Basic Smart Grid Terms and Acrononyms-767

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Basic Smart Grid Terms and AcronymsMay 29, 2009 - Talk Back Free Email Alerts More On This Topic

A

Advanced metering

infrastructure (AMI)

.All components of the infrastructure relating to electric

metering and communications. Includes meterscapable of two-way communication..

Alternative generation

.Power produced from green sources such as solar,hydropower, wind, and marine that emit little CO2 intothe atmosphere..

Ancillary services

.Services and support systems that aid in electricitytransmission from power plants to customers, i.e.,load regulation..

Appliances

.Includes generally residential items, tools, andsystems powered by electricity, including heating andcooling, lighting, refrigerators, washers/dryers,computer systems, electronics..

Asset management

.Refers to procedures and policies intended to control

costs, reduce risk, enhance performance, improveinvestment and project scheduling decisions, and dealwith aged equipment..

Average System AvailabilityIndex (ASAI)

.A measure of reliability that is expressed as thepercentage of time the electrical system is available..

Automated meter reading(AMR)

.Sensor-equipped meters capable of retrieving andtransmitting power consumption and otherinformation..

B

Bank

.A group of connected transformers or capacitors—acapacitor bank, for example..

Biomass

.Considered a renewable fuel source for powergeneration. Includes wood and wood waste, municipalsolid waste, crops, and biogas..

Blackout

.A large-scale disruption in power supply caused bystorms, age-related failure, exceeded line capacity,human error..

British thermal unit (BTU)

.Standard unit of measurement of a quantity of heatenergy..

Broadband over power line(BPL)

.Broadband Internet access made available overstandard power lines..

THE TUESDAY TOPIC

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researchers suggest, need a single agency?And, if so, where should it live - FERC?NERC? A brand new agency? That's thisweek's Tuesday topic in our discussion forum.

We'd like to hear what you think

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Page 1 of 9Smart Grid: Basic Smart Grid Terms and Acronyms

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Brownout

.An intentional voltage reduction on the grid intendedto lessen load during shortages. Used in integratednetworks..

Building automation system(BAS)

.A system capable of computerized monitoring andcontrol of a building's lighting and mechanicalsystems, and monitoring for performance andpotential failure..

Business case

.A decision-making process intended to ascertain how

a specific decision will affect profitability, and howcash flow, costs, and revenue will change..

Bypass

.Equipment designed to provide continuous servicewhen a meter is being tested or replaced..

C

Capacitor

.Stores energy, but in a manner completely differentfrom a battery. Found in handheld electronics andhave many additional uses..

Capital cost

The one-time setup cost of a project such as agenerating plant, distinct and separate from continuingoperating costs..

Circuit

The conductor or path taken by electricity when it

flows between terminals that are the source of supply..

Circuit breakerSenses electrical overload and breaks a circuit..

Climate change

Although recently used interchangeably with globalwarming, the term more accurately refers to a widerange of natural shifts in climate, including cooling..

Closed circuit

A fully-connected circuit capable of delivering electriccurrent..

Cogeneration

The reuse of thermal energy by connecting thermalelectric generation with a thermal process, such as anindustrial application..

Combined pump storageplant

A hydroelectric pumped storage facility that usespumped water and stream flow to generate electricity..

Command and Control

Control centers capable of monitoring and managing

the Smart Grid, providing remote diagnosis, andremote repair in some instances..

Compressed air energystorage (CAES)

.Pre-compressed air, frequently stored in mines or saltcaverns appropriate for the purpose..

Conductor

.A pathway or wire through which electrical currentflows..

Congestion

.Excessive demand on the electric t ransmissionnetwork, typically resulting in a congestion charge toconsumers to offset increased cost..

Conservation voltageregulation (or reduction)(CVR)

.Limiting voltage provided to electricity consumers toreduce demand and conserve energy..

Cooperative (coop)

.

Non-profit, consumer-owned utility in rural areas of theU.S..

Critical InfrastructureProtection (CIP)

.Administered by NERC, CIP standards are intendedto safeguard the North American bulk power systemfrom attack and ensure utility compliance..

Current

.Electricity flow through a circuit. Measured inamperes..

Current transformer

.Steps current down by a fixed amount so that it canbe measured and recorded..

Customer Average.A measure of reliabilit that re resents the avera e

© 2010 SmartGridNews

us ness caseCommand and controlCommunications technologiesCustomer careDemand responseDemand side managementDistributed generationDistribution automationEnergy efficiencyElectric vehiclesGlobal smart gridGrid optimizationHome area networksIT and back officeLessons learned

Markets and pricingMeter data managementMicrogridsPolicy and regulationProjectsRenewable energyResearch and developmentSCADASecuritySmart grid companiesSmart homesSmart metersStandardsStorageStrategyTransmissionUtility resources





n errup on ura on n ex(CAIDI)

number of hours of each service interruption..

Customer information system(CIS)

.A software application for handling customer calls,billing, and related operations..

D

DC

.Electricity that flows in one direction only. Abbreviationfor direct current.

.

Decommission.To take a nuclear generating facility out of service..

Demand response (DR)

.A Smart Grid feature that allows consumers to reduceor change their electrical use patterns during peakdemand, usually in exchange for a financial incentive..

Demand side management(DSM)

.Programs intended to encourage customers to modifythe levels and patterns of their electricity consumption..

Deregulation

.The removal of regulations over a formerly-regulatedindustry or part of an industry..

Distribution

.Delivering electricity from a local substation to nearbyresidences and businesses..

Distribution automation (DA)

.Programs and technologies designed for an intelligentgrid to ensure consistent power quality and reliabilityand accommodate two-way power flows..

Distributed intelligence

.Sensors and other monitoring devices in remotelocations intended for long-term operation in the field..

Distributed generation

.Brings small-scale power generation facilities,particularly renewables, close to consumers to boostefficiency while lowering costs and reducingenvironmental risks..

Distributed temperaturesensing (DTS)

.Remote sensors designed to monitor and regularlyreport temperature data along transmission anddistribution feeders..

E

Electric energy

.Typically refers to kilowatt hours in the electricityindustry..

Electric power

.Specifically, the rate of energy transfer, usuallyreferred to as megawatts..

Electric power grid

.Interconnected networks that provide electricitygeneration, transmission, and distribution—and thelines, substations, and other associated equipment..

Electric Power ResearchInstitute (EPRI)

.An independent public interest energy andenvironmental research organization that focuses onchallenges related to electric power..

Electric utility

.Public or privately-held companies that generateand/or deliver electricity in exchange for payment atrates set by an outside regulating authority..

Electric vehicle (EV)

.A vehicle propelled exclusively by one or more electricmotors..

Electromagnetic field (EMF)

.A force field associated with an electric charge inmotion that includes electric and magneticcomponents, commonly originating from high-voltagetransmission lines..

Energy Independence and

.Enacted by Congress in 2007 to direct national energyolic . Title XIII of the act established the Federal





ecur ty ct.

Smart Grid Task Force..

Energy service provider

.Typically an energy company that provides services toend users..

F

Fault

.A problem at a point in an electrical circuit, such as ashort circuit..

Federal Energy RegulatoryCommission (FERC)

.An independent agency responsible for regulatinginterstate transmission of electricity, high-voltagetransmission systems, wholesale electricity sales, andaspects of oil, gas, and hydroelectric operations..

Federal Power Commission(FPC)

.Eliminated in 1977 and succeeded by the Departmentof Energy..

Flow battery

.Rechargeable high power and very high storagecapacity battery, and used to level loads on theelectrical grid..

G

Generation

.Includes all forms of electricity production, such ascoal- and gas-fired power plants, hydroelectric plants,and wind, and solar, and geothermal production..

Geographic informationsystem (GIS)

.Digitally stores, analyzes, manages, and relayslocation-oriented data. Numerous GIS softwareapplications are available..

Geothermal energy

.Taps the heat energy from fluids deep within theearth, and can be used directly for heating or forelectricity production..

Gigawatt (gW).One billion watts, or 1,000 megawatts..

Global warming

.Gradual temperature increase near the Earth'ssurface created by cyclical climate changes and,increasingly, pollution from burning fossil fuels andother manmade sources..

Greenhouse gases

.Gases such as water vapor, carbon dioxide, a varietyof fluorocarbons, and methane that thicken theatmosphere and trap radiant energy near the Earth'ssurface..

Green power.Another term for renewable energy..

H

Home area network (HAN)

.Includes simple computer networking within the homeand bundled data, voice, and video services providedby telephone companies..

Home automation network

.Monitoring and control systems for residential usesuch as heating and lighting controls, security, andappliance and electronics power consumption..

Hydroelectric plant

.A power plant that incorporates turbines generallydriven by falling water..

I

Institute of Electrical andElectronics Engineers (IEEE)

.Professional association dedicated to technologyadvancement and innovation, standards development,and publications..





International ElectrotechnicalCommission (IEC)

.A non-governmental agency responsible fordeveloping and publishing international standards forelectrical, electronic, and associated technologies..

Intelligent heuristic analysissystem

.A computer application that matches specific userrequirements to its selection of methods to be used indata analysis..

Interruptible load

.Electrical service that can be suspended duringelectric grid emergencies. Interruption is authorized by

prior agreement between provider and consumer..

Investor-owned utility (IOU)

.A privately-held utility (not operated by a governmententity or a consumer cooperative)..

Independent system operator(ISO)

.An organization established by FERC to control andmonitor electric power system operations, typicallywithin one state..

Islanding

.The ability to use distributed generation to providepower when storms or other events have knocked outthe utility's ability to provide power..

K

Kilovolt (kV)

.

1,000 volts..

Kilowatt (kW)

.1,000 watts, which can be expressed as the amountof electricity required to illuminate ten 100-watt lightbulbs..

Kilowatt hour (kWh)

.Electricity provided at the rate of 1,000 watts for onehour..

L

Line loss

.The amount of electricity lost—usually two to threepercent of the total—on high-voltage transmissionlines..

Load management

.

A collection of strategies intended to reduce or movedemand from peak to off-peak periods..

Load shifting.Another term for load management..

M

Megawatt (MW)

.1,000 kW. A megawatt is the standard measurementunit for electricity generation..

Metering

.Generally refers to any type of metering system, suchas old electromechanical meters, and the advancedsmart meters that are replacing them..

Microhydropower

.Small-scale hydropower plant producing less than 100

kW of power (10 kW is enough to power a largehome)..

Microturbines

.Small combustion turbines capable of producingbetween 25 kW and 500 kW of power..

MultiSpeak

.Software interoperability specification intended toassist utilities in automation and data exchangebetween software applications..

N

National Institute of.A U.S. Department of Commerce agency charged





Standards and Technology(NIST)

with identifying and evaluating standards andtechnologies relevant to Smart Grid adoption..

Net metering

.Net metering allows consumers who contribute powerto the grid to receive credit for at least a portion of thatelectricity..

Non-renewable energy

.Electricity generation from sources that may only beused once, including natural gas, nuclear, and coalsources..

Nuclear RegulatoryCommission (NRC)

.Federal regulatory agency responsible for monitoringsafety of nuclear reactors and radioactive materials,storage and disposal, and licensing..

O

Off peak.A period of reduced electrical demand..

Outage management

.Incorporates technologies such as GIS and smartmeters to quickly locate and manage outages..

P

Peak demand

.

The period of time when demand for electricity is at itshighest..

Peaking gas turbine plant

.More energy-efficient than traditional gas turbines,and used in compressed air generation and storagesystems..

Phantom load

.Refers to power use in appliances after they areturned off. Almost all electronics, clocks, and remotecontrols continue to consume power, even when "off.".

Phasor measurement unit(PMU)

.Phasors help detect and mitigate congestion atvarious points on the grid by sampling voltage andcurrent several times a second..

Photovoltaic (PV) system

.Solar cells grouped in modules, then linked together inarrays to transform sunlight into electricity. R&D in

materials and systems is accelerating phenomenally..

Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle(PHEV)

.Power plants include both rechargeable batteries andinternal combustion engines. Toyota's Prius andHonda's Insight are examples of popular PHEVs..

Polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs)

.Extremely toxic and stable chemicals used in themanufacture of transformers, capacitors, lubricants,and some household items until banned in 1979..

Power electronics

.Energy storage systems, power converters, controlsystems, and system integration hardware used inpower transmission and distribution..

Protection

.Recent legislation has been introduced in the U.S.Senate to give federal regulators more authority tosecure the electrical grid and protect it from

cyberattack..

Public utility commission(PUC)

.A state agency responsible for setting rates andregulating services and other activities of electric, gas,and telecommunications utilities operating within itsstate boundaries..

Public utility district (PUD)

.A single-purpose district established for thegeneration, transmission, and distribution of electricityor other services. Boundaries frequently extendbeyond local jurisdictions..

Purchased power.Electricity bought from other providers..





R

Rate

.The charges electric utilities assess customers forpower delivery, expressed per unit or level of use overa fixed time period, i.e., monthly..

Rate base

.A utility's property value that determines the utility'spermitted rate of return. That rate is set by aregulatory agency..

Rate case

.A request filed by an electric utility for a consumerprice increase with the appropriate state public utilitycommissions..

Rate of return

.Expressed as a percentage. Rate of return representsthe ratio of net operating income a utility earns anddetermined as a percentage of its rate base..

Rate schedule

.Incorporates the financial terms and conditions of anelectric utility that delivers service to its customers..

Real-time pricing

.A policy of charging consumers varying rates for aservice to reflect frequent cost fluctuations occurringover time, as opposed to fixed pricing..

Receipts.Fuel purchases.

.

Regional transmissionoperator (RTO)

.An organization established at the direction of FERCto control the electrical power transmission system ina service area that extends beyond state borders..

Regulation

.The overall responsibilities of government agenciesthat oversee industries, including monitoring andadministering enforcement of compliance withapplicable laws and policies..

Reliability

.Consistent, cost-effective delivery of quality electricpower. Reliability is a primary issue addressed by theSmart Grid and industry restructuring..

Renewable energy

.Power provided by renewable sources such as wind,solar, geothermal, hydro, and biomass..

Residential

.The class of consumers who use electricity to powerheating and lighting systems and appliances in privatehomes or apartment dwellings..

Rolling blackout

.An intentional disruption that rotates through smallareas to avoid a full-scale blackout and to reducecustomer inconvenience. Used in radial systems..

S

Supervisory Control and DataAcquisition (SCADA)

.A computer system that monitors an industrial,infrastructure, or facility-based control process..

Security

.Issues largely pertain to cyberattacks and otherintentional grid disruptions. Regulators have accused

the industry of trying to avoid complying with securitystandards..

Sensor

.A significant component of the electrical grid, sensorsare used in several ways: temperature monitoring,security, providing data for peak demand adjustment.They are an integral component of a Smart Grid..

Service area

.Territory defined as the area utilities are required to orhave the right to provide electricity to consumers..

Short circuit

.An unintended low-resistance electrical connectionthat can cause circuit damage, overheating, and otherproblems..





.

Single-phase service

.Usually 120-volt or 240-volt service for homes andbusinesses..

Smart Grid

.A digitization and modernization plan for an intelligentelectric grid intended to conserve energy, reducecosts, and increase reliability and energyindependence..

Smart meter

.Gathers and transmits detailed consumption databack to the local utility for monitoring and billing. Also

monitors for power quality and outages..

Solar energy

.Energy from the sun converted to electricity by aphotovoltaic system incorporating solar cells (panels)..

Solid waste energy.Another term for biomass..

Standards

.Critical to the industry, codified and administeredstandards ensure reliability, efficiency, andinteroperability. Typically administered by governmententities such as FERC and state PUCs..

Step down.To reduce circuit voltage with a transformer..

Step up.To increase circuit voltage with a transformer..

Storage

.A general term for a variety of power storagetechnologies, including pumped storage, fuel cells,batteries, flywheels, and more..

Substation

.The site where equipment for switching or regulatingelectrical voltage is located..

Sustained outage..A power outage of more than two minutes..

Synchrophasor(synchronized phasor)

.

.Takes real-time measurements of the amount ofelectricity throughout a system. Can improve reliabilityby providing data for precise load management..

T

Thermal limit

.The most electricity a transmission line can bearwithout risk of damage caused by heat deterioration..

Three-phase service

.Electric service to manufacturing and other industriesand facilities that usually require more power than 120volts or 240 volts..

Tidal energy

.Energy generated by focusing the ebb and flow ofocean tides through reversible turbines located in adam..

Time of day rate

.The rate charged to electric utility customers based onthe varying costs of delivering service at differenttimes throughout the day..

Time of use (TOU)

.An energy cost reduction measure that permits

consumers to operate during off-peak hours..

Transmission

.The delivery of bulk high-voltage electricity from thegenerating plant to substations and the distributionsystem..

Turbine

.Equipment that produces rotary mechanical powerfrom water, steam, or hot gas..

U

Ultracapacitor

.A capacitor used in large-scale applications, such as





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..

V

Voltage.A measurement of the force of electric current..

W

Worldwide Interoperability forMicrowave Access (WiMAX)

..Wireless transmission based on the IEEE802.16standard for mobile Internet access, using multiplelinks for transmission. Similar to Wi-Fi but coverslarger areas..

Wind energy

..Power generated by the motion of the wind capturedby large propeller-like blades and transmitted to windturbines..

Workforce managementsystem (WFM)

.Automates operations such as handling trouble calls,repair crew dispatch, tracking field services, andenhancing communications..

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Basic Smart Grid Terms and Acrononyms-767