorx ast. That apple is red.

2. In deraxt, sibe sorx dârad. This tree, has red apples.

3. Man az bâzâr cahâr medâde qermez xaridam. I bought four red pencils from the market.

4. Range jâmeye/lebâse man qahveyist. The color of my clothes is brown.

5. U do medâde banafš dârad. He/she has two purple pencils.

6. Išân qalame xâkestari nadârand. They do not have grey pens.

7. Range jâmeye/lebâse mâ xâkestarist. The color of my clothes is grey.

8. Âyâ šomâ qalame xâkestari dârid? Do you have a grey pen?

9. Range lebâse u qermez nist. The color of his/her clothes is red.

10. Man yek qalame xâkestariyo do medâde banafš dâram.

I have a grey pen and two purple pencils.

Exercise 8.1

1. Put the following words in the right order:

1. medâd - range - ân - ast - qahveyiye - sir. range ân medâd qahveyiye sir ast.

2. qalam - range - in - rowšan - zarde - ast. range in qalam zarde rowšan ast.

3. ân - range - sib - qermeze - ast - sir. range ân sib qermeze sir ast.

4. šeš - sabz - ketâbe - dârand - išân. išân šeš ketâbe sabz dârand.

5. sag - ast - ân - syâh. ân sag syâh ast.

6. yek - zard - xaridam - man - medâde. man yek medâde zard xaridam.

7. ân - range - zard - medâd - ast. range ân medâd zard ast.

8. sage - syah - dâram - man - yek. man yek sage syâh dâram.

9. syâh- išân - medâde - nadârand. išân medâde syâh nadârand.

10. kelâs - medâde - sabze - u - dar - nabud. medâde sabze u dar kelâs nabud.


2. Find the English equivalents of the following words:

1. rang color

2. šânzdah sixteen

3. syâh black

4. sepid white

5. deraxt tree

6. sib apple

7. jâme clothes

8. bist twenty

9. didam I saw

10. bordid you took away

11. hašt eight

12. kelâs class

13. sarhâ heads

14. išân they

15. kucak little/small

16. abru eyebrow

17. mu hair

18. xordand they ate

19. did he/she saw

20. câh a well


Lesson 9

ostâd professor

pâk kardan to clean

taxtepâkkon duster/eraser

sandali chair

kelâs class/classroom

taxteye syâh blackboard

šâgerd student

miz table

daftar notebook

kâqaz paper

1. Dar in kelâs nuzdah šâgerd ast. There are nineteen students in this class.

2. Dar in kelâs yek ostâd ast. There is one professor in this class.

3. šâgerdân ketâbo daftar dârand. The students have books and notebooks.

4. Ostâd bâ taxtepâkkon taxteye syâh râ pâk kard. The professor cleaned the blackboard with a duster.

5. Ân šâgerd do daftaro do medâd dârad. That student has two notebooks and two pencils.

6. Range daftare man zardo range medâde man qermez ast.

The color of my notebook is yellow, and the color of my pencil is red.

7. Kâqaze daftare ân šâgerd sepid ast. That student's notebook paper is white.

8. Ostâde mâ yek sandaliyo yek miz dârad. Our professor has a chair and a table.

9. Kelâse mâ dar dânešgâh ast. Our classroom is in the university.

10. Dar in kelâs yek taxteye syâho, mizo yek sandali ast.

There is a blackboard, a table, and a chair in this classroom.

Exercise 9.1


ostâd - kelâs - dar - ast. ostâd dar kelâs ast.

sandali - nadârand - šâgerdân. šâgerdân sandali nadârand.


medâde - nadâram - man - âbi. man medâde âbi nadâram.

man - qalame - range - ast - syâh. range qalame man syâh ast.

šagerd - ân - daftar - dârad - do. ân šâgerd do daftar dârad.

do - bozorg - ostâd - dârad - ketâbe. ostâd do ketâbe bozorg dârad.

nadârim - kâqaze - mâ - zard. mâ kâqaze zard nadârim.

kelâs - dar - taxtepâkkon - in - yek - ast. yek taxtepâkkon dar in kelâs ast.

ostâd - dârad - sandaliyo - yek - miz - yek. ostâd yek sandaliyo yek miz dârad.

ketâb - nadârad - ostâd - daftaro. ostâd daftaro ketâb nadârad.


1. Âyâ šomâ dar xâne panj sandali dârid? Bale, mâ dar xâne panj sandali dârim.

2. Âyâ dar in kelâs bist šâgerd ast? Na, dar in kelâs bist šâgerd nist.

3. Âyâ šomâ taxteye syâh râ pâk kardid? Bale, man taxteye syâh râ pâk kardam.

4. Âyâ ostâd qalame âbi dârad? Na, ostâd qalame âbi nadârad.

5. Âyâ ostâd taxteye syâh râ pâk kard? Bale, ostâd taxteye syâh râ pâk kard.

6. Âyâ range qalame man syâh ast? Na, range qalame man syâh nist.

7. Âyâ range medâde šomâ zard ast? Bale, range medâde mâ zard ast.

8. Âyâ šâgerdane in kelâs sandali dârand? Na, šâgerdane in kelâs sandali nadârand.

9. Âyâ ostâd yek sandali dârad? Bale, ostâd yek sandali dârad.

10. Âyâ šomâ zud be kelâs âmadid? Na, man zud be kelâs nÂyâmadam.

Verb Conjugation

Present tense of the verbs: Neveštan To write

Man minevisam I write

To minevisi you write/thou writest

U minevisad he/she writes

Mâ minevisim we write

Šomâ minevisid you write

Išân minevisand they write

Xaridan To buy


Man mixaram I buy

To mixari you buy/thou buyest

U mixarad he/she buys

Mâ mixarim we buy

Šomâ mixarid you buy

Išân mixarand they buy

Âvardan To bring

Man miyâvaram I bring

To miyâvari you bring/thou bringest

U miyâvarad he/she brings

Mâ miyâvarim we bring

Šomâ miyâvarid you bring

Išân miyâvarand they bring

Present tense of the verbs: Bordan To take away

Man mibaram I take away

To mibari you take away/thou takest away

U mibarad he/she takes away

Ma mibarim we take away

Šomâ mibarid you take away

Išân mibarand they take away

Exercise 9.2

1. Write the present tense of the following verbs:

1. Xordan = to eat 2. Raftan = to go

3. Istâdan = to stand 4. Kardan = to do

2. Write the equivalent of the following words in English:

mixaram - miyâvardid - mibarim - minevisim - mibaram mixarid - miyâvarid - minevisand


Lesson 10 ruye on

âheste slowly

tond fast

zir under

bâlaye over/above

jelove/piše in front of

kutâh short

derâz long

1. Ketâbe ostâd ruye miz ast. The professor's book is on the table.

2. Qalame šomâ zire sandalist. Your pen is under the chair.

3. Medâde u derâz ast. His pencil is long.

4. Qalame šomâ kutâh ast. Your pen is short.

5. Man jelove mize ostâd istâdam. I stood in front of the professor's table.

6. Pâye man zire miz ast. My foot is under the table.

7. U tond miravad. He goes fast.

8. Man tond be xâne raftam. I went home fast.

9. U âheste be kelâs âmad. He/she came home slowly.

10. Šomâ do medâde kutâh dârid. You have two short pencils.

Exercise 10.1

1. Write the following sentences in Persian:

1. This pencil is long. In medâd derâz ast.

2. That pen is short. In qalam kutâh ast.

3. My book is on the table. Ketâbe man ruye miz ast.

4. You have two long pencils. To do medâde derâz dâri.

5. I stood in front of your table. Man jelove mize šomâ istâdam.

6. She went to the class slowly. U âheste be kelâs raft.

7. Your pen is under your table. Qalame šomâ zire miz ast.

8. My hand is over the book. Daste man ruye ketâb ast.


9. Your book was under this table. Ketâbe to zire in miz ast.

10. Have you a red pencil? Ayâ yek qalame sorx dârid?

2. Put the following words in the right order:

1. sandaliye - syâh - ostâd - yek - dârad. ostâd yek sandaliye syâh dârad.

2. yek - medâde - kutâh - dâram - man. man yek medâde kutâh dâram.

3. qalame - ruye - syâh - ast - miz. qalame syâh ruye miz ast.

4. sabz - medâde - zire - ast - sandali. medâde sabz zire sandali ast.

5. šâgerd - yek - taxteye syâh - râ - pâk kard. yek šâgerd taxteye syâh râ pâk kard.

6. u - marâ - daftare - âvard. u daftare marâ âvard.

7. medâd - in - ast - kutâh. in medâd kutâh ast.

8. ruye - taxtepâkkon - ast - sandali. taxtepâkkon ruye sandali ast.

9. man - šomâ - râ - ketâbe - miz - ruye - didam. man ketâbe šomâ râ ruye miz didam.

10. kelâs - šâgerdân - in - nadârand - daftar. šâgerdâne in kelâs daftar nadârand.

3. Write the equivalents of the following words in English:

1. dârim 11. bozorg

2. jâ 12. sabze

3. dud 13. qahveyiye sir

4. âsân 14. daftar

5. dars 15. banafš

6. kâr 16. kâqaz

7. sag 17. šâgerdân

8. lab 18. bist

9. dast 19. nist

10. damâq 20. mu

4. Make a sentence for each of the following words:

1. jâme

2. deraxt


3. dânešgâh

4. dom

5. guš

6. bâzâr

7. zard

8. miz

9. asb

10. kâr

5. Answer the following questions:

1. Âyâ ketâbe šomâ ruye mize ostâd ast?

2. Âyâ šomâ šâgerde in kelâs hastid?

3. Âyâ šomâ qalame syah dârid?

4. Âyâ šomâ az xâne be dânešgâh âmadid?

5. Cand ketâb ruye mize šomâ st?

6. šomâ cand daftar dârid?

7. Âyâ in medâd zard ast?

8. Âyâ šomâ zud be kelâs âmadid?

9. Âyâ range jâmeye šomâ xâkestarist?

10. Cand šâgerd dar in kelâs ast?


Lesson 11

1. dišab last night

2. emšab tonight

3. šab night

4. diruz yesterday

5. emruz today

6. ruz day

7. ce? what?

8. daqiqe minute

9. sâat hour/o’clock

1. Emšab sâate hašt dar xâne hastam. I am home at 8 o’clock tonight.

2. Dišab sâate cahâr az dânešgâh be xâne raftam. I left the university for home at 4 o’clock last night.

3. Diruz sâate cahâr dar xâne budam. I was home at 4 o’clock yesterday.

4. Âyâ šabhâ zud be xâne miravid? Do you go home early every night?

5. Âyâ šomâ dišab dar xâne budid? Were you at home last night?

6. Âyâ šomâ diruz sâate hašt be dânešgâh âmadid? Did you come to the university at 8 o’clock last night?

7. Man emruz be dânešgâh naraftam. I did not go to the university today.

8. Ruzhâ cand sâat dar dânešgâh kâr mikonid? How many hours do you work at the university every day?

9. Man dišab zud be xane raftam. I went home early last night.

10. Man emruz zud be dânešgâh âmadam. I came to the university early today.

11. Dar yek ruz hašt sâat kâr mikonid. You work 8 hours in a day.

12. Šâgerdân ruye kâqaze sepid minevisand. The students write on white paper.

13. Man az bâzâr kâqazo daftar xaridam va be dânešgâh bordam.

I bought a paper and a notebook from the market and took to the university.

14. Âyâ šomâ ketâbe marâ be xâne bordid? Did you take my book home?

15. Ostâde mâ emruz sâate hašt be dânešgâh âmad.

Our professor came to the university at 8 o’clock.

16. Ce sâatist? What time is it?

17. sâat daho dah daqiqe ast. It is ten minutes past ten.


18. sâat noho bist daqiqe ast. It is twenty minutes past nine.

19. sâat hašto pânzdah daqiqe ast. It is fifteen minutes past eight.

Numbers

21 bisto yek 30 si

22 bisto do 40 cehel

23 bisto se 50 panjâh

24 bisto cahâr 60 šast

25 bisto panj 70 haftâd

26 bisto šeš 80 haštâd

27 bisto haft 90 navad

28 bisto hašt 100 sad

29 bisto noh 1000 hezâr

30 si

Exercise 11.1

1. Answer the following questions: 1. Âyâ šomâ emruz be bâzâr raftid?

2. Âyâ šomâ diruz be dânešgâh amadid?

3. Âyâ šomâ diruz az bâzâr sib xaridid?

4. Âyâ šomâ emruz az dânešgâh be xâne miravid?

5. Âyâ ketâbe šomâ dar kelâs bud?

6. Âyâ šomâ dar xâne deraxte sib dârid?

7. Âyâ medâde man ruye miz ast?

8. Âyâ šomâ ostâd râ dar dânešgâh didid?

9. Âyâ šomâ marâ diruz dar ke1âs nadidid?

10. Âyâ šomâ medâde marâ be xâne bordid?

11. Âyâ in dars âsân ast?

12. Âyâ šomâ medâde syâh dârid?

13. Âyâ medâde qermeze šomâ dar xâne ast?

14. Âyâ emruz zud be kelâs âmadid?

15. Âyâ muye man syâh ast?

2. Put the following words in the right order: 1. kâqaze - išân - nadârand - sepid


2. mize - ostâd - ruye - ketâb - panj - ast

3. az - xâne - u - dânešgâh - be - raft

4. miz - taxtepâkkon - ast ruye

5. šomâ - syâh - qalame - range - ast

6. sandali - nadârand - šâgerdân

7. ostâd - sandali - yek - miz - yek - dârad - va

8. man - zud - kelâs - be - âmadam - emruz

9. ostâd - râ - dar - diruz - nadidam - kelâs

10. âbi - ruye - miz - medâde - ast

3. Use each of the following words in simple sentences:

1. minevisam

2. šab

3. bastani

4. ce

5. daqiqe

6. sepid

7. kutâh

8. rang

9. xâkestari

10. cehelo haft

4. Put the following verbs into negative:

1. bordam nabordam

2. didid nadidid

3. raftam naraftam

4. xordi naxordi

5. goft nagoft

6. xarid naxarid

7. mixaram nemixaram

8. mibaram nemibaram

9. miyâvaram nemiyâvaram

10. minevisand neminevisand


Lesson 12

bâ with

injâ here

ânjâ there

yek rob’ a quarter

nimsâat half hour

gozašte past

sâniye second

ham too/also

hamân same

1. Šâgerdân sâate hašto nim be dânešgâh miyâyand. The students come to the university at eight thirty.

2. Ostâd ham hamân sâat be dânešgâh miyâyad. The professor arrives at the university at the same time.

3. Ostâdo šâgerdân yek sâat dar kelâs hastand. The professor and the students are in class for one hour.

4. Ostâd ruye taxteye syâh minevisad. The professor writes on the blackboard.

5. Šâgerdân bâ medâd ruye kâqaz minevisand. The students write on paper with pencil.

6. Sâate davâzdah az dânešgâh be xâne miravim. I go home at twelve o’clock from the university.

7. Emruz yek rob’ be šeš be xâneye šomâ miyâyam. I come to your home at quarter to six today.

8. Sâate hašto nim az xâne be dânešgâh miravim. I go to the university from home at half past eight.

9. Ketâbe šomâ injâ nist. Your book is not here.

10. Medâde šomâ diruz ânjâ bud. Your pencil was there yesterday.

11. Yek rob’ az hašt gozašte ast. It is a quarter past eight.

12. Dah daqiqe az dah gozašte ast. It is ten minutes past ten.

13. Bist daqiqe az dah gosašte ast. It is twenty minutes past ten.

14. Yek sâat šast daqiqe ast. An hour is sixty minutes long.

15. Yek daqiqe šast sâniye ast. A minute is sixty seconds long.

16. Yek ruz bisto cahâr sâat ast. A day is twenty four hours long.

17. Šomâ be dânešgâh beravid, man ham miyâyam. Go to the university, I will also go.

18. Šâgerdân sâate hašt âmadand, ostâd ham hamân sâat âmad.

The students came at eight, the professor came at the same time.


Exercise 12.1


1. Ce sâatist? Sâat hafto nim ast.

2. Cand sâat dar ruz kâr mikonid? Hašt sâat dar ruz kâr mikonam.

3. Âyâ nimsâat si daqiqe ast? Bale, nimsâat si daqiqe ast.

4. Âyâ yek rob’ pânzdah daqiqe ast? Bale, yek rob’ pânzdah daqiqe ast.

5. Âyâ šomâ sâate hašto nim be dânešgâh miravid? Na, man sâate hašto nim be dânešgâh nemiravam.

6. Cand sâat dar hafte kâr mikonid? Cehel sâat dar hafte kâr mikonam.

7. Âyâ emšab sâate hašt dar xâne hastid? Bale, emšab sâate hašt dar xâne hastam.

8. Âyâ šomâ diruz be dânešgâh âmadid? Na, man diruz be dânešgâh nayâmadam.

9. Âyâ ostâde mâ dar kelâs ast? Bale, ostâde mâ dar kelâs ast.

10. Âyâ šâgerdân be kelâs raftand? Na, šâgerdân be kelâs naraftand.

Verb Conjugation

Present tense of the verb "to be": Budan To be

Man hastam I am

To hasti You are/thou art

U hast He/she is

Ma hastim We are

Šomâ hastid You are

Išân hastand They are

Negative: Man nistam I am not

To nisti You are not/thou are not

U nist He/she is not

Mâ nistim We are not

Šomâ nistid You are not

Išân nistand They are not

Past tense: Man budam I was


To budi you were/thou wert

U bud He/she was

Mâ budim We were

Šomâ budid You were

Išân budand They were

Present tense of the verb "to come": Âmadan To come

Man miyâyam I come

To miyâyi thou comest

U miyâyad he/she comes

Ma miyâyim we come

Šomâ miyâyid you come

Išân miyâyand they come

Past tense: Man âmadam I came

To âmadi You came/thou comest

U âmad He/she came

Mâ âmadim We came

Šomâ âmadid You came

Išân âmadand They came

Negative: Man nayâmadam I did not come

To nayâmadi You did not come/thou didest not come

U nayâmad He/she did not come

Mâ nayâmadim We did not come

Šomâ nayâmadid You did not come

Išân nayâmadand They did not come

Present tense of the verb "to go": Raftan To go

Man miravam I go

To miravi You go/thou goest

U miravid he/she goes


Mâ miravim we go

Šomâ miravid you go

Išân miravand they go

Past tense: Man raftam I went

To rafti You went/thou went

U raft He/she went

Mâ raftim We went

Šomâ raftid You went

Išân raftand They went

Exercise 11.2

Conjugate the present and past tense of the following verbs: âvardan - bordan - didan - xordan - xaridan - goftan - neveštan

Exercise 11.3

Put the following verbs into the negative: bord - didam - xordam - xaridand - goftim - neveštand - rafti - hastim - budam - âmadand - miravam - raft - hast - didand - xordim - xarid - goftand - neveštand - bordim - âvardand - âvard - xordi - xaridam - did - didam - neveštim - âvardim


Lesson 13 Šanbe Saturday

Yekšanbe Sunday

Došanbe Monday

Sešanbe Tuesday

Cahâršanbe Wednesday

Panjšanbe Thursday

Âdine/Jom'e Friday

mâh moon/month

sâl year

1. Yek hafte haft ruz ast. 1. A week is seven days long.

2. Yek mâh si ruz ast. 2. A month is thirty days long.

3. Yek sâl sisado šasto panj ruz ast. 3. A year is three hundred and sixty five days long.

4. Yek sâl davâzdah mâh yâ panjâho do hafte ast. 4. A year is twelve months or fifty two weeks long.

5. Jom’ehâ mâ be dânešgâh nemiyâyim. 5. We do not go to the university on Fridays.

6. Jom’ehâ ostâdân be dânešgâh nemiyâyand. 6. Professors do not go to the university on Fridays.

7. Ruze šanbe šâgerdân be dânešgâh miyâyand. 7. Students go to the university on Saturdays.

8. Emruz Yekšanbe ast. 8. Today is Sunday.

9. Diruz šanbe bud. 9. Yesterday was Saturday.

10. Man ruzhâye Jom’e dar xâne hastam. 10. I am home on Fridays.

11. Man ruzhâye šanbe dar danešgâh hastam. 11. I am at the university on Saturdays.

12. Man ruzhâye Došanbe va Cahâršanbe be dânešgah miyâyam.

12. I go to the university on Mondays and Wednesdays.

Exercise 13.1


1. šâgerdân - dar - sâat - yek - kelâs - hastand šâgerdân sâate yek dar kelâs hastand.

2. kâqaz - šâgerdân - medâd - ruye - minevisand - bâ

šâgerdân bâ medâd ruye kâqaz minevisand.

3. šomâ - injâ - ketâbe - nist ketâbe šomâ injâ nist.

4. šast - yek - sâat - ast - daqiqe yek sâat šast daqiqe ast.

5. dânešgâh - miravim - be - šanbehâ - mâ ma šanbehâ be danešgah miravim.

6. bud - diruz - Cahâršanbe diruz Cahâršanbe bud.


7. dar - ruzhâye - Panjšanbe - nistam - dânešgâh ruzhaye Panjšanbe dar dânešgâh nistam.

8. sâat - yekruz - ast - davâzdah yek ruz bisto cahâr sâat ast.

9. sâl - yek - mâh - davâzdah - ast yek sâl davâzdah mâh ast.

10. šâgerdân - medâd - bâ - kâqaz - ruye - minevisand

šâgerdân bâ medâd ruye kâqaz minevisand.

Exercise 13.2

Answer the following questions: 1. Emruz cand šanbe ast?

2. Diruz cand šanbe bud?

3. Hafte cand ruz ast?

4. Yek ruz cand sâat ast?

5. Yek sâat cand daqiqe ast?

6. Yek daqiqe cand sâniye ast?

7. Âyâ šomâ ruzhaye Došanbe be dânešgâh miravid?

8. Âyâ šomâ ruzhâye Jom’e dar xâne hastid?

9. Yek sâl cand ruz ast?

10. Yek sâl cand hafte ast?

Exercise 13.3

Find the negative form of the following sentences: 1. Emruz sâate hašt az xâne be bâzâr raftam.

2. Az bâzâr kâqazo medâdo qalam xaridam.

3. Sâate noh az bâzâr be xâne âmadam.

4. Dar xâne darse kelâs râ bâ medâd neveštam.

5. Sâate daho nim az xâne be dânešgâh raftam.

6. Sâate yâzdah ostâde mâ âmad.

7. Šâgerdân va ostâd be kelâs raftand.

8. Dar kelâs ostâd dars râ ruye taxteye syâh nevešt.

9. Mâ ham dars râ bâ medâd ruye kâqaz neveštim.

ADJECTIVES

positive degree: bozorg, kutâh, zibâ, bad

comparative degree: bozorgtar, kutâhtar, zibâtar, badtar

superlative degree: bozorgtarin, kutâhtarin, zibâtarin, badtarin


Lesson 14 zohr/nimruz noon

kond slow

dorost just/right/exact

kuk kardan to wind up

sobh/bâmdâd morning

qorub evening

xarâb out of order

xub well/good

xâbidan to sleep

1. Dorost zohr ast. It is exactly noon.

2. Dorost sâat dah ast. It is exactly ten o’clock.

3. Sâate šomâ dah daqiqe tond ast. You clock/watch is ten minutes fast.

4. Sâate man dar bisto cahar sâat panj daqiqe kond kar mikonad.

My clock/watch runs five minutes slow during twenty four hours

5. Man zohr sâatam râ kuk kardam. I wound up my clock/watch at noon.

6. Man diruz sâatam râ kuk kardam. I wound up my clock/watch yesterday.

7. Man šabhâ sâate dah mixâbam. I sleep at ten o’clock every night.

8. Dar yek ruz hašt sâat kâr mikonam. I work eight hours per day.

9. Yek sâat šast daqiqevo yek daqiqe šast sâniye ast.

An hour is sixty minutes, and a minute is sixty seconds.

10. In sâat kond kâr mikonad. This clock/watch runs slow.

11. Sâate šomâ dar bisto cahâr sâat yek rob’ tond kâr mikonad.

You clock/watch runs fifteen minutes too fast during twenty four hours.

12. Sobhhâ be dânešgâh miyâyamo zohrhâ be xâne miravam.

I go to the university in the morning and I come home every noon.

13. In sâat xarâb asto kâr nemikonad. This clock is out of order and does not work.

14. In sâat xarâb ast va dar bisto cahâr sâat panj sâat kond kâr mikonad.

This clock is out of order and runs five hours slow during twenty four hours.

15. Âyâ šomâ šabhâ sâate hašt mixâbid? Do you sleep at eight o’clock every night?

16. Sâate šomâ xub kâr mikonad. Your clock/watch works well.

17. Sâate man diruz bad kâr mikard. My clock worked poorly yesterday.

18. Sâate man dorost asto bâ sâate dânešgâh yeki st.

My clock/watch is right and is the same as the university's.

19. Sâate šomâ dorost nist. You clock/watch is not right.


20. Sâate man kucak ast. My clock/watch is small.

Exercise 14.1


1. Cand sâat dar ruz kâr mikonid? Man hašt sâat dar ruz kâr mikonam.

2. Âyâ šomâ šabhâ sâate noh mixâbid? Na, man šabhâ sâate dah mixâbam.

3. Âyâ šomâ ruzhâ mixâbid? Na, man ruzhâ nemixâbam.

4. Ce sâati mixâbid? Sâate dah mixâbam.

5. Âyâ sâate šomâ dorost kâr mikonad? Bale, sâate man dorost kâr mikonad.

6. Âyâ sâate šomâ kond kâr mikonad? Na, sâate mâ kond kâr nemikonad.

7. Âyâ sâate šomâ tond kâr mikonad? Na, sâate man dorost kâr mikonad.

8. Ce sâati ast? Sâat panj ast.

9. Âyâ sobhhâ be dânešgâh miyayid? Bale, sobhhâ sâate hašt be dânešgâh miravam.

10. Âyâ zohrhâ be xane miravid? Bale, dorost zohr be xane miravam.

11. Yek sâat cand daqiqe ast? Yek sâat šast daqiqe ast.

12. Yek rob’e sâat cand daqiqe ast? Yek rob’e sâat pânzdah daqiqe ast.

13. Nimsâat cand dadiqe ast? Nimsâat si dadiqe ast.

14. Yek sâl cand ruz ast? Yek sâl sisado šasto panj ruz ast

15. Yek ruz cand sâat ast? Yek ruz bisto cahâr sâat ast.

Exercise 14.2

Compare and categorize the following adjectives: xošgel/zibâ pretty

bozorg large/big

arzân cheap

zešt ugly

gerân expensive

dur far

Exercise 14.3

Put the following sentences into Persian:


1. Did you see us in the market? Âyâ mâ râ dar bâzâr didid?

2. I have a red pen and two blue pencils. Man yek qalame sorxo do medâde âbi dâram.

3. I am at home today. Man emruz dar xâne hastam.

4. I did not see him yesterday. Man u râ diruz nadidam.

5. The students are in the class. Šâgerdân dar kelâs hastand.

6. Our professor came to the class at half past eight. Ostâde mâ sâate hašto nim be kelâs âmad.

7. I went home at a quarter past four yesterday. Man diruz sâate cahâro rob' be xâne raftam.

8. It is ten minutes past six. Sâat šešo dah daqiqe ast.

9. We do not come to the university on Fridays. Mâ ruzhâye Âdine be dânešgâh nemiyâyim.

10. There are sixty seconds in one hour. Yek sâat šast daqiqe ast.

Exercise 14.4

Learn the following combinations that denote possessive case: ketâbam my book

ketâbat your book/thy book

ketâbaš his/her book

ketâbaman our book

ketâbatân your book

ketâbašân their book

Exercise 14.5

Write the possessive cases of these nouns:

medâd medâdam (my pencil)

sar sarat (your head)

dast dastaš (his/her hand)

dars darsamân (our lesson)

dar daratân (your door)

sag sagašân (their dog)

kâqaz kâqazam (my paper)


Lesson 15 Fasl season

bahâr spring

zemestân winter

tâbestân summer

pâyiz autumn/fall

emsâl this year

pârsâl last year

baxš kardan to divide

šodan to become

1. Yek mâh si ruz ast. A month is thirty days long.

2. Yek sâl davâzdah mâh ast. A year is twelve months long.

3. Panjâho do hafte yek sâl mišavad. A year is fifty two weeks long.

4. Emsâl tabestân dar Tehrân nabudam. I was not in Tehran this summer.

5. Tâbestâne pârsâl dar Tehrân budam. I was in Tehran this past summer.

6. Sisado šasto panj ruz ham yek sâl ast. Three hundred sixty five days makes up a year.

7. Yek sâl râ be davâzdah mâh baxš kardeand. A year is divided into twelve months.

8. Har fasl se mâh ast. A season is three months long.

9. Bahâr, tâbestân, pâyiz, zemestân, cahâr fasle sâl hastand.

Spring, summer, autumn, and winter are the four seasons of the year.

10. Pârsâ1, tâbestân az Tehrân be Espahân raftam. I went from Tehran to Ispahan last summer.

Exercise 15.1

Make a sentence for each of the following words: 1. šanbe 2. hafte 4. ruz 5. daqiqe 7. emsâl 8. fasl 10. diruz 3. bahâr 6. mâh 9. mišavad

Exercise 15.2

Answer the following questions: 1. Yek sâl cand fasl ast?

2. Yek ruz cand sâat ast?

3. Yek hafte cand ruz ast?

4. Sal râ be cand fasl baxš kardeand?

5. Har fasl cand mâh ast?

6. Har sal cand hafte ast?


7. Yek sâl cand ruz ast?

8. Emruz cand šanbe ast?

9. Diruz cand šanbe bud?

10. In fasl ce faslist (= fasli ast)?

Exercise 15.3

Put the following words in the right order: 1. dar - Tehrân - nabudam - pârsâl

2. emsâl - az Tehrân - tâbestân - miravam - be Espahân

3. cahâr - yek - fasl - sâl - ast

4. dar - xâne - sâat - hastam - yek

5. sâat - dišab - xâbidam - noh

6. in âsântar - diruz - dars - az - ast - dars

7. yek - se - mâh - fasl - ast

8. diruz - ketâb - dah - bâzâr - az - xaridam

9. in - hafte - dânešgâh - sobhhâ - dar - dâram - kâr

10. man - sâat - sobhhâ - hašt - xâne - dar - nistam


Lesson 16 Mâhhâye sâl The months of the year

Farvardin Mehr

Ordibehešt Âbân

Xordâd Âzar

Tir Dey

Amordâd Bahman

Šahrivar Espand

Nowruz Iranian new year

garm warm

sard cold

havâ air/weather

1. Farvardin, Ordibehešt, Xordâd, se mâhe bahâr hastand.

Farvardin, Ordibehešt, and Xordâd are the 3 months of spring.

2. Tir, Amordâd, Šahrivar, se mâhe Tâbestân hastand.

Tir, Amordâd, and Šahrivar, are the 3 months of summer.

3. Dey, Bahman, Espand, se mâhe zemestân hastand.

Dey, Bahman, and Espand, are the 3 months of winter

4. Mehr, Âbân, Âzar, se mâhe pâyiz hastand. Mehr, Âbân, and Âzar, are the 3 months of autumn.

5. Nowruz, naxostin ruze Farvardin ast. Nowruz, is the first day of Farvardin.

6. Bisto yekome mâhe Mârc ham naxostin ruze Farvardin ast.

The twenty first of March is also the first day of Farvardin.

7. Zemestânhâ havâ sard ast. The weather is cold in the winter.

8. Tâbestânhâ havâ garm ast. The weather is warm in the summer.

9. Dar mâhe Amordâd havâye Tehrân, garm ast. The weather of Tehran is warm in the month of Amordâd.

10. Dar mâhe Bahman havâye Tehrân, sard ast. The weather of Tehran is cold in the month of Bahman.

11. Yek sâl be cahâr fasl baxš mišavad. A year is divided into four seasons.

12. Har fasl se mâh ast. Every season is three months long.

13. Šeš mâhe naxoste sâl siyo yek ruz hastand. The first six months of the year are thirty one days long.

14.Šeš mâhe dovome sâl si ruz ast. The second six months of the year are thirty days long.

15. Har yek az mâhhâye bahâr siyo yek ruz ast. Each of the spring months is thirty one days long.


16. Har yek az mâhhâye tâbestân siyo yek ruz ast. Each of the summer months is thirty one days long.

17. Har yek az mâhhaye pâyiz si ruz ast. Each of the autumn months is thirty days long.

18. Har yek az mâhhâye zemestân si ruz ast. Each of the winter months is thirty days long.

19. Dar fasle bahâro pâyiz, havâye Tehrân, xub ast. Tehran's weather is good during the spring and autumn seasons.

20. Dar fasle tâbestâno zemestan, havâye Tehrân, xub nist.

Tehran's weather is not good during the summer and winter seasons.

Exercise 16.1

Put the following sentences into negative: 1. Emruz havâ sard ast.

2. Diruz havâ garm bud.

3. Emsâl tâbestân havâ garm bud.

4. Pârsâl zemestân havâ sard bud.

5. Dar tâbestân havâye Tehran garm ast.

6. Dar zemestân havâye Tehrân sard ast.

7. Zemestânhâ man dar Tehrân hastam.

8. Emsâl tâbestân az Tehrân be Espahân raftam.

9. Diruz havâye xubi bud.

10. Emruz sâate šeš havâ sard bud.

Exercise 16.2

Answer the following questions: 1. Âyâ emruz sard ast?

2. Âyâ diruz garm bud?

3. Âyâ dar Amordâdmâh havâye Tehrân garm ast?

4. Âyâ dar Bahmanmâh havâye Tehrân sard ast?

5. Âyâ tâbestânhâ dar Tehrân hastid?

6. Âyâ nowruz naxostin ruze sâl ast?

7. Âyâ bisto yekome mâhe Mârc ruze naxoste Farvardin ast?

8. Farvardinmâh cand ruz ast?

9. Tirmâh cand ruz ast?

10. Deymâh cand ruz ast?


Exercise 16.3

Make sentences out of the following words: 1. havâ - dar - garm - tâbestân - ast.

2. ast - havâ - sard - zemestânhâ.

3. naxostin - Farvardin - ruz - Nowruz - ast.

4. fasl - har - mâh - se - ast.

5. mâh - ruz - si - ast - yek.

6. sal - fasl - yek - ast - cahâr.

7. sâl - yek - hafte - panjaho do - ast.

8. naxoste - Šanbe - hafte - ruze - ast.

9. Tehrân - zemestânhâ - man - hastam - dar.

10. mâhe - naxoste - bahâr - Farvardin - aste.

Exercise 16.4

Write a sentence for each of the following words: 1. sard 2. naxost 3. sâat 4. zohr 5. garm 6. mâh 7. emsâl 8. havâ 9. sâl 10. emruz


Lesson 17 xoršid sun

setâre star

abr cloud

aftab sunlight

tâbidan to shine

zamin earth

mahtab/mâhtâb moonlight

abri cloudy

âftâbi sunny

âsmân sky

1. Xoršid be zamin mitâbad. The sun shines on the earth.

2. Xoršid az zamin dur ast. The sun is far from the earth.

3. Âftab zamin râ garm mikonad. The sun warms the earth.

4. Âftab mâ râ garm mikonad. The sun warms us up.

5. Mahtâb garm nist, va zamin râ garm nemikonad. Moonlight is not warm, and does not warm the earth.

6. Xoršid bozorg asto setâregân kucak hastand. The sun is large and the stars are small.

7. Xoršido mâho setâregân dar âsmân hastand. The sun, the moon, and the stars are in the sky.

8. Šabhâ mâ xoršid râ nemibinim. We do not see the sun at night.

9. Ruzhâ mâ setâregân râ nemibinim. We do not see the stars during the day.

10. Šabhâ setâregân râ dar âsmân mibinim. We see the stars in the sky at night.

11. Emruz havâ abrist, va xoršid râ nemibinim. It is cloudy today, and we do not see the sun.

12. Diruz havâ âftabiyo garm bud. Yesterday the weather was sunny and warm.

13. Zemestânhâ âftâb ziyâd garm nist. The sunlight is not very warm in the winter.

14. Ruzhâye zemestâno šabhâye tâbestân kutâh hastand.

Winter days and summer nights are short.

15. Šabhaye zemestâno ruzhâye tâbestân boland hastand.

Winter nights and summer days are long.

Exercise 17.1

Put into Persian:

1. The sun is bigger than the earth. Xoršid bozorgtar az zamin ast.


2. It was sunny yesterday. Diruz âftâbi bud.

3. It is cloudy today and the sun does not shine. Emruz abristo xoršid nemitâbad.

4. The sky is blue. Âsmân âbist.

5. It is cold in winter. Zemestân sard ast.

6. It was warm last summer. Tâbestâne piš garm bud.

7. Autumn is a beautiful season. Pâyiz fasle zibâyist.

8. There are four seasons in a year. Sâl cahâr fast ast.

9. It is not cloudy tonight. Emšab abri nist.

10. Saturday is the first day of the week. Šanbe ruze naxoste hafte ast.

Exercise 17.2

1. Name the days of the week. 2. Name the months of the year. 3. Count from twenty to a hundred. 4. Name the seasons of the year.

Exercise 17.3

Answer the following questions: 1. Âyâ šabhâ xoršid râ mibunid?

2. Âyâ šomâ bozorgtar az man hastid?

3. Âyâ ruzhâ setâregân râ mibinid?

4. Âyâ dišab havâ abri bud?

5. Âyâ emruz hava âftâbiyast?

6. Âyâ xoršid bozorgtar az zamin ast?

7. Abr ce rang ast?

8. Âyâ ruzhâ mâh ra mibinid?

9. Âyâ zamin, kucaktar az xoršid ast?

10. Âyâ Nowruz, naxoste sâl ast?

Exercise 17.4

Make a sentence for each of the following words: 1. setâre 2. naxost 3. Amordâd 4. abr 5. durtar 6. bahâr 7. cehel 8. pârsâl 9. xâbid 10. Došanbe


Lesson 18 barf snow

tagarg hail

bâd wind

gâhi sometimes

sâf cloudless/clear

vazidan to blow

meh fog

bârân rain

baridan to rain

besyâr/xeyli very/very much

1. Dar mâhe Amordâd havâye Tehrân besyâr garm ast.

Tehran's weather is very warm in the month of Amordâd.

2. Dar Bahmanmâh havâye Tehrân besyâr sard ast. Tehran's weather is very cold in the month of Bahman.

3. Bârân dar bahâro pâyiz, va barf dar zemestân mibarad.

It rains in spring and autumn, and it snows in winter.

4. Bâd dar bahâro pâyiz va gâhi ham dar zemestân mivazad.

Wind blows in spring and autumn and sometimes in winter.

5. Emruz havâ kami abri ast. The weather is a little cloudy today.

6. Tabestâne Tehrân besyâr garm, va zemstâne ân, besyâr sard ast.

Tehran's summer is very warm, and its winter is very cold.

7. Emruz havâye Tehrân abri bud, bâd âmad, abrhâ râ bord, havâ sâf šod.

Tehran's weather today was cloudy, the wind blew the clouds away and it became clear.

8. Pârsâl bârân zyâd nayâmad; vali emsâl ham barfo ham barâne zyâdi âmad.

Last year it did not rain very much; but this year it rained and snowed a lot.

9. Pârsâl yek ruz sobh meh âmad, vali zud raft. Last year one morning it turned foggy, but it quickly cleared up.

10. Pârsâl, zemestân havâ besyâr sard našod. Last year, winter the weather did not turn too cold.

Exercise 18.1

Answer these questions: 1. Amordâdmâh dar kodam fasl ast?

2. Ordibeheštmâh dar kodâm fasl ast?


3. Kodâm fasl garmtar ast?

4. Sardtarin fasl kodâm ast?

5. Dar ce fasli bâran zyâd mibârad?

6. Dar ce fasli bâd zyâd mibârad?

7. Kodâm fasl havâ zyâd sard mišavad?

8. Kodâm fasl havâ zyâd garm mišavad?

9. Ayâ dar bahâr bârân zyâdtar mibârad yâ dar pâyiz?

10. Ayâ barf dar zemestân mibârad?

Exercise 18.2

Compare the following adjectives:

1. garm 2. sard 3. zyâd 4. arzân 5. gerân 6. boland 7. kutâh 8. zibâ 9. bad 10. bozorg

Exercise 18.3

Learn the following ordinal numbers: yekom/naxost/avval first

doyom/dovom second

seyom/sevom third

caharom fourth

panjom fifth

šešom sixth

haftom seventh

haštom eighth

nohom ninth

dahom tenth

yâzdahom eleventh

davâzdahom twelveth

sizdahom thirteenth

cahardahom fourteenth

panzdahom fifteenth

šânzdahom sixteenth

hafdahom seventeenth

hajdahom/hašdahom/ha� dahom eighteenth

nuzdahom nineteenth

bistom twentieth


bisto yekom twenty first

bisto dovom twenty second

siyo dovom thirty second

cehelo sevom forty third

panjaho cahârom fifty fourth

šasto panjom sixty fifth

haftâdo šešom seventy sixth

haštâdo haftam eighty seventh

navado haštom ninety eighth

sadom hundredth

hezârom thousandth

Exercise 18.4

Write five simple sentences about winter.

Exercise 18.5

Make sentences out of the following words:

1. ruz - Farvardin - naxoste - Nowruz - ast

2. havâ - tâbestânhâ - besyâr - mišavad - garm

3. âftâb - mikonad - garm - mâ - râ

4. mahtâb - nist - garm - va - nemikonad - garm - mâ - râ

5. setâregân - râ - dar - šabhâ - mibinim - âsmân

6. nemibinim - setâregân - râ - ruzhâ

7. havâ - âftâbi - diruz - bud

8. mitâbad - be - xoršid - zamin

9. dovome - bahâr - Ordibehešt - mâh - ast

10. mâh - Xordâd - bahâr - sevome - ast


Lesson 19 mâdar mother

barâdar brother

doxtar girl/daughter

pedar father

zan wife/woman

pesar boy/son

xâhar sister

mard man

šowhar husband

Pedaram šasto se sâl dârad va dar dânešgâh dars midahad.

My father is sixty three years old and teaches at the university.

Mâdaram panjâhsâle asto dar xâne kâr mikonad. My mother is fifty three years old and works at home.

Har ruz sobh pedaram be dânešgâh miravad, va dar ânjâ dars midahad ammâ mâdaram dar xâne asto kârhâye xâne râ mikonad.

Every morning my father goes to the university and teaches there, but my mother is at home taking care of the house work.

Man se xâharo do barâdar dâram. I have three sisters and two brothers.

Xaharâne man har se az man kucaktarand. My sisters are all younger than me.

Yeki az xâharâne man šowhar dârad. One of my sisters has a husband.

Do xâhare digare man dar xâneye pedaro mâdaram hastand.

My two other sisters live at home with my parents.

Barâdarâne man har do az man bozorgtar hastand va dar xâneye xodašân hastand.

My brothers are all older than me and live in their own homes.

Man har ruz be dânešgâh miravamo dar ânjâ dars mixânam.

I go to the university every day and study there.

Ruzhâye Jom’e ostâdân be dânešgâh nemiyâyand, man ham be ânjâ nemiravam.

On Fridays the professors do not go to the university and I do not go there either.

Dar dânešgâhe mâ zanâno mardân, doxtarâno pesarân bâ ham dars mixânand.

In our university women and men, girls and boys all study together.

Exercise 19.1

Give negative and positive answers to the following questions: 1. Âyâ šomâ har ruz be dânešgâh miravid?

2. Âyâ pedare šomâ dar dânešgâh dars midahad?

3. Âyâ šomâ barâdar dârid?

4. Âyâ šomâ xâhar dârid?

5. Âyâ barâdare šomâ az šomâ bozorgtar ast?


6. Âyâ xâhare šomâ az šomâ kucaktar ast?

7. Âyâ xâhare šomâ dar xâneye pedaratân ast?

8. Âyâ barâdare bozorge šomâ kâr mikonad?

9. Âyâ xâhare kucake šomâ dar xâne ast?

10. Âyâ xâhare bozorge šomâ šowhar dârad?

Exercise 19.2

Make sentences out of the following words:

1. man - pedare - dar - xâne - nist - ruzhâ

2. dar - mâdaram - xâne - mikonad - kâr

3. mâdar - besyâr - bozorgtar - va - pedaram - az - man - hastand

4. az - xâharâne - yeki - šowhar - man - dârad

5. yeki - xâharân - kâr - man - az - xâne - râ - mikonad - e

Exercise 19.3

Learn the following pronouns:

pedaram = my father pedaramân = our father

pedarat = your father pedaratân = your father

pedaraš = his/her father pedarašân = their father

xodam = myself xodamân = ourselves

xodat = yourself xodatân = yourselves

xodaš = himself/herself xodašân = themselves

ketâbe xodam = my own book ketâbe xodamân = our own book

ketâbe xodat = your own book ketâbe xodatân = your own book

ketâbe xodaš = his/her own book ketâbe xodašân = their own book

Exercise 19.4

Correct these sentences:

1. išân az xâne be bâzâr raft.


2. man emruz sobh dar xâne hast.

3. u diruz be dânešgâh miravad.

4. pedare man az man kucaktar ast.

5. man az mâdaram bozorgtar hastam.


Lesson 20 šâm = supper xorâk/qazâ = food nân = bread

nâhâr = lunch šir = milk panir = cheese

sobhâne/câšt = breakfast bidâr šodan = to wake šostan = to wash

Sobhhâ sâate šeš az xâb bidâr mišavam. I wake up at six o'clock every morning.

Dasto suratam râ mišuyam. I wash may hands and face.

Nâno paniro šir mixoram, va be dânešgâh miravam. I eat bread with cheese and milk and head to the university.

Sâate hašto nim dar kelâs hastam. I am in the classroom at eight thirty.

Ostâd be kelâs miyâyad va dars midahad. The professor arrives at class and teaches.

Sobhhâ se sâat dars mixânam. I study for three hours every morning.

Sâate yâzdaho nim az dânešgâh be xâne miravam. I leave the university for home at eleven thirty.

Dorost sâate davâzdah nâhâr mixoram. I eat lunch exactly at twelve o'clock.

Sâate dovo nim dobâre be dânešgâh miravam. I again go to the university at two thirty.

Do sâat digar dars mixânam. I study another two hours.

Pas az ân be xâne miravam. After that I go home.

Dar xâne ham kami dars mixânamo kami kâr mikonam.

At home I study and work a little.

Sâate hašt šâm mixoramo sâate dah mixâbam. I eat supper at eight and sleep at ten.

Exercise 20.1

Answer the following questions: Sobhhâ ce sâati az xâb bidâr mišavid?

Âyâ šabhâ zud mixâbid?

Âyâ dar zemestân dasto suratetân râ bâ âbe sard mišuyid?

Âyâ dar tâbestân dasto suratetân râ bâ âbe garm mišuyid?

Ce sâati sobhâne mixorid?

Ce sâati nâhâr mixorid?

Ce saati šâm mixorid?

Šir ce rang ast?

Dar zemestân xorâke sard behtar ast yâ xorâke garm?

Šabi cand sâat mixâbid?


Exercise 20.2

Make a sentence with each of the following words: 1. pedaratân 2. xodaš 3. pedaram

4. gâhi 5. ammâ 6. setâregân

7. pas az ân 8. dobâre 9. mixâbam

Exercise 20.3

Correct these sentences: 1. U xodašân be man goft.

2. Yeki az xaharâne man šowhar dârand.

3. Mahtâb mâ râ garm mikonad.

4. Nowruz, ruze naxoste Ordibehešt ast.

5. Havâ besyâr sard bud, tagarg mivazido bâd mibârid.

6. Dišab havâ sâf budo setâregân râ nemididim.

7. Emruz dorost sâate davâzdah šâm xordam.

8. Šomâ ketâbe xodetân râ be xâne bordand.

9. Zemestân havâye Tehrân besyâr garm ast.

10. Tâbestânhâ dar Tehrân barf mibârad.


Lesson 21 otâqe nešiman livingroom

otâqe xâb bedroom

otâqe nâhârxori dining room

nowkar man-servant

otâqe pazirâyi guestroom

âšpazxâne kitchen

âšpaz cook

rušuyi lavatory

kolfat maid-servant

mehmân guest

Xâneye mâ panj otâq dârad, se otâqe ân bozorgo do otâqe an kucak ast.

Our house has five rooms, three of its rooms are large and two are small.

Yeki az otâqhâye bozorg, otâqe nešiman ast ke mâ dar ân minešinim.

One of its large rooms is the living room where we sit.

Yeki az otâqhâye kucak barâye xâb ast ke mâ dar an mixâbim.

One of the small rooms is the bedroom where we sleep.

Dar otâqe nâhârxori xorâk mixorim. We eat food in the dining room

Dar otâqe pazirâyi az mehmân pazirâyi mikonim. We entertain a guest in the guestroom.

Yeki az otâqhâye kucak barâye nowkaro kolfate mâst.

One of the small rooms is for the maid and the sevant.

Kolfato nowkare mâ zano šowhar hastand. Our maid and servant are husband and wife.

Mâ âšpaz nadârim va xodemân âšpazi mikonim. We do not have a cook and must cook our own food.

Sobhhâ ke az xâb bidâr mišavim har yek az mâ be rušuyi miravad va dast o surate xod râ mišuyad.

Every morning when we get up each one of us goes to the bathroom and washes his face and hands.

Sâate hafte sobh barâye xordane sobhâne be otâqe nâhârxori miravim.

At seven o'clock we go to the dining room to have breakfast.

Barâye xordane nâhâr va šâm hameye mâ dasthâye xodemân râ mišuyim, pas az ân be otâqe nâhârxori barâye xordane xorâk miravim.

We wash our hands before lunch and dinner, then we go into the dining room to have our meals.

Pas az xordane nâhâr dobâre har yek be sare kâre xod miravim.

After having lunch we return to our work.

Šabhâ do sâat pas az xordane šâm hameye mâ mixâbim.

Every night we go to bed two hours after dinner.

Exercise 21.1


Write five simple sentences about your family.

Exercise 21.2

Use each of the following words in simple sentences: 1. bozorgtar 2. haryek 3. hame

4. šostam 5. mard 6. bidâr šodam

7. âšpazxâne 8. otâqe nowkar 9. pazirâyi kardam

10. sobhâne

Exercise 21.3

Answer these questions: 1. Sobhhâ ce sâati az xâb bidâr mišavid?

2. Šabhâ ce sâati mixâbid?

3. Nâhâr râ ce sâati mixorid?

4. Ce sâati šâm mixorid?

5. Sobhhâ ce sâati sare kâr miravid?

6. Âyâ šomâ âšpaz dârid, yâ xodatân âšpazi mikonid?

7. Xâneye šomâ cand otâq dârad?

8. Šabi cand sâat mixâbid?

9. Âyâ šomâ šabhâ dir mixâbid?

10. Zemestân râ bištar dust dârid yâ tâbestân râ?


Lesson 22 mândan to remain

hendese geometry

zabân language

pâkize clean

târix history

Pârsi Persian

poxtan to cook

joqrâfi geography

âmâreš/hesâb arithmetic

komak kardan to help

Pariyo Kuroš dar dabestân dars mixânand. Pari and Kurosh study at the elementary school.

Pari xâhare Kuroš ast va Kuroš barâdare Pari ast. Pari is Kurosh's sister, and Kurosh is Pari's brother.

Pari kelâse dovomo Kuroš cahârom ast. Pari is in second, and Kurosh is in fourth grade.

Sobhhâ bâham az xâne be dabestân miravand. Every morning they go to school together.

Kuroš do sâl bozorgtar az Pari ast. Kurosh is two years older than Pari.

Dar dabestân har do zabâne Pârsi, âmâreš, hendese, târix, va joqrâfi mixânand.

At school they both study Persian, arithmetic, geometry, history, and geography.

Šabhâ Kuroš dar xâne be Pari komak mikonad. Every night Kurosh helps Pari at home.

Pedarašân ruzhâ sâate hašt be sare kâr miravado šabhâ sâate haft be xâne miyâyad.

Their father goes to work every day at eight o'clock, and every night he goes comes home at seven o'clock.

Mâdarašân dar xâne mimânado xâne râ pâkize mikonado barâye išân xorâk mipazad.

Their mother stays at home, cleans the house, and cooks meals for them.

Pariyo Kuroš pas az in ke kâre xod râ tamâm kardand be ašpazxâne miravando be mâdarašân komak mikonand.

Pari and Kurosh go to the kitchen after finishing their work and help out their mother.

Exercise 22.1

Answer the following questions: 1. Âyâ Pari xâhare Kuroš ast?

2. Âyâ Kuroš barâdare Pari ast?

3. Pari dar ce kelâsi ast?

4. Kuroš dar ce kelâsi ast?

5. Kuroš cand sâl bozorgtar an Pari ast?

6. Dar dabestân ce mixânand?

7. Âyâ šabhâ Kuroš be Pari komak mikonad?


8. Pedarašân ce sâati be sare kar miravad?

9. Ce sâati pedarašân be xâne bar migardad?

10. Madarašân dar xâne ce mikonad?

Exercise 22.2

Write the infinitive of five different verbs.

Exercise 22.3

Conjugate the present tense of the verb “budan”.

Exercise 22.4

Conjugate the past tense of the verb “xordan”.

Exercise 22.5

Translate the following sentences into English: 1. Man u râ didam.

2. Ostâd dar kelâs dars midahad.

3. Sâate hašto nim šâgerdân dar kelâs budand.

4. Mâdaram diruz be bâzâr raft.

5. Pedare šomâ dišab be xâneye mâ âmad.

Numbers

100 sad 600 šešsad

200 devist 700 haftsad

300 sisad 800 haštsad

400 cahârsad 900 nohsad

500 pânsad 1000 hezâr


Lesson 23 xošhâl šodan to become happy

bidâr kardan to waken

piyâde on foot

kif school bag

bâz mišavad opens

hanuz yet

xarideid you have bought

xâstan to want

rasidan to reach

hardo both

Pariyo Kuroš dišab be pedarašân goftand: “Dabestâne mâ, ruze Cahâršanbe bâz mišavado hanuz šomâ barâye mâ ketâb, daftar, medâdo kâqaz naxarideid”.

Pari and Kurosh told their father last night: “Our school will open on Wednesday and you have not yet bought us any books, notebooks, pencils and papers.”

Pedarašân goft: “Fardâ ke Došanbe ast hame bâ ham be bâzâr xâhim raft”.

Their father said: “Tomorrow is Monday and we will all go to the market together”.

Bacehâ besyâr xošhâl šodando be otâqe xâbe xod raftand.

The children became happy and went to their rooms.

Fardâ sobhe zud har do az xâb bidâr šodando pedaro mâdar râ bidâr kardand.

The next day they woke up early and awakened their mother and father.

Pas az xordane sobhâne piyâde be bâzâr raftand. After having breakfast they left for the market.

Dar xiyâbânhâ daste Pari dar daste mâdar, va daste Kuroš dar daste pedar bud.

In the streets Pari's hand was in her mother's and Kurosh's was in his father's.

Pas az nim sâat be bâzâr rasidand. They reached the market after half hour.

Pedar barâye har do ketâb, daftar, qalam, medâdo kâqaz xarid.

Their father bought books, notebooks, pens, pencils, and papers for both of them.

Pari goft: “Pedar jân, man yek kif mixâham”. Pari said: “Dear father, I want a school bag”.

Pedar barâye Pari yek kife qahveiyo barâye Kuroš yek kife siyâh xarid.

Their father bought a brown school bag for Pari and a black one for Kurosh.

Išân ketâb, daftar, qalam, medâdo kâqaze xod râ dar kifhâyašân gozâštando be xâne âmadand.

They put their books, notebooks, pens, pencils, and papers in their bags and came home.

Exercise 23.1


1. Ce ruzi Pariyo Kuroš bâ pedarašân be bâzâr raftand?

2. Âyâ šomâ bâzâre Tehrân râ dideid?


3. Âyâ Pariyo Kuroš piyâde be bâzâr raftand?

4. Pas az cand sâat be bâzâr rasidand?

5. Âyâ dar xiyâbânhâ daste Pari dar daste mâdaraš bud?

6. Âyâ pedar barâye har do ketâb, daftar, medâdo qalam xarid?

7. Pari be pedar ce goft?

8. Âyâ kife Pari qahvei bud?

9. Âyâ kife Kuroš siyâh bud?

8. Âyâ Pariyo Kuroš ketâbo daftare xod râ dar kife xod gozâštand?

Exercise 23.2

Write the equivalent of the following words in English:

1. havâ 2. barâye 3. bace

4. zud 5. dir 6. xiyâbân

7. otâqe pazirâyi 8. rasidan 9. piyâde

10. âmâreš 11. hendese 12. mixâham

13. devist 14. komak mikonad 15. mândan

16. dust dâštan 17. bištar 18. Pârsi

19. poxtan 20. târix

Conjugation of Verbs

Perfect tense: Xordan To eat

man xordeam I have eaten

to xordei you have eaten

u xorde ast he/she has eaten

mâ xordeim we have eaten

šomâ xordeid you have eaten

išân xordeand they have eaten

Perfect tense: Rasidan To reach

man rasideam I have reached

to rasidei you have/thou hast reached

u raside ast he/she has reached


mâ rasideim we have reached

šomâ rasideid you have reached

išân rasideand they have reached

Pefect tense: Raftan To go

man rafteam I have gone

to raftei you have/thou hast gone

u rafte ast he/she has gone

mâ rafteim we have gone

šoma rafteid you have gone

išân rafteand they have gone

Future tense: Amadan To come

man xâham âmad I shall come

to xâhi âmad you will come

u xâhad âmad he/she will come

mâ xâhim šniad we shall come

šomâ xâhid âmad you will come

išân xâhand âmad they will come

Future tense:

Didan To see

man xâham did I shall see

to xâhi did you will see

u xâhad did he/she will see

mâ xâhim did we will see

šomâ xâhid did you will see

išân xâhand did they will see

Future tense:

Xaridan To buy


man xâham xarid I shall buy

to xâhi xarid you will buy

u xâhad xarid he/she will buy

mâ xâhim xarid we shall buy

šomâ xâhid xarid you will buy

išân xâhand xarid they will buy


Lesson 24

dust friend

giše stamp window

hangâm when

nâme letter

postxâne post office

sâlem safe/healthy

posti postman

tambr stamp

fahmidan to realize

sandoqe post mailbox

andâxtan to drop/to throw

pâkat envelope

šahr city

Yeki az dustâne man, yek mâh ast ke be Landan rafte ast.

One of my friends has gone to London for a month.

Diruz sâate nohe sobh posti nâmeyi az Landan barâye man âvard.

The postman brought me a letter from London at nine o'clock yesterday morning.

In nâme râ duste man ferestâde bud. My friend had sent me the letter.

Nâme râ xândam. I read the letter.

Hangâmi ke fahmidam u sâlem be šahre Landan raside ast, xošhâl šodam.

I was happy when I realized he had safely reached the city of London.

Dišab pâsoxe nâmeye u râ neveštamo emruz sobh ân râ be postxâne bordam.

Last night I wrote an answer to his letter, and took it to the post office this morning.

Az yeki az gišehâ tambr xaridamo be pâkat casbândam, va nâme râ dar sandoqe post andâxtam.

I bought a stamp from a window, pasted it to an envelope, and dropped the letter in a mailbox.

Az postxâne be xâneye barâdaram raftam. I went to my brother's place after the post office.

Barâdaram goft: “Sâate hašte sobh be xâneye šomâ telefon kardam, šomâ dar xâne nabudid.”

“I called your home at eight o'clock this morning, and you were not home”, my brother said.

Goftam: “dorost ast, man be postxâne rafte budam.”

“That is correct, I had gone to the post office”, I said.

Exercise 24.1


1. Âyâ šomâ šahre Landan râ dideid?


2. Postxâneye Tehrân dar ce xiyâbâni ast?

3. Âyâ šomâ postxâneye Tehrân râ dideid?

4. Tambre post râ az kojâ mixarid?

5. Âyâ šomâ dusti dar šahre Landan dârid?

6. Hangâmi ke tambr râ be pâkat casbândid, pâkat râ kojâ miyandâzid?

7. Sobhhâ ce sâati az xâne birun miravid?

8. Âyâ šomâ sobhhâ dir be xâne bar migardid?

9. Âyâ šomâ be dustâne xod ke dar Irân nistand nâme minevisid?

10. Âyâ šomâ pâsoxe nâmehâ râ zud minevisid?

Exercise 24.2

Conjugate the future tense of the verb: To Go = “Raftan”

Exercise 24.3

Conjugate the perfect tense of the verb: To See = “Didan”

Exercise 24.4

Put the following verbs into negative:

man budeam man xâham goft man miravam

to budei to xâhi goft to miravi

u bude ast u xâhad goft u miravad

mâ budeim mâ xâhim goft mâ miravim

šomâ budeid šomâ xâhid goft šomâ miravid

išân budeand išân xâhand goft išân miravand


Lesson 25 havâpeymâ airplane

nešastan to sit/to land

forudgâh airport

dast dâdan to shake hands

tâksi taxi

mosâfer passenger

âqâ sir/Mr.

digari the other

didani worth seeing

miyân among

gomrok customs

Âmrikâyi American

miyâmad was coming

xodrow automobile

Âqâye Edvârd Jânson va âqâye Yegâne bâ ham dust hastand.

Mr. Edward Johnson and Mr. Yeganeh are friends.

Âqâye Yegâne be mâ goft: “Emruz sobh sâate haft bâ yek tâksi az šahr be forudgâhe Mehrâbâd raftam.

Mr. Yeganeh told us: “This morning at seven o'clock I took a taxi from the city to the Mehrabad airport.

Âqâye Edvârd Jânson, yeki az dustâne man, az Nyu York be Tehrân miyâmad.

One of my friends, Mr. Edward Johnson, was arriving in Tehran from New York.

Yek rob’ be hašt, yek havâpeymâye Âmrikâyi be zamin nešast, duste man dar in havâpeymâ bud.

At quarter to eight, an American airplane landed, and my friend was on board.

Dare havâpeymâ bâz šod. Mosâferân hame be gomrok raftand.

The airplane door opened. All passengers went through customs.

Pas az nim sâat birun âmadand. They came out after a half hour.

Duste man ham birun âmad, bâ u dast dâdamo hâle u râ porsidam.

My friend came out as well, I shook his hand and greeted him.

Barâdare man ham be forudgâh âmade bud tâ duste marâ bebinad. Bâ xordove u be šahr âmadim.

My brother had also come to the airport to see my friend. We left for the city in his car.

Âqâye Jânson yek hafte dar Tehrân mimânado dar xâneye mâ mehmân ast.

Mr. Johnson will stay in Tehran for a week, as a guest in our home.

Mâ az u pazirâyi xâhim kard. We will entertain him.

Dar in hafte be jâhâye didaniye šahre Tehrân xâhim raft.

This week we will visit the interesting sights of the city of Tehran.

Pas az yek hafte u be šahrhâye digare Irân xâhad raft.”

After a week he will visit other cities around Iran.”

Exercise 25.1


Answer these questions: 1. Âqâye Jânson az kodâm šahr be Tehrân âmad?

2. Âqâye Jânson bâ otomobil be Tehrân âmad?

3. Âyâ âqâye Jânson bâ havâpeymâye Âmrikâyi be Tehrân âmad?

4. Ce sâati havâpeymâ be zamin nešast?

5. Mosaferân az havâpeymâ be kojâ raftand?

6. Âqâye Jânson dar Tehrân mehmâne kist?

7. Âqâye Jânson ce moddat dar Tehrân xâhad mand?

8. U pas az yek hafte be kojâ xâhad raft?

9. Âyâ Âqâye Jânson be jâhâye didaniye šahre Tehrân xâhad raft?

10. Âqâye Jânson bâ xodrove ke be šahr âmad?

Exercise 25.2

Conjugate the perfect tense of the verbs: “Dâdan” = To Give, “Gereftan” = To Take

Exercise 25.3

Translate the following sentences into Persian: 1. What day is it today?

2. Today is Tuesday.

3. What day was yesterday?

4. Yesterday was Monday.

5. What day will tomorrow be?

6. Tomorrow will be Wednesday.

7. It was cold yesterday.

8. It was warm in summertime.

9. It is cold in winter.

10. It was cloudy last night.


Lesson 26 be suye towards

zang zadan to ring

sedâ zadan to call

rušuyi lavatory

avaz kardan to change

taxte xâb bed

jâmedân suitcase

andar/andarun šodan to enter

râhnamâyi kardan to guide

xošâmad goftan to welcome

nešân to show

anjâm dâdan to finish

eškâf closet

hammâm bathroom

Xâneye Âqâye Yegâne dar xiyâbâne Taxte Jamšid ast.

Mr. Yeganeh's house is on Takht-e Jamshid Avenue.

Xodrove barâdaraš jelove xâne istâd. His brother's automobile stopped in front of the house.

Âqâye Jânson, Âqâye Yegânevo barâdarâš az xodrow piyâde šodand va be suye dare xâne raftand.

Mr. Johnson, Mr. Yeganeh, and his brother got out of the automobile and went towards the door.

Âqâye Yegâne zang râ zad. Mr. Yeganeh rang the bell.

Nowkaraš dar râ bâz kard. His servant opened the door.

Âqâye Yegânevo barâdaraš be Âqâye Jânson taârof kardand va u naxost andarune xâne šod.

Mr. Yeganeh and his brother gestured Mr. Johnson politely and he was the first to enter the house.

Âqâye Yegâne u râ be otâqi râhnamâyi kard va u andarune ân otâq šod.

Mr. Yeganeh directed him to a room which he entered.

Xânome Yegâne ham be in otâq âmad, be Âqâye Jânson xošâmad gofto taxte xâb, eškâf, hammâmo rušuyi râ be u nešân dâd.

Mrs. Yeganeh also entered the room, welcomed Mr. Johnson, and showed him the bed, the closet, the bathroom.

Nowkar ham jâmedanhâye Âqâye Jânson râ âvard va dar otâq gozâšt.

The servant brought Mr. Johnson's suitcases and placed them in the room.

Hame birun raftand tâ Âqâye Jânson dasto surate xod râ bešuyado jâmeye xod râ avaz konad.

Everyone left so that Mr. Johnson could wash up and change his clothes.

Pas az yek sâat Âqâye Jânson kârhâye xod râ anjâm dâdo duste xod Âqaye Yegâne râ sedâ zad. Har do be otâqe pazirâyi raftando ânjâ nešastand.

After an hour Mr. Johnson was finshed, and called his friend Mr. Yeganeh. They both went to the livingroom and sat there.


Exercise 26.1

Answer the following questions: 1. Xâneye Âqâye Yegâne kojâst? ( kojâ ast?)

2. Ke zange xâne râ zad?

3. Ke dar râ bâz kard?

4. Ke be Âqâye Jânson taârof kard?

5. Ke naxost andarune xâne šod?

6. Ke Âqâye Jânson râ be otâq râhnamâyi kard?

7. Xânome Yegâne be Âqâye Jânson ce goft va be u ce nešân dâd?

8. Ke jâmedânhâye Âqâye Jânson râ âvard?

9. Nowkar jâmedânhâ râ kojâ gozâšt?

10. Pas az ce moddati Âqâye Jânson kârhâye xod râ anjâm dâd?

11. Âqâye Jânson ke râ sedâ zad?

12. Âqâye Jânsono Âqâye Yegâne be kojâ raftando ce kardand?

Exercise 26.2

Make a sentence with each of the following words: 1. xâne

2. xiyâbân

3. barâdaram

4. zang

5. bâz

6. andarun

7. eškâf

8. xodaš

Exercise 26.3

Correct the following sentences: 1. Man Âqâye Yegâne râ dar xiyâban did.

2. Âqâye Jânson mehmânhâye Âqâye.

3. Havâpeymâ sâate hašt be zamin nešastand.

4. U daste xod râ dar kelâs nadidand.

5. Sâate nohe šab posti nâmeyi barâye man âvardi.

6. Barâdaram nâme râ dar sandoqe post andâxtam.


7. Yeki az dustâne man yek mâh ast ke be Landan râfteand.

8. Xâharam dusti dar šahre Tehrân dârid.

9. Pedaram sobhhâ sâate hašt az xâne birun miravad.

10. Mâ kami zabâne Pârsi midânam.

Exercise 26.4

Learn the different parts of the following verbs: Infinitive Present tense Past tense Past participle

kardan kon kard karde

budan bâš bud bude

âmadan ây âmad âmade

âvardan âvar âvard âvarde

bordan bar bord borde

didan bin did dide

xordan xor xord xorde

raftan row raft rafte

xaridan xar xarid xaride

neveštan nevis nevešt nevešte

šodan šow šod šode

tâbidan tâb tâbid tâbide

vazidan vaz vazid vazide

dâdan deh dâd dâde

xândan xân xând xânde


Lesson 27 aknun/inak now

nešasteand they are sitting

ehterâm respect/honor

boland šodand they raise up

cây tea

na’lbaki saucer

gap mizadand they were talking

pišband apron

qand sugar

piš/jelow in front of/before

surat face

širini sweets

fenjân cup

mizbân host

hangâm when

šâne kard he/she combed

kenâr beside

mixordand they were eating

Âqâye Jânsono Âqâye Yegâne aknun dar otâqe pazirâyi nešasteando bâham gap mizanand.

Mr. Johnson and Mr. Yeganeh are now seated in the livingroom and talking.

Xânome Yegâne dar in hangâm dar âšpazxâne bud. Mrs. Yeganeh was in the kitchen at this time.

Az âšpazxâne birun âmad, pišbande xod râ baz kard, dasto surate xod râ šost, jâmeye xâne râ avaz kard, sare xod râ šâne kardo be otâqe pazirâyi raft.

She came out of the kitchen, took off her apron, washed up, changed her clothes, combed her hair and entered the livingroom.

Âqaye Jânsono Âqâye Yegâne be ehterâme u az jâye xod boland šodand.

Mr. Johnson and Mr. Yeganeh rose up from their seats as a sign of respect for her.

Hangâmi ke Xânome Yegâne nešast, išân ham dobâre nešastand.

They sat down again when Mrs. Yeganeh took her seat.

Nowkare xâne câyo širini âvardo piše Âqâye Jânson bord.

The servant brought some tea and sweets and offered them to Mr. Johnson.

Âqâye Johnson yek fenjân cây bardâšto do tekke qand dar ân andâxt.

Mr. Johnson picked up a cup of tea and dropped two pieces of sugar in it.

Pas az ân yek širini ham bardâšto kenâre na’lbaki gozâšt.

Then he picked up a sweet and placed it on the saucer.

Âqâvo xânome Yegâne ham câyo širiniye xod râ bardâštand va nowkar az otâq birun raft.

Mr. and Mrs. Yeganeh took their tea and sweets and the servant left the room.

Mehmâno do mizbân cây mixordando gap mizadand. The guest and the two hosts drank tea and talked.


Exercise 27.1

Without referring to the translation tell what you read in your own words.

Exercise 27.2

Answer the following questions with complete sentences: 1. Âqâye Jânson va Âqâye Yegâne aknun dar kojâ nešasteand?

2. Âqâye Jânsono Âqâye Yegâne ce mikonand?

3. Âya Xânome Yegâne jâmevo kafšhâvo jurâbhâye xod râ avaz kard?

4. Hangâmi ke âqâye Jânsono Âqâye Yegâne, Xânome Yegâne râ didand ce kardand?

5. Hangâmi ke Xânome Yegâne nešast išân ce kardand?

6. Nowkare xâne ce âvard?

7. Nowkare xâne câyo širini râ piše ke bord?

8. Âqâye Jânson ce bar dâšt?

9. Âqâye Jânson dar fenjâne cây ce andâxt?

10. Âqâye Jânson širini râ kojâ gozâšt?

Exercise 27.3

Put all the verbs in the sentences into present tense.

Exercise 27.4

Translate the following sentences into English: 1. In doxtare man ast.

2. Doxtare man yâzdah sâle ast.

3. Pesare šomâ cand sâle ast?

4. Emruz havâ besyâr sard ast.

5. Âyâ šomâ dar Tehrân zendegi mikonid?

6. Yeki az barâdarâne man dar Espahân zendegi mikonad.

7. Dišab dir be xâne raftam.

8. Nowruz, ruze naxoste sâle Iraniyân ast.

9. Havâye in otâq garm ast, yeki az panjarehâ râ bâz konid.

10. Yeki az dustânam be dânešgâhhâye Englestân rafte ast.


Lesson 28 gerd âmadand they gathered

deh village

dehnešin villager

dowr around

pir old

da’vat kard he/she invited

gardeš kardan to take a walk/browse/wander

mânand like

nâpâk dirty

keštzâr field

jow barley

kâšte budand they had sown

guspand sheep

boz goat

xorus cock

negahdâri kardan to take care

jânvar animal

sudmand useful

nâm name

porsid he/she asked

âmâde kardan to prepare

tang narrow

gandom wheat

gâv cow

xar donkey

morq hen

zirâ because

Âqâye Yegâne bâ pesare bozorgo Xânomaš va Âqâye Jânson ruze Âdine bâ xodrow az Tehrân birun raftand.

Mr. Yeganeh, his eldest son, his wife, and Mr. Johnson, left Tehran by car on Friday.

Pas az do sâat be yek deh rasidand. They reached a village after two hours.

Dehnešinân ke didand xodrow andarune deh šode ast, dowre ân gerd âmadand.

The villagers gathered around the automobile after they saw it enter the village.


Yeki az išân ke pirmardi bud, išân râ be xâneye xod da’vat kard.

One of them, an old man, invited them to his home.

Išân ham xodrow râ dar kenâri gozâštando be xâneye pirmard raftand.

They left the automobile in a corner and went to the old man's house.

Âqâye Yegâne nâme pirmard râ porsid, pir-mard goft: “Nâme man Kuroš ast”.

Mr. Yeganeh asked the old man for his name, the old man replied: “My name is Kurosh”.

Pas az rasidan be xâne zane Kuroš išân râ be otâqi râhnamâyi kardo pas az nim sâat cây âmâde kardo barâye išân âvard.

After reaching the house, Kurosh's wife directed them to a room and after a half hour prepared tea and brought it inside.

Išân pas az xordane cây dar deh gardeš kardand. They browsed around village after drinking their teas.

Âqâye Jânson goft: “Xânehâye deh mânande xânehâye šahr bozorgo zibâ nistand va kuce ham tango nâpâk ast”.

Mr. Johnson said: “The village houses are not as large and beautiful as the one's in the city, and the alley is narrow and dirty”.

Pas az dah daqiqe az deh birun raftando be keštzâr rasidand.

After ten minutes they left the village and reached a field.

Bištare zaminhâ râ gandomo jow kâšte budand. Most of the field was planted with barley and wheat.

Dehnešinân az gâv, guspand, boz, xar, asb, morqo xorus negahdâri mikonand, zirâ in janvarân sudmand hastand.

The villagers take care of cows, sheep, goats, donkeys, horses, hens and cocks, because these are useful animals.

Exercise 28.1

Answer the following questions: 1. Âqâye Yegâne bâ ke az Tehrân birun raft?

2. Ce ruzi Âqâye Yegâne az Tehrân birun raft?

3. Pas az cand sâat be deh rasidand?

4. Ce kasâni dowre mâšin gerd âmadand?

5. Ke išân râ be xâneye xod da’vat kard?

6. Âyâ išân be xâneye an pirmard raftand?

7. Nâme ân pirmard ce bud?

8. Zane Kuroš ce kard?

9. Išân pas az xordane cây ce kardand?

10. Âqâye Jânson dar bâreye xânehâye deh ce goft?

11. Âqâye Jânson dar bâreye kucehâye deh ce goft?

12. Âqâye Yegânevo digarân az deh ke birun raftand be kojâ rasidand?

13. Dar zaminhâ bištar ce kâšte budand?

14. Jânvarâni râ ke dar deh budand nâm bebarid?

15. Âyâ gâvo guspand sudmand hastand?


Exercise 28.2

Make a sentence for each of the following words: 1. deh 5. rasidan 9. sudmand

2. pir 6. râhnamâyi kardan 10. bozorgtar

3. da’vat 7. šahr

4. nâm 8. daqiqe

Exercise 28.3

Explain what you read in your own words without refering to the previous pages.

Exercise 28.4

Put the sentences you created in Exercise 28.2 into negative.

Exercise 28.5

Name five villages around Tehran.


Lesson 29 asr evening

hamrâhân companions

xoš gozaštan to have a good time

âsude comfortable

bâyad must

mixâham I want

safar trip/voyage

xâvar east

jonubi southern

bâxtar west

markazi central

taqriban nearly

nâcâram I’m obliged

gunâgun different

ya’ni it means

dur far

xânevâde family

šomâl north

baxš part

sepas afterwards

bedrud goftan to say goodby

Asre Âdine Âqâye Yegânevo hamrâhân az gardeš bar gaštand va sâlem be xâne rasidand.

Mr. Yeganeh and companions returned home fine on Friday evening.

Hame barâye xordane cây be otâqe pazirâyi raftand. They all went to the livingroom for tea.

Âqâye Jânson be xânevâdeye Yegâne goft: “Man dar xâneye šomâ besyâr âsude hastamo dar injâ be man xoš migozarad.

Mr Johnson said to the Yeganeh family: “I am very comfortable at your home and am having a good time.

Vali man bâyad šahrhâye digare Irân râ ham bebinam.

But I have to visit other cities around Iran.

Naxost be šomâle Irân mixâham beravam va Âzarbâyjân, Gilâno Mânzandarân râ bâ Gorgân bebinam.

First I want to go north of Iran and visit Azerbaijan, Gilan, Mazandaran, and Gorgan.

Sepas mixâham safari be xâvare Irân ya’ni xorâsân beravam.

Then I want to take a trip to Khorasan in eastern Iran.

Pas az ân be baxšhâye jonubiye Irân mânande Kermân, Ba1ucestân, Pârso Xuzestân xâham raft va safari ham be bâxtare Irân xâham kard tâ Kordestân

Then I will visit the southern regions like Kerman, Baluchistan, Pars and Khuzistan, and also take a trip to see Kurdistan in western Iran.


râ bebinam.

Sepas šahrhâye markazi, mânande Qom, Kâšân, Espahâno Arâk râ xâham did, tâ taqriban hameye Irân râ dide bâšam.

Then I will see the cities in the central region, like Qom, Kashan, Espahan and Arak, so that I would have visited the entire Iran.

Man gomân dâram yek ketâbe joqrâfi be zabâne Englisi dar bâreye Irân benevisamo barâye neveštane in ketâb nâcâram baxšhâye gunâgune Irân râ bebinam.

I have in mind to write a geographical book on Iran, and in order to do that I am obliged to visit the different parts of the country.

Fardâ sobh bâ šomâ bedrud xâham goft va bâ pâreyi dustâne Englisiye xod in safare duro derâz râ âqâz xâham kard.

Tomorrow morning I will say goodby to you all, and leave on this long trip with several of my English friends.

Exercise 29.1

Answer the following questions: 1. Key âqaye Yegâne va hamrâhânaš az safar bar gaštand?

2. Vaqti be xâne rasidand be kodâm otâq raftand?

3. Âyâ Âqâye Jânson dar xâneye Âqâye Yegâne âsude bud va be u xoš migozašt?

4. Âyâ âqâye Jânson mixâst šahrhâye digare Iran râ bebinad?

5. Âyâ Âqâye Jânson mixâst naxost be šomâe Irân beravad?

6. Âyâ Âzarbâyjân dar šomâe Irân ast?

7. Âyâ Pârs dar jonube Irân ast?

8. Yeki az šahrhâye bâxtare Irân râ nâm bebarid?

9. Âyâ Âqâye Jânson mixâst yek ketâbe joqrâfi dar bâreye Irân benevisad?

10. Âyâ Âqâye Jânson mixâst baxšhâye gunâgune Irân râ bebinad?

Exercise 29.2

Fill in the missing words: 1. Cand ruz ast havâye Tehrân sard .......... ?

2. Diruz hâlam xub .......... va natavânestam be kelâs ..........

3. Emruz be bâzâr .......... va yek .......... kafš ..........

4. Dehnešinân dar .......... zendegi ..........

5. Diruz sâate šešo nim be xâneye šomâ .......... ammâ šoma ..........

6. Dišab .......... abri ..........

7. Espahân yeki az šahrhâye .......... Irân ..........

8. Tâbestânhâ havâye Tehrân ..........

9. Yek hafte .......... ruz ..........

10. Yek sâl .......... ruz ast.


Exercise 29.3

Write the plural form of the following sentences: 1. Man be Espahân raftam.

2. Âyâ barâdare šomâ dar Tehrân ast?

3. Ketâbe man ruye mize šomâ nabud?

4. Kuceye deh tang ast?

5. Man daste xod râ šostam.

6. U pas az xordane nâhâr az xâne birun raft.

7. Pâye man yax karde ast.

8. Šahrnešin dar šahr zendegi mikonad.

9. Sandaliye man qahveyi ast.

10. Daro panjareye in otâq bâz asto havâye otâq sard šode ast.


Lesson 30 naxostin first

molâyem mild

golâbi pears

beh quinces

anâr pomegranate

gowje plum

holu peaches

pušândan to cover

tondar thunder

šokufe kardan to blossom

rudxâne river

bâq garden

kešâvarz farmer

zardâlu apricot

gilâs cherry

mive fruit

âlbâlu black cherry

portoqâl orange

nârangi tangerine

limu lemon

barq lightening

daraxšidan to shine

por full

farâvardehâ crops

sedâ sound/noise

Bahâr naxostin fasle sâl ast. Spring is the first season of the year.

Havâye in fasl molâyem ast. The weather is mild during this season.

Na ziyâd sardo na ziyâd garm ast. It is not too cold and not too warm.

Deraxtâne mive mânande sib, beh, anâr, holu, gilâs, âlbâlu, gowje, zardâlu, portoqâl, nârangiyo limu šokufe mikonand.

Fruit trees like apples, quinces, pomegranates, peaches, cherries, black cherries, plums, apricots, oranges, tangerines, and lemons blossom.

Šokufehâ, mivehâye tâbestâniyo pâyizi mišavand. Blossoms turn into summer and autumn fruits.

Dar in fasl barfhâye kuh âb mišavad. In this season snow on the mountains melt.


Âbe in barfhâ rudxânehâ râ por mikonad. Water from the snow fills the rivers.

Kešâvarzân âbe in rudxânehâ râ be zaminhâye kešto bâqhâ mibarand va farâvardehâye xod râ âb midahand.

Farmers take the water from these rivers to their fields and gardens and water their crops.

Gâhi abre siyâhi âsmân râ mipušânad, barq mizanad, sedâye tondar be guš mirasado pas az ân bârâne tondi mibârad, sepas havâ sâf mišavado xoršid dobâre midaraxšad.

Sometimes a dark cloud covers the sky, lightning strikes, and the sound of thunder is heard; then there is a shower and finally it clears and the sun shines again.

Exercise 30.1

Answer the following questions: 1. Âyâ bahâr naxostin fasle sal ast?

2. Havâye in fasl cegune ast?

3. Âyâ havâye in fasl ziyâd garm ast?

4. Havâye ce fasli ziyâd garm ast?

5. Havâye ce fasli ziyâd sard ast?

6. Deraxtâne mive dar ce fasli šokufe mikonand?

7. Âyâ deraxtâne portoqâl, narangiyo limu ham dar bahâr šokufe mikonand?

8. Rudxânehâ dar ce fasli por âb hastand?

9. Kešâvarzan âbe rudxânehâ râ ce mikonand?

10. Sedâye tondar dar ce fasli bištar be guš mirasad?

Exercise 30.2

Learn the following ordinal numbers: naxostin - dovomin - sevomin - cahâromin - panjomin - šešomin - haftomin - haštomin - nohomin - dahomin

Exercise 30.3

Write five simple sentences about summer.

Exercise 30.4

Fill in the missing words: 1. Xordâd mâhe .......... bahâr ast.

2. Šahrivar mâhe .......... tâbestân ast.

3. Mehr mâhe .......... pâyiz ast.

4. Dey mâhe .......... zemestân ast.

5. U .......... be xâneye man âmado mâ montazer .......... budim.


6. Zemestân fasle .......... asto .......... ziyâd mibârad.

7. Xoršid be zamin .......... va zamin râ .......... mikonad.

8. Setâregân .......... šabhâ dar .......... mibinam.

9. Mahtâb .......... nisto mâ râ garm .......... .

10. Zamin .......... az xoršid ast.

11. Zemestân .......... fasl ast.

12 .......... garmtarin fasl ast.

13. Mâ .......... xoršid râ nemibinim.

14. Ruzhâ mâ setâregân râ ..........

15. Ruzhâye zemestâno šabhâye tâbestân .......... ast.

16. Yek sâat šast ..........o yek daqiqe .......... ast.

17. Yek šabâne .......... ruz sâat ast.

18. Man bâ gac .......... taxte syah neveštam va bâ .......... pâk kardam.

19. Yek sâl .......... ruz ast.

20. .......... ruze naxoste sâl ast.

Exercise 30.5

Translate the following sentences into Persian: 1. My pencil is longer than yours.

2. This room is the largest.

3. This boy is the tallest student in the school.

4. Shahreza is the widest street in Tehran.

5. My hand is bigger than yours.

6. I’m the shortest girl in the class.

7. Mount Damavand is higher than Alvand.

8. Please close this window, I feel a little cold.

9. The people mostly catch cold in winter.

10. This shoe is tight for me.


Lesson 31 šoxm zadan to plough

xuše ear of corn

kam kam by and by

rasidan to ripen

sabz šodan to peep out

dâs sickle

âbyâri kardan to irrigate

derow kardan to cut

xarman kardan to heap up (corn)

bâd dâdan to air

kubidan to thresh

dâne seed

kâh straw

âsyâb mill

âsyâbân miller

ârd kardan to grind into flour

jodâ kardan to separate

nânvâyi bakery

xamir kardan to make dough

nânvâ baker

dokân shop

Kešâvarzân dar pâyiz zamine kešt râ šoxm mizanando gandom mikârand.

Gandom kam kam sabz mišavad.

Barfe zemestâno bârâne pâyizo bahâr ân râ âbyâri mikonad.

Gandom boland mišavad, xuše mikonado dar tâbestan mirasad.

Kešâvarz bâ dâs gandom râ derow mikonad, va gandome derow šode râ xarman mikonad, tâ xub xošk šavad.

Sepas ân râ mikubad, bâd midahado dânehâ râ az kâhhâ jodâ mikonad.

Sepas gandomhâ râ pâk mikonado be âsyâb mibarad.

Âsyâbân gandom râ ârd mikonando, ârd râ be nânvâyi mibarad.

Xamirgir ân râ xamir mikonado mipazad.

Mâ be dokâne nânvâyi miravim, pul midahimo nân mixarim, nân râ be xâne miyâvarimo bâ xorâkhâye gunâgun mixorim.


Exercise 31.1

Explain in your own words what you read.

Exercise 31.2

Answer the following questions: 1. Kešâvarz ce hangâm zamin ra šoxm mizanad?

2. Pas az šoxm zadan ce mikonad?

3. Âyâ barfe zemestân barâye gandome xuše šode sudmand ast?

4. Âyâ kešâvarz dar zemestân gandom râ âbyâri mikonad?

5. Gandom key boland mišavad?

6. Gandom key xuše mikonad?

7. Âyâ gandom dar tâbestân mirasad?

8. Bâ ce ciz kešâvarz gandom râ derow mikonad?

9. Dâne râ az kâh cegune jodâ mikonad?

10. Âsyâbân kist?

11. Âyâ âsyâbân gandom râ ârd mikonad?

12. Ârd râ be kojâ mibarad?

13. Xamirgir kist?

14. Nân râ ce mikonad?

15. Mâ nân râ az kojâ mixarim?

Exercise 31.3

Write a sentence for each of the following words: 1. pul 2. xorâk 3. kâh

4. xuše 5. mive 6. nânvâyi

7. âsyâb 8. bârân 9. kam kam

10. xaridan

Exercise 31.4

Put the following words in the right order: 1. dar - Tehrân - šomâl - dânešgâh - ast

2. az - dur - dânešgâh - xâneye - ast - man

3. dišab - xâbidân - bâd - man

4. dišab - xâne - âmadam - dir - be

5. diruz - havâ - sard - šod - asr


6. ast - mz - do - ke - garm - šode ast

7. man - barâdar - pariruz - raft - Espahân - be

8. do - digar - mali - Englestân - be - miravam

9. xâheš - an - panjare - - mikonam - bebandid

10. ostâd - dir - be - mâ - kelâs - âmad

Exercise 31.5

Translate the following sentences into English: 1. Kafšhâye man kohne šodeand, mixâham yek joft kafše now bexaram.

2. Pâye man bozorgo in kafš barâye pâye man tang ast.

3. Agar be bâzâr raftid dah varaqe kâqaz barâye man bexarid.

4. Pesare šomâ dah ruz ast ke be dabestân nemiyâyad.

5. Yeki az dustâne xod râ pârsâl dar Âmrikâ didam.


Lesson 32 âxar end

miyâne middle

garmâ heat

daraje degree

tan body

angur grapes

estaxr pool

daryâ sea

šen sand

foruxte mišavand they are sold

ta’til holiday

xonak cool

otobus bus

tâlebi persian melon

garmak a kind of melon

kenâr side

šenâ kardan to swim

hendevâne water melon

Tâbestân, dovomin fasle sâl ast. Summer is the second season of the year.

Az âxare bahâr havâ kam kam garm mišavado miyâneye tâbestan havâ besyâr garm ast.

Little by little it starts getting warmer at the end of summer, and the weather is very warm in the middle of summer.

Garmâye Tehrân gâhi be cehel darajeye sântigrâd mirasad.

The temperature in Tehran can sometimes reach forty degrees Celsius.

Dar tâbestân dabestânhâ, dabirestânhâvo dânešgâhhâye Irân ta’til mišavand.

The elementary schools, secondary schools, and universities of Iran close down.

Bištare šâgerdâno ostâdân az Tehrân be šahrhâye digar yâ be jâhâye xonak miravand.

Most students and professors leave Tehran for other cities or cooler places.

Âdinehâvo ruzhâye digar ke ta’til ast mardome Tehrân bâ xodrow yâ otobus be kenâre daryâ miravand.

Fridays and holidays people of Tehran leave for the seaside by car or bus.

Dar âb šenâ mikonand, ruye šenhâ mixâbando tanhâyašân râ âftab midahand.

They swim in the water, lie on the sand, and get some sun.

Dar šahre Tehrân ham estaxrhâyi barâye šenâ sâxteand va har kas mitavand bâ pule kami az in extaxrhâ bahremand šavad.

There have been pools built in the city of Tehran for swimming and anyone can use these pools for very little money.

Dar in fasl tâlebi, garmak, hendevâne, gilâs, gowje, In this season there are melons, watermelons,


zardâluvo angurhâye gunâgun mirasando dar bâzâr foruxte mišavand.

cherries, plums, apricots, and various grapes sold in the market.

Mardom dar fasle tâbestân ziyad mive mixorand. Everyone eats a lot of fruits in the summertime.

Âxare Šahrivarmâh havâ kam kam ru be xonaki miravado pâyize zibâ âqâz mišavad.

At the end of the month of Shahrivar the weather slowly cools off and the beautiful autumn begins.

Exercise 32.1

Answer the following questions: 1. Kodâm fasl garmtarin fasle sâl ast?

2. Kodâm fasl sardtarin fasle sâl ast?

3. Âyâ dar bahâr havâ molâyem ast?

4. Garmâye Tehrân dar tâbestân be cand daraje mirasad?

5. Barâye ce dabestânhâ va dabirestânhâ dar tâbestân ta’til mišavand?

6. Âyâ šomâ dar tâbestân dar Tehrân mimânid?

7. Mardome Tehrân tâbestânhâ be kojâ miravand?

8. Âyâ šomâ bâ otobus mosâferat kardeid?

9. Âyâ šomâ xub šenâ mikonid?

10. Âyâ šomâ daryâye Mâzandarân ra dideid?

11. Zardâlu ce rang ast?

12. Ce miveyi râ bištar az hame dust dârid?

13. Pâyiz zibâtar ast yâ tâbestân?

14. Tâbestân râ bištar dust dârid yâ zemestân râ?

15. Key havâ ru be xonaki miravad?

Exercise 32.2

Name the months of the year.

Exercise 32.3

Translate the following sentences into English: 1. Man emruz xasteam va nemitavânam dars bexânam.

2. Darshâye Pârsi kam kam došvâr mišavand.

3. Emruz sardtar az diruz ast.

4. Xâheš mikonam yek varaqe kâqaz be man bedahid.

5. Diruz hâlam xub nabud va be kelâse Pârsi nayâmadam.


Exercise 32.4

Fill in the missing words: 1. Ostâd bâ .......... ruye taxteye syâh nevešt.

2. Man bâ .......... taxteye syâh râ pak kardam.

3. Pedaram si sâl az man .......... ast.

4. Man yeke pas az nimruz .......... mixoram.

5. .......... dar deh zendegi mikonad.

6. Havâye bahâr va pâyiz .......... ast.

7. Daryâaye Mâzandarân dar .......... Irân ast.

8. Tehrân pâyetaxt .......... ast.

9. Mâ mitavânim kam .......... Pârsi bexânim.

10. Sobhhâ zud az xâb.......... .


Lesson 33 kešvar country

mellat nation

xoški land

baxš part

din religion

Kalimi Jewish

Budâyi Buddhist

� âponi Japanese

Mosalmân Moslem

kore globe

Englisi English

Rusi Russian

Frânsavi French

Âlmâni German

Âmrikayi American

Torkiye Turkey

Cini Chinese

Masihi Christian

Brahman Brahman

Zartošti Zoroastrian

Xoškihâye koreye zamin râ be panj baxš kardeand. The land masses of the globe have been divided into five continents.

Nâme in panj baxš az in qarâr ast: 1. Asyâ 2. Orupâ 3. Âfriqâ 4. Âmrikâye Šomâli va Âmrikâye Jonubi. 5. Ostrâlyâ.

The names of these five divisions are: 1. Asia 2. Europe 3. Africa 4. North America and South America 5. Oceania.

Har yek az in baxšhâ be kešvarhâye gunâgun baxš šodeando dar har kešvari, mellati ke dârâye zabâno dine jodâ ast zendegi mikonad.

Every one of these divisions has been divided into different countries, and in each country lives a nation with its separate language and religion.

Irâni dar Irân zendegi mikonado zabânaš Pârsi ast. An Iranian lives in Iran and his language is Persian.

Englisi dar Englestân zendegi mikonado zabânaš Englisi ast.

An Englishman lives in England and his language in English.

Frânsavi dar Frânse zendegi mikonado zabânaš Frânsavi ast.

A Frenchman lives in France and his language is French.

Rusi dar Rusiye zendegi mikonado zabânaš Rusi ast. A Russian lives in Russia and his language is Russian.

Âlmâni dar Âlmân zendegi mikonado zabânaš Âlmâni ast.

A German lives in Germany and his language is German.


Âmrikâyi dar Âmrikâ zendegi mikonado zabšnaš Englisi ast.

An American lives in America and his language is English.

Tork dar Torkiye zendegi mikonado zabânaš Torki ast.

A Turk lives in Turkey and his language is Turkish.

Cini dar Cin zendegi mikonado zabânaš Cini ast. A Chinese lives in China and his language is Chinese.

� âponi dar � âpon zendegi mikonado zabânaš � âponi ast.

A Japanese lives in Japan and his language is Japanese.

Mardome jahân dinhâye gunâgun dârand, be in šarh: Masihi, Zartošti, Brahman, Budâyi, Kalimiyo Mosalmân.

People of the world belong to different religions, as listed here: Christianity, Zoroastrianism, Brahman, Buddhism, Jewish and Muslim.

Exercise 33.1

Answer the following questions: 1. Šomâ ahle kodâm kešvar hastid?

2. Zabâne šomâ cist?

3. Ce dini dârid?

4. Âyâ šomâ zabâne Englisi midânid?

5. Âyâ šomâ zabâne fârsi râ mitavânid bexanid?

6. Âlmâni kojâ zendegi mikonad?

7. Englisi kojâ zendegi mikonad?

8. Zabâne mardome Cin cist?

9. Zabâne mardome Âmrikâ cist?

10. Mardome Irân ce dinhâyi dârand?

Exercise 33.2

Write five simple sentences about the climate of Iran.

Exercise 33.3

Translate the following sentences into Persian: 1. He is an Iranian, but he lives in U.S.A.

2. I learned Persian in Iran.

3. Is this the road to Isfahan?

4. His servant brought a letter for me yesterday.

5. We have studied thirty-three parts of this text.



Subjunctive mood of the verb: Xordan (To eat)Present Perfect

agar bexoram agar xorde bâšam

agar bexori agar xorde bâši

agar bexorad agar xorde bâšad

agar bexorim agar xorde bâšim

agar bexorid agar xorde bâšid

agar bexorand agar xorde bâšand

Negative agar naxoram agar naxorde bâšam

agar naxori agar naxorde bâši

agar naxorad agar naxorde bâšad

agar naxorim agar naxorde bâšim

agar naxorid agar naxorde bâšid

agar naxorand agar naxorde bâšand


Lesson 34 kamâbiš nearly

anjir fig

farâvân abundant

barg leaf

mirizad falls down

micinand they pluck

pâreyi a number

âdame barfi snowman

boxâri stove

anbâr storage

sabok light

pašm wool

pašmi woollen

mipušand they wear

ravâ usually

bâzi play

dorost mikonand they make

pâyân yâft it is finished

Pâyiz fasle zibâyi ast. Autumn is a beautiful season.

Dar in fasl kamâbiš hameye mivehâ mirasand. In this season nearly all fruits ripen.

Mivehâye pâyizi mânande anâr, anjir, sib, portoqâl, nârangiyo limu farâvân ast.

Autumn fruits like pomegranates, figs, apples, oranges, tangerines, and lemons are abundant.

Barghâye deraxtân kam kam zard mišavando mirizand.

The leaves slowly turn yellow and fall down.

Kešâvarzan mivehâ râ az deraxtâne bâqhâye xod micinando dar anbâr negah midârand tâ az sarmâ xarâb našavand.

Farmers pluck the fruits off the trees in their gardens and keep them in storage so that they do not spoil.

Mardom jâmehâye pašmiye zemestâni mipušand. People wear woollen winter clothes.

Mâhe âxare pâyiz havâ sardtar mišavado sepas zemestâne sard miyâyad.

It gets colder the last month of autumn and then the cold winter arrives.

Dar zemestân barf bâridan ravâ asto hame jâ râ sepid mikonad.

It usually snows in the wintertime and white covers everywhere.

Bacehâ barfbâzi râ dust dârando az barf, âdame barfi dorost mikonand.

Children love to play with snow, and make snowmen.

Šabhâye zemestân mardom kamtar dar xiyâbânhâye šahr dide mišavand.

People are seldom seen in the streets on winter nights.


Naxoste šab be xânehâye xod miravando kenâre boxâri minešinand.

At the beginning of the night they go to their homes and sit by the heater.

Pâreyi niz be sinemâ yâ teâtr miravand. A number go to the movies or the theater.

Mâhe Espand havâ ziyâd sard nist. The weather is not cold during the month of Espand.

Espand ke pâyân yâft havâ molâyem mišavado bâ âmadane bahâr deraxtân dobâre sabz mišâvand.

By the end of Espand the weather is milder, and with the arrival of spring the trees turn green again.

Exercise 34.1

Answer the following questions: 1. Havâye pâyiz behtar ast yâ havâye bahâr?

2. Nâme cahâr miveye pâyizi râ beguyid?

3. Barge deraxtân key mirizand?

4. Kešavarzân mivehâyi râ ke cidand kojâ migozârand?

5. Cerâ mivehâ râ pâyiz micinand?

6. Jâmehâye tâbestâni ce rang ast?

7. Ce hangâm jâmeye pašmi mipušim?

8. Ayâ havâye zemestân sardtar ast yâ havâye pâyiz?

9. Dar ce fasli bištar bâd miyâyad?

10. Ayâ šomâ zemestân râ dust dârid?

Exercise 34.2

Explain your daily program in Persian.

Exercise 34.3

Write the future tense of the verb “goftan”.


Passive Voice - Indicative mood Present Perfect Imperfect

xaste mišavam xaste šodeam xaste mišodam

xaste mišavi xaste šodei xaste mišodi

xaste mišavad xaste šode ast xaste mišod

xaste mišavim xaste šodeim xaste mišodim

xaste mišavid xaste šodeid xaste mišodid

xaste mišavand xaste šodeand xaste mišodand

Pluperfect Preterite Future


xaste šode budam xaste šodam xaste xâham šod

xaste šode budi xaste šodi xaste xâhi šod

xaste šode bud xaste šod xaste xâhad šod

xaste šode budim xaste šodim xaste xâhim šod

xaste šode budid xaste šodid xaste xâhid šod

xaste šode budand xaste šodand xaste xâhand šod


Lesson 35 vâpasin the last

sepâs thank

xodâ god

bahre bebarim to make use of/take advantage of

dânešmand authority/learned

pâyân dâdim we finished

harf/gap zadan to speak

širin sweet/nice

šâerân poets

rešte branch

dâstân fable

xândani worth reading

âšnâ šodan to become familiar with

âqâz kardan to begin

be âsâni easily

mitavânim we can

nevešte šode ast has been written

andiše thoughts

farjâm result/fruit

dâneš science

In dars vâpasin darse ketâbe naxost ast. This is the last lesson of the basic text.

Sepâs xodâ râ ke in ketâb râ pâyân dâdimo aknun mitavânim kami Pârsi râ bexânimo benevisimo harf bezanim.

Thank God that we finished this textbook and can now somewhat read, write, and speak in Persian.

Pârsi zabâne širini asto, har kas mitavânad be âsâni ân râ yâd begirad.

Persian is a nice language, and anyone can easily learn it.

Agar yeki do sâle digar in zabân râ bexânim, mitavânim az ketâbhâyi ke be zabâne Pârsi nevešte šodeand bahre bebarim.

If we continue studying this language for another two years, we would be able to take advantage of the books written in the Persian language.

Šâerâne Irâni še’rhâye ziyâdi be zabâne Pârsi gofteand; dânešmandâne Irâni ketâbhâye ziyâdi dar reštehâye gunâgune dâneš be in zabân nevešteand; dâstânhâye Pârsi širino xândani hastand.

Iranian poets have written many poems in Persian; learned Iranians have written various scientific books in this language; Persian stories are nice and worth reading.

Agar in zabân râ dorost yâd begirim, mitavânim hameye in ketâbhâ râ bexânimo bâ andišeye Irâniyân âsnâ šavim.

If we learn this language properly, we could read all these books and become familiar with Iranian thoughts.

Omidvârim betavânim cizi râ ke âqâz kardeim be anjâm rasânim tâ kušeše mâ bi farjâm namânad.

I hope we can finish what we have begun, so that our efforts would not be fruitless.


Exercise 35.1

Answer the following questions: 1. Cand mâh Pârsi xândeid?

2. Pârsi zabâne kodâm mellat ast?

3. Âyâ šomâ mitavânid Pârsi râ tond benivisid?

4. Âyâ šomâ mitavanid Pârsi harf bezanid?

5. Âyâ še’re Pârsi râ mitavânid bexânid?

6. Zabâne Englisi râ zudtar yâd gereftid yâ Pârsi?

7. Âyâ zabâne âlmâni az zabâne farsi došvârtar ast?

8. Âyâ šomâ Frânsavi hastid?

9. Došvârtarin zabân kodam ast?

10. Ce zabâni az hame âsântar ast?

Exercise 35.2

Put the following words in the right order: 1. došvâri - ziyâd - Pârsi - zabân - nist

2. Englisi - zabân - došvârtar - az - Pârsi - zabân - ast

3. u - Englisi - ast - pedar

4. zabân - man - Frânsavi - nemidânam - xub

5. xâharam - Pârsi - zabân - râ - behtar - man - az - harf - mizanad

6. Cini - zabâne - došvâri - besyâr - ast

7. hend - mardom - be - zabânhâye - harf - gunâgun - mizanand

8. mardom - hame - Englisi - Âmrikâ - harf - mizanand

9. zabâne - Pârsi - ast - širin

10. Rusi - zabâne - besyâr - došvâri - ast

Exercise 35.3

Write five simple sentences about the class room.

Exercise 35.4

Explain the difficulties you had in learning Persian.


PERSIAN VERBS Persian verbs like the verbs of English and German languages have three Principal Parts:

I) Present root II) Past root III) Past participle

All different tenses of the verbs are derived from the above three parts; and the auxiliary verbs used in conjugating the different tenses are: šodan, budan, xâstan.

Let us take the verb “xordan” (to eat) as an example and show its different tenses.

I) Present root: xor II) Past root: xord III) Past participle: xordei

I) Verbs Formed from the Present Root: xor 1. Subjunctive Mood Let me eat I may eat If I eat agar bexoram = ( be + xor + im )

agar bexori = ( be + xor + i )

agar bexorad = ( be + xor + ad )

agar bexorim = ( be + xor + im )

agar bexorid = ( be + xor + id )

agar bexorand = ( be + xor + and )

2. Indicative Mood I eat I am eating I shall eat mixoram = ( mi + xor + am )

mixori = ( mi + xor + i )

moxorad = ( mi + xor + ad )


mixorim = ( mi + xor + im )

mixorid = ( mi + xor + id )

mixorand = = ( mi + xor + and )

Imperative Singular: xor/bexor Imperative Plural: xorid/bexorid Present participle: xorân

II) Verbs Formed from the Past Root: xord 3. Indicative mood: Preterite I ate

xordam = ( xord + am )

xordi = ( xord + i )

xord

xordim = ( xord + im )

xordid = ( xord + id )

xordand = ( xord + and )

4. Indicative mood: Imperfect I was eating/I used to eat mixordam = ( mi + xord + am )

moxordi = ( mi + xord + i )

mixord = ( mi + xord )

mixordim = ( mi + xord + im )

mixordid = ( mi + xord + id )

mixordand = ( mi + xord + and )

5. Indicative Mood: Future I shall eat xâham xord = ( xâh + am + xord )


xâhi xord = ( xâh + i + xord )

xâhad xord = ( xâh + ad + xord )

xâhim xord = ( xâh + im + xord )

xâhid xord = ( xâh + id + xord )

xâhand xord = ( xâh + and + xord )

Infinitive mood: xordan Infinitive mood shortened form: xord Gerundive (adjective): xordani

III) Verbs Fomed from the Past Participle: xorde 6. Indicatice mood: Present I have eaten

xordeam = ( xorde + am )

xordei = ( xorde + i )

xorde ast = ( xorde + ast )

xordeim = ( xorde + im )

xordeid = ( xorde + id )

xordeand = ( xorde + and )

7. Indicatice mood: Pluperfect (Past Perfect) I had eaten

xorde budam = ( xorde + bud + am )

xorde budi = ( xorde + bud + i )

xorde bud = ( xorde + bud)

xorde budim = ( xorde + bud + im )

xorde budid = ( xorde + bud + id )

xorde budand = ( xorde + bud + and )


8. Subjunctive mood: Perfect I may have eaten

xorde bâšam = ( xorde + bâš + am )

xorde bâši = ( xorde + bâš + i )

xorde bâš = ( xorde + bâš)

xorde bâšim = ( xorde + bâš + im )

xorde bâšid = ( xorde + bâš + id )

xorde bâšand = ( xorde + bâš + and )

Passive Voice Infinitive: xorde šodan ( to be eaten )

9. Indicative mood: Present

xorde mišavam = ( xorde + mi + šav + am )

xorde mišavi = ( xorde + mi + šav + i )

xorde mišavad = ( xorde + mi + šav + ad )

xorde mišavim = ( xorde + mi + šav + im )

xorde mišavid = ( xorde + mi + šav + id )

xorde mišavand = ( xorde + mi + šav + and )

10. Indicative mood: Perfect I have been eaten

xorde šodeam = ( xorde + šode + am )

xorde šodei = ( xorde + šode + i )

xorde šode ast = ( xorde + šode + ast )

xorde šodeim = ( xorde + šode + im )

xorde šodeid = ( xorde + šode + id )

xorde šodeand = ( xorde + šode + and )


11. Indicative mood: Imperfect I would be eaten

xorde mišodam = ( xorde + mi + šod + am )

xorde mišodi = ( xorde + mi + šod + i )

xorde mišod = ( xorde + mi + šod )

xorde mišodim = ( xorde + mi + šod + im )

xorde mišodid = ( xorde + mi + šod + id )

xorde mišodand = ( xorde + mi + šod + and )

12. Indicative mood: Pluperfect (Past Perfect) I had been eaten

xorde šode budam = ( xorde + šode + bud + am )

xorde šode budi = ( xorde + šode + bud + i )

xorde šode bud = ( xorde + šode + bud )

xorde šode budim = ( xorde + šode + bud + im )

xorde šode budid = ( xorde + šode + bud + id )

xorde šode budand = ( xorde + šode + bud + and )

13. Indicative mood: Preterite (Past Participle) I was eaten

xorde šodam = ( xorde + šod + am )

xorde šodi = ( xorde + šod + i )

xorde šod = ( xorde + šod )

xorde šodim = ( xorde + šod + im )

xorde šodid = ( xorde + šod + id )

xorde šodand = ( xorde + šod + and )


14. Indicative mood: Future I will be eaten

xorde xâham šod = ( xorde + šod + am )

xorde xâhi šod = ( xorde + šod + i )

xorde xâhad šod = ( xorde + šod )

xorde xâhim šod = ( xorde + šod + im )

xorde xâhid šod = ( xorde + šod + id )

xorde xâhand šod = ( xorde + šod + and )

15. Subjunctive mood: Present I may be eaten

xorde šavam = ( xorde + šav + am )

xorde šavi = ( xorde + šav + i )

xorde šavad = ( xorde + šav + ad )

xorde šavim = ( xorde + šav + im )

xorde šavid = ( xorde + šav + id )

xorde šavand = ( xorde + šav + and )

16. Subjunctive mood: Perfect I may have been eaten

xorde šode bâšam = ( xorde + šode + bâš + am )

xorde šode bâši = ( xorde + šode + bâš + i )

xorde šode bâšad = ( xorde + šode + bâš + ad )

xorde šode bâšim = ( xorde + šode + bâš + im )

xorde šode bâšid = ( xorde + šode + bâš + id )

xorde šode bâšand = ( xorde + šode + bâš + and )


Active Voice

Negative

17. Indicative mood Present nemixoram

Perfect naxordeam

Imprefect nemixordam

Pluperfect naxorde budam

Preterite naxordam

Future naxâham xord

Subjunctive mood Present naxoram

Perfect naxorde bâšam

Passive Voice

18. Indicative mood Present xorde nemišavam

Perfect xorde našodeam

Imprefect xorde nemišodam

Pluperfect xorde našode budam

Preterite xorde našodam

Future xorde naxâham šod

19. Subjunctive mood Present xorde našavam

Perfect xorde našode bâšam

THE END

PAYAN


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Basic Persian