“Basic Research Needs for Superconductivity” BESAC Meeting August 3, 2006 John Sarrao LANL

Basic Energy SciencesBasic Energy Sciences Workshop on Superconductivity May 8-11, 2006Workshop on Superconductivity May 8-11, 2006

“ “Basic Research Needs for Basic Research Needs for

Superconductivity”Superconductivity”

BESAC Meeting BESAC Meeting August 3, 2006August 3, 2006

John SarraoJohn SarraoLANLLANL

Wai KwokWai KwokArgonneArgonne


World & Domestic Energy Demand is Increasing Rapidly

World Energy Demand +73% by 2030

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100,000

120,000

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Total Energy Consumption

Electricity Consumption

Year

Source: EIA

US Energy Consumption (Trillion BTUs)

US electric demand willdouble by 2050

A grand challenge for production, delivery, and

use


The electric grid, an essential energy backbone, is under stress

capacity50% growth by 2030

Urban power bottleneck

reliabilityBlackoutsCascadesquality

efficiency / environment7-10% of power is lost in

the grid40 1GW power plants

230 Mmt of CO2

Lower Manhattan infrastructure(Courtesy of Con Edison)


superconductivity

coalgas

heat

mechanical motion electricity

hydrowind

fuel cells

solar

motors

lighting. heatingrefrigeration

informationtechnology

power

grid

transportation

industrynuclearfission

production deliverydelivery use

Superconductors: Poised for a Major Role in

Energy Delivery

Increased capacityEnhanced reliabilitySmart distribution

High power density 1/2 size1/2 weight1/2 losses


~100 researchers, representing 7 countries, 9 national labs and 28 universities

Basic Research Needs for SuperconductivityBasic Research Needs for SuperconductivityMay 8-11, 2006May 8-11, 2006

Panel Chairs:Materials: I. Bozovic (BNL)Phenomena: J.C. Davis (Cornell)

L. Civale (LANL) Theory: I. Mazin (NRL) Applications: D. Christen (ORNL)

Workshop Co-chair: John Sarrao, LANLCo-chair: Wai-Kwong Kwok, ANL

Plenary Speakers: Paul Chu, Alex Malozemoff, George Crabtree,

Mike Norman, ZX ShenWorkshop Charge“identify basic research needs and opportunities in superconductivity with a focus on new, emerging and scientifically challenging areas that have the potential to have significant impact in science and energy relevant technologies”

Pat Dehmer, DOE-Basic Energy SciencesJim Daley, DOE-Electricity Delivery & Energy Reliability


Superconductors can transform the power grid to deliver abundant, reliable, high-quality

power for the 21st centurycurrent state future needs

Performance

10x increase in Jc

10x reduction in ac loss

Cost

10-100x improvement needed

Materials

Increase operating temperature 2x-5x


MATERIALSDirected Search and Discovery of New SuperconductorsControl Structure and Properties of Superconductors Down to the Atomic ScaleMaximize Current-carrying Ability of Superconductors with Scalable Fabrication TechniquesUnderstand and Exploit Competing Electronic Phases

MECHANISMSDevelop a Comprehensive and Predictive Theory of Superconductivity and SuperconductorsIdentify the Essential Interactions that Give Rise to High Tc SuperconductivityAdvance the Science of Vortex Matter

CROSS-CUTTINGNew Tools to Integrate Synthesis, Characterization, and Theory

Enabling Materials for Superconductor Utilization

To address these challenges, workshop participants identified 7 Priority Research

Directions and 2 CCRDs


Materials: From discovery to design

Bednorz and Mueller (‘86)

Fermi surface of Li at high P

Tc ~ 20K

Atomic-scale materials by design


Mechanism: Unravel the mysteries of superconductivity

Competing interactions and collective phenomena in electronic and vortex matter

Temperature (K)

Mag

netic

Fie

ld (

T)

Hlcp

Hucp

Vortex Lattice

disorderedsolid

pancake liquid

line

liquid

Hc2

9080706050

5

10

15

20

Bose glass

Vortex Lattice

Mapping the genome of high Tc


High Temperature SuperconductorsMax Tc 135K

Factor of 2 increase in critical current Jc

translates directly to a 2x reduction in cost

H (T)0.01 0.1 1 10

0.01

0.1

1

10

c J (

MA

/cm

2 )

Theoretical maximumTheoretical maximum

Enables new ancillary devices forelectric power stabilization

Cross-cutting: Transform performance

Complex architecture

2010 DOE goal

2006 DOE goal

2005 status

77KLab samples

65K

77K operation

1G 77K10

100

1000

0 1 2 3 4 5

Crit

ical

Cur

rent

(A

/cm

-wid

th)

Magnetic field, H (Tesla)

BSCCO

YBCO

55K-65Koperation


Performance: Beyond cuprates


Superconductivity Research Continuum

Technology Maturation & DeploymentApplied Research

Cost reduction

Scale-up research

Prototyping

Manufacturing R&D

Deployment support

Discovery Research Use-inspired Basic Research

Office of ScienceBES

Technology OfficesEDER

Technology Milestones:

2G coated conductor carrying 300 A x 100 m (2006)

In-field performance for 50 K operating temperature

electric power equipment with ½ the energy losses and ½ the size

wire with 100x power capacity of same size copper wires at $10/kiloamp-meter.

Assembly and utilization R&D issues

Materials compatibility & joining issues

Room-temperature superconductor (Grand Challenge)

Superconductors by design (Grand Challenge)

Atomic scale control of materials structure and properties

Tuning competing interactions for new phenomena

Unravel interaction functions generating high temperature superconductivity

Predictive understanding of strongly correlated superconductivity

Microscopic theory of vortex matter dynamics

Nano-meso-scale superconductivity

100K isotropic SC (Grand Challenge)

Achieve theoretical limits of critical current (Grand Challenge)

3-d quantitative determination of defects and interfaces

Intrinsic and intentional inhomogeneity

“Pinscape engineering” and modeling of effective pinning centers

Next Generation SC wires


Grand Challenges of Superconductivity

• Discover the mechanisms of high-temperature superconductivity

• Achieve a paradigm shift from materials by serendipity to materials by design

• Predict and control the electromagnetic behavior of superconductors from their microscopic vortex and pinning behavior

• Transform the power grid to deliver abundant, reliable, high-quality power for the 21st century


Broader Impact – Driving Materials Frontiers

50th Anniversary of BCS Theory (1957)20th Anniversary of High Tc Cuprates (1986)

5th Anniversary of MgB2 (2001)New fields of complex materials: - Manganites, Cobaltates, . . . interacting spin, charge, orbital, structural degrees of freedom -> emergent behavior - colossal magnetoresistance, nanoscale phases

Quantum correlation techniques for other fields of science: Bose-Einstein condensation, superfluids, nuclear matter

Complex and collective phenomena:Non-linear systems, domain dynamics


Nature 424 (2003)912

High Magnetic Field

High Tc Superconductivity

The Nobel Prize in Physics in 1987

Nature 412(2001)510

ARPES

Nature375(1995)561

Neutron

Science 300(2003)1410

Optical

Nature 415(2002)412

STM

Nature 406(2000)486

Transport

Nature 365(1993)323

High Pressure

Science 288(2000)1811

X-Ray Scattering

Broader Impact – New Tools


Summary

Electricity is the nation’s most effective energy carrier

• Clean, versatile, domestic

Power grid cannot meet future energy challenges

• Capacity, reliability, quality, efficiency

Superconductivity can transform the power grid to meet the 21st century

Basic-applied research to enable commercialization of present generation superconducting technology

High risk-high payoff discovery research for next-generation superconducting grid technology

• New superconducting materials for higher temperatures and currents• Mechanisms of high transition temperatures and current flows

Superconductivity an essential driver for materials discovery, insights into collective phenomena, and new tools/methods

Documents

“Basic Research Needs for Superconductivity” BESAC Meeting August 3, 2006 John Sarrao LANL