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8/7/2019 Basics of Broadband and Gsm Technology
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PROJECT REPORT
SUBMIT
TED BY:
Achal mehan
8209
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PROJECT DONE AT
Mahanagar Telephone
Nigam Ltd.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I extend my sincere thanks to Wg. Cdr. R. K CHOUBEY forallowing me carry out my project at MTNL and hence giving me
an opportunity to gain insight upon GSM network and learn about
the broadband technology.
I express my deepest sense of indebt ness to the DGM, MTNL for
supervising with utmost care and zeal throughout this dissertationwork. Under his suitable guidance, it was shear joy to my work.
I am also thankful to all of the engineers of technical department
for their help and encouragement during the course of project.
Also, I am immensely grateful to Mr.Verma for organising my
project in MTNL.
Achal mehan
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CERTIFICATE
I certify that Mr. Achal mehan student of B.Tech (Electronics &
Communication), P.D Memorial College of Engineering
(P.D.M.C.E), Maharshi Dayanand University has completed the
project titled BASICS OF BROADBAND, COMPUTER
NETWORKING AND GSM TECHNOLOGY under MTNL.
The duration of project was from June to August. His punctually
and overall performance during his project period was good.
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COMPANY PROFILE
Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Ltd is the government owned
telephone services in India. It was established in 1986 to improve
the quality of telecom services, expand the telecom network,
introduce new services and raise revenue for telecom
developmental needs of Indias key metros. It provides fixed linephones, cellular connections and Internet services. It has converted
100% of its telephone exchange network into the digital mode.
MTNLs fixed-line telecommunications networks in Delhi and
Mumbai had an aggregate of approximately 3.80 million fixed
lines in service. Its cellular services had approximately 2.75
million subscribers.
The company provides welfare activities and benefits
include: subsidized canteen facility, holiday homes, creches,
recreation and community centers, housing and medical facilities,
schooling, grant of scholarships and group insurancefor the
employees.
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INDEX
BROADBAND
IN TELECOMMUNICATION
DATA COMMUNICATION
IN VIDEO
IN CABLE NETWORK
IN DSL
IN ETHERNET
COMPUTER NETWORKING
VIEWS OF NETWORK
NETWORKING METHOD
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
BROADBAND INTERNET ACCESS
ARCHITECTURE
TECHNOLOGY
TRAFFIC
GSM AND ITS ARCHITECTURE
Evolution of MOBILE TECHNOLOGIES
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BROADBAND
In telecommunication
Broadband in telecommunications refers to a signaling method
that includes or handles a relatively wide range of frequencies,
which may be divided into channels orfrequency bins.Broadband
is always a relative term, understood according to its context. The
wider thebandwidth, the greater the information-carrying capacity.
In radio, for example, a very narrow-band signal will carry Morsecode; a broader band will carry speech; a still broader band is
required to carry music without losing the high audio frequencies
required for realistic sound reproduction. A television antenna
described as "normal" may be capable of receiving a certain range
of channels; one described as "broadband" will receive more
channels. In data communications a modem will transmit a
bandwidth of 56 kilobits per seconds (kbit/s) over a telephone line;
over the same telephone line a bandwidth of several megabits persecond can be handled by ADSL, which is described as broadband
(relative to a modem over a telephone line, although much less
than can be achieved over a fiber optic circuit, for example).
Bandwidth
Bandwidth is the difference between the upper and lower cutoff
frequencies of, for example, a filter, a communication channel, or asignal spectrum, and is typically measured in hertz. In case of a
baseband channel or signal, the bandwidth is equal to its upper
cutoff frequency. Bandwidth in hertz is a central concept in many
fields, including electronics, information theory, radio
communications, signal processing, and spectroscopy.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_termhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandwidth_(signal_processing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morse_codehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morse_codehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_frequencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_reproductionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADSLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber_optichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutoff_frequencieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutoff_frequencieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_filterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_channelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_spectrumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basebandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_processinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_termhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandwidth_(signal_processing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morse_codehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morse_codehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_frequencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_reproductionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADSLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber_optichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutoff_frequencieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutoff_frequencieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_filterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_channelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_spectrumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basebandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_processinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectroscopy8/7/2019 Basics of Broadband and Gsm Technology
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In computer networking and other digital fields, the term
bandwidth often refers to a data rate measured in bits/s, for
example network throughput. The reason is that according
Hartley's law, the digital data rate limit (or channel capacity) of a
physical communication link is related to its bandwidth in hertz,sometimes denoted analog bandwidth. For bandwidth as a
computing term, less ambiguous terms are, bit rate, throughput,
goodput or channel capacity.
Modem
Modem (from modulator-demodulator) is a device that modulates
an analog carrier signal to encode digital information, and also
demodulates such a carrier signal to decode the transmitted
information. The goal is to produce a signal that can be transmitted
easily and decoded to reproduce the original digital data. Modems
can be used over any means of transmitting analog signals, from
driven diodes to radio.
The most familiar example is a voiceband modem that turns the
digital 1s and 0s of a personal computer into sounds that can be
transmitted over the telephone lines of Plain Old Telephone
Systems (POTS), and once received on the other side, converts
those 1s and 0s back into a form used by a USB, Serial, or
Network connection. Modems are generally classified by the
amount of data they can send in a given time, normally measured
inbits per second, or "bps". They can also be classified by Baud,
the number of times the modem changes its signal state per second.
Baud is NOT the modem's speed. The baud rate varies, depending
on the modulation technique used. Original Bell 103 modems used
a modulation technique that saw a change in state 300 times per
second. They transmitted 1 bit for every baud, and so a 300 bit/s
modem was also a 300-baud modem. However, casual
computerists confused the two. A 300 bit/s modem is the only
modem whose bit rate matches the baud rate. A 2400 bit/s modem
changes state 600 times per second, but due to the fact that it
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_networkinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Throughputhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartley's_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_capacityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit_ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Throughputhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodputhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrier_wavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_(information_theory)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demodulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_numeral_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plain_old_telephone_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bits_per_secondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baudhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_networkinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Throughputhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartley's_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_capacityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit_ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Throughputhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodputhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrier_wavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_(information_theory)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demodulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_numeral_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plain_old_telephone_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bits_per_secondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baud8/7/2019 Basics of Broadband and Gsm Technology
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transmits 4 bits for each baud, 2400 bits are transmitted by 600
baud, or changes in states.
Faster modems are used by Internet users every day, notably cable
modems and ADSL modems. In telecommunications, "radio
modems" transmit repeating frames of data at very high data rates
over microwave radio links. Some microwave modems transmit
more than a hundred million bits per second. Optical modems
transmit data over optical fibers. Most intercontinental data links
now use optical modems transmitting overundersea optical fibers.
Optical modems routinely have data rates in excess of a billion
(1x109) bits per second. One kilobit per second (kbit/s or kb/s or
kbps) as used in this article means 1000 bits per second and not
1024 bits per second. For example, a 56k modem can transfer dataat up to 56,000 bits per second over the phone line.
DSL
DSL orxDSL, is a family of technologies that provide digital data
transmission over the wires of a local telephone network. DSL
originally stood for digital subscriber loop, although in recentyears, the term digital subscriber line has been widely adopted as
a more marketing-friendly term for ADSL, which is the most
popular version of consumer-ready DSL. DSL uses high
frequency, while regular telephone uses low frequency on the same
telephone line.
Typically, the download speed of consumer DSL services ranges
from 256 kilobits per second (kbit/s) to 24,000 kbit/s, depending
on DSL technology, line conditions and service level implemented.Typically, upload speed is lower than download speed for
Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) and equal to
download speed for the rarer Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line
(SDSL).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_modemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_modemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DSL_modemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_communicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microwavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavelength_division_multiplexinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_fiberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine_communications_cablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilobit_per_secondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Access_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plain_Old_Telephone_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymmetric_Digital_Subscriber_Linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetric_Digital_Subscriber_Linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_modemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_modemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DSL_modemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_communicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microwavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavelength_division_multiplexinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_fiberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine_communications_cablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilobit_per_secondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Access_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plain_Old_Telephone_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymmetric_Digital_Subscriber_Linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetric_Digital_Subscriber_Line8/7/2019 Basics of Broadband and Gsm Technology
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ADSL
Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) is a form ofDSL,
a data communications technology that enables faster data
transmission over copper telephone lines than a conventional
voicebandmodem can provide. It does this by utilizing frequencies
that are not used by a voice telephone call. A splitter - or
microfilter - allows a single telephone connection to be used for
both ADSL service and voice calls at the same time. Because
phone lines vary in quality and were not originally engineered with
DSL in mind, it can generally only be used over short distances,
typically less than 3 miles (4.8 km).
At the telephone exchange the line generally terminates at a
DSLAM where another frequency splitter separates the voice band
signal for the conventional phone network. Data carried by the
ADSL is typically routed over the telephone company's data
network and eventually reaches a conventional internet network. In
the UKunderBritish Telecom the data network in question is its
ATM network which in turn sends it to its IP network IP Colossus.
DSLAM
A Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer (DSLAM, often
pronounced dee-slam) allows telephone lines to make faster
connections to the Internet. It is a network device, located in the
telephony exchanges of the service providers, that connects
multiple customerDigital Subscriber Lines (DSLs) to a high-speed
Internet backbone line using multiplexing techniques. By locating
DSLAMs at locations remote to the telephone company central
office (CO), telephone companies provide DSL service to locations
previously beyond effective range.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_subscriber_linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voicebandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_callhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DSL_filterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DSLAMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_(electrical_engineering)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UKhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Telecomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asynchronous_Transfer_Modehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Subscriber_Linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_backbonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplexinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_exchangehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_exchangehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_companyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_subscriber_linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voicebandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_callhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DSL_filterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DSLAMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_(electrical_engineering)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UKhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Telecomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asynchronous_Transfer_Modehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Subscriber_Linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_backbonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplexinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_exchangehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_exchangehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_company8/7/2019 Basics of Broadband and Gsm Technology
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Path taken by data to DSLAM
1. Residential/commercial source: DSL modem plugged
into the customer's computer.
2. Local loop: the telephone company wires from a
customer to the telephone company's central office, often
called the "last mile".
3. DSLAM: a device for DSL service. Sending on the
customer ordownstream side, it intermixes voice traffic and
VDSL traffic onto the customer's DSL line. Receiving on
that side, it accepts and separates outgoing phone and data
signals from the customer. It directs the data signals
upstream towards the appropriate carrier's network, and thephone signals towards the voice switch.
4. Main Distribution Frame (MDF): a wiring rack that
connects outside subscriber lines with internal lines. It is
used to connect public or private lines coming into the
building to internal networks. At the telco, the MDF is
generally in proximity to the cable vault and not far from the
telephone switch.
Role of the DSLAM
The DSLAM equipment at the telephone company (telco) collects
the digital signals from its many modem ports and combines them
into one signal via multiplexing. Depending on the product being
used, a DSLAM would aggregate the DSL lines with some
combination ofAsynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), frame relay,
orInternet Protocol networks (i.e., IP-DSLAM that uses the PTM-TC stack)(Packet Transfer Mode - Transmission Convergence).
The aggregated signal is then loaded onto the telco's backbone
switching equipment, traveling through an access network(AN)
also known as aNetwork Service Provider(NSP)at speeds of up
to 10 Gbit/s and connecting to the Internet-backbone.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DSL_modemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_loophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_milehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DSLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downstream_(computer_science)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VDSLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upstream_(computer_science)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Distribution_Framehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cable_vault&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_companyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_signalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplexinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asynchronous_Transfer_Modehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame_relayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PTM-TC&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PTM-TC&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backbone_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Access_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_service_providerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gbit/shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DSL_modemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_loophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_milehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DSLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downstream_(computer_science)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VDSLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upstream_(computer_science)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Distribution_Framehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cable_vault&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_companyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_signalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplexinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asynchronous_Transfer_Modehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame_relayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PTM-TC&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PTM-TC&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backbone_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Access_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_service_providerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gbit/s8/7/2019 Basics of Broadband and Gsm Technology
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In terms of the OSI 7 Layer Model, the DSLAM acts like a
massive network switch since its functionality is purely Layer 2.
A DSLAM is not always located in the telephone company's
central office, but may also serve customers within a neighborhood
Serving Area Interface (SAI), sometimes in association with a
digital loop carrier. DSLAMs are also used by hotels, lodges,
residential neighbourhoods, and other corporations setting up their
own private telephone exchange.
Besides being a data switch and multiplexer, a DSLAM is also a
collection of modems. Each modem on the aggregation card
communicates with a subscriber's DSL modem. The modem
function is integrated into the DSLAM itself, rather than being
separate hardware like a traditional computer modem. Like
traditional, voice-band modems, the integrated DSL modem has
the ability to probe the line and train itself to compensate for
forward echoes and other impairments in order to move data at the
maximum rate the telephone line allows. This is also why twisted
pair DSL services have a longer range than physically similar
unshielded twisted pair (UTP) Ethernet.
In data communications
Broadband in data communications can refer to broadband
networks orbroadband Internet and may have the same meaning as
above, so that data transmission over a fiber optic cable would be
referred to as broadband as compared to a telephone modem
operating at 56,000bits per second.
However, broadbandin data communications is frequently used in
a more technical sense to refer to data transmission where multiplepieces of data are sent simultaneously to increase the effective rate
of transmission, regardless of actual data rate. In network
engineering this term is used for methods where two or more
signals share a medium.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI_modelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_switchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_link_layerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_officehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serving_Area_Interfacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_loop_carrierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DSL_modemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_echohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twisted_pairhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twisted_pairhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_communicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadband_networkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadband_networkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadband_Internet_accesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_transmissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber_optichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/56k_modemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit_ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_communicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_signaling_ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI_modelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_switchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_link_layerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_officehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serving_Area_Interfacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_loop_carrierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DSL_modemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_echohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twisted_pairhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twisted_pairhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_communicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadband_networkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadband_networkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadband_Internet_accesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_transmissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber_optichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/56k_modemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit_ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_communicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_signaling_ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_engineering8/7/2019 Basics of Broadband and Gsm Technology
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Optical fibre
An optical fiber (or fibre) is a glass orplastic fiber that carries
light along its length. Fiber optics is the overlap ofapplied science
and engineering concerned with the design and application of
optical fibers. Optical fibers are widely used in fiber-optic
communication, which permits transmission over longer distances
and at higher data rates than other forms of communications.
Fibers are used instead of metal wires because signals travel along
them with less loss, and they are immune to electromagnetic
interference. Optical fibers are also used to form sensors, and in a
variety of other applications.
Light is kept in the "core" of the optical fiber by total internal
reflection. This causes the fiber to act as a waveguide. Fibers
which support many propagation paths or transverse modes are
called multimode fibers (MMF). Fibers which support only a
single mode are called singlemode fibers (SMF). Multimode fibers
generally have a large-diameter core, and are used for short-
distance communication links or for applications where high power
must be transmitted. Singlemode fibers are used for most
communication links longer than 200 meters.
Joining lengths of optical fiber is more complex than joining
electrical wire or cable. The ends of the fibers must be carefully
cleaved, and then spliced together eithermechanically or by fusing
them together with an electric arc. Special connectors are used to
make removable connections.
In Video
Broadband in analog video distribution is traditionally used torefer to systems such as cable television, where the individual
channels are modulated on carriers at fixed frequencies. In this
context, baseband is the term's antonym, referring to a single
channel of analog video, typically in composite form with an audio
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subcarrier. The act of demodulating converts broadband video to
baseband video.
However, broadband video in the context of streaming Internet
video has come to mean video files that havebitrates high enough
to requirebroadband Internet access in order to view them.
Broadband video is also sometimes used to describe IPTVVideo
on demand.
Cable television
Cable television is a system of providing television to consumers
via radio frequency signals transmitted to televisions through fixed
optical fibers or coaxial cables as opposed to the over-the-airmethod used in traditional television broadcasting (via radio
waves) in which a television antenna is required. FM radio
programming, high-speed Internet, telephony and similar non
television services may also be provided.
The abbreviation CATV is often used to mean "Cable TV". It
originally stood forCommunity Antenna Television, from cable
television's origins in 1948: in areas where over-the-air reception
was limited by mountainous terrain, large "community antennas"were constructed, and cable was run from them to individual
homes.
It is most commonplace in North America, Europe, Australia and
East Asia, though it is present in many other countries, mainly in
South America and the Middle East. Cable TV has had little
success in Africa, as it is not cost-effective to lay cables in sparsely
populated areas, and although so-called "wireless cable" or
microwave-based systems are used, "direct-to-home" satellitetelevision is far more popular, especially in South Africa.
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In DSL
The various forms ofDigital Subscriber Line (DSL) services are
broadbandin the sense that digital information is sent over a high-
bandwidth channel above the baseband voice channel on a singlepair of wires.
In Ethernet
A baseband transmission sends one type of signal using a
medium's full bandwidth, as in 100BASE-T Ethernet. Ethernet,
however, is the common interface to broadband modems such as
DSL data links, and has a high data rate itself, so is sometimes
referred to as broadband. Ethernet provisioned overcable modem
is a common alternative to DSL.
COMPUTER NETWORKING
Computer networking is the engineering discipline concerned
with communication between computer systems or devices.Networking, routers, routing protocols, and networking over the
public Internet have their specifications defined in documents
called RFCs. Computer networking is sometimes considered a sub-
discipline of telecommunications, computer science, information
technology and/orcomputer engineering. Computer networks rely
heavily upon the theoretical and practical application of these
scientific and engineering disciplines.
A computer network is any set of computers or devices connectedto each other with the ability to exchange data. Examples of
networks are:
local area network(LAN), which is usually a small network
constrained to a small geographic area.
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wide area network (WAN) that is usually a larger network
that covers a large geographic area.
wireless LANs and WANs (WLAN & WWAN) is the
wireless equivalent of the LAN and WAN
All networks are interconnected to allow communication with a
variety of different kinds of media, including twisted-paircopper
wire cable, coaxial cable, optical fiber, and various wireless
technologies. The devices can be separated by a few meters (e.g.
via Bluetooth) or nearly unlimited distances (e.g. via the
interconnections of the Internet).
Views of networks
Users and network administrators often have different views of
their networks. Often, users share printers and some servers form a
workgroup, which usually means they are in the same geographic
location and are on the same LAN. A community of interest has
less of a connotation of being in a local area, and should be thought
of as a set of arbitrarily located users who share a set of servers,
and possibly also communicate viapeer-to-peertechnologies.
Network administrators see networks from both physical andlogical perspectives. The physical perspective involves geographic
locations, physical cabling, and the network elements (e.g., routers,
bridges and application layer gateways that interconnect the
physical media. Logical networks, called, in the TCP/IP
architecture, subnets , map onto one or more physical media. For
example, a common practice in a campus of buildings is to make a
set of LAN cables in each building appear to be a common subnet,
using virtual LAN (VLAN) technology.Both users and administrators will be aware, to varying extents, of
the trust and scope characteristics of a network. Again using
TCP/IP architectural terminology, an intranet is a community of
interest under private administration usually by an enterprise, and
is only accessible by authorized users (e.g. employees) (RFC
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2547). Intranets do not have to be connected to the Internet, but
generally have a limited connection. An extranet is an extension of
an intranet that allows secure communications to users outside of
the intranet (e.g. business partners, customers)RFC 3547.
Informally, the Internet is the set of users, enterprises,and content
providers that are interconnected by Internet Service Providers
(ISP). From an engineering standpoint, the Internet is the set of
subnets, and aggregates of subnets, which share the registered IP
address space and exchange information about the reachability of
those IP addresses using the Border Gateway Protocol. Typically,
the human-readable names of servers are translated to IP addresses,
transparently to users, via the directory function of the Domain
Name System (DNS).
Over the Internet, there can be business-to-business (B2B),
business-to-consumer (B2C) and consumer-to-consumer (C2C)
communications. Especially when money or sensitive information
is exchanged, the communications are apt to be secured by some
form of communications security mechanism. Intranets and
extranets can be securely superimposed onto the Internet, without
any access by general Internet users, using secure Virtual Private
Network(VPN) technology.
When used for gaming one computer will have to be the server
while the others play through it.
Networking methods
Networking is a complex part of computing that makes up most of
the IT Industry. Without networks, almost all communication in
the world would cease to happen. It is because of networking thattelephones, televisions, the internet, etc. work.
One way to categorize computer networks is by their geographic
scope, although many real-world networks interconnect Local Area
Networks (LAN) via Wide Area Networks (WAN) and wireless
networks [WWAN]. These three (broad) types are:
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Local area network (LAN)
A local area network is a network that spans a relatively small
space and provides services to a small number of people.
Depending on the number of people that use a Local Area Network, a peer-to-peer or client-server method of networking
may be used. A peer-to-peer network is where each client shares
their resources with other workstations in the network. Examples
of peer-to-peer networks are: Small office networks where
resource use is minimal and a home network. A client-server
network is where every client is connected to the server and each
other. Client-server networks use servers in different capacities.
These can be classified into two types: Single-service servers,where the server performs one task such as file server, print server,
etc.; while other servers can not only perform in the capacity of file
servers and print servers, but they also conduct calculations and
use these to provide information to clients (Web/Intranet Server).
Computers are linked via Ethernet Cable, can be joined either
directly (one computer to another), or via a network hub that
allows multiple connections.
Historically, LANs have featured much higher speeds than WANs.This is not necessarily the case when the WAN technology appears
as Metro Ethernet, implemented overoptical transmission systems.
Wide area network (WAN)
A wide area network is a network where a wide variety of
resources are deployed across a large domestic area or
internationally. An example of this is a multinational business that
uses a WAN to interconnect their offices in different countries.The largest and best example of a WAN is the Internet, which is a
network comprised of many smaller networks. The Internet is
considered the largest network in the world.[6]. The PSTN (Public
Switched Telephone Network) also is an extremely large network
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that is converging to use Internet technologies, although not
necessarily through the public Internet.
A Wide Area Network involves communication through the use of
a wide range of different technologies. These technologies include
Point-to-Point WANs such as Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) and
High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC), Frame Relay, ATM
(Asynchronous Transfer Mode) and Sonet (Synchronous Optical
Network). The difference between the WAN technologies is based
on the switching capabilities they perform and the speed at which
sending and receiving bits of information (data) occur.
For more information on WANs, see Frame Relay, ATM and
Sonet.
Wireless networks (WLAN, WWAN)
A wireless network is basically the same as a LAN or a WAN but
there are no wires between hosts and servers. The data is
transferred over sets of radio transceivers. These types of networks
are beneficial when it is too costly or inconvenient to run the
necessary cables. For more information, see Wireless LAN and
Wireless wide area network. The media access protocols for LANscome from the IEEE.
The most common IEEE 802.11 WLANs cover, depending on
antennas, ranges from hundreds of meters to a few kilometers. For
larger areas, either communications satellites of various types,
cellular radio, or wireless local loop (IEEE 802.16) all have
advantages and disadvantages. Depending on the type of mobility
needed, the relevant standards may come from the IETF or the
ITU.Network topology
The network topology defines the way in which computers,
printers, and other devices are connected, physically and logically.
A network topology describes the layout of the wire and devices as
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well as the paths used by data transmissions. Commonly used
topologies include:
Bus
Star Tree (hierarchical)
Linear
Ring
Mesh
partially connected
fully connected (sometimes known asfully redundant)
The network topologies mentioned above are only a generalrepresentation of the kinds of topologies used in computer network
and are considered basic topologies.
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BROADBAND INTERNET
ACCESS
Broadband Internet access, often shortened to justbroadband, is
high data rate Internet accesstypically contrasted with dial-up
access over a 56k modem.
Dial-up modems are limited to abitrate of less than 56 kbit/s
(kilobits per second) and require the full use of a telephone line
whereas broadband technologies supply more than double this rate
and generally without disrupting telephone use.
Although various minimum bandwidths have been used indefinitions of broadband, ranging up from 64 kbit/s up to
1.0 Mbit/s, the 2006 OECD report is typical by defining broadband
as having download data transfer rates equal to or faster than
256 kbit/s, while the United StatesFCC, as of 2008, defines
broadband as anything above 768 kbit/s.]The trend is to raise the
threshold of the broadband definition as the marketplace rolls out
faster services.
Data rates are defined in terms ofmaximum downloadbecauseseveral common consumer broadband technologies such
as ADSL are "asymmetric"supporting much slower maximum
upload data rate than download.
"Broadband penetration" is now treated as a key economic
indicator.
Broadband architecture
A traditional fixedbroadband network provides its services to a
location/port. Multiple devices may connect to these services
through the residential LAN and a common residential gateway.
However, services are typically not individualized for these
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devices or the users using them. A mobile broadband network, on
the other hand, typically deliver services to individual devices and
users, providing them access to the subscribed services wherever
they are.
In a Full Service Broadband network, these two service paradigms
are combined, providing users with services anywhere and from
any device. Users can authenticate themselves and reach all their
services from any device. A device can either connect through a
mobile access or a fixed access, enabling a transparent experience,
i.e. the same or very similar. Devices connected to the residential
LAN are reachable also from devices on the move, enabling
transparent access to e.g. stored media (figure below). All these
features needs to be enabled in ways that are simple enough for theaverage user, available more or lessplug-and-play.
Broadband Architecture
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A network architecture is required that can enable these new
capabilities in a way that is cost efficient for operators and
affordable and simple enough for the users. Such architecture has
the following characteristics:
Based on Ethernet transport network, capable of co-housing
multiple access networks/technologies and services.
Combining multiple access technologies, including fixed
access (e.g. GPON and VDSL2) and mobile access technologies
(e.g. 3G High Speed Packet Access (HSPA) and 3GPP Long
Term Evolution).
Provides capabilities to manage the heterogeneity between
access technologies, e.g. for device/user authentication andmulti-access mobility.
A consistent UNI towards devices, facilitating
interoperability and economies-of-scale for device
manufacturers.
Access-independent service enablers for e.g. end-to-end user
reachability (tying a user to a device) and capability negotiation.
The IP Multimedia Subsystem is the key component for this.
LAN technologies such as DLNA/UPNP are extended toremote operation, yet with minimal need for technical know-
how, e.g. dynamicDNS.
To reach the desired economies-of-scale and interoperability, such
an architecture must be based on open protocols. IETF protocols
such as Mobile IP, Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)
and RADIUS/Diameterare essential components along with
e.g. IMS, TISPAN RACS and 3GPPSystem ArchitectureEvolution (SAE).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPONhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VDSL2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Speed_Packet_Accesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPP_Long_Term_Evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPP_Long_Term_Evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User-Network_Interfacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_Multimedia_Subsystemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DLNAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UPNPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_name_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IETFhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Session_Initiation_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RADIUShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diameter_(protocol)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_Multimedia_Subsystemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TISPANhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_Architecture_Evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_Architecture_Evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPONhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VDSL2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Speed_Packet_Accesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPP_Long_Term_Evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPP_Long_Term_Evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User-Network_Interfacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_Multimedia_Subsystemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DLNAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UPNPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_name_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IETFhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Session_Initiation_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RADIUShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diameter_(protocol)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_Multimedia_Subsystemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TISPANhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_Architecture_Evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_Architecture_Evolution8/7/2019 Basics of Broadband and Gsm Technology
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ConnectionTransmission
data rate
DS-1 (Tier 1) 1.544 Mbit/s
E-1 2.048 Mbit/s
DS-3 (Tier 3) 44.736 Mbit/s
OC-3 155.52 Mbit/s
OC-12 622.08 Mbit/s
OC-48 2.488 Gbit/s
OC-192 9.953 Gbit/s
OC-768 39.813 Gbit/s
OC-1536 79.6 Gbit/s
OC-3072 159.2 Gbit/s
Broadband is often called "high-speed" Internet, because it usually
has a high rate of data transmission. In general, any connection to
the customer of 256 kbit/s (0.256 Mbit/s) or greater is more
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DS-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-carrierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DS-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_Carrier#OC-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_Carrier#OC-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_Carrier#OC-48http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_Carrier#OC-192http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_Carrier#OC-768http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_Carrier#OC-1536_.26_beyondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_Carrier#OC-1536_.26_beyondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DS-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-carrierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DS-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_Carrier#OC-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_Carrier#OC-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_Carrier#OC-48http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_Carrier#OC-192http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_Carrier#OC-768http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_Carrier#OC-1536_.26_beyondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_Carrier#OC-1536_.26_beyond8/7/2019 Basics of Broadband and Gsm Technology
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concisely considered broadband Internet. The International
Telecommunication UnionStandardization Sector (ITU-T)
recommendation I.113 has defined broadband as a transmission
capacity that is faster thanprimary rateISDN, at 1.5 to 2 Mbit/s.
The FCC definition of broadband is 768 kbit/s (0.8 Mbit/s).The Organization for Economic Co-operation and
Development (OECD) has defined broadband as 256 kbit/s in at
least one direction and this bit rate is the most common baseline
that is marketed as "broadband" around the world. There is no
specificbitrate defined by the industry, however, and "broadband"
can mean lower-bitrate transmission methods. SomeInternet
Service Providers (ISPs) use this to their advantage in marketing
lower-bitrate connections as broadband.In practice, the advertisedbandwidth is not always reliably
available to the customer; ISPs often allow a greater number of
subscribers than theirbackbone connection or neighborhood access
networkcan handle, under the assumption that most users will not
be using their full connection capacity very frequently. This
aggregation strategy works more often than not, so users can
typically burst to their full bandwidth most of the time;
however,peer-to-peer(P2P) file sharingsystems, often requiringextended durations of high bandwidth, stress these assumptions,
and can cause major problems for ISPs who have excessively
overbooked their capacity. For more on this topic, see traffic
shaping. As takeup for these introductory products
increases, telcos are starting to offer higher bit rate services. For
existing connections, this most of the time simply involves
reconfiguring the existing equipment at each end of the connection.
As the bandwidth delivered to end users increases, the marketexpects that video on demand services streamed over the Internet
will become more popular, though at the present time such services
generally require specialized networks. The data rates on most
broadband services still do not suffice to provide good quality
video, as MPEG-2 video requires about 6 Mbit/s for good results.
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Adequate video for some purposes becomes possible at lower data
rates, with rates of 768 kbit/s and 384 kbit/s used for some video
conferencing applications, and rates as low as 100 kbit/s used
forvideophones using H.264/MPEG-4 AVC. The MPEG-4 format
delivers high-quality video at 2 Mbit/s, at the low end ofcablemodem and ADSL performance.
Increased bandwidth has already made an impact on newsgroups:
postings to groups such as alt.binaries.* have grown
from JPEG files to entire CD and DVDimages. According
toNTL, the level of traffic on their network increased from a daily
inbound news feed of 150 gigabytes of data per day and 1 terabyte
of data out each day in 2001 to 500 gigabytes of data inbound and
over 4 terabytes out each day in 2002.
TECHNOLOGY
The standard broadband technologies in most areas
are DSL and cable modems. Newer technologies in use
include VDSL and pushing optical fiberconnections closer to the
subscriber in both telephone and cable plants. Fiber-optic
communication, while only recently being used in fiber to the
premises and fiber to the curb schemes, has played a crucial role in
enabling Broadband Internet access by making transmission of
information over larger distances much more cost-effective than
copper wire technology. In a few areas not served by cable or
ADSL, community organizations have begun to install Wi-
Fi networks, and in some cities and towns local governments are
installing municipal Wi-Fi networks. As of 2006, broadbandmobile Internet access has become available at the consumer level
in some countries, using the HSDPA andEV-DO technologies. The
newest technology being deployed for mobile and stationary
broadband access is WiMAX.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_teleconferencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_teleconferencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videophonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.264http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPEG-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_modemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_modemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymmetric_Digital_Subscriber_Linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsgrouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_dischttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_imagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_subscriber_linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_modemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VDSLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_fiberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber-optic_communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber-optic_communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber_to_the_premiseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber_to_the_premiseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber_to_the_curbhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSDPAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution-Data_Optimizedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMAXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_teleconferencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_teleconferencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videophonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.264http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPEG-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_modemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_modemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymmetric_Digital_Subscriber_Linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsgrouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_dischttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_imagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_subscriber_linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_modemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VDSLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_fiberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber-optic_communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber-optic_communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber_to_the_premiseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber_to_the_premiseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber_to_the_curbhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSDPAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution-Data_Optimizedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMAX8/7/2019 Basics of Broadband and Gsm Technology
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ISDN
Integrated Service Digital Network (ISDN) is one of the oldest
broadband digital access methods for consumers and businesses toconnect to the Internet. It is a telephone data service standard. Its
use in the United States peaked in the late 1990s prior to the
availability ofDSL and cable modem technologies. Broadband
service is usually compared to ISDN-BRI because this was the
standard broadband access technology that formed a baseline for
the challenges faced by the early broadband providers. These
providers sought to compete against ISDN by offering faster and
cheaper services to consumers.
A basic rate ISDN line (known as ISDN-BRI) is an ISDN line with
2 data "bearer" channels (DS0 - 64 kbit/s each). Using ISDN
terminal adapters (erroneously called modems), it is possible to
bond together 2 or more separate ISDN-BRI lines to reach
bandwidths of 256 kbit/s or more. The ISDN channel bonding
technology has been used for video conference applications and
broadband data transmission.
Primary rate ISDN, known as ISDN-PRI, is an ISDN line with 23DS0 channels and total bandwidth of 1,544 kbit/s (US standard).
ISDN E1 (European standard) line is an ISDN lines with 30 DS0
channels and total bandwidth of 2,048 kbit/s. Because ISDN is a
telephone-based product, a lot of the terminology and physical
aspects of the line are shared by the ISDN-PRI used for voice
services. An ISDN line can therefore be "provisioned" for voice or
data and many different options, depending on the equipment
being used at any particular installation, and depending on theofferings of the telephone company's central office switch. Most
ISDN-PRI's are used for telephone voice communication using
large PBX systems, rather than for data. One obvious exception is
that ISPs usually have ISDN-PRI's for handling ISDN data and
modem calls.
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It is mainly of historical interest that many of the earlier ISDN data
lines used 56 kbit/s rather than 64 kbit/s "B" channels of data. This
caused ISDN-BRI to be offered at both 128 kbit/s and 112 kbit/s
rates, depending on the central office's switching equipment.
Advantages:
1. Constant data rate at 64 kbit/s for each DS0 channel.
2. Two way broadband symmetric data transmission,
unlike ADSL.
3. One of the data channels can be used for phone
conversation without disturbing the data transmission
through the other data channel. When a phone call is ended,
the bearer channel can immediately dial and re-connect itselfto the data call.
4. Call setup is very quick.
5. Low latency
6. ISDN Voice clarity is unmatched by other phone
services.
7. Caller ID is almost always available for no additional
fee.
8. Maximum distance from the central office is muchgreater than it is for DSL.
9. When using ISDN-BRI, there is the possibility of using
the low-bandwidth 16 kbit/s "D" channel for packet data and
for always on capabilities.
Disadvantages:
1. ISDN offerings are dwindling in the marketplace due to
the widespread use of faster and cheaper alternatives.
2. ISDN routers, terminal adapters ("modems"), and
telephones are more expensive than
ordinary POTS equipment, like dial-up modems.
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3. ISDNprovisioning can be complicated due to the great
number of options available.
4. ISDN users must dial in to a provider that offers ISDN
Internet service, which means that the call could be
disconnected.5. ISDN is billed as a phone line, to which is added the
bill for Internet ISDN access.
6. "Always on" data connections are not available in all
locations.
7. Some telephone companies charge unusual fees for
ISDN, including call setup fees, per minute fees, and higher
rates than normal for other services.
T-1/DS-1
These are highly-regulated services traditionally intended for
businesses, that are managed throughPublic Service
Commissions (PSCs) in each state, must be fully defined in
PSC tariff documents, and have management rules dating back to
the early 1980s which still refer toteletypes as potential connection
devices. As such, T-1 services have very strict and rigid servicerequirements which drive up the provider's maintenance costs and
may require them to have a technician on standby 24 hours a day
to repair the line if it malfunctions. (In comparison, ISDN and DSL
are not regulated by the PSCs at all.) Due to the expensive and
regulated nature of T-1 lines, they are normally installed under the
provisions of a written agreement, the contract term being typically
one to three years. However, there are usually few restrictions to
an end-user's use of a T-1, uptime and bandwidth data rates may be
guaranteed, quality of service may be supported, and blocks
ofstatic IPaddresses are commonly included.
Since a T-1 was originally conceived for voice transmission, and
voice T-1's are still widely used in businesses, it can be confusing
to the uninitiated subscriber. It is often best to refer to the type of
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T-1 being considered, using the appropriate "data" or "voice"
prefix to differentiate between the two. A voice T-1 would
terminate at a phone company's central office (CO) for connection
to the PSTN; a data T-1 terminates at apoint of presence (POP)
ordata center. The T-1 line which is between a customer'spremises and the POP or CO is called the local loop. The owner of
the local loop need not be the owner of the network at the POP
where your T-1 connects to the Internet, and so a T-1 subscriber
may have contracts with these two organizations separately.
The nomenclature for a T-1 varies widely, cited in some circles a
DS-1, a T1.5, a T1, or a DS1. Some of these try to distinguish
amongst the different aspects of the line, considering the data
standard a DS-1, and the physical structure of the trunk line a T-1or T-1.5. They are also called leased lines, but that terminology is
usually for data rates under 1.5 Mbit/s. At times, a T-1 can be
included in the term "leased line" or excluded from it. Whatever it
is called, it is inherently related to other broadband access
methods, which include T-3, SONETOC-3, and other T-
carrierand Optical Carriers. Additionally, a T-1 might be
aggregated with more than one T-1, producing an nxT-1, such as
4xT-1 which has exactly 4 times the bandwidth of a T-1.When a T-1 is installed, there are a number of choices to be made:
in the carrier chosen, the location of the demarcation point, the
type ofchannel service unit (CSU) ordata service unit (DSU) used,
the WAN IP routerused, the types of bandwidths chosen, etc.
Specialized WANrouters are used with T-1 lines that route Internet
orVPN data onto the T-1 line from the subscriber's packet-based
(TCP/IP) network usingcustomer premises equipment (CPE). The
CPE typical consists of a CSU/DSU that converts the DS-1 datastream of the T-1 to a TCP/IPpacket data stream for use in the
customer's EthernetLAN. It is noteworthy that many T-1 providers
optionally maintain and/or sell the CPE as part of the service
contract, which can affect the demarcation point and the ownership
of the router, CSU, or DSU.
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Although a T-1 has a maximum of 1.544 Mbit/s, a fractional T-
1 might be offered which only uses an integer multiple of 128
kbit/s for bandwidth. In this manner, a customer might only
purchase 1/12th or 1/3 of a T-1, which would be 128 kbit/s and 512
kbit/s, respectively.
T-1 and fractional T-1 data lines are symmetric, meaning that their
upload and download data rates are the same.
Cellular broadband
Cellular phone towers are very widespread, and as cellular
networks move to third generation (3G) networks they can support
fast data; using technologies such as EVDO, HSDPA and UMTS.
These can give broadband access to the Internet, with a cell phone,with Cardbus, ExpressCard, orUSB cellular modems, or with
cellularbroadband routers, which allow more than one computer to
be connected to the Internet using one cellular connection.
Broadband Traffic
Types of traffic carried by the network
Modern networks have to carry integrated traffic consisting of
voice, video and data. The Broadband Integrated Services Digital
Network(B-ISDN) satisfies these needs . The types of traffic
supported by a broadband network can be classified according to
three characteristics :
Bandwidth is the amount of network capacity required to
support a connection.
Latency is the amount of delay associated with a connection.Requesting low latency in the Quality of Service (QoS) profile
means that the cells need to travel quickly from one point in the
network to another.
Cell-delay variation (CDV) is the range of delays
experienced by each group of associated cells. Low cell-delay
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variation means a group of cells must travel through the
network without getting too far apart from one another.
Requirements of the different types of traffic
The different types of traffic found in a broadband network (withexamples) and their respective requirements are summarized in
Table
Network traffic types and their requirements
TRAFFIC
TYPEEXAMPLE
REQUIRED
BANDWIDTH
CELL-DELAY
VARIATIONLATENCY
Constant
Voice,
guaranteed
circuit
emulation
Minimal Low
Variable
Compressed
video Guaranteed Variable Low
Available Data Not guaranteedWidely
variableVariable