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Basic punctuation Logical Fallacies. Basic Punctuation. See handout. Logical Fallacies. Fallacies. 1. Oversimplification 2. Hasty generalization 3. Post hoc, ergo proper hoc: 4. Begging the question 5. False analogy: 6. Either/or thinking: 7 . Non sequitur: . - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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• Basic punctuation • Logical Fallacies
Basic Punctuation
See handout
Logical Fallacies
Fallacies• 1. Oversimplification• 2. Hasty generalization• 3. Post hoc, ergo proper hoc:• 4. Begging the question• 5. False analogy: • 6. Either/or thinking:• 7. Non sequitur:
(1) Oversimplification: • A drastically simple solution to what is clearly a
complex problem (multiple causes are reduced to just one or a few)
For example: We have a balance-of-trade deficit because foreigners make better products than we do.
Another example: School violence has gone up and academic performance has gone down ev-ery since organized prayer was banned at pub-lic schools. Therefore, prayer should be reintro-duced, resulting in school improvement.
It’s an oversimplification because
• The above example assumes that problems in schools (increasing vio-lence, decreasing academic perfor-mance) can be attributed to a single cause (the loss of organized, state-mandated prayers).
(2) Hasty generalization:• In inductive reasoning, a generaliza-
tion that is based on too little evi-dence or on evidence that is not rep-resentative (Basically, don’t be too quick to judge)
For example: My grandparents eat oat meal for breakfast, just as most older folks do.
(3) Post hoc, ergo propter hoc: • “ After this, therefore because of
this.” Confusing chance or coinci-dence with causation. The fact that one event comes after another does not necessarily mean that the first event cause the second:
For example: I went to the hockey game last night. The next thing I knew I had a cold.
(4) Begging the questionBegging the questions is a fallacy in
which the premises include the claim that the conclusion is true or (directly or indirectly) assume that the con-clusion is true.
For example: Lying is wrong because people should always tell the truth.
(5) False analogy:• Making a misleading analogy between logi-
cally unconnected ideasFor example: If we can clone mammals, we
should be able to find a cure for cancer.For example: Government is like business, so
just as business must be sensitive primarily to the bottom line, so also must govern-ment. (But the objectives of government and business are completely different, so proba-bly they will have to meet different criteria)
(6) Either or/thinking• Seeing only two alternatives when
there may in fact be other possibili-ties
For example: Either you love your job, or you hate it.
(7) Non sequitur:• “It does not follow.” An inference or
conclusion that is not clearly related to the established premises or evi-dence:
For example: She is very sincere. She must know what she’s talking about.
Check your papers• Do you have any logical fallacies?
• I will continue to check your para-graphs
• (You should have three to show me)• Goal: Two more paragraphs.