Basics of Protection

8/12/2019 Basics of Protection

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CSPC

Basic Information


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Power Generation & Evacuation


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Transmission &Distribution


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Networks / Distribution


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Radial / Ring Main


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Ring Main Sstem


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!usbars


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E""ects o" Electrical "aults

Risk to Life electrical shock.

Fire

Damage to Network /Equipment

ll cause !ower "utages.


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Electrical #aults


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S$ort Circuit #aults


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S$ort circuit "aults


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Electrical #aults

#hort $ircuit faults .

"pen circuit faults where one or two phases

ma% get open circuite&' terme& #ingle!hasing.

Earth faults.

Faults arising from a(normal s%stem / loa&parameter


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T%es o" #aults


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T%es o" #aults

cti)e Faults *ea)% Fault currents cause& (%

complete (reak&own of the insulation.

+hese faults must (e cleare& as quickl% as

possi(le since the% can cause consi&era(le

&amage/ Fire.

Incipient Faults on the other han& starts slowl%

sa% like !artial &ischarge' corona gra&uall%increasing in se)erit% if not checke&.


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T%es o" "aults

T$ese can be gradual "ailure o" insulation due

to stress or aging

'ig$ resistance %oints / contacts (rcing /S%arking due to loose connections

Tracking on insulators due to Pollution


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Passive "aults


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T%es o" "aults


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Magnitude o" t$e #aults


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Electrical #aults


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Transient #aults


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#ault (nalsis

The Key idea of Symmetrical component analysis is to decompose the

fault current into 3 sequences Positive / Negative & Zero


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#ault (nalsis

The Key idea of Symmetrical component analysis is to decompose the

fault current into 3 sequences Positive / Negative & Zero


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Negative Se)uence


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*ero se)uence


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#ault (nalsis


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#ault (nalsis


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#ault (nalsis


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Passive "aults


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Passive "aults


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Sstem #aults


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+oad S$edding


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Networks

,


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Networks

,


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Protection Relas

Compares &

analyses with

Normal

Parameters

"(tains actual

information,i)es the control

$omman&.


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Protection Relas

ntrol

nnunciation

E)ent / Distur(ance Rec

Real time clock

utomation

Remote $ontrol

-easurements

#ingle -ulti function

None Built in

Eternal Built in

Eternal Built in

Eternal Built0in

DI / D" 1 I / " $ommunication (us

Eternal Built in


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Driving Technology Advancement

Electromechanical

Single Function Expensive Many relays needed

Digital Relay Single Function Reduced Cost Many required

Micro-Processor Multifunction relay Fe relays needed

Multiple-Processor Convergence ! More than "ust protection

#ntegrated $ide Area Control #ntegrated Communications

Induction Relay


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Modern ,EDs

-ulti processor

2nit

CT PT Inputs

Digital Inputs

Analog Inputs

GPRS Inputs

Aux Power

PC Interface

Trip / Alarms

Digital Outputs

Analog outputs

Communication bus

ocal PC Control

Remote Diagnostics

Local

Displa%


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Programmabilit

Digital Rela%s *a)e3

! !rogramma(le Inputs

! !rogramma(le "utputs 4LR- 5 +RI!6

! !rogramma(le Logic

! Boolean Logic 0 ND' "R' N"+ Logic

! !rogramma(le +ime $urrent $ur)es


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Metering

7.89 0 9: ccurac% on I 5 ;

+%pical ;alues

$an Be ccesse& Locall% or Remotel%

#ome Rela%s *a)e nalog "utputs !roportional to -etering ;alues4i.e. 70


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t$er Monitoring

Breaker *ealth -onitoring! $umulati)e I8+ or I+

! cti)ate larm t #et Le)el

Deman& Inter)al Reporting! 7 -inute Inter)als o)er #e)eral Da%s

! I' ?atts' ;ars' ;' !F

!eak ;alues Recor&e&! Date 5 +ime #tampe&

+rip 5 $lose $oil -onitor

Fault Location 5 Fault Reporting


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Se)uence " Events Recording

E)ents #tore& with Date 5 +ime3! larms

! $ontact "perations

! Logins 5 Logouts

! ?a)eform $aptures

! Remote "perations

! Resets

! #etting $hanges

Last


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Settings

Easier +han Electromechanical/#tatic

Flei(le settings

Rela%s *a)e -ultiple #etting ,roups! $an (e #witche& with Input $ontacts or Remotel%

#ettings re #tore& in Files an& Down Loa&e& to Rela% with !$

Eas% to $op% Eisting #etting Files an& -o&if%

ccurate Implementation of #ettings! No ")ertra)el

! No Large Drifts in #et !oints

#election of Reset +imes! Fast 4Digital6 or #low 4Electromechanical6


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+ocal Communications

+hru @e%pa&' 2p' Down rrows'Enter/#elect @e%s or R#8=8 !ort on

Rela% Local LED Displa%

Reset @e%/Button

LED +argets

!asswor& !rotection ENTER

UP

DN

P)ase A

P)ase -

Alarm

P)ase C

.


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Remote Communications

+hru Rear R#8=8 or R#A9 !ort 2sing #tan&ar&-o&em #oftware or Rela% -anufacturerCs$ommunication #oftware

!asswor& !rotection


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#u(station $ommunications 0 LN 5 ?N


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Sensors 0 Current Trans"ormers


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Current Trans"ormers


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T%es o" CTs


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T%es o" CTs


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T%es o" CTs


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Protection Relas


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T$ank ou

Documents

Basics of Protection